CHAPTER 1 ef BY UNI DWM20032

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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The three primary conditions that exist in a simple electric
circuit are:

Charges

1) Voltage, V to flow
along the

• The electrical pressure which causes an electric wire~~~ A
current to flow through a complete electric circuit pressure
is needed

• Electric potential energy per unit charge

• Measured in joules per coulomb (J/C = volts)

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Cont…The three primary conditions that exist in a simple
electric circuit are:

2.) Potential Difference

• The difference between positive and negative charge
• Measured in Volts.
• A difference in potential (voltage) will cause electron

to flow from the negative potential to the positive
potential if a conductor is connected between the two
potentials.

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Cont…The three primary conditions that exist in a simple
electric circuit are:

3) Electromotive Force (EMF)
• An electrical pressure that is

able to force electrons to move
a current flow around a circuit.

• Denoted by ε

• This means that a cell, battery
or generator an EMF that can
force a current to flow around
a circuit.

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Cont…The three primary conditions that exist in a simple
electric circuit are:

Cont… Electromotive Force (EMF)

• A simple closed electrical circuit such a conductor
and a lamp connected between the terminals of a
battery provides two concurrent energy
transformations.

• Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy
by the battery, and electrical energy is converted to
light energy in the lamp.

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Difference between EMF and Potential Difference

EMF Potential Difference

1 EMF is the maximum potential P.D is the difference of potentials

difference between the two between any two points in a closed

electrodes of the cell i.e when the circuits

circuit is open

2 It is independent of the resistance of It is proportional to the resistance

the circuit between the given points

3 The term ‘emf’ is used only for the It is measured between any two points
source of emf of the circuit

4 It is greater than the potential P.D is greater than emf when the cell is

difference between any two points in being charged

a circuit.

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Current, I Current, I One ampere is the rate
of flow of 1 coulomb
The flow of electrons
through a conductor per second

Unit is ampere (A) or
amps

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Current, I

• The more charges that are passing along the wire the larger the
current.

• For the charges to flow along the wire a pressure is needed to push

them and this force is called the voltage or potential difference.

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Current, I

• Charges will flow from regions of high potential to regions of low

potential where the potential difference is the difference in

potential of the two regions.

• To get charges to flow from a region of high potential to a region of
low potential the two regions have to be connected with a conductor.

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Resistance, R

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Resistance, R

 Resistance is the property of a conductor which tends to hold, or
restrict, the flow of an electric current

 The unit used to measure resistance is Ohm
 The symbol for the ohm is the Greek letter omega (Ω)
 In mathematical formulas, the capital letter ‘R’ refers to resistance
 1 ohm of resistance will limit the current flow to 1 ampere in a

conductor to which a voltage of 1 volt is applied

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Resistance, R

Resistance in series circuit Resistance in parallel circuit

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011) As conductance is

Conductance the opposite of

resistance

This unit was named after the German inventor Ernst von Siemens, who did a great
work in the development of telegraphy use

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Conductance

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Electric power And Work Work

Electric power • Represent the work done by 1
watt in 1 second
• The rate of doing work

• Unit is Watt (W); 1hp = 746W • Unit is Joule (J)

• 1 watt is the power expended • Equal to approximately 0.7376
when 1 volt moves 1 coulomb ft.lb.
per second through a
conductor;

1 volt at 1 ampere produces 1watt of power

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• One metric horsepower is needed to lift
75 kilograms by 1 metre in 1 second

• compare the output of steam
engines with the power of draft horses

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Coulomb’s Law

One electron into the conductor
instantaneously means one electron
out of the conductor

1. Unit of charge is the Coulomb

2. The abbreviation for Coulomb is C

3. The symbol for quantity of electric
charge is Q

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Example 1

1)Suppose that two point charges, each with
a charge of +1.00 Coulomb are separated by
a distance of 1.00 meter. Determine the
magnitude of the electrical force of repulsion
between them.

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Solution:

Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge of +1.00 Coulomb are
separated by a distance of 1.00 meter. Determine the magnitude of the
electrical force of repulsion between them.

Given: Find:
Q1 = 1.00 C Felect = ???
Q2 = 1.00 C
d = 1.00 m

Felect = k • Q1 • Q2 / d2
Felect = (9.0 x 109 N•m2/C2) • (1.00 C) • (1.00 C) / (1.00 m)2

Felect = 9.0 x 109 N

The force of repulsion of two +1.00-Coulomb charges held 1.00-meter apart
is 9 billion Newtons.

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2)Two point charges, QA = +8 μC and QB = -5 μC,
are separated by a distance, d = 10 cm. What is the
magnitude of the electric force. The constant k = 9 x
109 Nm2C−2 = 9 x 109 Nm2C−2

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3)Two point charges, QA = 2 C and QB = 3 C, are
separated by a distance, d = 90 cm. What is the
magnitude of the electric force. The constant k = 9 x
109 Nm2C−2 = 9 x 109 Nm2C−2

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Known :
Charge A (qA) = +8 μC = +8 x 10-6 C
Charge B (qB) = -5 μC = -5 x 10-6 C
k = 9 x 109 Nm2C−2
The distance between charge A and B (rAB) = 10 cm = 0.1
m
Wanted : The magnitude of the electric force

Solution :
Formula of Coulomb’s law :

The magnitude of the electric force :

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3)Three charged particles are arranged in a line as shown
in figure below. Charge A = -5 μC, charge B = +10 μC
and charge C = -12 μC. Calculate the net electrostatic
force on particle B due to the other two charges.

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Known :
Charge A (qA) = -5 μC = -5 x 10-6 C
Charge B (qB) = +10 μC = +10 x 10-6 C
Charge C (qC) = -12 μC = -12 x 10-6 C
k = 9 x 109 Nm2C−2
The distance between particle A and B (rAB) = 6 cm =
0.06 m = 6 x 10-2 m
The distance between particle B and C (rBC) = 4 cm =
0.04 m = 4 x 10-2 m
Wanted : The magnitude and the direction of net
electrostatic force on particle B

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Solution :
The net force on particle B is the vector sum of the
force FBA exerted on particle B by particle A and the
force FBC exerted on particle B by particle C.
The force FBA exerted on particle B by particle A :

The direction of the electrostatic force points to
particle A (point to left).

The force FBC exerted on particle B by particle
A:

The direction of the electrostatic force points to
particle C (point to right).

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The net electrostatic force on particle B :
FB = FAB – FBC = 675 N – 125 N = 550 Newton.
The direction of the net electrostatic force on
particle B points to particle C (points to the
right).

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Direction of Current

Current Flow - Electron Flow Current Flow - Conventional
Current Flow

• The direction of the electron drift is from • Conventional Current Flow is the direction of

the negative side of the battery to the moving positive charge from the positive side

positive side via a local resistance (R). of the battery to the negative side via a local

resistance (R).

• Inside the battery the electrons move

from the positive terminal to the negative • The direction of conventional current is the

terminal because of the potential direction of positive charges in motion

difference.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011) In fact, it makes no
difference which way
Conventional Current assumes that current current is flowing as long
as it is
flows out of the positive terminal, through the used consistently. The
circuit and into the negative terminal of the source. direction of current flow
This was the convention chosen during the does not affect what the
current does.
discovery of electricity. They were wrong!

Electron Flow is what actually happens and
electrons flow out of the negative terminal, through
the circuit and into the positive terminal of the
source.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are
used. Many textbooks are available in both
formats.

Conventional Current Version Electron Flow Version

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Electron Flow

• The direction of the electron drift is from the negative side of the battery

to the positive side via a local

• Inside the battery the electrons move from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal because of the potential difference

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Conventional Current Flow

 The direction of moving positive charge opposite from electron flow

 The direction of conventional current is the direction of positive charges in

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Generation of Electricity

The first method discovered for creating a voltage was that of generation by
friction.
Six basic means to generate an electricity:

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Voltage Produced by Friction

Discuss THREE (3)
characteristics of generating
electricity by friction.

[6 marks]

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Voltage Produced by Friction

• Any substance, when rubbed with a
different substance, becomes
electrified.

• Frictional electricity appears only on
the external surface of conductors.
Like electricity repel and unlike
electricity attract each other.

• The electricity thus produced is

termed frictional electricity.

Materials, such as amber, glass,
and wax.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011) POSITIVE (+)

Voltage Produced by Friction Cats' fur.
Polished glass.
If any two of the following Wool.
materials be rubbed Cork, at ordinary
together, that higher in the
list becomes positively and temperature.
the other negatively Coarse brown paper.
electrified: Cork, heated.
White silk.
Black silk.
Shellac.
Rough glass.

NEGATIVE (-)

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Voltage Produced by Chemical Action

Voltage had found that two dissimilar metals in contact will produce a current

by chemical action - a difference of potential will exist between the two

metals.

This arrangement is called a primary cell.
The solution is call electrolyte.
The two metallic pieces is call electrodes.

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Electromagnetism
An electromagnet is a magnet that can be switched on and off with electricity.
When the current flows, it works like a magnet; when the current stops, it goes
back to being an ordinary, unmagnetized piece of steel. Scrapyard cranes pick up
bits of metal junk by switching the magnet on. To release the junk, they switch
the magnet off again.

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Voltage Produced by Magnetism

The movement of a magnet in a
coil causes an induced voltage
in the latter.

Electricity generated is
depending on:

I. direction of the magnet field
II. speed of movement of the

magnet in the coil

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Voltage Produced by Magnetism

3 fundamental conditions:

I. There must be a conductor in which
the voltage will be produced

II. There must be a magnetic field in the
conductor's vicinity

III. There must be relative motion
between the field and conductor. The
conductor must be moved so as to cut
across the magnetic lines of force, or
the field must be moved so that the
lines of force are cut by the conductor.

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Voltage Produced by Light

Positively charged, and an
electric force is created.

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