CHAPTER 1 ef BY UNI DWM20032

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

INSULATORS

• Material that have electrons
strongly attached to the nucleus
of the atoms in the material

• No flow of electrons (or current)
can take place in the material.

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CONDUCTORS

• Material that have electrons which can leave the
atoms and migrate freely through the material.

• Most metals are good electrical conductors (only
have a few electrons in the outer shell of the atom)

• The electrons are held loosely, there’s room for
more, and a low EMF will cause a flow of free
electron.

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SEMICONDUCTORS
They are neither good conductors, nor good
insulators.

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• Materials that are intermediate between
conductors and insulators.

• Conduct less than the metal conductors but
more than the insulators.

• Materials such as Germanium and Silicon,
reduction in resistance with increase in
temperature – negative temperature
coefficient

Example:

When wood is dry, it is classified as an insulator

When wood becomes wet or moist, it behaves more like a
conductor

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Conductor has less than four electron in the outer

orbit Copper Silver

Iron

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Semiconductor has four electrons in the outer orbit

of its atoms

Silicon

Germanium

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INSULATOR MATERIALS: THE BEST FOUR CONDUCTORS :

1. PLASTICS 1. SILVER
2. RUBBER 2. COPPER
3. GLASS 3. GOLD
4. CERAMICS 4. ALUMINUM
5. AIR (VACUUM)
6. OIL

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Conducting Ability

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

ELECTRICITY

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ELECTRICITY

Electricity is the physical arising from the existence and

interaction of electric charge.

Electricity is a natural phenomenon controlled for the purposes
of humankind.

Through this phenomenon we have developed communications,
lighting and computing devices.

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Cont…ELECTRICITY

 The outstanding characteristic of
electricity when compared with other
power sources are its mobility and
flexibility.

 Electricity can be moved to any point
along a couple of wires and depending
the user’s requirements, converted to
light, heat or motion.

 Electricity is best understood in terms
of its behavior which is based in part
on the charge an atom carries.

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ELECTRICITY STATIC
DYNAMIC

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Electrostatic – The study of the behaviour of static
electricity

Static – Stationary or at rest

Static electricity – Electric charges that are at rest; or
denoting or pertaining to electricity at rest.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Electrostatic force

- The force that created between two charged bodies
- Can be either attractive or repulsive
- Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the two charged bodies.

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It is called "static" because the displaced
electrons tend to remain stationary after being

moved from one material to another.

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A POSITIVE static charge A NEGATIVE static charge

Electrons leaves an object Object is left with
EXCESS of electrons
DEFICIENCY of
electrons

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INDUCING A STATIC CHARGE

An object that possesses a static
charge can attract object that are

not charge
Eg:Picking up tissue with a comb

Friction between rubber
rod and the fur

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Aircraft Static Electricity

• As the aircraft flies, friction between the air and the surface

builds up a large static charge.
• This static charge cannot readily bleed off upon landing,

because the rubber tires insulate the aircraft from the ground.

Static wicks

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How do static wicks work on airplanes?

The static charges that build up on
an aircraft during flight tend to accumulate near sharp
edges like the trailing edges of wings and tail surfaces.
The purpose of static wicks is to provide a conductive
path for these excess electrons to flow or "leak" from
the aircraft back into the atmosphere.

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• Static dischargers, commonly known as static
wicks or static discharge wicks, are installed on
the trailing edges of aircraft, including (electrically
grounded) ailerons, elevators, rudder, wing,
horizontal and vertical stabilizer tips.

• Fitted on almost all civilian aircraft today, they are
high electrical resistance (6-200 megaohm)
devices with a lower corona voltage than the
surrounding aircraft structure.

• They control the corona discharge into the
atmosphere.[1] They are used on aircraft to allow
the continuous satisfactory operation of onboard
navigation and radio communication systems
during precipitation (p-static) conditions.

A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid

such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged. Spontaneous corona

discharges occur naturally in high-voltage systems unless care is taken to limit the
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 Static electricity is of real concern to us during the fueling
operation of an aircraft

 Fuel trucks and fueling pits are grounded to the earth:
 the first contact with the aircraft is with the fuel nozzle in the
open filler neck
 a spark can jump in the explosive fumes and cause a serious
fire.

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 To prevent this:

 always connect the aircraft to the fuel truck and to the ground
by grounding cables which are provided on all fuel trucks for
this purpose.

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Objects attract each Objects move away
other because they from each other

possessed unlike because like charge
charges. repel.

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Coulomb’s Law 1 Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons

1. Studied by the French scientist, One electron has a charge of
Charles A. Coulomb. about

2. Unit of charge is the Coulomb. 0.00000000000000000016
coulombs
3. The abbreviation for Coulomb is
C. Equal to an excess or deficiency
of about
4. The symbol for quantity of
electric charge is Q. 6,250,000,000,000,000,000
electrons
5. Coulomb is used to describe the

flow of electricity, not to

describe the static charges.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

This can be written as the
formula:

F = k (q1 X q2) / d2

Where:
• q is the charge,
• d is the distance

between the charges.
• K is the proportionality

constant, and depends
on the material
separating the charges.

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Conduction of Electricity And The Current Carrier

Conduction of Electricity Solids
And
 In a solid, such as cooper wire, the charged particle
The Current Carrier
or current carriers is the electron.

 The ions in a copper wire and in other solids are
rigidly held in place by the atomic structure of the
material.

 Thus, ion cannot be current carries in solid

Liquids

 In liquids the current carriers are ions – both

positive and negative.

Gases or Vacuum

 In gases, both positive ions and electrons are

involved in current flow.
 When a gas is subjected to a strong electric field,

the gas ionises.
 Once ionised, the gas allows current to flow through

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Static Electricity Applications

 The principle of static electricity are used in industrial to
reduce air pollution (known as electrostatic precipitator)

 The principle of attraction and repulsion is applied in the
painting industry and in the manufacture of sandpaper

 Painting industry spray is positively charged,

surface such as the automobile panels is negatively
charged

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Electrostatic Precipitator

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Disadvantages:

has little practical value, often causes
problem
difficult to control and discharges quickly

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 It is important to understand that static electricity cannot

be entirely eliminated

Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charges

 Static electricity is the situation where electrical charges
build up on the surface of a material.

 It is called “static” because there is no current flowing as in
AC or DC electricity.

 Static electricity is usually caused when materials are

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Electrical Terminology & Generation of
Electricity

Basic Laws

A basic electrical circuit consists of:

1. A source of voltage or electrical pressure or e.m.f
2. A load (resistance in the form of an energy-consuming

electrical device)
3. Conductors usually in the form of copper or aluminium

wires

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Basic Laws

Example:
This circuit contains:

1) A source of e.m.f ( storage battery)
2) A conductor to provide a path for electron flow from the

negative side of the power source through the resistance
and back to the positive side of the power source
3) A power dissipating device (lamp) to limit the current
flow. It is also accomplishing the desired function of
creating light.

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Basic Laws

The purpose of the complete electric circuit:

CONVERT INTO

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