CHAPTER 1 ef BY UNI DWM20032

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Wattage Ratings

• The wattage rating of a resistor is the

power it can dissipate over a long

period of a time.

• Wattage rating is not identified on small
resistors. Most commonly used
resistors in electronic circuits have a
wattage rating of 1/2W or 1/4W.

• There are smaller resistors (1/8W and
1/16W) and higher (1W, 2W, 5W, etc).

• Power (in watts) can be calculated
according to one of the following
formula:

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

RESISTOR IN SERIES

When resistors are connected in series, their values are added together:
R total=R1+R2+……Rn

Example:-

Calculate the total resistance in the circuit

R total = 10Ω + 5Ω +25Ω
=40 Ω

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

1. Refer to the circuit in Figure 2, choose the total resistance (RT).

A. 18 kΩ
B. 27 kΩ
C. 36 kΩ

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

(a) Refer to Figure 1, the circuit consists four resistors connected in series, calculate:

i. The total resistance of the circuit [2 marks]
i. The total current through the circuit [2 marks]
i. The voltage drops at R2 [2 marks]
i. The power dissipates at R4 [2 marks]

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Resistors in Parallel

When resistors are connected in parallel, their total resistance is given as:
1/Rtotal = 1/R1+1/R2+……….1/ Rn

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Example:

Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

RT= 5 ohm.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Refer to the circuit in Figure 1, choose the total resistance (RT).

Figure 1

A. 1 Ω
B. 2 Ω
C. 9 Ω

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

1.Find the value of total resistance
2.Calculate the total current throughout the circuit
3.What is the voltage drop at 15 Ohm resistor

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Series- Parallel Resistor Networks

The combination of series circuit and parallel circuit.

Example :

Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

According to Figure 1, calculate the
value of total resistance.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

According to Figure 2, calculate the total
resistance (RT) of the circuit.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

According to Figure 3, calculate the total
resistance (RT) of the circuit.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Open Circuit & Closed Circuit

Open circuit is a circuit in which no current

flows because there is an open in the circuit that
does not allow current to flow.

• A good example is a light switch. When the
light is turned off, the switch creates an
opening in the circuit, and current can no
longer flow.

• A closed circuit is when the switch is

closed and current is allowed to flow through
the circuit.

• A fuse is a device that is used to create an

open circuit when too much current is

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Short Circuit

• A short circuit can be caused by incoming power wires (wires that are

normally insulated and kept separate) coming in contact with each other.

• Since a circuit usually has resistance, and the power wires that "short
out" have very little resistance, the current will tend to flow through the
path of least resistance.

• Less resistance at the same amount of voltage will result in more current
to flow.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Cont…Short Circuit

A short circuit will have too much current flowing through it.

• The best way to stop a short circuit from doing damage by using a fuse. The

purpose of the fuse is to protect the wiring and the equipment.

• Fuses are designed to work up to a certain amount of current (e.g. 1 amp, 15
amps…).

• A fuse is usually a thin piece of wire that will melt and break the circuit if too

large a current flows through it.

• When that maximum current is exceeded, then the wire within the fuse burns
up from the heat of the current flow. With the fuse burnt up, there is now an
"open circuit" and no more current flows

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Circuit Breaker Vs Fuse

A fuse and circuit breaker both of them protect
an overloaded circuit by disrupting the current
continuity.

Fuses are faster to disrupt the current flow but
they must be replaced after a piece of metal melts
down, whereas circuit breakers can be reset and
used multiple times.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Variables Resistors

•Variable resistors have adjustable values.
•Adjustment is normally made by turning a spindle (e.g. the
volume control on a radio) or moving a slider.
•Variable resistors can be made to vary either current or voltage.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Potentiometers

•A common element in electronic devices is a three-terminal
resistor with a continuously adjustable tapping point
controlled by rotation of a shaft or knob.

• These variable resistors are known as potentiometers when
all three terminals are present, since they act as a
continuously adjustable voltage divider.

•A common example is a volume control for a radio receiver.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Operation & Construction of Potentiometers

•‘Potentiometer’ is a variable resistor arranged to control

voltage in a circuit and controls the potential difference

between two points in a circuit.

•It is used to ‘tap off’ part of the supply or signal voltage for
connection to a load. See diagram.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Rheostats

•A rheostat is an adjustable or variable resistor.

•The construction is very similar to the construction of a potentiometer
• It uses only two connections, even when 3 terminals (as in a potentiometer)
are present.
•The first connection is made to one end of the resistive element and the other
connection to the wiper (sliding contact).

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Operation & Construction of Rheostats

•Variable resistors can be made to vary either current
or voltage.

• A variable resistor arranged to control current is

called a ‘Rheostat’ and controls the current by

varying the resistance in the circuit.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

•A special arrangement of series and parallel resistors.

Construction

•The Wheatstone Bridge circuit are widely used in test equipment to
determine the value of an unknown resistor
•It can be done by doing comparison with other resistors whose values
are accurately known.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

1. Find the absolute voltages at A and at B
[4 marks]

1. Figure out the voltage difference between A and B
[1 marks]

1. Confirm either the circuit is balanced or not.
[1 marks]

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

1. Find the absolute voltages at C and at D
[4 marks]

1. Figure out the voltage difference between C and D
[1 marks]

1. Confirm either the circuit is balanced or not.
[1 marks]

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

CONT…THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

•The normal arrangement in a Wheatstone bridge
used for resistance measurement is for two
resistors.
• Usually R1 and R2, to be fixed and of known value.
•R4 to be an accurate variable resistor adjusted by
means of a calibrated dial.
•The resistor R3 is then the unknown whose value is
to be measured

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

CALCULATING UNKNOWN RESISTANCES

•The current through the galvanometer (G) – a very sensitive
ammeter, is reduced to zero by adjusting R4.
•The bridge is then said to be balanced.

• When the bridge is balanced, the voltage at A is equal to the
voltage at B and no current flows between A and B.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Hence VR1 = VR2
therefore I1 × R1 = I2 × R2 ------------- (1) (by Ohm’s law)
Also VR3 = VR4
therefore I1 × R3 = I2 × R4 ------------- (2)

Dividing (1) by (2) =______________

Therefore the unknown resistor R3 = _____________ (all known values)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

EXAMPLE 1:

R1=6KΩ
R2=2KΩ
R3=12Ω
R4=4Ω
E=40V

In the bridge circuit shown in Figure 1, calculate

(a) the absolute voltages at A and at B,
(b) the voltage difference between A and B.
(c) State either the circuit is balanced or not

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

EXAMPLE 2:

R1=5KΩ
R2=3KΩ
R3=12Ω
R4=……………
E=48V

In the bridge circuit shown in Figure 2, find R4,

assume the circuit is in balance condition.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

USES ON AIRCRAFT

•The Wheatstone bridge is however extremely useful for

measuring and displaying remote indications.

•On aircraft, Wheatstone bridge circuits are used for the

measurement and display of temperatures, pressures,

positions and quantities.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Series Circuit

•A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so
the current has only one path to take.

•The current is the same through each resistor.

• The total resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding up the
resistance values of the individual resistors

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Example

The current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values of the three
resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is:

I = V / R = 10 / 20 = 0.5 A.
The current through each resistor would be 0.5 A.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Parallel Circuit

•A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with
their heads connected together, and their tails connected together.

•The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with some flowing along
each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again.

• The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Parallel Circuit

•The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by
adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then
taking the reciprocal of the total.

•Equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel:

1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 +...

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Example
The current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values of

the three resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is: I = V / R = 10 / 2 =
5 A.

The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across
each resistor is 10 V, so:

I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY
I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017
I3 = 10 / 4 = 2.5 A

The total currents is 5A

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Example
The current flows through each resistor in turn. If the values of

the three resistors are:

With a 10 V battery, by V = I R the total current in the circuit is:
I = V / R = 10 / 2 = 5 A.

The individual currents can also be found using I = V / R. The voltage across
each resistor is 10 V, so:

I1 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A FOFROTRRTARFINOAIIRNNTIGNRPGAUIPNRUIPNROGPSOPESUOERNOPLONYSLYE ONLY
I2 = 10 / 8 = 1.25 A JPDPA/MDW/TDMPW-02M30-320201/3/TR2P/E0TV1P0/00R1/E/1VRM0E0VA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017
I3 = 10 / 4 = 2.5 A
The total currents is 5A

DDWIDDPWILMPOLMM2O0MA230E2A3N: E2EGLN:IENEGCELTIEENRRCEIITCNERARGILICNIFANUGLANIFIDNRUACNAMRIDAREFACNTMRTMAAELFANSTITNMATLEASNINANTECNE ANCE

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Series-Parallel Circuit

•A combination of series and parallel resistors.

•The total resistance is found by reducing the different series and
parallel combinations step-by-step to end up with a single
equivalent resistance for the circuit.

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

The connection of electric circuits

Series Parallel Circuit
Example

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Parallel

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Parallel

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Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

Series-Parallel Combination

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 245
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 246
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 247
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 248
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 249
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017

Topic contents refer as in AN1101/Appendix 1/Issues 1 (01 January 2011)

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FOR TRFOAIRNTINRGAIPNUINRGPOPSUEROPONSLYE ONLY 250
DWM 2032: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS DAM/TDPW-0M3-20013/R2/ETVP0001//1RMEVA0R0C/H2270N1O8V2017