SOCIAL STUDIES in Nepali

Currriculum;z:q jm| flGt / dV' o 36gfx¿
Development Centre
gk] fnL sfªu\ |;] sf] c;f]h !!—!@, @))& ;fndf a}/ulgofdf ePsf] ;Ddn] gn] /f0ff zf;g
lj?b\w ;z:q jm| flGt ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . @! sflts{ @))& df j|mflGtsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . o;}
;dodf /fhf lqej' gn] klg o; j|mflGtnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ u/L sflt{s @# ut] ;kl/jf/ ef/tLo
ljdfgåf/f lbNnL k|:yfg u/] . tfTsfnLg /f0ff kw| fgdGqL df]xg zdz]/n] lqej' gsf rf/ jifLo{
dflxnf gflt 1fg]Gbn| fO{ ub\bL cf/fx] 0f u/fP . To; 36gfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/df dfx] g
zdz/] sf] cfnf]rgf eof] .

g]kfnL sfª\u;|] n] u7g u/]sf] /fhgLlts b:tf d'lSt ;g] fn] ;?' df
lj/f6gu/nufot kj" L{ kxf8L Ifq] sAhfdf lnof] . jL/u~hdf ly/ad
dNn / k'/g l;x+ n] j|mflGtsf] g]tT[ Tj u/s] f lyP . ;z:q cfGbfn] gsf
j|mddf ly/ad dNnn] jL/ult k|fKt u/] . klZrdL If]qdf 8f= s'jF /
OGb|lht -s=] cfO{=_ l;x+ n] gt] [TTj u/]sf lyP . pgsf] g]tT[ Tjdf e/} xjfdf
dl' St ;]gfn] 7'nf] ;kmntf xft kf/]sf] lyof] . k"jL{ g]kfnsf] dfr] f{
;Dxfns] f aL=kL= sf]O/fnf / ;'j0f{ zdz]/n] lagfo'bw\ klg w/] } 7fpxF ¿
sAhf u/] . kj" L{ Ifq] b]lv klZrd If]q;Dd w/] } :yfgx¿ d'lSt ;g] fn] dfx] g zdz]/
sAhfdf lnof] / tL 7fpxF ¿df hg ;/sf/ u7g ul/of] . /f0ffx¿nfO{
s/ gltg{ cfxj\ fg ul/of] . o;n] /f0ffx¿sf] pkl:ylt sf7df8fdF} f dfq ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] . l:ylt
eofjx / kl| tsn" ePkl5 dfx] g zdz]/n] ef/tnfO{ dWo:ytf ug{ cg/' fw] u/] . jftf{sf nflu
cfˆgf 5f/] f ljho zdz/] nfO{ lbNnL k7fP . tfTsfnLg ef/tLo kw| fgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf]
dWo:ytfdf /f0ff, gk] fnL sfªu\ ;]| / /fhf lqej' glar !@ km]ac|' /L !(%! -! kmfu'g @))&_ df
lqkIfLo lbNnL ;Demft} f eof] . tTkZrft\ /fhf lqe'jg kmfu'g $ df g]kfn kms{] / kmfug' &
df k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;/L !)$ a;]{ /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eof] / kh| ftGq
kf| Kt eof] .

lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ;t{x¿

-s_ hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug]{

-v_ !) hgf -% gk] fnL sfªu\ ];| / % /f0ffx¿_ ;b:o /x]sf cGtl/d dGqL d08n u7g ug]{

-u_ >L # df lglxt ePsf ;a} clwsf/ /fhfnfO{ ;'lDkg] / j}wflgs /fhf lqej' g g} x'g]

-3_ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]sf afxs] c¿ /fhaGbLnfO{ lagf;t{ l/xf ug{]

-ª_ cfGbfn] gsf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf xltof/x¿ ae' mfpg'kg{] / cfGbf]ng /f]Sg'kg]{ .

148 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

t/ 8f= s=] cfO={ l;x+ pSt ;Demft} fkl| t c;xdt eP . pgn] /f0ff zf;gsf]
s'g} klg cjz]if /xg lbgx' bF' }g eGg] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP . klZrd sdf08
;Dxfns] f l;+xn] ljbf| x] hf/L /fVg] pb3\ f]if u/] . /fhf lqej' gsf] ;Gb]z / gj
;/sf/sf] jm| flGt aGb ug{' eGg] cfb]zkl| t s'g} Wofg lbPgg\ . t;y{ pgnfO{
b]zb|fx] Lsf] d'b\bf nufOof] .

!) ;b:oLo cGtl/d dGqL d08n 8f= s]=cfO={ l;x+

/f0fftkma{ f6
!= dfx] gzdz/] — k|wfgdGqL
@= aa/zdz]/ — /IffdGqL
#= r8" f/fhzdz/] — jgdGqL
$= g[khª\u /f0ff — lzIffdGqL
%= o1axfb/' a:g]t— :jf:YodGqL
Currriculum
Development Centregk] fnL sfª\u;]| tkm{af6
!= aL=kL= sfO] /fnf — u[xdGqL
@= ;'j0fz{ dz]/ — cy{dGqL
#= u0fz] dfg l;x+ — pb\of]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqL
$= eb|sfnL ld> — oftfoft dGqL
%= e/tdl0f zdf{ — vfbo\ tyf s[lifdGqL

lj|mofsnfk

!= lbNnL ;Demft} f tfTsfnLg ;do ;Gbed{ f l7s lyof] jf a]l7s eGg] ;Gbed{ f sIffdf
jfb ljjfb ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ . JoSt ul/Psf ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;Z+ ni] f0f u/L sIffdf k|:tt'
ug'x{ f;] \ .

@= /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jftkZrft\ k|of; ul/Psf /f0ff lj/f]wL lj|mofsnfk / 36gfx¿nfO{
tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

jm| =;= 36gf / ldlt lj|mofsnfk / k|efj

#= @))& ;fnsf] jm| flGtn] hxflgofF zf;gsf] cGTo / csf{] lg/ªs\ 'z zf;gsf] kf| b'ef{j u/s] f]
lyof] . o; egfOsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k;] ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 149

Currriculum$= lbNnL ;Demft} fsf] Pp6f ;t{ …hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt ljwfg ;efn] ;l+ jwfg thd'{ f ugÚ]{ eGg]
Development Centrelyof] . t/ Tof] @)&@ cl3 slxNo} k'/f ul/Pg . lsg To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < sIffdf 5nkmn
u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .

%= @))& ;fnsf] kh| ftGq 3fi] f0ffkl5 s] s:tf kl/jt{gx¿ b]vf k/] < ;f] pNn]v u/L tkfO{Fsf]
sIffsf Ps hgf ;fyLnfO{ Odn] k7fpgx' f];\ .

^= k|hftGq lbj; ;DaGwL Ps kf:] 6/ tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6f:F+ g'xf;] \ .
cEof;
-s_ lbNnL ;Demft} f egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/L j0f{g ug{x' f;] \ .
-u_ lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] lbNNfL ;Demf}tfnfO{ tkfOF{ s;/L dN" ofª\sg ugx'{ 'G5 <
-3_ s] 8f= s=] cfO{= l;+xnfO{ b]zb|f]xLsf] db' b\ f nufpg' hfoh lyof] < lsg <
-ª_ lbNnL ;Demft} fsf dV' o a'bF fx¿ s] s] lyP <
-r_ k|hftGq :yfkgfdf /fhf lqej' gsf] el" dsfnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ugx{' f];\ .

150 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M b'O{ kh| ftflGqs /fhgLltsf] Ps bzs -@))&—@)!&_

@))& ;fn kmfu'g & df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ kh| ftGq :yfkgf

eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnL sfª\u];| / gk] fn sDol' g:6 kf6L{sf] gt] T[ jdf

bnLo /fhgLlt k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ @))& ;fnb]lv @)!&

;fn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;nfO{ bnLo Pjd\ k|hftflGqs
Currriculum
Development Centre/fhgLltsf] Oltxf; elgG5 . /f0ff / sfª\u|;] sf] ;o+ S' t dGqL d08nn]

@))& ;fn rq} !& ut] gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t

u¥of] . o;n] hg kl| tlglwd"ns zf;g k|Tofe"t ug{] Joj:yf;lxt

/fHosf gLlt lgb{z] s l;bw\ fGtx¿ klg pNnv] u¥of] . o;l} ar

@))* ;fndf ljb\ofyL{ g]tf lrlgofF sfhLsf] xTof eof] . To;df lrlgof sfhL

/f0ff / sfª\u|]; lardf Pscsfd{ f bf]iff/fk] 0f xg' k'Uof] . csfl{ t/

/f0ff / sfªu\ |;] sf dGqLx¿df k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} dt leGgtf 5Fb} lyof] . v's/' L bnn]

cfˆgf /fhgLlts ;ª3\ ifn{ fO{ tLj|tf lbof] . o:t} sf/0f / ki[ 7e"lddf tfTsfnLg u[xdGqL aL=kL=

sfO] /fnfn] df]xg zdz/] dGqL d08ndf /x;] Dd k|hftGq cfpg g;Sg] dGtJo lbP . pgn]

/]l8ofa] f6 efif0f k;| f/0f u/L jm| flGtsf] jf:tljs pb\b]Zo /f0ffx¿ ;Ttfdf /x];Dd ck"0f{ /xg] 5

egL c;Gt'li6 ;fj{hlgs u/] . sflt{s @%, @))* df gk] fnL sfªu\ ];sf tkm{af6 kl| tlglwTj ug]{

kfFr hgf dGqLx¿n] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf k;] u/] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 kw| fgdGqL dfx] g zdz/] n] klg

afWo eO{ kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP / ;+oS' t dGqL d08nsf] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf lj36g x'g kU' of] .

g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] Psdgf dGqL d08n M ;o+ S' t ;/sf/sf] lj36gkZrft\ /fhf lqej' gn] g]kfnL
sfªu\ ;|] sf] g]tT[ Tjdf @))* dª\l;/ ! ut] Psdgf dGqL d08n 3fi] f0ff u/] . !$ ;b:oLo
pSt dGqL d08nsf] gt] [TTj dft[sfk;| fb sfO] /fnfn] u/] . of] dGqL d08nsf lgDg lnlvt
pb\bZ] o lyP M

-s_ :jtGq Gofo ljefu v8f ug{]

-v_ nf]s;]jf cfofu] sf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fdf| ;] uF nfu' ug]{

-u_ ;se/ @))( ;fnleq ljwfg ;ef v8f ug{] lsl;dn] lgjf{rg u/fpg]

-3_ hgtfsf gful/s clwsf/x¿ lglZrt ug]{ .

hgtflGqs ;+oS' t df]rf{ / ;jb{ nLo ;/sf/sf] dfu M gk] fn k|hf kl/ifbn\ ufot cl:tTjdf /xs] f
cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿ / ljleGg ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿ ldnL hgtflGqs ;+o'St df]rf{ u7g eof] .
o; dfr] fn{ ] ;jb{ nLo ;/sf/ u7g ug{ bafa lbof] . ptf kw| fgdGqL dfts[ fsf cfˆg} efO aL=kL=
sf]O/fnfn] klg bfh'sf] lj/fw] u/s] f lyP . kf6L{ cWoIf / / kw| fgdGqL Pp6} JolSt x'gx' 'Gg eGg]
pgsf] dt lyof] . 8f= s=] cfO{= l;x+ n] t dft[sf ;/sf/ lj?b\w ljbf| x] g} ;?' u/] . t;y{ pgnfO{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 151

Currriculum8fFs' 3fl] ift u/L s8f kx/fsf ;fy l;x+ b/af/df sb} ul/of] . @))* df3 * / ( ut] /flt
Development Centre8f= s=] cfO{= ;dy{s ljbf| x] L ;]gfn] l;+xb/af/ cfj|md0f u/L pgnfO{ hn] dS' t agfP . kmn:j¿k
rf/l} t/af6 3/] faGbLdf k/]sf] pSt ;/sf/ c;kmn eof] .

k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ u7g M >L % lqej' gn] k/fdz{ bft[x¿sf] ;Nnfx lnP/ cfkmF} kT| oIf zf;g
ug]{ pbb\ Z] on] hg/n sz] / zdz]/;lxt kfFr hgf ;b:o /x]sf] k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ lj=;=+ @))(
>fj0f #) ut] u7g u/] . kfrF hgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fhfkl| t pTt/bfoL x'g'kg]{ / a}7ssf lg0fo{
Pjd\ sfof{ Gjogsf nflu /fhfsf] :jLsl[ t clgjfo{ xg' ] Joj:yf ul/of] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n]
o;sf] lj/f]w u/] . ;/sf/L k|zf;g /fdf| ];Fu rNg ;sg] . j}bl] zs x:tIfk] tLj| eof] . gk] fnsf]
kj" L{ Ifq] df g]kfnL sfªu\ ;]| sf] gt] T[ Tjdf ls;fgx¿sf] ljbf| ]x eof] . cGttM lj=;=+ @)!) ;fn
c;f/ @ ut] of] ;/sf/sf] lj36g eof] .

/fli6o« kh| f kf6Ls{ f gt] f dfts[ fk;| fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf Psnf6} L ;/sf/ M gk] fnL sfªu\ |];
km'6fP/ dfts[ fn] /fli6o« kh| f kf6L{ gfds /fhgLlts bn vf]n]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)!) c;f/
@ ut] pgsf] gt] T[ Tjdf /fhf lqe'jgn] kfFr ;b:oLo dGqL d08n 3fi] f0ff u/] . ef/tLo ;]gf
xltof/;lxt g]kfn k|j]z ug,'{ sf;] L ofh] gf ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]w x'g', eLdbTt kGtsf] ljbf| ]x /
lj=;+= @)!) efb| & ut] 88]Nw'/fdf pgsf] xTof x'g' cflb sf/0fn] of] ;/sf/ ktg pGdv' eof] .
cGttM lj=;=+ @)!! kmfug' !( ut] dft[sfn] /fhLgfdf lbP .

/fhf dxG] b|sf] kT| oIf zf;g sfn / zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/ M lj=;+= @)!! kmfu'g #) ut] /fhf
lqe'jgsf] dT[ o' eof] . rq} $ ut] dx]Gb| bz] sf] /fhf ag] . lj=;=+ @)!@ j}zfv ! ut] ;/bf/
u~' hdfg l;+xsf] ;+ofh] sTjdf kfFr hgf ;b:o /x]sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/ u7g eof] . pgLx¿sf]
/fo ;Nnfxdt' flas /fhf dx]Gb|n] kT| oIf zf;gsf] ;?' jft u/] . of] ;/sf/ df3 !@ ut;] Dd
;~rfng eof] .

6ª\sk|;fbsf] g]tT[ Tj tyf 8f=s=] cfO{= l;+xsf] g]tT[ Tjdf dGqL d08nx¿ u7g M lj=;+= @)!@ df3
!# df kh| f kl/ifbs\ f cWoIf 6ªs\ k|;fb cfrfos{ f] gt] [TTjdf ;ft ;b:oLo dGqL d08n u7g
eof] . r/d cfly{s ;ª\s6, kq klqsfdf /f]s nufpg] ko| f; / cfd r'gfj u/fpg g;Sbf
pgn] klg kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbgk' ¥of] . lj=;+= @)!$ c;f/ #! ut] pgsf] ;/sf/ lj36g eof] .
tTkZrft\ rLgdf lgjf{l;t hLjg latfO/xs] f 8f= s=] cfO={ l;x+ nfO{ afn] fO{ /fhf dxG] bn| ] l;+xsf]
k|wfgdGqLTjdf lj=;+= @)!$ >fj0f !! ut] !! ;b:oLo dGqL d08n 3f]if0ff u/] . t/ ljljw
sf/0fn] @)!$ sflts{ @( ut] 8f= s=] cfO{= l;+xsf] ;/sf/nfO{ x6fOof] .

;'j0f{ zdz/] sf] cWoIftfdf dGqL d08n M lj=;=+ @)!$ sflts{ @( b]lv lj=;+= @)!% h]7 @
;Dd /fhf dxG] bn| ] kT| oIf zf;g rnfP . h7] @ ut] g} ;'j0f{ zdz/] sf] cWoIftfdf sfd rnfp
5 ;b:oLo dGqL d08n u7g eof] . lj=;=+ @)!$ rq} # uts] f lbg eujtLk;| fb l;x+ sf]
cWoIftfdf sx] L ljbz] Lx¿;dt] ;+nUg /xs] f] kfFr ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg d:ofb} f ;ldlt u7g eof] .

152 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

o;n] tof/ u/]sf] ;l+ jwfg lj=;+= @)!% kmfug' ! df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!% sf
¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/of] . lj=;=+ @)!% kmfu'g & af6 !)( Ifq] sf nflu klxnf] cfd r'gfj eof] .
lj=;+ @)!^ h7] @ ut] of] ;/sf/nfO{ eª\u ul/of] .

k|yd cfd lgjf{rg / aL=kL= sfO] /fnfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf k|yd hg lgjf{lrt
;/sf/ M klxnf] ;;+ bLo cfd lgjf{rgdf s'n !)( l;6df k|lt:kwf{ ePsf]
lyof] . o; lgjf{rgdf hDdf gf} cf6] f /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;xefuL ePsf
lyP . @)!^ j}zfv @* ut] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff eof] .
kl/0ffdcg';f/ &$ l;6df gk] fnL sfªu\ ;|] ljhoL eof] . o;kl5 @)!^
h]i7 !# df aL=kL= sfO] /fnfsf] kw| fgdGqLTjdf pGgfO; ;b:oLo dGqL
d08n u7g ul/of] . s[i0fk;| fb e66\ /fOn{ fO{ ;efdv' df lgjf{lrt ul/of] .
of] ;/sf/n] @)!& k'; ! ut];Dd lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] .
Currriculum aL=kL= sfO] /fnf
Development Centre
lsofsnfk
!= …@))& bl] v @)!& ;Ddsf] Ps bzssf] cjlw /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyofÚ] .

o;af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ l6kf6] ug{x' f;] \ .

@= /fhf dx]Gb|n] bO' { k6s k|ToIf zf;g u/] . o;/L pgdf kT| oIf zf;g ug{] OR5f a9\gfsf
sf/0fx¿ hf8] L hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

#= eLdbTt kGt sf] lyP < lsg pgn] ljbf| ]x u/]sf lyP < pgsf of]ubfg;d]t k:| t't
ug{x' f];\ .

$= 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ lsg lhpFbf] ;lxb elgPsf] xf] < ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog
ug{x' f];\ / tYo k'li6 ug{x' f];\ .

%= @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf d'Vo ldlt / /fhgLlts 36gf jm| dx¿nfO{ pNnv] u/L
;do /v] fdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ 8f= s]=cfO={ l;+xnfO{ lgjf;{ gaf6 af]nfO{ lsg k|wfgdGqL agfOPsf] xf]nf <

-v_ cfd lgjfr{ g egs] f] s] xf] < ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / cfd r'gfjlarsf leGgtfx¿
pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pSt ;/sf/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f];\ .

-3_ cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& / gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf bO' { b'O{ cf]6f d'Vo
ljz]iftfx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .

-ª_ …@))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf] cjlwdf gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf a9L j}b]lzs rf;f] /xs] f] kfOG5 .Ú
o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ugx{' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 153

Currriculumkf7 M ltg k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f / /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw
Development Centre
æhgtfsf] lk/, dsf{ / afwf h:tfsf] t:t} /xo\ f] . o;af6 b]zsf] zflGt vNalnPsf] dfq xf]Og
ls gk] fn /fi6«sf] dfl} ns Pstf / ;fj{ef}ldstfdf klg cf3ft kU' g] cfzªs\ f b]vf kg{ uof] .
/fhgLlts bnx¿ /fi6s« f] :jfy{nfO{ 5f8] /] JolStut / kf6L{ut :jfy{df lnKt eP, cGt/fl{ i6o«
;DaGw lalu|of,] e|i6frf/ df}nfof] .Æ

plNnlvt 3f]if0ff;Fu} hgtfsf] /ut, kl;gf / alnbfgLaf6 k|fKt axb' nLo k|hftGqnfO{ /fhf
dx]Gbn| ] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)!& k;' ! ut] ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffn] hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/
tyf dfl} ns clwsf/ vfl] ;P . o; lbgnfO{ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df sfnf] lbgsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
/fhgLlts bnx¿k|lt Oªl\ ut ul/Psf] of] 3f]if0ff;Fu} gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] bkmf
%% k|ofu] u/L dxG] b|n] ;;+ b\ lgnDag u/] . pgn] /fhgLlts kf6Lx{ ¿dfly kl| taGw nufP .

zfxL 3fi] f0ff x'g'eGbf rf/ 306f cufl8 lgjfl{ rt kw| fgdGqL aL=kL= sf]O/fnfnufot ;Dk"0f{
dGqLx¿nfO{ zfxL ;g] fn] 3/] faGbL u/L lx/f;tdf lnPsf] lyof] . k'; ! ut] /fltb]lv kT| o]s
/ft /fhb/af/ cufl8 sˆo'{ nufOPsf] lyof] . ;x/df ;}lgs u:tL nufpg] / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
cftª\lst agfpg] sfo{ eO/xs] f] lyof] . o;s} f] lg/Gt/tf :j¿k k'; @@ ut] lg/ª\sz' bnljxLg
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/of] .

gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
wf/f %%= ;ª\s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ >L % sf] :jljjs] df s'g} uDeL/ ;ª\s6 ljbo\ dfg eO{
h;af6 gk] fnsf] ;Dk"0f{ jf sg' } efusf] ;'/Iff jf cflys{ hLjg o'bw\ n] jf aflx/L cfjm| d0fn] jf
cfGtl/s pkb|jn] ;DtK[ t 5 eGg] nfus] f] 5 eg] df};'kmaf6 df;} k' ms} :jljj]sdf b]xfoadfl] hd
ug{] u/L 3fi] f0ff ug{ ;lsaS;g] 5 . o; ;l+ jwfgsf] pkaGwsf] kr| ngnfO{ k"0f{ jf cfl+ zs
dfqfdf lgnDag ug]{ Joj:yfx¿nufot 3f]if0ffsf] pb\bZ] o sfofl{ Gjt ugs{ f nflu df;} 'kmaf6
cfjZos jf jf~5gLo ;lDemaS;s] f] k|f;ªl\ us / cfg;' fª\lus Joj:yfx¿ o:tf] hg' ;'s}
3fi] f0ffdf /xg ;Sg] 5g\ M
-s_ 3fi] f0ffdf tf]lsP;Dd df};'kmsf] sfo{x¿ df};'kmaf6 :jljjs] df ul/aS;g] u/L
-v_ ;+;b\ jf cGo sg' } ;/sf/L lgsfo jf clwsf/Ldf lglxt jf ltgLx¿åf/f k|ofu] xg' ] ;a}

jf sg' } clwsf/ df;} k' mn] g} ux| 0f ul/aS;g] u/L .

k|Zgx¿
-s_ wf/f %% df plNnlvt Joj:yfkl| t tkfOsF{ f] d"Nofª\sg / wf/0ffx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-v_ hgtfsf] alnbfgaf6 k|fKt kh| ftGq Pjd\ ;+;bLo /fhgLltdf s] o:tf] ;l+ jwfg aGg' /

kf| jwfgx¿ l:jsfg'{ plrt lyof] < nV] gx' f;] \ .

154 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum@))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf ;fdflhs / cflys{ pknlAw
Development Centre
@))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnsf] j}wflgs zf;gcGtu{t ax'bnLo zf;g k0| ffnLsf] ;'?cft
eof] . 5f6] f] ;dofjlwdf klg cgs] fF} pNnv] gLo pknlAwx¿ k|fKt ePsf lyP . kh| ftflGqs
zf;g k|0ffnL nfu' xg' k' j" { b'O{ kl| tztdf /xs] f] ;fIf/tf ;Gtf]ifhgs b/df jb[ l\ w ePsf] lyof] .

;fdflhs pknlAw

-s_ ljleGg /fi6«x¿;Fu dq} L Pjd\ s'6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf eof] .
-v_ b]ze/ ljb\ofnox¿ :yfkgf eP, cª\u]|hL lzIffsf ljbo\ fno tyf snh] x¿ vn' ] .
-u_ lqe'jg ljZj ljbo\ fno -@)!^_ :yfkgf eof] .
-3_ cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o« xjfO{ p8fg ;?' eof] .
-ª_ 6l] nkmfg] / cfsfzjf0fL -T e l e rg a m ) ;?' eof] .
-r_ lj=;+= @)!@ -!$ l8;D] a/ !(%%_ df gk] fn ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;b:o /fi6« aGof] .
-5_ sf7df8f}F gu/kflnsfsf] rg' fj eof] .
-h_ lghfdtL ;j] f Pg] , @)!# nfu' eof] .
-em_ x]6fF}8f sf7df8fF} /f]kj] lj:tf/ eof] .
-`_ sf];L ;Demf}tf -@)!! j}zfv !@_ / u08s ;Demft} f -@)!^ dª\l;/ !(_ eP .
-6_ ;Dk0" f{ hªu\ nx¿nfO{ /fli6«os/0f ul/of] .
-7_ oftfoft ljsf;sf nflu /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fsf] yfngL ul/of] .
-8_ :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo Joj:yf nfu' eof] .
-9_ ;:+ s[lt ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu g]kfn ;f+ :s[lts kl/ifbs\ f] :yfkgf ul/of] .
-0f_ @)!# cflZjg @^ df gk] fn ljZj xn' fs ;ª3\ sf] ;b:o /fi6« aGof] .

cflys{ pknlAwx¿

-s_ @))* >fj0fdf ;jk{ |yd gk] fndf ah]6 k|:t't tyf ks| fzg ul/of] .
-v_ @)!# efb| !& df e"ld ;DaGwL 3fi] f0ff hf/L eof] h;n] df]lxofgL xssf] Joj:yf

u¥of] .
-u_ @)!@ cflZjg @@ df k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] 3f]if0ff eof] / of] ofh] gf @)!# af6 nfu' eO{

of]hgf ab\w ljsf;sf] ;?' jft eof] .
-3_ @)!# jz} fv !$ ut] g]kfn /fi6« a}ªs\ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] .
-ª_ sl[ ifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/of] / Jofkf/ k|jw{gsf] sfo{ ;'? ul/of] .
-r_ gofF s/ Joj:yf nfu' ul/of] .
-5_ latf{ pGdn" g Pg] , @)!^ k';df nfu' ul/of] .
-h_ db' f| k|rngdf Ps¿ktf NofOof] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 155

lj|mofsnfk

!= /fhf dx]Gb| dxTTjfsfªI\ fL /fhf lyP eGg] egfOsf kIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k;] ug'{xf;] \ .

@= /fhf dxG] bn| ] bnx¿dfly kl| taGw nufpbF f lgDg lnlvt ljifox¿df s] k|;ªu\ p7fPsf
lyP < pTt/ n]vL tflnsf k/' f ug'{xf];\ M

If]q k|;ªu\ / ;Gbe{

-s_ /fhgLlts bn ;Ttfdv' L, kf6Ld{ v' L ePsf]
Currriculum
Development Centre-v_ cflys{ l:ylt

-u_ jb} ]lzs ;DaGw

-3_ /fli6«otf

-ª_ hghLljsf

#= @)!& k;' ! utn] fO{ lsg sfnf] lbg dflgPsf] xf] < sf/0fx¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .
$= lj=;=+ @)!# af6 k~rjifL{o ofh] gf nfu' ePkZrft\ xfn;Dd lzIff, :jf:Yo / /fh] uf/

;DaGwdf s] s:tf kl/jtg{ x¿ ePsf 5g\ < cfˆgf cleefjs jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{
;fw] L klqsfsf nflu n]v tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
%= olb tkfOF{ @)!& k;' ! ut] kf6Ld{ fly k|ltaGw nufpg] ;dodf xg' x' GYof] eg] Ps
gful/ssf] x}l;otn] s] kl| tljm| of lbg'xG' Yof] < Tof] sbd lj?bw\ s] s:tf sfo{jm| dx¿sf]
cfofh] gf ug{'xG' Yof] < vfsf agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ bnx¿dfly /fhfn] kl| taGw nufpgfsf s] s:tf pb\b]Zox¿ lyP <
-v_ @))& bl] v @)!& ;Dd lsg ljsf; b/ tLj| x'g ;s]g < sf/0fx¿ lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd lzIff Ifq] df kf| Kt ePsf] pknlAwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL bO' { ;fyLlarsf]

;+jfb tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
-3_ latf{ pGdn" g egs] f] s] xf] < tTsfnLg ;dodf of] lsg cfjZos dx;'; eof] <

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf k'/fgf /fhgLlt1 xg' 'x'G5 xf]nf, pxfnF fO{ e6] \gx' f];\ . lj=;+= @)!& bl] v @)#^
;Ddsf] cjlwdf s] s:tf sfox{ ¿ ePsf lyP < ;f]Wgx' f];\ . k|ZgfjnL lgdf0{ f u/L hjfkm
l6Kgx' f;] \ . To;sf cfwf/df Ps kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

156 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M rf/ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv lj=;+= @)$^ ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿

gk] fnL /fhgLltn] @)!& k'; @@ af6 lt; a;{] lgb{nLo Joj:yfsf] ;fdgf ugk{' ¥of] . /fhfCurrriculum
dx]Gbn| ] k~rfot l6sfpg / alnof] k0| ffnL agfpg k~rfot dGqfno tyf ljefu u7g ugs{' fDevelopment Centre
;fy} bz] nfO{ rfw} c~rn / krxTt/ lhNnfdf ljefhg u/] . k~rfotnfO{ sfg'gL j}wtf lbg
@)!( k;' ! ut] g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!( 3fi] f0ff u/L nfu' u/] .

s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ 36gf j|mdx¿

-s_ hgsk/' ad sf08 M @)!* ;fn df3 ( ut] /fhf dxG] b|
k"jL{ ed| 0f k'/f u/L hfgsL dlGb/sf] bzg{ df uP . bz{g u/L
/ª\ue"ldtkm{ kmls/{ x]sf] cj:yfdf bu' f{gGb emfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf
c/ljGbsd' f/ 7fs'/nufot k~rfot lj/fw] L oj' fx¿n] pgL ;jf/
uf8Ldf ad k|xf/ u/] . bu' f{gGb emf, c/ljGbsd' f/ 7fs/' /
bnl;x+ yfkfnfO{ dT[ o'b08sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . @)@) df3 @% ut]
bu' f{gGb emfnfO{ kmf;F L lbOof] eg] afsF L b'O{ hgfnfO{ hGds}bsf]
3f]if0ff ul/of] .

-v_ emfkf ljbf| x] / ;v' fgL xTofsf08 M lj=;+=
@)@* ;fndf tfTsfnLg g]=s=kf -dfn]_ n]
emfkfaf6 ljb|f]x ;'? u¥of] . ;fdGtLx¿sf]
;kmfof / ul/ax¿sf] d'lStsf nflu egL
cfGbfn] g ul/of] . tfTsfnLg /fli6«o k~rfot
;b:o wd{k|;fb pkfWofosf] xTof u/s] f]
cleof]udf ljbf| ]xdf ;+nUg oj' fx¿ /fdgfy
bfxfn, gf/fo0f >i] 7, s[i0f sOF' sn] , gq] k|;fb
l3ld/] / lj/g] /fhj+zLnfO{ tfTsfnLg ;/sf/n]
kj|mfp u¥of] . pgLx¿nfO{ Onfdsf] ;'vfgL eGg] 7fpFdf nuL lj=;+= @)@( kmfu'g @! ut]
ufn] L xfgL xTof ul/of] . o; 36gfnfO{ ;'vfgL xTofsf08 egL lrlgG5 .

-u_ xjfO{ hxfh ckx/0f sf08 / l;+xb/af/ cfunfuL M lj=;=+ @)#) h7] @% ut] lj/f6gu/af6
sf7df8f}sF f nflu p8]sf] ljdfgnfO{ ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHosf] kmf/la;uGhdf ha/h:tL
cjt/0f u/fOof] . To;df /x]sf] #) nfv ef=?= sAhfdf lnO{ hxfhnfO{ 5fl8of] . of]
gk] fnsf] klxnf] ljdfg ckx/0f 36gf lyof] . k~rfot lj/f]wL pSt ultljlwn] k~rfotL
zf;sx¿nfO{ g/fd|f] wSsf lbPsf] lyof] . c;f/ @% df ePsf] l;x+ b/af/ cfunfuLn]
/fi6«sf dxTTjk0" f{ sfuhftx¿ gi6 eP . ;f] 36gfsf sf/0f k|wfgdGqL sLltl{ glw lji6n]
g}ltstfsf cfwf/df /fhLgfdf lbP .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 157

Currriculum-3_ l6Da/' af]6] sf08 M lgb{nLo k~rfotsf] cGTo u/L kh| ftGqsf] kg' M:yfkgf ug]{ pb\bZ] on]
Development Centreoj' fx¿ j|mflGt ug'{k5{ egL ;ª\ul7t x'g] j|md tLj| eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;} jm| ddf lj=;=+
@)#! ;fndf cf]vn9'ªu\ f sAhf ug]{ ofh] gf agfOPsfdf uK' tr/dfkmt{ ;/sf/nfO{ pSt
s/' fsf] hfgsf/L eof] . To;kl5 cfv] n9ª' u\ fsf] l6Da'/af6] l] :yt o'jfx¿sf] lzlj/df ;]gfn]
cfjm| d0f u¥of] . /fd, nId0fnufotsf o'jfx¿sf] j|m'/tfk"j{s xTof ul/of] . o;} sf08df
kj|mfp k/]sf SofK6]g o1axfb/' yfkf / eLdgf/fo0f >i] 7sf] lj=;+= @)## ;fndf kmf;F L
lbO{ xTof ul/of] .

-ª_ /Tgsd' f/ afGtjf xTofsf08 M tfTsfnLg ;zSt hfu?s sDol' gi6 g]tf /Tgs'df/ afGtjf
/fO{nfO{ k~rfotL zf;sx¿n] Onfdsf] Odfª -bp] dfO{ gbL glhs}_ df @)#% r}q @& ut]
ufn] L xfgL xTof u/] . k~rfot sfndf g} Clif/fh b]jsf6] f -cfhfb_ / houfl] jGb zfxnfO{
klg dfl/Psf] lyof] .

-r_ hgdt ;ªu\ |x @)#^ M lj=;+= @)#^ ;fndf ljb\ofyL{ cfGbf]ngaf6 ;?' ePsf] k~rfot
lj/f]wL cfGbfn] gdf hgtfn] klg ;dy{g u/] . To;kl5 afWo eO{ /fhf jL/G] b|n] @)#^
h7] !) ut] hgtfnfO{ 5fGg bO' { ljsNkx¿;lxt hgdt ;ª\ux| sf] k:| tfj 3fi] f0ff u/] .
;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf jf axb' nLo zf;g Joj:yf eGg] ljsNkx¿ vn' f u/fO{ lj=;+=
@)#& ;fn j}zfv @) ut] hgdt ;ª\ux| eof] . kl/0ffdcg';f/ ;w' fl/Psf] k~rfotL
Joj:yfn] !) kl| tzt a9L dt NofO{ ljhoL eof] . lj=;=+ @)#* ;fndf /fli6«o k~rfotsf]
r'gfj eof] .

-5_ lk:s/ xTofsf08 M /fli6«o k~rfotsf] r'gfjkl5 ;o" a{ xfb/' yfkf kw| fgdGqL eP .
l;Gwk' fNrf]s lhNnfsf] lk:s/ dxfbj] :yfgdf @)$) df3 ! ut]sf lbg k~rfot lj?b\w
hg r]tgf hufpg] pbb\ ]Zon] ;f:+ s[lts sfo{j|md cfofh] gf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;} sfo{jm| ddf
kx| /Låf/f ufn] L rnfO{ s}of}F afn aflnsfsf] xTof / bh{gfF} JolStx¿nfO{ kjm| fp u/L oftgf
lbOof] . o;} sf/afxLnfO{ lk:s/ sf08 elgG5 . o; sf08kl5 ;o" a{ xfb'/nfO{ cljZjf;sf]
k|:tfj NofO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fOof] .

-h_ ;Tofux| / adsf08 M gk] fnL sfªu\ ];| n] @)$@ hi] 7 !) af6
k~rfot lj?b\wsf] eb| / zflGtk0" f{ cfGbfn] gsf ¿kdf ;Tofu|x
;?' u¥of] . of] cfGbfn] g rln/xs] f] cj:yfdf u0ftGqjfbL
gt] f /fd/fhf k;| fb l;x+ sf] g]t[TTjdf c;f/ ^ ut] sf7df8f}sF f]
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/nufot bz] sf dxTTjk0" f{ ;x/x¿df Ps;fy
ad k8\sfOof] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/åf/f u0ftGqsf] dfu /fvL ul/Psf]
pSt ad sf08sf gfosx¿ /fd/fhfk;| fb l;+x, nId0fk;| fb l;x+ ,
kd]| axfb'/ ljZjsdf{nufotsf JolStx¿nfO{ d[Tob' 08sf] 3f]if0ff /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+x
ul/of] eg] ;Tofu|x cfGbf]ng :yug eof] .

158 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

-em_ lj=;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbfn] g M
hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/ / dfl} ns xsx¿
k~rfot zf;gn] vf;] s] f] lyof] . t;y{
gk] fnL sfªu\ ;]| / ;o+ S' t jfddfr] fn{ ] ;o+ S' t
¿kdf hg cfGbfn] g ug{] lg0fo{ u/L ;jd{ fGo
gt] f u0fz] dfg l;x+ sf] gt] T[ jdf @)$^
kmfug' $ af6 hg cfGbfn] g ;?' u/] .
cGttM axb' nLo Joj:yf kg' M:yfkgf eof] .
Currriculum u0fz] dfg l;+x ;xfgf k|wfg
Development Centre g]tf, gk] fnL sfªu\ ;|] g]tf, ;o+ S' t jfd df]rf{

ljm| ofsnfk

!= k~rfot zf;gsf] ;?' cft;uF } lsg w]/} xTofsf08x¿ eP < sf/0fx¿ lbg'xf] ;\ .

@= hgdt ;ªu\ |x egs] f] s] xf] < hgdt ;ª\u|x lsg ePsf] lyof] < j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \ .

#= hgdt ;ªu\ x| sf] lgDg lnlvt kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t eO{ jT[ tlrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M

-s_ ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL k0| ffnL @$,##,$%@ dt

-v_ axb' nLo zf;g Joj:yf @),)&,(^% dt

-u_ ab/ dt ;ªV\ of #,&@,)^( dt

$= kf7df pNnv] ul/Pafx]s k~rfot sfndf cGo /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ klg ePsf 5g\ xf]nf .
;fw] vfh] u/L lbOPsf] tflnsfadf]lhd 36gfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ M

36gf j0f{g

aL=kL=sf] dn] ldnfk gLlt @)##

cEof;
-s_ hgsk'/ sf08 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ lj=;+= @)!& bl] v lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] Ps ;do /v] f

lgdf0{ f ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;Tofu|x s:tf] cfGbfn] g xf] < Tof] cfGbf]ng lsg :ylut ugk{' /]sf] lyof] <
-3_ /Tgsd' f/ afGtjf sf] lyP < pgnfO{ cfh;Dd klg lsg g]kfnL /fhgLlt sdL{x¿n]

;lDemG5g\ <
-ª_ gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf /fd/fhfk|;fb l;x+ sf] s] e"ldsf 5 <

;fdb' flos sfo{
;d'bfosf h]i7 gful/snfO{ e6] L ;db' fodf @)!& b]lv @)$^ ;Dd 36s] f dxTTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿
/ To;n] ;d'bfodf kf/]sf] k|efjaf/] ;fw] k5' ugx{' f];\ . To;}sf cfwf/df ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f
agfpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 159

Currriculumkf7 M kf“r k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿
Development Centre
->L zflGt pRr dfWolds ljbo\ fnodf sIff !) sf ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿n] k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf /
To;kl5 b]zdf 36]sf /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d ;DaGwdf cGt/lj|mof sfoj{ m| dsf] cfof]hgf u/] .
:yfgLo Oltxf; ljbn\ fO{ lgDtf ul/Psf] pSt sfo{jm| ddf ljbo\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf,
lzIfsx¿ / sIff !) sf ljb\ofyLx{ ¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{j|md ;~rfns dG' gL
rf}w/Ln] sfoj{ m| ds} l;nl;nfdf ljifo kj| ]z u/fpg' eof] ._

dG' gL rf}w/L M æk~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿Æ ljifos cGt/ljm| of sfo{j|mddf
kfNgx' 'g] ;an} fO{ :jfut u5'{ . ca Oltxf; ljbH\ on" fO{ k~rfotL Joj:yf pbosf] ki[ 7el" d /
sf/0fx¿ ;DaGwdf ks| fz kfl/lbg'x'g cg'/fw] u5{' .

Oltxf; ljb\ M ;jk{ |yd t dnfO{ cfˆgf cg'ej atfpg] cj;/ lbge' Psfdf oxfFx¿nfO{
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ca d cfˆgf egfOx¿ /fVg rfxG5' . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf kh| ftGqsf]
:yfkgf;uF } Pp6f sdhf]/L ePsf] lyof] . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo t ul/of] t/ hgtfn] k"0f{ clwsf/
k|fKt u/g] g\ . o;n] /fhtGq¿kL csf{] hxflgofF Joj:yfnfO{ j}wflgstf lbO{ To;nfO{ alnof]
agfof] .

ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug]{ / lbNnL ;Demft} fsf] sfofG{ jog ug]{ sfo{ ul/Pg . /fhfx¿
cfkm" alnof] xg' ] / hgtfnfO{ e'ne'no} fdf kfg{] sfddf g} a9L sl] Gb|t eP . /fhgLlts bndf
klg cge' jsf] sdL / ckl/kSjtf lyof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k /fhf dxG] b|df zlStzfnL /fhf x'g]
dxTTjfsfªI\ ff a9\g yfNof] . pgnfO{ cfkm" o'j/fh xb'F fsf] ;dob]lv g} kh| ftGqkl| t ljZjf;
lyPg . csf{]lt/ ;;+ bLo Joj:yf gof“ xg' ,' /fhgLlts bnx¿lardf km'6 xg' ' h:tf sf/0fn]
k~rfotL Joj:yf pbo x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . hgtfdf rt] gfsf] sdL lyof] . clzIff JofKt
lyof] . jb} ]lzs rf;f] / x:tIf]k a9g\ yfns] f] lyof] . ei| 6frf/ / l9nf;':tL a9b\ } uof] . log}
kl/l:yltsf] cf8df /fhf dxG] b|n] @)!& k'; ! df k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f u/] / k;' @@ df bnljlxg
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] .

d'GgL rf}w/L] M Oltxf; ljb\Hon" fO{ wGojfb . ca k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTosf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf
ljrf/x¿ /flvlbg' xg' ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf Pjd\ xfdf| ] ;db' fosf hi] 7 gful/s
>L emljGb|axfb'/ v8\sfHon" fO{ xflbs{ cg/' f]w u5'{ .

emljGb| M wGojfb dG' gL gfgL . ca d cfˆgf egfO /fVg rfxG5' . d cfkm}F klg k~rfotL
Joj:yfdf oxL ufpF k~rfotsf] kw| fgk~r x'“ . d/] f] cge' jdf k~rfotL Joj:yf sG] b|af6
;~rflnt k"0f{ PsfTds sG] bL| st[ zf;g Joj:yf lyof] . To;a]nf dflyaf6 cfPsf] lgb{]zgnfO{
xa' x' lz/f]wfo{ ugk'{ Yof{] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;a}eGbf v/fa kIf egs] } lg/ª\sz' tf xf] . of]

160 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Joj:yfdf hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/, dfl} ns clwsf/ / :jtGqtf sl' 07t ePsf] bv] /] cflht eO{
d}n] kw| fgk~raf6 /fhLgfdf;dt] lbP“ . To;kl5 d k~rfot lj/f]wL cleofgdf ;+nUg eP“ .
@)$^ ;fndf xfdL] b]zdf kh| ftGq kg' M:yfkgf ug{ ;kmn eof“} .

k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo x'g'sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;/sf/sf g/fd|f sfdsf] lj/fw] ug{]x¿nfO{
bdg ul/GYof] . hgtfdf lzIff / rt] gfsf] :t/ a9\b} uPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf o:tf
sfo{af6 hgtfx¿ cfjm| f]l;t ePsf lyP . To; Joj:yfsf ;~rfnsx¿ cfˆgf :jfys{ f nflu b'O{
v]dfdf ljeflht eP . hgtfsf lxt / b]zsf] ljsf;kl| t eGbf ;Ttf s;/L kf| Kt ug{] eGg]tkm{
pgLx¿ lj|mofzLn lyP . e|i6frf/ a9b\ } uPsf] lyof] .

csf{tkm{ ljleGg 6j' m| fdf ljeflht sDol' g:6x¿n] ;+o'St jfddfr] f{ u7g u/L Psh'6 ePsf
lyP . o;l} ar k/:k/ ljk/Lt /fhgLlts ljrf/ afs] ]sf bnx¿ g]kfnL sfªu\ ];| / sDol' Gf:6x¿
k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?b\wdf ;o+ S' t cfGbfn] g ug{ ;xdt eP . kmn:j¿k /fhgLlts bnkl| t
hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9o\ f] . @)$^ kmfu'g & af6 hg cfGbfn] g ;?' eof] . htftt} aGb x8\tfn
eP . k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?b\wdf hgtf sˆo'{ tf]8b\ } ;8sdf plqP . cGTodf @)$^ rq} @^
ut] /ftL !! ah] /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 /fhf jL/]Gb|n] k~rfotL Joj:yf x6]sf] / kh| ftGq kg' MaxfnL
ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;/L k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . olt eGb} d/] f egfO oxL“ 6'ªU\ ofp5“ ' .
wGojfb .

dG' gL rfw} /L] M wGojfb, cWoIfHo" . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] Oltxf;sf 36gfsf af/]df w]/} hfgsf/L
lbge' of] .
Currriculum
Development Centreljm| ofsnfk

!= k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿ tflnsf agfO{ abF' fut ¿kdf k:| tt'
ugx{' f;] \ M

pbosf sf/0fx¿ cGTosf sf/0fx¿
!= !=

@= @=

#= #=

@= lj=;=+ @)!& bl] v @)$^ ;Dd lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL zf;g sfod lyof] . To; a]nf s]xL
pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿ klg ePsf lyP . k:' tsfno, OG6/g6] / ;d'bfosf JolStx¿;“usf]
cGt/lj|mof cflbsf dfWodaf6 tL sfox{ ¿sf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 161

Currriculum#= g]kfnL hgtfn] lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv kf| Kt u/]sf] k|hftGq k6s k6s ;ªs\ 6df k/s] f]
Development Centre/ ud' ]sf] bl] vG5 . lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < cfk;df 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿sf] vf]hL
ug'{xf];\ . ca To;/L kh| ftGq u'Dg glbg / bz] nfO{ cfly{s pGglttkm{ cl3 a9fpg s] s]
ugk'{ nf{ < a'Fbfut ¿kdf nv] L sIffdf k:| t't ugx' f];\ .

$= k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfb{} cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] g'xf;] \ .
cEof;
-s_ k~rfotL Joj:yf egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ k~rfotL zf;gsf] lsg cGTo eof] <
-u_ k~rfotL Joj:yfdf ePsf ljsf;fTds sfox{ ¿ s] s] lyP <
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOF{ cWoog/t ljb\ofnosf] efl} ts Pjd\ zl} Ifs ;w' f/ ;DaGwdf Ps cGt/ljm| of sfoj{ m| d
;~rfng ugx{' f];\ . ljleGg lj1 JolStx¿nfO{ jStfsf ¿kdf lgdGq0ff ugx{' f];\ . cGt/ljm| ofaf6
kf| Kt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .

162 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M 5 lj=;+= @)$^ bl] v @)^@ ;Ddsf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|md

lj=;+= @)$^ r}t @^ ut] bndflysf]
kl| taGw x6o\ f] . hgtfx¿ v';Ln]
;8sdf plqP . cfGbf]ng/t bnx¿af6
rt} @& ut] sf7df8fFd} f ljho hn' ;'
/ ljzfn ljho ;efsf] cfofh] gf
eof] . si[ 0fk|;fb e66\ /fO{ k|wfgdGqL
/x]sf] cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g
ul/of] . o; ;/sf/df cfGbf]ng/t
bnsf kl| tlglwx¿, /fhfaf6 dgfl] gt
JolStx¿ / :jtGq JolStTj ;xefuL ePsf lyP . pSt ;/sf/nfO{ ax'bnLo k|hftGq cg'sn" sf]
;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{ / cfd rg' fj u/fpg d'Vo b'O{ lhDdj] f/L ;'lDkPsf] lyof] .
Currriculum
Development Centre
hg cfGbfn] gsf] efjgfcg¿' k ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug{ ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ;+ljwfg
;'emfj cfof]u u7g eof] . pSt cfof]un] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/L /fhfnfO{ ae' mfof] . /fhf
jL/]Gb|af6 @)$& ;fn sflts{ @# ut] gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& 3fi] f0ff eof] . ;fx] L
lbgaf6 ;+jw} flgs /fhtGq;lxtsf] pSt ;+ljwfg sfofG{ jogdf cfof] . ;f] ;l+ jwfgcg';f/ cfd
lgjf{rg klg ;DkGg eof] . To; r'gfjdf gk] fnL sfªu\ |];n] axd' t k|fKt u¥of] . lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnf b]zsf k|wfgdGqLdf lgoS' t eP .

bnleqsf] cfGtl/s åGåsf sf/0f of] ;/sf/n] si[ 0fk;| fb e66\ /fO{ dgdfx] g clwsf/L
k/' f cjlw sfo{ gu/L ;;+ b\ lj36g ug{ k'Uof] .
@)%! sflt{sdf ;+;b\sf] dWofjlw lgjf{rg eof] .
o; lgjfr{ gdf s'g} klg bnn] axd' t Nofpg
;s]g . lgjfr{ g kl/0ffdkZrft\ 7'nf] bnsf gftfn]
g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf cWoIf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf]
kw| fgdGqLTjdf ;/sf/ u7g eof] . To;kl5
;/sf/ aGg] / eªu\ x'g] jm| d rln/xo\ f] .

;+ljwfgsf] lj/f]w / /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug'k{ 5{ eGg] dfu;lxt
tTsfnLg g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL_ n] @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! uta] f6 ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;'? u¥of] .
@)%* h]7 !( ut] tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] bs| f] j+zgfz x'g] u/L gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08 eof] .
o; 36gfn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ gofF df]8 lbof] . jL/]Gb|sf dflxnf efO 1fgG] b| zfx
/fhf eP . lj=;+= @)%( c;fh] !* ut] /fhf 1fgG] bn| ] hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt kw| fgdGqL z]/axfb/'
bp] jfnfO{ kbdS' t u/L ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . lj=;=+ @)^! df3 !( ut] 1fg]Gbn| ]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 163

/fhgLlts bnsf d'Vo gt] fx¿nfO{ gh/aGb u/L sfos{ f/L clwsf/ cfkmd" } lglxt ePsf] 3fi] f0ff
u/] . 1fgG] b|sf] of] sbdaf6 /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfj|mfl] ;t eP . ptf ;z:q ob' \wdf /xs] f]
kf6L{ dfcfj] fbL klg /fhfsf] sbdaf6 yk cfj|mfl] ;t eof] . ;ft /fhgLlts kf6L{ / g=] s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ lardf /fhfsf] sbdsf] lj?b\wdf zflGtk0" f{ hg cfGbf]ng ug{] egL lbNnLdf !@ abF' ]
;Demf}tf eof] . To;}cg;' f/ @)^@ r}q @$ bl] v bf;] |f] hg cfGbfn] g k|f/De eof] . cfGbf]ngn]
;a} If]qnfO{ k|efljt ug{ yfNof] . hgtfn] ;8sdf lgl:sP/ ax[ b\ kb| zg{ u/] . /fhtGqn] 3F'8f
6]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . pGgfO; lbg;Dd b]ze/ ;/sf/ / /fhfsf] lj/f]wdf cfGbf]ng eof] .
cfGbfn] gsf] ¿knfO{ dWogh/ ub} tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gbn| ] @)^# j}zfv !! df /fi6«sf] gfddf
;Dafw] g u/] . ;Daf]wgsf jm| ddf æhgtfsf] gf;f] hgtfnfO{ g} lkmtf{ u/]“Æ eGb} cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf
dfu k'/f u/] . ljutdf lj36g ul/Psf] hg lgjfl{ rt kl| tlglw ;ef klg k'gM:yfkt eof] .
Currriculum
Development Centresx] L dxTTjk0" f{ 36gf jm| dx¿

ldlt 36gfx¿
@)$& jz} fv ^ s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf P3f/ ;b:oLo cGtl/d
;/sf/sf] u7g
@)$& h7] !^ gofF ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f ug{ ;jf{R] r cbfntsf GofofwLz
ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ;l+ jwfg ;w' f/ ;e' mfj
@)$& sflts{ @# cfofu] u7g
@)$* jz} fv @( /fhf jL/G] b|af6 gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)$& hf/L .
ky| d ;+;bLo cfd r'gfj ;DkGg / lul/hfk;| fb
@)%! sflt{s @( sfO] /fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g
@)%! dª\l;/ !# ky| d dWofjlw rg' fj ;DkGg
g]=s=kf= Pdfns] f cWoIf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf
@)%@ ebf} @% cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ u7g
@)%@ kmfug' ! z/] axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf ;o+ S' t ;/sf/sf] u7g
@)%^ j}zfv @), h]7 # g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ af6 ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;?'
@)%* h7] !( ;+;bLo cfd lgjfr{ g
gf/fo0flx6L b/af/df /fh kl/jf/ xTofsf08 -jL/]Gb|sf] jz+
@)^! df3 !( ljgfz_
@)^@ dª\l;/ & /fhf 1fgG] b| zfxåf/f zf;g ;Ttf xftdf lnPsf]
;z:q ob' \w/t g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL / ;ft ;+;bLo /fhgLlts
bnlar k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] kg' M :yfkgfsf nflu cfGbfn] g
ug{ !@ abF' ] lbNnL ;dembf/L .

164 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

lj|mofsnfk
!= kf7df lbOPsf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ tnsf] h:t} ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf;] \ M

@= g]kfndf lj=;+= @))& b]lv @)^@ ;Dd rf/ k6s 7n' f cfGbfn] g / bO' { k6s ;z:q ;ª\3if{
ePsf] /x]5 . oL cfGbf]ngsf pknlAw hf]ufP/ cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ca s] s] ug'{knf{ <

#= pGgfO; lbg] hg cfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# sf kd| 'v 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L Ps rf6{ tof/
ug'x{ f;] \ / sIffdf 6f:F g'xf];\ .

$= lj=;+= @)$^ / lj=;=+ @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwsf lardf ;dfgtf / leGgtfnfO{
ab'“ fut ¿kdf pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ cGtl/d dGqL d08n egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 ul7t cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfo{x¿ s] s]

lyP <
-u_ lj=;=+ @)$^ kl5sf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ sf rf/ cf6] f ;an kIfx¿ pNnv] ug{x' f];\ .
Currriculum
Development Centre

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 165

Currriculumkf7 M ;ft lj=;=+ @)^@÷)^# b]lv xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gf j|md
Development Centre
nfs] tGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf ePkl5 lj=;+= @)^# j}zfv !% ut] kl| tlglw ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:of] .
To;kl5 lul/hfk|;fb sfO] /fnf gofF ;/sf/sf] kw| fgdGqL eP . h]7 $ ut] k'gM:yflkt kl| tlglw
;efsf] a}7sn] lgDgfg';f/sf] Pl] txfl;s 3fi] f0ff u¥of] M

@)^# h]7 $ ut] ePsf] kl| tlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ff
zflGtk"0f{ ;o+ 'St hg cfGbfn] gdf g]kfnL hgtfn] u/s] f] alnbfg, hLjg pT;u{ /
;xeflutfk|lt pRr ;Ddfg ub{}, :jtGq / ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg g]kfnsf] /fHozlStsf]
;|f]t hgtf /x]sf] / g]kfnL hgtfn] sx] L ;docl3 zflGtk"0f{ ;o+ S' t hg cfGbfn] gåf/f
;fj{ef}d ;Ttf / /fHozlStsf] ;f| t] hgtf dfq ePsf] ;TonfO{ :yflkt ug]{ pTs6
clenfiff ks| 6 u/]sf] tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}, jt{dfg hg cfGbfn] gdfkmt{ cleJoSt ePsf]
hg efjgf Pjd\ cfGbf]ng/t ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] u7aGwgsf] dfu{lrqsf cfwf/df

166 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumd'n'sdf hf/L lx;+ fTds åGånufot ;du| ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ @)^# j}zfv !!
Development Centreuts] f] /fhfsf] 3f]if0ffdf hg cfGbf]ngsf] andf :yflkt kl| tlglw ;ef ;fje{ fd} clwsf/
;DkGg /xs] f] :jLsf/ ul/Psf,] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nfs] tGq :yfkgfsf] lbzfdf
cu;| / x'g] lhDd]jf/L u|x0f ug{ csf{] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf geP;Dd ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿
k|of]u ugs{ f nflu of] k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{ef}d ;Ttf ;DkGg ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u5{ / /fHozlSt
oxL k|ltlglw ;efdfkmt{ ko| f]u x'g] ePsfn] bx] fosf] 3f]if0ff u5{ M

!= g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kl| tlglw ;efåf/f k|of]u ul/g] 5 .

@= g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk0" f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /xg] 5 . æ>L % sf]
;/sf/ÆnfO{ ca pk|fGt æg]kfn ;/sf/Æ elgg] 5 .

#= æzfxL gk] fnL ;g] fÆ sf] gfd kl/jtg{ u/L æg]kfnL ;]gfÆ /xg] 5 .

$= /fhkl/jf/sf] cfo / ;Dkltdfly s/ nufOg] 5 .

k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3fi] f0ffkZrft\ gk] fnsf] /fHo Joj:yfdf 7n' f] kl/jt{g eof] . @)^# dªl\ ;/ %
ut] ;z:q åGå/t g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL_ / g]kfn ;/sf/lar ax[ t\ zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eof] .
pSt a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf tkma{ f6 k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] x:tfIf/ eof] . o; ;Demft} fn] b; a;]{
hgob' \wsf] cGTo / zflGt :yfkgfsf] af6f] vfN] of] . @)^# df3 ! ut] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf]
b:tfjh] sf ¿kdf gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# hf/L ul/of] .

lj=;+= @)^$ rq} @* ut] ;l+ jwfg
;efsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof] . o; rg' fjdf
g=] s=kf= dfcf]jfbLn] w]/} l;6 k|fKt
u¥of] . @)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut] a;s] f]
;l+ jwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{
u0ftGqfTds /fHo 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . o;/L
;lbofbF} l] v rNb} cfPsf] /fhtGqfTds
Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . /fhf 1fgG] b|n]
gf/fo0flx6L b/af/af6 ;fj{hlgs ;Dafw] g
u/L zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf :j]R5fn] ub\bL Tofu
u/] . To;kl5 ;;+ b\sf ¿kdf ;d]t sfd
u/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;fdfGo hgtfsf
5f/] f 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjnfO{ g]kfnsf]
klxnf] /fi6k« ltsf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt u¥of] .
@)^% ebf} @ df g]skf dfcfj] fbLsf cWoIf
ki' ksdn bfxfn -kr| 08_ k|wfgdGqL ag] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 167

@)^^ h]7 !! df dfwjsd' f/ g]kfn / @)^& df3 @# df emngfy vgfn kw| fgdGqL eP . zflGt
kl| j|mofnfO{ lgisifd{ f k¥' ofpg oL ;/sf/x¿sf] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{ /xo\ f] . @)^* ebf} !@ df 8f=
afa/' fd e66\ /fO{ kw| fgdGqL eP . pgL k|wfgdGqL ePsf] cj:yfdf @)^( h]i7 !$ ut] ;+ljwfg
;efsf] lj36g eof] . ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu rf/ jif;{ Ddsf] /fhgLlts
bnx¿sf] ;xdlt, ;xsfo{ / Pstfsf] k|of; lg:ke| fjL /x\of] . ;a} bnsf] ;xdltdf tfTsfnLg
kw| fg GofofwLz lvn/fh /U] dLsf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)^( r}q ! df r'gfjL ;/sf/ u7g eof] .
of] ;/sf/ bf;] |f] k6s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg ;kmn eof] .
Currriculum
Development Centre
lj=;+= @)&) dªl\ ;/ $ ut] bf];f| ] k6s
;+ljwfg ;efsf] rg' fj ;DkGg eof] . gk] fnL
sfª\u;]| n] ;a}eGbf w]/} l;6 k|fKt u/s] fn]
To; kf6L{sf ;efklt ;z' Ln sf]O/fnfsf]
g]t[TTjdf @)&) df3 @& ut] ;/sf/ u7g
eof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;e' mae' m, Pstf
/ /fi6«kl| tsf] ;dk0{ fsf sf/0f ;l+ jwfgsf]
lgdf{0f sfon{ ] tLjt| f kfof] . o;/L lj=;=+
@)&@ c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg ;efdf /fi6k« lt
/fdj/0f ofbjaf6 g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg 3fi] f0ff
ul/of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv kvfO{ df /x]sf hgtfn] cfˆg} kl| tlglwx¿åf/f lnlvt ;l+ jwfg
k|fKt u/] . of] ;l+ jwfgcg;' f/ g]kfn ;ª3\ Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] .
;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'gfn] ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df ¿kfGt/0f
ul/of] . ;+ljwfg 3fi] f0ff nuTt} gk] fnn] c3f]lift gfsfaGbLsf] ;fdgf ug'k{ ¥of] . To;kl5
v8u\ k;| fb cfn] Lsf] g]t[TTjdf c;f]h @$ ut] gof“ dGqL d08n u7g eof] . g]kfndf lj=;=+
@)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ / @( ut] uPsf] zlStzfnL es" Dkn] /fi6s« f !$ lhNnfdf a9L c;/
u¥of] . of] ljkt\sf] 38Ln] klg g]kfnL /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfk;L cGtlj{/fw] la;{]/ pb\wf/
/ kg' M lgdf0{ fsf nflu Ps} 7fpd“ f a:g'kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; eof] . o; kl/l:yltn] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu Psh6' xg' ] jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] lyof] .

@)^# kl5sf d'Vo /fhgLlts 36gfx¿

ldlt -lj=;+=df_ 36gfx¿
@)^# df3 ! gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / cGtl/d ;;+ bs\ f] 3fi] f0ff
@)^$ r}q @* klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf nflu r'gfj ;DkGg
@)^% h7] !% g]kfn u0ftGqfTds /fHo 3f]if0ff
@)^% ;fpg ^ 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fi6k« ltsf ¿kdf Joj:yflksf ;+;ba\ f6
lgjfl{ rt

168 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum@)^% ;fpg #! g=] s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf ki' ksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ sf] g]t[TTjdf
Development CentregofF ;/sf/ u7g

@)^^ h7] ( g]=s=kf=Pdfns] f g]tf dfwjsd' f/ gk] fnsf] gt] [TTjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g
@)^& df3 @) g]=s=kf=Pdfn]sf cWoIf emngfy vgfnsf] gt] T[ Tjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g
@)^* ebf} !! P=g=] s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf pkfWoIf afa'/fd e66\ /fOs{ f] gt] [TTjdf gofF

;/sf/ u7g
@)^( h7] !$ klxnf] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] lj36g
@)^( rt} ! k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d rg' fjL ;/sf/

u7g
@)&) dª\l;/ $ bf];f| k] 6s ;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfj ;DkGg
@)&) df3 @& g]=sf= ;efklt ;z' Ln sfO] /fnfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf ;+oS' t ;/sf/sf] u7g
@)&@ j}zfv !@, zlStzfnL e"sDk, 7'nf] wghgsf] Iflt
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@)&@ c;f]h # /fi6k« lt /fdj/0f ofban] bf];f| ] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lgld{t gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg

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@)&@ c;f]h @$ g=] s=kf=Pdfns] f cWoIf v8u\ k;| fb cf]nLsf] gt] [TTjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g
@)&@ sflts{ !! ljb\ofb]jL e08f/L /fi6k« lt kbdf lgjf{lrt
@)&# ;fpg !( g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL sG] b|_ sf cWoIf ki' ksdn bfxfnsf] gt] T[ jdf

dGqL d08n u7g

ljm| ofsnfk
!= @)^# b]lv xfn;Ddsf dV' o dV' o /fhgLlts 36gfx¿nfO{ pkoS' t :s]nsf] ko| fu] u/L

;do /v] fdf b]vfpgx' f;] \ .
@= bf;] |f] hg cfGbfn] g kl5sf] /fhgLlts cj:yf c:tJo:t /x\of] . o;sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd

;DaGwdf ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .
#= lsg k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] lyof] < ;Gbe{

;fduL| x¿sf] cWoog u/L pSt ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf ePsf pknlAwx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .

cEof;
-s_ ;l+ jwfg ;ef eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP < pNnv]

ug{'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 169

-u_ bf;] f| ] hg cfGbfn] g x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ ;"rLab\w ug{x' f;] \ .

-3_ s] bf];f| ] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 hgtfsf OR5f cfsfª\Iffx¿ k'/f eP < cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:tt'

ug'{xf;] \ .

-ª_ gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;+ljwfg Ps ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h xf] . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{x' f];\ .

-r_ g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

Currriculumk:' tsfno jf OG6/g6] sf] k|of]u jf /fhgLlt hfgsf/ JolStx¿;u“ s/' fsfgL u/L bf;] f| ] hg
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cfGbf]ng / o;kl5sf pknlAw Pjd\ hgtfsf ljrf/ ;DaGwdf ;fw] vf]h ugx'{ f];\ . tkfOs{F f

cfˆgf /fo Pjd\ kf| Kt u/s] f ljrf/;dt] ;d]6L lgDg lnlvt pkzLifs{ x¿df cfwfl/t eO{

k|ltj]bg tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ zLif{s -v_ kl/ro

-v_ pb\bZ] o -u_ ljlw

-3_ kTtf nfus] f s'/fx¿ -ª_ lgisif{ / ;e' mfj

170 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M cf7 bf;] f| ] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 k/]sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k|efj

sfl] knf / slknn] cfˆgf /fhgLltsf hfgsf/ a'af;uF bf;] f| ] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 k/s] f] cfly{s tyfCurrriculum
;fdflhs k|efjsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] s'/fsf/L o; ks| f/ 5 MDevelopment Centre

sf]lknf M aa' f, cfh xfdL bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 /fi6«df s] s:tf cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs
pknlAwx¿ eP eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ rfxG5f}F .

aa' f M eOxfN5 lg gfgLafa,' ltdLx¿sf] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf of] ljifo j:t' 5 Sof/,]
xfO] g / <

slkn M xf] aa' f, @)^@÷)^# sf] !( lbg] nfdf] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 b]zdf nf]stflGqs Joj:yf
:yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 w/] } /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d eP . t/ o;af6 s] s:tf ;fdflhs
pknlAwx¿ kf| Kt eof] t, aa' f <

aa' f M n ;'g . bf];f| ] cfGbfn] gkl5 bz] df w/] } ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvP . o;sf] ;'?jft
g} ;dfgk' flts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf l;bw\ fGt cjnDagaf6 eof] . o;n] k5fl8 k/]sf
jf kfl/Psf ju,{ Ifq] , hflt, efiff, lnª\unufot ;a} kIfsf gful/snfO{ ljsf;sf]
dn" wf/df Nofof] . ;a} ks| f/sf lje]b Pjd\ pTkL8g cGTo ub{} ltgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{
;'lglZrt u¥of] .

sf]lknf M dlxnf, hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfªu\ / ljs6 tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{
k|ltztsf cfwf/df ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg] s'/f klg bf];f| ] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 cfPsf] xf] . of]
klg pknlAw xf] lg <

a'af M xf,] o;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs ¿kdf tyfslyt tNnf] hft, dflyNnf] hft egL x'g] e]befj
nueu cGTo ePsf] 5 . Ifq] Lo ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf dwz] L ;db' fo k0" ft{ M zf;g ug{] tx
/ kxrF' df ku' s] f 5g\ .

slkn M o;kl5 lzIff, /f]huf/, ;~rf/, oftfoft cflb If]qsf] tLj| ljsf;n] dflg;sf] hLjg
ofkg a9L ;xh ePsf] xf], aa' f <

aa' f M l7s eGof} 5f/] f, bf;] f| ] hgcfGbf] ngkl5 åGå cGTo eO{ zflGt kg' jx{ fnL eof] . To;n} ] ljsf;
lgdf0{ fsf sfo{x¿ ;'rf? 9ªu\ af6 ;~rflnt eP . hgtfx¿df rt] gfsf] :t/ x\jfTt}
j[b\lw eof] . e|i6frf/ ugn{] fO{ hgtfn] g} 7]ufg nufpg ;Sg] eP . ;fIf/tf b/ ^%
k|ltzteGbf a9L eof] . cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;j] fdf hgtfsf] kxF'r lj:tf/ eof] .

sf]lknf M hgtfdf rt] gfsf] lj:tf/ t eof] t/ hgtflarsf] d]nldnfk, ;xsfo{ / ;xofu] sf]
jftfj/0f s:tf] /x\of] lg aa' f <

aa' f M /fd|f] k|Zg ;f]Wof}F gfgL, x/] klxn] dflg;x¿ /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df a9L s6\6/
bl] vGy] . t/ clxn] /fhgLlts ljrf/ cfˆgf] 7fpFdf /fv]/ dflg;x¿ ;db' fo / /fi6«sf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 171

Currriculumljsf; / ;dG' gltsf nflu Psh6' x'g yfns] f 5g\ . Ps cfk;df d]nldnfk, ;xsfo{
Development Centre/ ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ tLj| 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs s'k|yf / ;d:of lg/fs/0fdf
klg of]ubfg ul//xs] f] 5 .
slkn M clg cfly{s If]qdf s] s:tf ku| lt eof] lg a'af < atfOlbgx' f];\ g .
aa' f M bf;] |f] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 b]zn] cflys{ ¿kdf klg w]/} k|ult xfl;n u¥of] . bz] df cfjlws
of]hgfx¿ ;~rfngdf cfO/xs] f 5g\ . cfly{s jb[ \lwb/ a9\bf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLsf
9fs] fx¿ v'ns] f 5g\ . To;n} ] ljleGg /fi6;« Fu ljKkf -B I P P A _, kf/jxg, ;xof]u
cgb' fgnufotsf ;Demft} f klg ePsf 5g\ .
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aa' f M ul/aL 36]sf] kSs} klg xf] . t/ /fi6« cfˆg} pTkfbgdf cfTd lge{/ eg] cem} eO;ss] f]
5g} . ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf tLj| cfly{s jb[ \lw / :j/f]huf/ /xs] f] 5 . 7'nf 7n' f /fli6o«
uf/} jsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rflnt ePsf 5g\ . jb} l] zs /f]huf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt agfObF } 5 .
o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf dhat' xg' ] 5 .
slkn M wGojfb a'af, cfh xfdLn] w/] } s/' fsf] hfgsf/L kfofF} . xh'/nfO{ w/] } w]/} wGojfb Û

lj|mofsnfk
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;'gfpgx' f];\ .
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kl/jt{g Nofp5F .Ú o; ljifodf sIffdf jfb ljjfb kl| tof]lutf ;~rfng ugx{' f];\ .
#= @))& b]lv @)!& / @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s

ke| fjaf/] tn' gfTds cWoog ugx'{ f];\ jf cfˆgf lzIfs tyf ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
s'g cjlwdf a9L k|ult xfl;n eof] / s;/L < cfˆgf ts{ k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ bf;] f| ] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 xfn;Dd eP u/s] f cflys{ Pjd\ ;fdflhs ke| fj tflnsf agfO{

k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
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-u_ tkfOs{F f] ;db' fodf hg cfGbf]ngkl5 s] s] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ < ;"rL

agfpg'xf;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
@)$^ ;fnbl] v xfn;Dd tkfOs{F f] ;db' fodf s] s:tf ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ kl/jtg{ x¿ eP <
cfk"mn] bv] ]sf / :yfgLo hi] 7 gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dt] ;fw] L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .

172 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M gf} k|yd ljZjo'bw\ sf sf/0fx¿

Oltxf;sf/x¿n] dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df k|yd ljZjo'b\wnfO{ Ps ljWjz+ sf/L o'b\w egL
k|:tt' u/s] f 5g\ . of] Pp6f o:tf] ob' \w lyof] h;df ljZjsf kf| oM ;a} /fi6«x¿ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
;+nUg lyP . Psftkm{ a]nfot, k|mfG;, ?;, O6fnL, al] Nhod, rLg, hfkfg, cdl] /sfnufotsf b]z
;xsfo{df lyP . o;nfO{ ldq /fi6« -A l l i t e P ow e r _ elgof] . csf{tkm{ hd{gL, cl:6o« f, xª\u]/L,
6sLn{ ufotsf bz] ;xsfo{df lyP . logLx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ w'/L /fi6« -A ix s P ow e r _ elgof] .
hDdf !,%^% lbg;Dd rn]sf] of] ob' w\ Tolt an] f;Ddsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf dxuF f] / /Stkft
k"0f{ o'bw\ lyof] .
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pu| /fi6j« fb / ;G} ojfb k|yd ljZjo'bw\ sf ;dfrf/ kqx¿åf/f em' 7f
o/' f]kn] L /fi6«x¿sf] u'6aGbL sf/0fx¿ ;dfrf/ k;| f/0f

afNsg k|folåksf] tgfj

tTsfnLg sf/0f af]l:gof / xh{ufl] gofsf] ljb|f]xL efjgf

!= o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿larsf] u6' aGbL M hdg{ Lsf] PsLs/0fkZrft\ hdg{ Ldf ;g\ !*&) df
c6fe] fg lj:dfs{ rfG;n/ lgo'St eP . pgn] h;/L eP klg hd{gLsf] ;Ldf lj:tf/ ug{]
gLlt clVtof/ u/] . kmn:j¿k hd{gLn] ;g\ !*&! df k|mfG;dfly cfj|md0f u¥of] / b'O{
dxTTjk"0f{ kf| Gtx¿ cN;]; -A l s a c e _ / nf/] g] -L ro r a i ne _ sAhf u¥of] . bO' { b]zlarsf]
zqt' fsf] aLhf/f]k0f ToxLaF f6 ;?' eof] . lj:dfsn{ ] k|mfG;nfO{ PSnf] agfpg] / zlStljxLg
agfpg] gLlt lnP . cl:6o« f Pjd\ xª\u/] L;Fu ;g\ !*&( / O6fnL;uF ;g\ !**@ df uf]Ko
;Demf}tf u/] . o;nfO{ lqkIfLo ;lGw -T r i pl e A l l i a nc e _ klg elgG5 . ;g\ !*() df
lj:dfs{sf] ktgkl5 km| fG;n] klg hdg{ L lj?bw\ v]Ng] cj;/ kfof] . k|mfG;n] ;g\ !*($ df
?;;uF / ;g\ !()$ df an] fot;uF ufK] o ;lGw u¥of] . o;nfO{ lqkIfLo dq} L ;lGw -T r i lp e
E nt e nt e _ elgG5 . o;/L ;Dk0" f{ o'/f]ksf /fi6«x¿ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf bO' { k/:k/ k|lt:kwL{
u'6x¿df ljeflht eP . o;n] b]zx¿lar c:j:y k|lt:kwf,{ 30[ ff, abnfsf] efjgf, O{iof,{
8fx / tgfj j[bl\ w u¥of] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 173

Currriculum
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@= pu| /fi6j« fb / ;G} ojfb M sg' } klg /fi6s« f] ;dG' glt tyf ku| ltsf lglDt /fi6j« fbsf]
efjgf cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] JolStsf] /fi6«k|ltsf] stJ{ o afw] u/fpF5 . ;fy} JolStsf]
cfTd ;Ddfg / uf/} jsf lglDt klg of] cfjZos x'G5 . t/ /fi6«jfbnfO{ JolStsf] :jfys{ f
lglDt k|of]u u/d] f To;n] xflg k'¥ofpF5 . vf; u/L hd{gL / O6fnLsf] PsLs/0fkl5 ToxfF
/fi6j« fb r/d laGbd' f k'us] f] lyof] . ToxfsF f hgtfx¿df cfˆgf] /fi6« / gful/sx¿ dfq
ljZj xf,] c¿ s]xL klg xf]Og eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; eof] . pgLx¿df cGo /fi6x« ¿sf]
cl:tTj g} g:jLsfg{] / xfdLx¿ ljZjdf zf;g ug{ hlGdPsf xfF} eGg] cxd\ efjgfn]
k|>o kfof] . ToxL g} pu/| fi6«jfb lyof] . o;n] Psflt/ /fi6«x¿lar b/' L a9fof] . csf{lt/
hd{gL / O6fnLsf] PsLs/0fkl5 o'/fk] df gofF ;G} ojfbsf] hGd u/fof] . kT| os] /fi6n« ] cfˆgf]
;'/Iffsf nflu eGb} ;}lgs ;ª\Vof / xft xltof/df j[b\lw u/] . o;n] /fi6«x¿lar Ps
cfk;df emg\ cljZjf; / cfzª\sf a9fof] .

#= pklgjz] jfb tyf ;fd|fHojfb M o'/fk] df rns] f] cf}b\ofl] us jm| flGtsf sf/0f o/' f]kn] L
/fi6«x¿df cfˆgf dn' s' df /xs] f] sRrf j:tn' ] dfq k'u]g . To:t} ToxfF pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf]
laj|mLsf nflu yk ahf/sf] cfjZostf klg k¥of] . o;y{ pgLx¿sf nflu ;fd|fHo lj:tf/
ug{' ckl/xfo{ eof] . ljZjsf ul/a dn' s' x¿ dn" tM Pl;ofnL, clk|msL / Nofl6g cd]l/sL
/fi6«x¿ o;sf l;sf/ eP . oL bz] nfO{ pklgjz] agfpg] c:j:Yy xf]8afhL o'/f]kLo
/fi6«lar rNof] . o; k|lt:kwfd{ f a]nfot, k|mfG;, hd{gL, O6fnL / ?; a9L ;l/s lyP .
kl/0ffd:j¿k tL /fi6x« ¿lar cgfjZos tgfj l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] .

174 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum$= ;dfrf/ kqx¿åf/f em'7f] kr| f/ ug'{ M o/' fk] af6 ks| flzt x'g] tfTsfnLg ;dfrf/ kqx¿df
Development Centren]lvg] em' 6f] ljj/0fn] tgfjsf] l:ylt l;hg{ f u/]sf] lyof] . pTt]hs, skf]n slNkt /
e|fds ;dfrf/x¿n] hgtfdf abnfsf] efjgf hfu[t xG' Yof] . hd{g ;dfrf/ kqn] a]nfot
lj/fw] L ;dfrf/ 5fKy] . cl:6«of / ;la{ofsf ;dfrf/ kqx¿ klg Pscsfk{ l| t cToGt}
b/' fu|x k"0f{ / kj" fu{ x| L lyP . o;n] hgtfdf o'bw\ sf] efjgf lj:tf/ u¥of] .

%= afNsg kf| olåksf] tgfj M k|yd ljZjob' w\ eGbf cufl8 6sL{ 7n' f] ;fdf| Ho lyof] . 6sLd{ f
ljleGg /fHox¿ lyP . tLdWo] ;lao{ f, lu|;, aN' ul] /of / dfG] 6l] guf| ] ePsf] Ifq] nfO{ afNsg
If]q jf c6f]dg PDkfP/ -O t t om a n E m pi r e _ dflgGYof] . tL /fHox¿ Ps cfk;df ldNb}gy]
t/ pgLx¿sf] Pp6f pbb\ Z] o ;dfg lyof] ls pgLx¿ 6sL{af6 :jtGq xg' rfxGy] . Psn
ob' \wn] 6sLn{ fO{ k/f:t ug{ g;lsg] lgrf8] df pgLx¿ ku' ]sf lyP . t;y{ pgLx¿ ;a} /fHo
;lDdlnt ePsf] Ps ;ª3\ agfP h;nfO{ B a l ak n L e a geu elgG5 . ltgLx¿lar Pp6f
;Demf}tf eof] M 6sL;{ Fu ;+o'St o'bw\ ug,{] :jtGq xg' ] / 6sLa{ f6 lhts] f] e"ldnfO{ a/fa/
u/L afF8\g] . t;y{ ;g\ !(!@ df afNsg ;ª3\ n] 6sL{dfly cfj|md0f u¥of] . o;nfO{ klxnf]
afNsg ob' \w elgG5 . ob' \ws} jm| ddf nG8g ;Demft} f eof] . ;Demf}tfn] rf/} cf]6f /fHox¿
:jtGq eP . 6sL{nfO{ k/f:t u/L kf| Kt ePsf] s]xL e"efu pgLx¿s} ;xdltdf cNaflgof
gfds gofF afNsg /fHo 3f]if0ff ul/of] eg] afsF L ee" fu a/fa/ ¿kdf afFl8of] . t/ kf| Kt
ee" funfO{ lnP/ aN' ul] /of ;lao{ f;uF c;Gt'i6 eof] . hdg{ L / cl:6«ofn] a'Nu]l/ofnfO{
prfn] . ;g\ !(!# df a'Nul] /ofn] ;lao{ fnfO{ cfj|md0f u¥of] . o;nfO{ bf];|f] afNsg o'b\w
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afNsg Ifq] o'bw\ sf] cEof; ug]{ :yn aGof] / k|yd ljZjo'b\wsf] sf/0f aGof] .

^= afl] :gof / xhu{ fl] dgfsf] ljbf| ]xL efjgf M 6sLs{ f] afNsg Ifq] df /x]sf k|fGtx¿ ;g\ !()*
df ePsf] aln{g ;Dd]ngdfkm{t cl:6«of xªu\ /] Lsf] cwLgdf k/s] f lyP . t/ ToxfFsf
afl;Gbf ;lao{ g dn" sf ePsfn] ToxfsF f] /xg;xg, ;:+ sl[ t / efiff ;la{of;uF ldNYof] .
t;y{ pgLx¿ cl:6o« f xª\u]/Lsf] cwLgdf g/xL ;lao{ f;uF ldNg rfxGy] . To; sf/0f
ToxfsF f o'jfx¿n] ljbf| ]xsf lglDt Pp6f bnsf ¿kdf sfnf] xft] ;dfh -B l a c k ah nd
S oc i e t y o r U in t y fo D e a t h) lgdf{0f u/] . o;df ;la{ofsf] klg ;xof]u /xs] f] lyof] .
cl:6o« f, xªu\ /] L / ;lao{ fsf] ;DaGwdf lr;fk] g kb} f eof] .

&= tfTsfnLg sf/0f M cl:6o« fsf /fhsd' f/ cfs{8o\ s' k|mflG;; kml8g{ fG8 -A r c h D kue
F r a cn i s F e r di na dn _ / pgsL kTgL ;f]kmL rf6] s] -S ihpo e C toh e k _ af]l:gofsf] /fhwfgL
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7'nf] xnrn Nofof] . hdg{ Lsf] pS;fx6df cl:6o« fsf /fhf F r a cn i s J os e hp n] @# hn' fO{
!(!$ df af/ abF' ] dfu /fvL c7r\ fln; 306fleq k/' f ug"{ egL rt] fjgL kq k7fP . /fhsd' f/

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 175

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lbg g;lsg] hjfkm k7fPkl5 bO' { bz] lar tgfj a9o\ f] . @* hn' fO{ !(!$ df cl:6o« fn]
;lao{ fdfly kmfh} L cfjm| d0f u¥of] / ky| d ljZjob' w\ sf] ;?' cft u¥of] .

k|yd ljZjo'b\wsf kd| v' 36gfx¿ / ldlt

ldlt 36gfx¿
@* hn' fO{ !(!$ cl:6o« f xªu\ /] Lsf ;d|f6\ km| flG;; hf];]kmåf/f ;la{ofsf] /fhwfgL

an] u]8| dfly ;l} gs xdnf
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^ clk|n !(!& ;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sfåf/f hdg{ L lj?b\w o'bw\ sf] 3f]if0ff
& cu:6 !(!* hdg{ ;g] f xf/ pGd'v, hd{g ;]gfsf] sfnf] lbg
( gf]eD] a/ !(!* hdg{ ;d|f6\ s}h/ ljlnod låtLon] xNofG8df z/0f
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176 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

ljm| ofsnfk
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5nkmn u/L pkfox¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

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ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf] lj:tt[ ¿k/v] f n]vL sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

#= kf7df pbw\ t[ ul/Psf JolStx¿, pgLx¿sf] kb / 7fpsF f] ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
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;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 177

kf7 M b; ky| d ljZjo'b\wsf kl/0ffdx¿

ky| d ljZjo'bw\ cl3 dfgj ;x+ f/sf] ljeT; ¿k dfgj hut\n] slxNo} bV] g Pjd\ efU] g
k/s] f] lyPg . o;sf] kl/0ffd eofjx lyof] . o;sf] Ifltkl" t{ ljZjn] nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq k|fKt
ug{ ;Sof] .

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ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . olt /sd ljsf; sfod{ f nufgL ePsf] eP ;fob ljZjdf
ul/aL pGdn" g x'g] lyof] . o; o'b\wdf csNkgLo ¿kdf ;DklTt / ef}lts kj" fw{ f/x¿ gi6
ePsf lyP . o'/fk] n] L /fi6x« ¿ cflys{ 9s' '6L ;dfKt eO{ 6f6 kN6s] f lyP . 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf
dflg;x¿ xtfxt ePsf lyP . sl/a ^ s/f]8 %) nfv dflg; ob' w\ df efu lnPsfdf
sl/a (@ nfv dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP eg] @ s/f]8 () nfv dflg;x¿ 3fOt] jf ak] Ttf
ePsf lyP .

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ljZjob' w\ nfO{ cGTo u/s] f] lyof] . hdg{ L lj?bw\ PskIfLo / ckdfghgs tl/sfn] yfk] l/Psf]
;lGw ePsfn] o;n] gsf/fTds ke| fj kf¥of] . o; ;lGwdf hdg{ Ln] hDdf ee" fusf] !#
kl| tzt hldg ud' fpg' k¥of] . ;lGwsf] wf/f @#! cg;' f/ hdg{ Ln] ob' w\ sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] Iflt
:jLsf/ ugk{' ¥of] . gl} ts ¿kdf klg hdg{ LnfO{ ljZj;fd' gªU\ ofOPsf] lyof] .

hdg{ L lj?bw\ ;lGwsf kf| jwfgx¿
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ks| f/sf] nf]/g] km| fG;nfO{ Ifq] af6 ;g] fx¿ !) Psd'i6 ^^ s/f]8

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— kfl] n; sf]l/8f]/ / emfg{k' g]{ / gofF ;}Go km| fG;nfO{ lbgk' g{]

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— hd{g pklgj]z ldq o'b\wkft] /fVg

/fi6«x¿nfO{ aflF 8lbg] gkfpg]

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178 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

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s[lif / pbo\ f]u If]qdf klg k|ltsn" c;/ k¥of] . nufgLsf nflu k'hF Lsf] cefj eof] . t;y{
clgsfn, a/] f]huf/L, d'b|f:kmLlt, dxª\uL cflbn] ljZj cfj|mfGt aGof] . ;g\ !(#) sf] r/d
cfly{s dGbL o;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] .

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O6fnLdf kmfl;:6 a]lg6f] d';f]lngL / :kg] df hg/n k|mflG;:sf] k|mfGsf] pbfP . logLx¿n]
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sfod /fv] .

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u/fof] . cNaflgof, o'uf]:nfleof, lkmgNofG8, r]sf:] nfeflsofnufotsf /fi6«x¿ hGd] .
o;n] ljZjsf] /fhgLlts gS;fdf g} kl/jtg{ Nofof] .

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cGTo ug{] pb\bZ] osf ;fy ljZjsf] 5ftf ;ªu\ 7gsf ¿kdf /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] :yfkgf eof] .

ky| d ljZjob' \w / gk] fnLx¿sf] e"ldsf

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;xof]u ugs{ f nflu aa/ zdz]/sf] g]t[TTjdf &,%)) gk] fnL kmfh} k7fof] . To;kl5 hg/n
kbd\ zdz]/, th] zdz/] / sz] / zdz/] sf] gt] [TTjdf klg kmfh} k7fP . To;tfsf s'n !^,%$$
g]kfnL ;}lgsx¿ cª\u]|hsf] ;xfotfsf nflu n8] . g]kfnLx¿n] n8fOsf] sl7g df]rfd{ f cfˆgf]
cb\e"t k/fjm| dåf/f cª\u]|hnfO{ ljhoL agfP . gk] fnn] a]nfotnfO{ b; nfv kfpG8 cfly{s
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k|z+;f u/] . ToxL a]nfb]lv g]kfnLx¿ jL/ x'G5g\ egL ljZj kl/lrt eP . To; dxTTjk"0f{ ;}Go
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;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 179

sDkgL ;/sf/af6 k|ltjif{ !) nfv ?lkofF kfpg] eof] . jL/tf kb| z{g u/]afkt w]/} g]kfnL
kmfh} n] ljZj ljVoft leS6fl] /of j|m; / ldln6/L j|m; h:tf ;Ddflgt kbs cªu\ ]|h ;/sf/af6
k|fKt u/] . To;n} ] t g]kfnL jL/x¿sf ;DaGwdf hd{g ;df| 6\ s}h/ ljlnod låtLon] o;f] egs] f
lyP æd d]/f ;g] fnfO{ ljZjsf h'g;s' } ;g] f;uF n8\g k7fpg ;S5', t/ uf/] vfnL ;}lgssf] gfd
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klqsf jf I nt e r en t df vf]hL kmf6] f] ;ª\sng ug{x' f];\ . k|To]ssf] 5f]6f] hLjgL klg tof/
kfgx'{ f;] \ .

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s;/L kd| fl0ft ugx{' 'G5 < k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

$= ky| d ljZjo'b\wdf 36s] f k|dv' 36gfx¿ / ldlt pNn]v u/L ;do /v] f lgdf{0f ugx{' f];\ .
%= e;{l] nhsf] ;lGwn] hd{gLdf abnfsf] efjgf s;/L aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] lyof] < b'O{ ;fyLlar

5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug'x{ f;] \ .

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kf7 M P3f/ bf];|f] ljZjo'b\w / o;sf sf/0fx¿

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;]gf /xs] f] kfgL hxfhdf cgfo;} hfkfgåf/f xjfO{ hxfhaf6
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3fi] f0ff / cd]l/sf låtLo ljZjo'bw\ df ;fdn]

k]ma'|c/L @& hfefdf ;fd'lb|s ob' w\

d] $ sf]/n -C or a l _ ;fdl' b|s ob' \w
;K] 6]Da/ * O6fnLåf/f ;j{ky| d cfTd ;dk0{ f
cu:6 @% an] fot, ?;, k|mfG;nufotsf ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] ;o+ S' t kmfh} n] hdg{ Ln]

sAhf u/]sf] kl] /;nfO{ d'St u/L :jtGqtf k|bfg / hdg{ Lsf] 7n' f]
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;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 181

!($% hgj/L !& ?;åf/f kf]NofG8 jf;fd{ fly clwsf/

clk|n !@ cdl] /sL /fi6k« lt km| fªs\ lng 8L ?haN] 6sf] d[To' / x]/L P;= 6«Fdg]
/fi6k« lt lgjfl{ rt

clkn| @* O6fnLsf zf;s d';f]nfg] Lsf] xTof
clkn| #) hdg{ Lsf zf;s lx6n/ / pgsL >LdtL Oef a|fpgåf/f cfTdxTof
d] & k|mfG;sf] l/ddf hdg{ Låf/f cfTd ;dk{0f
cu:6 ^ cdl] /sfåf/f hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df ;x/df F a t m a n gfds P6d ad

k|xf/

cu:6 ( cdl] /sfåf/f hfkfgsf] gfuf;fsL ;x/df L i t t l e byo gfds csf]{
P6d ad k|xf/

;]K6]Da/ !@ hfkfgåf/f cfTd ;dk{0f / ^ jif{ !! lbgkl5 bf;] |f] ljZjob' w\ sf]
cGTo
Currriculum
Development Centre
ob' w\ sf sf/0fx¿

!= hdg{ Låf/f e;{l] nhsf] ;lGw pNnª3\ g M e;]l{ nhsf] ;lGwn] o'/fk] sf] /fhgLltdf k|ltzfw] sf]
efjgf aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] lyof] . of] ckdfghgs 9ª\uaf6 Psnf6} L ¿kn] hdg{ L lj?bw\
nflbPsf] ;lGw lyof] . ;lGwsf] kfng ul//xg' hdg{ Lsf /fi6«eStx¿sf nflu c;x\o ePsf]
lyof] . cgk]lIft ¿kdf 5f]6f] cjlwdf hdg{ Ldf lx6n/sf] pbo eof] . pgn] ;}Go zlSt
lj:tf/ u/] . ob' \w ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug{] pb\ofu] x¿sf] :yfkgf u/] . ;g] fnfO{ ;g\ !(#^
df /fOgNofG8 lkmtf{ k7fP . oL ;a} ultljlw e;n]{ sf ;lGw ljk/Lt lyP / oxL g} bf;] f| ]
ljZjo'bw\ sf] sf/0f aGof] .

@= /fi6« ;ª\3sf] c;kmntf M /fi6« ;ª\3sf :yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;+:yfs} wHhL p8fpg]
sfd u/] . ;j{ky| d t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] gLlt Pjd\ l;bw\ fGt ljk/Lt hfkfgn] ;g\ !(#! df
lrgsf] dGrl' /ofdfly cfj|md0f u/L sAhf u¥of] . ;g\ !(## df hfkfgn] /fi6« ;ª3\ sf]
;b:otf Tofu u¥of] . O6fnLn] ;g\ !(#^ df Olyofl] kof dfly cfj|md0f u/L sAhf hdfof] .
hdg{ Ln] /fi6« ;ª\3;Fu ;DaGw ljR5b] u/L cl:6«ofdfly ;g\ !(#* / r]sf:] nfe] flsof dfly
;g\ !(#( dfr{df clwsf/ hdfof] . ?;n] lkmgNofG8dflysf] clwsf/ kf| Kt u¥of] . o:tf
pNnª3\ gsf sfo{x¿ eO/xFbf /fi6« ;ª\3n] g t /fi6«x¿nfO{ sf/afxL ug{ ;Sof] g t
lgoGq0f g} . of] klg bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\wsf] sf/s aGg kU' of] .

#= clwgfosjfbLx¿sf] pbo M hdg{ Ldf
P8Nkm lx6n/, O6fnLdf a]lg6f] d;' f]lngL,
:k]gdf hg/n km| flG;:sf] km| fGsf] cflbsf]
pbo eof] . pgLx¿n] clwgfosjfb
/ lg/ªs\ 'z tj/n] /fh ug{ yfn] .

al] g6f] d';f]lngL P8Nkm lx6n/

182 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumltgLx¿n] …h;sf] zlSt p;sf] elStÚ cg¿' k cfGtl/s /fhgLlt u/] eg] afxo\ /fi6x« ¿nfO{
Development Centrert] fjgL / rg' ft} L lbg ;l} gsLs/0f Pjd\ xft xltof/ kb| zg{ ug{] sfon{ fO{ tLjt| f lbP .
olt dfq xfO] g pgLx¿n] pu| /fi6j« fbsf] gf/f lj:tf/ u/] . lx6n/n] ;l+ jwfg g} lgnDag u/L
;Dk0" f{ zlSt cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . pgn] hdg{ Ldf oj' fx¿nfO{ ;G} o ;j] f clgjfo{ agfP . o;n]
ubf{ ljZjdf kh| ftGq sdhf/] aGof] / csf]{ ljZjob' w\ sf] cfwf/ aGg uof] .

$= /fi6«x¿sf] ckljq u7aGwg M ky| d ljZjo'bw\ df ldq /fi6a« f6 ob' \w n8]sf hfkfg /
O6fnLn] w'/L /fi6s« f] g]t[TTj u/]sf] hd{gL;uF j|mdzM ;g\ !(#^ / !(#& df hfl] 8g
k'u] . o;nfO{ /f]d aln{g 6fl] sof] u7aGwg elgG5 . of] u7aGwgn] sDo'lg:6 lj/f]wL
;lGw ( A tn i C mo m iun s t ap c t _ u¥of] . pgLx¿n] ?;sf] a9b\ f] sDol' g:6 zlSt / o;sf]
rLgdf k/]sf] k|efj /f]Sg rfxGy] . csf{lt/ k|mfG;, an] fot, /fd] flgof, ou' f]:nfleof Pjd\
cdl] /sf;dt] sf] csf{] u6' lgdf0{ f ePsf] lyof] . kl5 o;df ?; klg ;fdn] eof] / låtLo
ljZjob' w\ x'g k'Uof] .

%= ;fDojfbsf] qf; / t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt M ky| d ljZjo'bw\ rln/xFbf ?;df ;g\ !(!& df
jm| flGt ;DkGg eof] / ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf eof] . ?;n] ;f] Joj:yfcGtut{ 5f]6f] cjlwdf
w/] } k|ult u/]kl5 o/' f]ksf cGo /fi6«x¿n] klg To;sf] l;sf] ug{ yfn] . kmn:j¿k ?;sf]
k|efj lj:tf/ eof] . t/ a]nfot / k|mfG; o;af6 leqleq} c;Gt'i6 lyP . a]nfotnfO{
cfˆgf] k|e'Tj ;dfKt xg' ] 8/ lyof] . t;y{ hdg{ Lsf] u7aGwgn] ?;df cfj|md0f u/f];\
/ ?;sf] zlSt xf| ;\ xf];\ eGg] rfxgf :j¿k p;n] t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u¥of] .
o; sfod{ f k|mfG;n] klg ;fy lbof] .

^= :kg] sf] u[xob' w\ M :kg] df ;g\ !(#^ df u[xo'b\w eof] . hg/n k|mfGsf]n] cfGbf]ng bafpg
;g] f kl/rfng u/] . O6fnL / hdg{ Ln] pgnfO{ ;dyg{ lbP . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;}GozlSt /
xft xltof/sf] Ifdtf ko| f]u ug{] ;'gf}nf] cj;/ kfP . kmn:j¿k k|mfGsfn] ] lht] / hdg{ Lsf]
u'6df ;fd]n xg' tof/ eP . o;n] hd{gLnufot w'/L /fi6x« ¿sf] dgfa] n a9\of] / bf];|f]
ljZjo'b\w x'g kU' of] .

&= cflys{ ;ªs\ 6 M ky| d ljZjo'b\wn] ljZjJofkL r/d cfly{s ;ª\s6 l;hg{ f u/s] f] lyof] .
o;af6 pTkGg si6k"0f{ hLjgn] dflg;x¿df c;Gtfi] f / lg/fzf a9\b} uof] . sl[ if pTkfbg
klg sd eof] . pbo\ fu] sn sf/vfgfx¿ aGb kf| oM lyP . csf{lt/ ;g] f / ;z:qLs/0fdf
a/] f]huf/ oj' fx¿ ;n+ Ug eP . o;n] ubf{ bf];f| ] ljZjob' w\ lglDtof] .

*= tfTsfnLg sf/0f M ;g\ !(#( df lx6n/n] e;l]{ nhsf] ;lGwdf kfN] ofG8n] k|fKt u/s] f] e"ld
8flGhª / kfl] n; sfl] /8f/] lkmtf{ ug{ dfu u¥of] . oL Ifq] x¿ eP/ hd{gL aflN6s ;db' ;| uF
k'Ug rfxGYof] . t/ kfN] ofG8n] lkmtf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . o;} ;dodf lx6n/n] ?;;Fu
( N a z i S oiv e t N -on A gr e s s i no P a c t _ gfds ;lGw u/] . To;} lbg @# cu:6 !(#(
df ?; / hdg{ Ln] !) jif{;Dd Ps cfk;df cfj|md0f gug{] / kfN] ofG8nfO{ sAhf u/L
p;sf e"efu Ps cfk;df af8F ]/ lng] ;xdlt u/] . cGTodf ! ;]K6]Da/ !(#( df hd{gLsf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 183

Currriculumlx6n/n] kf]NofG8dfly hldg / cfsfz b'jl} t/af6 cfj|md0f u/] . of] cfsl:ds cfjm| d0f
Development CentreePsfn] hd{gLdf " B l i t z kr e i g" / cªu\ |h] Ldf ‘ L i ght e in gn W a r ' elgof] . To;kl5 bf];f| ]
ljZjob' w\ sf] 3df;fg n8fOF ;?' eof] .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= k|yd ljZjo'bw\ df ldq /fi6«af6 ;xefuL hfkfg / O6fnL bf];|f] ljZjo'bw\ df 3/' L /fi6«df

lsg ;fd]n ePsf xf]nfg\ < I tn e r en t sf] ;xfotf jf cGo ;|f]tx¿ vf]hL sf/0fx¿ pNn]v
ugx'{ f];\ .
@= cd]l/sL t6:ytfsf] gLltn] s;/L bf];f| ] ljZjo'bw\ xg' kU' of] < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
#= lx6n/, d';f]nfg] L / k|mfGsfs] f] clwgfosjfbL rl/q k|:6 kfg]{ u/L sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar
el" dsf af8F \gx' f;] \ / clego k:| t't ug{'xf];\ . clwgfosjfbn] s;/L bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\w eof] <
5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .
$= j}1flgs cNj6{ cfOG:6fOgn] Ps cGtjft{ f{df …xltof/sf] k|;ªu\ df t;] f| ] ljZjob' w\ df s] s:tf
xltof/ ko| fu] xG' 5g\ eGg] yfxf 5}g t/ rfy} f] eof] eg] 9ª' \ufsf xltof/ k|of]u xg' ] 5gÚ\ egL
k|ltlj|mof lbPsf lyP . tkfO{F pSt egfOkl| t ;xdt x'g'x'G5 < x'g'x'G5 eg] lsg / s;/L <
ts{x¿ k;] ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ …olb e;l]{ nhsf] ;lGw lgikIf xF'bf] xf] t bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\w x'g] lyPgÚ eGg] egfOnfO{ tkfOF{

s;/L k'li6 ug{x' G' 5 <
-v_ ti' 6Ls/0fsf] gLlt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ ;fDojfb / ;fdf| Hojfbdf s] cGt/ 5 <
-3_ cflys{ ;ª\s6n] s;/L bf;] |f] ljZjo'b\w x'g kU' of] <
-ª_ låtLo ljZjob' w\ lx6n/sf sf/0faf6 l;lht{ o'bw\ lyof], s;/L < kd| f0fx¿;lxt kl' i6

ugx'{ f;] \ . a]nfot, ?; / km| fG; s;/L bf;] f| ] ljZjo'b\wsf bfi] fL /fi6x« ¿ xg' \ < kT| os] sf]
sf/0fx¿ klg k]; ug'{xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{
gk] fn cª\u|h] o'bw\ df cª\u|]h g]kfnLx¿sf zq' lyP . k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'bw\ df ltgLx¿
g]kfnsf ldq eP . låtLo ljZjo'bw\ df gk] fnLx¿ hfkfg, hd{gL / O6fnL lj?bw\ ob' w\ d}bfgdf
;fdn] eP t/ cfh ltgLx¿ g]kfnsf 7n' f / lxti} fL ldqx¿ x'g\ . t;y{ cfhsf zq' efl] nsf ldq
x'g ;S5g\ . o:t} 36gf kl/36gf tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfo jf kl/jf/df ePsf] x'gk' 5{ . o:tf] 36gfnfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ Ps syf tof/ kfgx{' f];\ / sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

184 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M af/ låtLo ljZjo'b\wsf kl/0ffdx¿ / g]kfnsf] e"ldsf

laxfg %M#) ah], ! ;K] 6D] a/ ;g\ !(#( df hd{gLn] kfN] ofG8dfly cfjm| d0f u/]kl5 låtLoCurrriculum
ljZjo'b\wsf] ;?' cft eof] . o;sf] ;'?cftL r/0fdf hdg{ Ln] rf}tkmL{ ljho xfl;n u¥of] . ;g\Development Centre
!($) sf] h'g dlxgf;Dddf hd{gLn] k|mfG;, kf]NofG8, 8]gdfs,{ gj],{ a]lNhod, r]sf]:nf]eflsof,
gb] /NofG8 cflb /fi6x« ¿dfly sAhf u¥of] . otf Pl;ofdf klg hfkfg kj" L{ Pl;ofnfO{ sAhf
u/L blIf0f Pl;of ef/t;Dd cfOk'Uof] . t/ oL /fi6«x¿ dflysf] cflwkTo w/] } ;do;Dd l6Sg
;sg] . To;}a]nf ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] ;+o'St ;G} o an lgdf0{ f eof] . hd{gLsf ;g] fx¿ ldq /fi6«sf
;]gfx¿åf/f g/fd/| L k/flht eP . lx6n/n] cfTdxTof;d]t ugk{' ¥of] . hd{gL k"j{ / klZrd u/L
b'O{ /fi6«df 6l' jm| of] . hfkfgsf b'O{ 7n' f ;x/x¿ adåf/f Wj:t agfOP . !@ ;]K6D] a/ !($% df
hfkfgn] cdl] /sf;fd' cfTd ;dk{0f u/k] l5 låtLo ljZjo'b\wsf] ljlwjt\ cGTo eof] .

bf;] |f] ljZjo'bw\ sf kl/0ffdx¿

!= ckf/ wg hgsf] Iflt M låtLo ljZjo'b\w cToGt ljgfzsf/L lyof] . o;df /f;folgs xft
xltof/b]lv cTofwl' gs z:qc:qsf] k|ofu] ul/of] . o; o'b\wdf sl/a b'O{ s/f]8 la; nfv
dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP eg] ltg s/f8] rfln; nfv dflg; 3fOt] ePsf lyP . P3f/
;o v/a 8n/ o; ob' w\ df vr{ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . ljsl;t ;x/x¿ Pjd\ xhf/fF} sn
sf/vfgf tyf pbo\ fu] x¿ Wj:t eP . pj/{ sl[ ifofU] o e"ld d?e"lddf kl/0ft eof] . nfvfF}
dflg;x¿ 3/af/ ljxLg eO{ z/0ffyLs{ f] hLjg lhpg afWo eP .

@= b'O{ wj'| df ljeflht ljZj / zLtob' \wsf] k|f/De M låtLo ljZjo'b\wkl5 cd]l/sf / ?;sf]
zlSt j[bl\ w eof] . cGo /fi6x« ¿ cflys{ ¿kdf sdhf]/ eP / ;}Go Ifdtf klg u'dfP .
t/ cd]l/sfn] o/' fk] ]nL /fi6x« ¿nfO{ ob' \w ;fduL| lgof{t u/L cfly{s pGglt u¥of] . cGo
b]zsf] tn' gfdf ;G} o Iflt cToGt} sd ePsfn] cd]l/sf ;a}eGbf zlStzfnL xg' k'Uof] .
csfl{ t/ ?;;uF ;G} o zlSt a9L ePsfn] ?;sf] /fhgLlts zlSt ljZjdf a9\b} uof] . t/
oL b'O{ /fi6«x¿sf] /fhgLlts tyf jr} fl/s dt leGgtf lyof] lsgeg] cd]l/sf k'FhLjfb
dfGg] pbodfg /fi6« lyof] eg] o;sf] l7s ljk/Lt ?; ;fDojfbL /fi6« lyof] . t;y{
logLx¿ Pscsfn{ fO{ tLj| cfnf]rgf ug{ yfn] . ljZjsf /fi6«x¿ logLx¿sf] k'hF LjfbL /
;fDojfbL ;d"x wj'| Ls[t xg' k'u] / ljZj b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht eof] . Ps cfk;df efl} ts
cfj|md0f geP klg bj' } ;d"xx¿lar c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ cToGt} a9\of] . ;DaGw lr;f] eof]
/ zLt ob' \wsf] k|f/De eof] . t/ ;g\ !(() df ;f]leot ;ª3\ sf] cj;fgkl5 of] ;d:of
sd xbF' } uof] .

#= cfly{s k'gM lgdf{0fsf gfddf ljleGg k|lt:kwL{ ;:+ yfx¿sf] :yfkgf M ;fDojfbL ke| fjnfO{
/fS] g klZrdL o'/fk] ]nL /fi6x« ¿ / cd]l/sf ldn]/ ;g\ !($( df pTt/L P6n\ flG6s ;lGw
;ª\u7g -NATO_ sf] :yfkgf u/] . o;s} f] hjfkm :j¿k ?;n] klg ;g\ !(%% df

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 185

Currriculumkf]NofG8sf] /fhwfgL jf;fd{ f …jf;f{ ;lGw ;ªu\ 7gÚ eGg] ;:+ yf :yfkgf u¥of] . ?;nufot kj" L{
Development Centreo/' fk] sf /fi6x« ¿ o;df ;n+ Ug lyP . oL bz] x¿nfO{ cflys{ ;xfott kb| fg ug{ ?;sf ljbz]
dGqL dfn] f6] fe] sf] gt] T[ Tjdf ?;n] Ps ;:+ yf :yfkgf u¥of] . o; ;:+ yfnfO{ C O M E C O N
( C o u n c i l f o r M u t u a l E c o n o m i c A s s i s t a n c e ) jf M o l o t o v P l a n elgG5 . csfl{] t/
cdl] /sf ;dlyt{ o/' fk] n] L /fi6x« ¿nfO{ cflys{ ;xofu] ug{ cdl] /sfn] ljbz] dGqL hh{ df;n{ sf]
gt] T[ Tjdf ofh] gf agfP . o; ofh] gfnfO{ df;n{ ofh] gf ( M a r s t a l P l a n ) elgG5 .
$= pklgjz] jfbsf] cGTo / /fli6«o cfGbf]ngx¿sf] pef/ M låtLo ljZjob' w\ n] zlStzfnL
o/' fk] ]nL /fi6«x¿ an] fot / k|mfG;sf] zlStdf IfoLs/0f u¥of] . an] fot lgolGqt pklgjz] x¿
:jtGq eP . oxL lgolt cGo ;fd|fHojfbL /fi6«x¿n] klg ef]u] . o;n} ] ubf{ ef/tnufotsf
/fi6x« ¿ :jtGq eP .

%= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] :yfkgf M låtLo ljZjob' \w rNb} ubf{ o'b\wsf g]t[TTj ug{] /fi6«sf
k|dv' x¿n] ob' \w /fS] gnfO{ w]/} ko| f; u/s] f lyP . a]nfotsf] nG8gdf en] f eO{ ldq
/fi6x« ¿n] !@ h'g !($! df Pp6f 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u/] . o;nfO{ nG8g 3f]if0ff kq
elgG5 . o;df ob' \wsf] cGt / cGt/f{li6«o ;xofu] tyf zflGtsf nflu clkn ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;sf] l7s ltg dlxgfkl5 !$ cu:6 !($! df ljZjzflGtsf nflu cdl] /sL
/fi6«klt k|mofª\slng 8]nfg] ?ha]N6 / a]nfotsf kw| fgdGqL ljG;6g rlrn{ n] cfGw|
dxf;fu/sf] kfgL hxfhd} Ps 3f]if0ff kq tof/ kf/] . o;nfO{ P6nflG6s rf6{/ elgG5 .
o:t} cGo ko| f;x¿ xF'b} ubf{ cGTodf @% clk|nbl] v @^ h'g !($% df ljZjsf %)
cf6] f /fi6«x¿ ;lDdlnt ;fg\ k|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ng eof] . o;n] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3 ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbof] . cGTodf o; rf6/{ df kf]NofG8n] x:tfIf/ u/k] l5 o;sf
;b:o ;ª\Vof %! kU' of] . tt\kZrft\ kfl/t ul/Psf] rf6{/nfO{ @$ cS6fa] / !($% df
3fi] f0ff u/L ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] .

låtLo ljZjob' w\ / gk] fnLx¿sf] el" dsf

låtLo ljZjo'b\wdf g]kfn k|ToIf ;xefuL geP klg ckT| oIf ¿kdf cfˆgf ;g] fx¿ k7fO{ an] fotsf]
kIfaf6 ob' w\ df ;fdn] lyof] . tfTsfnLg /f0ff kw| fgdGqL hb' w\ zdz/] n] axfb/' zdz/] nufotsf]
gt] T[ Tjdf hDdf @ nfv %) xhf/ gk] fnL kmfh} k7fPsf lyP . gk] fnLx¿ jL/tfsf ;fy ob' w\ dfr] fd{ f
n8] . gk] fnLx¿n] axfb/' ufv] fn{ Lsf ¿kdf uf/} j tyf ;Ddfg kf| Kt u/] . ljbz] df ePsf] ljsf; /
ku| lt bv] /] gk] fnL ;l} gsx¿n] :jbz] df cfO{ kh| ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ;xofu] u/s] f lyP .

gk] fnL kmf}hn] a]nfotsf tkma{ f6 hd{gL tyf hfkfg lj?bw\ n8]sf] lyof] . ;fOk|;, lu;| , l;l/of,
n]agfg\, Kofn]:6fOg, O/fs, l;ªu\ fk'/, dnfof tyf adf{df uO{ gk] fnL kmf}h n8s] f] lyof] . ob\wdf
hDdf ;xefuLdWo] &,%$$ g]kfnL o'jfx¿ dfl/P / @#,^%% hgf 3fOt] eP . o;/L o; o'bw\ df
gk] fn /fi6«n] klg 7'nf] oj' f zlSt ud' fpg kU' of] . gk] fn ;/sf/sf] ;xofu] af6 cToGt} v';L eO{
la|l6; ;/sf/n] hb' w\ zdz]/nfO{ lal| 6; kmf}hsf] k"0f{ cg//L hg]{n kbsf] pkflw lbPsf] lyof] .

186 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

;fy} # s/f]8 ## nfv Psdi' 6 cflys{ ;xof]u lbof] . k|yd ljZjob' w\ kZrft\ lbg] u/s] f] jflifs{
!) nfv ?lkofF klg lg/Gt/ lbg] kl| tabw\ tf hfx/] u¥of] . o;sf cnjf w/] } g]kfnL jL/x¿n]
a]nfotsf] ;jf{R] r kbs leS6fl] /of j|m; / ldln6/L jm| ; k|fKt u/] .

lj|mofsnfk
!= ?; / hdg{ Llar Ps cfk;df cfj|md0f gug{] / ?; ;dlyt{ w'/L /fi6«df /xg] ;Demf}tfnfO{

tf]8L låtLo ljZjob' \wdf tL /fi6«x¿ Ps cfk;df cfj|md0fdf plqgn' fO{ tkfOF{ s] eGgx' G' 5 <
o;df s'g /fi6«sf] uNtL lyof] eGg] tkfOFn{ fO{ nfU5 < cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .

@= …hfkfgsf bO' { ;x/x¿ Wj:t xg' d' f ob' w\ eGbf klg cf0flas c:qsf] ljsf; kd| v' sf/0f xf] .Ú
o; zLifs{ df sIffdf jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ . o;sf nflu ;efklt, lg0ffo{ s
;ldlt, ;~rfns, jStf, cltlysf nflu ljbo\ fyLl{ ar el" dsf ljefhg ugx{' f;] \ .

#= ljZjsf] /fhgLlts gS;fdf låtLo ljZjo'bw\ df ;n+ Ug /fi6«x¿, k|d'v 36gf ePsf
:yfgx¿ eg{x' f];\ / pSt gS;fnfO{ sIffsf7] fdf 6fF:g'xf;] \ .

$= …olb gk] fndf /f0ff zf;g x'bF }gYof] eg] ljZjob' w\ x¿df g]kfnLx¿sf] ;xeflutf xg' ] lyPg .
la|l6; ;fdf| Hojfb / /f0ffx¿sf] :jfy{¿kL sl;nf] ;fF7ufF7 lyof] .Ú o; egfOdf tkfOs{F f]
s] s:tf] dt 5 < ljZni] f0f u/L nV] gx' f];\ .

%= ob' \wsf sf/0f / ke| fj ;DaGwdf ky| d Pjd\ låtLo ljZjob' \wlar tn' gfTds cWoog
ugx{' f];\ / o;sf] tflnsf agfO{ k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .
Currriculum
Development Centre
cEof;
-s_ zLtob' \w egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ låtLo ljZjob' \wkl5 ljZjsf t6:y /fi6x« ¿sf] Ps ;ªu\ 7g lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] < Tof]

s'g ;ª\u7g xf] < ;f]wvfh] u/L k"0f{ ljj/0f nV] g'xf;] \ .
-u_ ob' \weGbf jftf{ / ;dembf/L a9L nfebfos x'G5, lsg < låtLo ljZjo'b\wsf] k[i7e"lddf

o;nfO{ kl' i6 ug'x{ f];\ .
-3_ P6nflG6s rf6{/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ lx6n/n] lsg cfTdxTof u/s] f xfn] fg\ < cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k;] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-r_ kn{ xfj/{ 36gf hfkfgsf nflu lsg kT| ok' fbs aGof] <

;fd'bflos sfo{

ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] jm| flGtkl5 zflGt / kg' Mlgdf0{ f ePsf] b[i6fGt kfOG5 . gk] fndf klg
ljleGg sfnv08df hgtfn] jm| flGt u/]sf lyP . j|mflGtkl5 s] s:tf kg' Mlgdf{0fsf ofh] gfx¿ ag]
/ sg' xb;Dd sfofG{ jog eP < ;db' fosf h]i7 gful/s jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ To; ;DaGwdf
;f]Wg'xf;] \ / kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 187

Currriculumkf7 M t/] P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd\ :df/sx¿sf] vfh] L, klxrfg,
Development Centre
;/+ If0f / ;+jw{g

;fdflhs cWoog u/]/ l;Sg], vfh] af6 jf:tljs 1fg k|fKt ug{], ;d'bfodf cGt/ljm| of ug]{ /
;dfofl] ht x'g] l;k ljsf; ug]{ h:tf lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t ljifo xf] . oxL dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\
ub{} afuZ] j/L df=lj= sf sIff !) sf ljbo\ fyL{n] o; ljifocGtu{t Pl] txfl;s 7fpF n'lDagLsf]
Ifq] ed| 0faf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L lgDgfg;' f/ k|ltjb] g k:| t't u/s] f 5g\ M
zLifs{ M nl' DagL M Ps Pl] txfl;s / g]kfnsf] kljq el" d

kl/ro
afuZ] j/L df=lj=df cWoog/t sIff !) sf ;Dk0" f{ ljbo\ fyL{ / ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifo
lzIfs;lxt cGo rf/ hgf lzIfssf] ;xeflutfdf $) hgfsf] e|d0f 6f]nL aGof] . o; 6f]nLn]
c;f]h @) df P]ltxfl;s :yn n'lDagLsf] ed| 0f u¥of] . ljbo\ fnoaf6 nueu @%) ls=ld= b/' Ldf
/xs] f] of] 7fpF ^ 306fsf] ofqfdf k'luof] . g]kfnsf Pl] txfl;s tyf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg
/ ;/+ If0f ug{] ;Gbe{df kf7\ojm| dn] /fv]sf] pb\bZ] o k/' f ug{ of] ed| 0f to ul/Psf] lyof] . klZrd
gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf dxTTjk0" f{ of] :yn ljZjs} afb} \w wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] tLy{:yn xf] . of] ;Dk"0f{
gk] fnLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ klg xf] . zflGtsf cub| t" uf}td ab' w\ sf] hGd:yn /xs] f] o;
7fpFdf ljleGg :df/s, u'Daf, ljxf/ / kfv] /L /x]sf 5g\ .
pb\b]Zo
nl' DagL ed| 0fsf lgDg lnlvt pb\bZ] ox¿ lyP M
-s_ n'lDagLsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTTj kTtf nufpg'
-v_ nl' DagL If]qdf /x]sf ljleGg ejg Pjd\ :df/sx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] efl} ts

cj:yf j0f{g ug'{
-u_ nl' DagL If]qsf] ;/+ If0f / ;+jwg{ ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfjsf ¿kdf k:| t't ug'{ .

188 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

cWoog ljlw
kZ| gfjnL lgdf{0f / k|ofu] , cGtjf{tf{, cjnf]sg, ;|f]t ;fduL| cWoog

k|fKt ljj/0f

-s_ of] :yfg g]kfnsf] % gDa/ k|bz] cGtut{ t/fO{sf] ¿kGbx] L lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ a'bw\ sf] hGd:yn /x]sf] o; :yfg ljZjzflGt tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« afb} \w tLy{:ynsf ¿kdf
k|l;bw\ 5 .

-u_ slknj:ta' f6 dfOtL bj] bx hfg] j|mddf o; 7fpdF f cfdf dfofjtLn] ab' \wnfO{ hGd
lbPsL lyOg\ .

-3_ O;fkj" { @$( df cfˆgf] la;f}F /fHof/fx] 0fsf cj;/df ;d|f6\ czf]sn] n'lDagLdf :tDe
lgdf0{ f ug{ nufPsf lyP . o;nfO{ czfs] :tDesf] gfdn] lrlGfG5 . o; :tDedf pgn]
a|fx\dL lnlkdf …Obx a'b\w hft]Ú -oxfF uft} d ab' w\ sf] hGd ePsf] xf_] eGg] lznfnv] /fVg
nufPsf lyP .

-ª_ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf dxf;lrj pyfGt ;g\ !(^& df gk] fn ed| 0f ubf{ n'lDagLsf] ;dt]
cjnfs] g u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;xof]u /xg] k|ltabw\ tf hfx/]
u/]sf lyP . o;kl5 nl' DagLkl| t ljZjsf] Wofg cfs[i6 eof] .

-r_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3 tyf ef/t, DofGdf/, >Lnª\sf yfONofG8, hfkfg, rLgnufotsf
dn' 'sx¿n] oxfF cltly lgjf;, k':tsfno, /d0fLo u'Daf, ljxf/, kSsL ;8s cflb lgdf{0f
u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6o« ljdfg :yn klg o;}sf] cf;kf;df aGGf nflu/xs] f] 5 .

-5_ o; If]qdf dfofbj] Lsf] dlGb/ kg' lgd{ f0{ f u/L lj=;+= @)^) h7] @ af6 ;j;{ fwf/0fnfO{ v'nf
ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] nDafO @*=$ ld6/, rf}8fO @#=* ld6/ / prfO !#=$ ld6/ /xs] f]
5 . o;} dlGb/ glhs k'isl/0fL gfds kljq kf]v/L 5 . hxfF dfofb]jLn] a'b\wnfO{ hGd
lbgc' l3 :gfg u/]sL lyOg\ / a'bw\ hlGd;s]kl5 a'bw\ nfO{ klg klxnf] k6s o; kf]v/Ldf
:gfg u/fOPsf] lyof] eGg] ljZjf; /lxcfPsf] 5 .

-h_ n'lDagL ed| 0f jif{ @)!! dgfOPsf] lyof] .

-em_ of] ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLs[t ePsf] 5 .

-`_ jz} fv z'Sn kl" 0fd{ fdf dgfOg] ab' w\ hoGtLsf lbg oxfF 7'nf] hd36sf lar eJo sfo{jm| d
cfof]hgf xG' 5 .
Currriculum
Development Centre
oxfFsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+jwg{ ug{' xfdL ;as} f] st{Jo xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd'
lrgfpg] of] cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/sf] ;Dkbf xf] . o;nfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;j+ wg{ ug{ lgDg lnlvt
pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{k' 5{ M

-s_ ab' w\ sf] hGdel" d nl' DagL xf] eGg] ljifonfO{ /fli6o« Pjd\ cGt/fl{ i6o« txaf6 kr| f/ k;| f/ ug,{]

-v_ k/' fg} 9fFrfdf ef}lts ;/+ rgf kg' M lgdf0{ f ug{]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 189

Currriculum-u_ oxL :yndf cGt/f{li6o« af}b\w ;Ddn] gx¿ cfofh] gf ug{]
Development Centre-3_ oxfF e|d0f ug{] dflg;x¿sf] cfjfudgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{
-ª_ oxfFsf] jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ Wofg lbFb} ?v la?jf /fK] g], ePsf af]6 la?jfnfO{ ;/+ If0f ug]{

/ kmfx] f/] Joj:yfkg ug{]
-r_ ;'/Iff ka| Gw s8f / Jojl:yt agfpg]
-5_ ab' w\ kl| tdfnufot a'b\w;uF ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿ htg u/L /fVg] ka| Gw ldnfpg]
-h_ hg;xeflutf jb[ \lw ug]{
-em_ ab' w\ wd{sf] dfq kljq :yn xf] eGg] dfgl;stfnfO{ x6fO{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL, g]kfn / ljZjsf]

uf/} j xf] eGg] r]tgf clej[b\lw ug]{ cflb .
lgisif{
gk] fnsf b; ljZj ;DkbfdWo] n'lDagL ko{6sLo / cflys{ b[li6n] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ :yn xf] .
czf]s :tDe, dlGb/, uD' af, kfv] /L, :t"kfnufotsf :df/s tyf efl} ts j:tx' ¿ oxfFsf cfsif{0f
xg' \ . oL :yfg Oltxf;sf ;|f]t x'g\, cf:yfsf sG] b| xg' , /fli6«o uf/} jsf w/f]w/ xg' ,\ kljq tLy{:yn
x'g\ . xfdLx¿n] logsf] ;/+ If0f u/L h:tfsf] t:t} efjL k':tfnfO{ ;l' Dkg' xfdf| ] st{Jo xf] . /fli6o«
;/f]sf/sf wflds{ ;:+ yfx¿ tyf ;Dk0" f{ gk] fnLx¿n] o;sf] dxTTjnfO{ arfO{ /fVg ;b}j cu;| /
xg' 'kb5{ . g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' kl/lrt u/fpg] of] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk0" f{ :yn xf] .

lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfO{F ljbo\ fnoaf6 z}lIfs e|d0f jf If]q e|d0f hfge' Psf] xfn] f . tkfOF{n] s] s:tf] e|d0fsf]

of]hgf lgdf0{ f uge{' of] < kf| /lDes cfjZostf klxrfg, kj" { tof/Lsf] ofh] gf, lzIfs
ljbo\ fyL{ sfo{ ljj/0f, pknlAw ;dLIffsf] ofh] gf cflb s:tf] agfpge' of] < sfo{ of]hgf
/ sfof{Gjog kl| jm| of s] s] lyP < oL ljifox¿ ;d]6L ed| 0fsf] Ps gd'gf ofh] gf lgdf0{ f
u/L k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .
@= cfˆgf] Ifq] , lhNnf jf :yfgLo txdf cjl:yt Pl] txfl;s :yn tyf :df/sx¿sf] lsg
vfh] L ugk'{ 5{ < sf/0fx¿ nv] L aofg ug'x{ f;] \ . tL :ynx¿sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df tkfO{nF ] s]
s:tf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sg'xG' 5 <

cEof;
-s_ Pl] txfl;s :ynx¿ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ Pl] txfl;s tyf k'/ftflTTjs :ynx¿nfO{ lsg ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ <
-u_ P]ltxfl;s :ynsf ko{6sLo tyf cflys{ dxTTjaf/] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOF{sf] a;f]af; If]qdf cjl:yt P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿ s] s] 5g\ < vfh] L ugx'{ f];\ / kf7df lbOP
h:t} u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

190 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

PsfO cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk
*

kf7 M Ps rfn' of]hgf

Currriculum
Development Centre
of]hgf abw\ ljsf; s]Gb|Lst[ /fHo Joj:yfsf] pkh lyof] . o;n] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'Fbf cGo /fi6«x¿n] klg o;nfO{ ckgfP . lglZrt cjlwleq
/fHon] cfˆgf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] lgolGqt / lgb]l{ zt 9ªu\ n] hgtfsf] a[xTt/ lxt tyf ljsf;sf
nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf jf vfsfnfO{ ljsf; ofh] gfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .

cfly{s ofh] gf cfly{s ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt xG' 5 . of] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
kl| tkmn k|fKt ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf abw\ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk xf] .

;+;f/df ofh] gf abw\ ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] 5g} . ;g\ !(@* df kj" { ;f]leot
;ª\3n] ;jk{ |yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;'?cft u/s] f] lyof] . pSt of]hgfn] ;fl] eot ;ª3\ sf]
ljsf;df dxTTjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbPkl5 cGo /fi6x« ¿n] klg o;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ yfn] . gk] fndf
@))& ;fndf k|hftflGqs Joj:yf nfu' ePkl5 /fHosf] Wofg ofh] gfab\w ljsf;lt/ tflgof] . o;}
j|mddf @)!# ;fnaf6 ofh] gf ab\w ljsf;sf] ;?' cft eof] . ljutdf t/] f}F of]hgf;Dd sfof{Gjog
eO;ss] f] 5 . clxn] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ bl] v cf=j=@)&%÷)&^ ;Ddsf nflu rfw} f}F ofh] gfsf]
sfof{Gjog ;'? ePsf] 5 .

ofh] gfsf] ljzi] ftfx¿

-s_ of] cfjlws x'G5 .
-v_ ofh] gfsf] Pp6f lglb{i6 pbb\ Z] o xG' 5 .
-u_ ofh] gfdf nfs] sNof0fsf/L pb\b]Zo lglxt x'G5 .
-3_ ofh] gfsf ;a} cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ of]hgfdt' flas x'G5g\ .
-ª_ of]hgfdf /fHosf] ;f| t] ;fwgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ pb\bZ] o x'G5 .
rf}wf}“ ofh] gf -@)&#÷)&$—@)&%÷)&^_

k[i7el" d

rfw} f}F ofh] gf ;ª3\ Lo :j¿ksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L eO{ To;df cGtlg{lxt
cfly{s, ;fdflhs l;b\wfGt sfofG{ jog ug]{ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] klxnf] of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgf
@)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] k¥' ofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glgd{ f{0f ub}{ pGgltzLn gk] fnsf] lgdf0{ f
nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} blIf0fL ;Ldf Ifq] df ePsf] cj/fw] af6 /fli6«o cfk"lt{ Joj:yf c:tJo:t
eO{ cyt{ Gqsf ljleGg kIfx¿df kg{ uPsf] c;/af6 kf7 l;Sb} cfufdL lbgx¿df :jfwLg /
cfTd lge{/ cyt{ Gq lgdf0{ f ug'{kg]{tkm{ cled'v /xs] f] 5 . o;sf cltl/St ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 191

dxf;efaf6 ;j;{ Ddt ¿kdf ;g\ @)#) ;Dd xfl;n ul/;Sg] k|ltab\wtf;lxt :jLsf/ ul/Psf
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf] 5 . To; a]nf;Dd gk] fnsf] dWod cfojus{ f] dn' 'sx¿sf]
:t/df k'Ug] nIo;dt] xfl;n xg' ] u/L of]hgf / jflifs{ sfo{jm| d to ul/Psf 5g\ . gofF ;ljwfg
lgdf0{ f;uF } ljsf;kl| t hg cfª\sfIff x\jfTt} a9s] f] ;Gbe{df o; of]hgfn] tL ckI] ffx¿nfO{
;Dafw] g ub}{ hfg'kg{] ePsf] 5 .

;fr] M :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGdv' /fli6o« cyt{ Gq Pjd\ ;db[ \w gk] fnL .

nIo M ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nfs] sNof0fsf/L /fHo xFb' } dWod cfo ePsf d'ns' sf] :t/df
kU' g] pb\b]Zo M pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s jb[ \lwåf/f
›'t ultdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub{} cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug{' .

kl/df0ffTds nIo M rfw} f}F of]hgfsf sx] L k|dv' cfly{s ;fdflhs nIo tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v
u/]adfl] hd sfod ul/Psf 5g\ M

kd| v' cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox¿
Currriculum
Development Centrej|m=;= ;"rs÷nIo cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] rfw} fF} of]hgfsf] nIo
l:ylt -@)&%÷&^ df_

!= jflifs{ cfi} ft cflys{ jb[ \lwb/ -k|ltzt_ )=&& &=@)
@= s[lif Ifq] sf] jflif{s cf;} t jb[ \lwb/ -kl| tzt_ !=## $=&)
#= u/} sl[ if If]qsf] jflif{s cf;} t jb[ \lwb/ -kl| tzt_ )=^# *=$)
$= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof -kl| tzt_ @!=^) !&=)
%= dfgj ljsf; ;r" sfªs\ )=%$ )=%&
^= ckl] Ift cfo' -hGds] f] ;dodf, jif{_ &! &@
&= dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ #&=&) $%
*= !%–@$ jif{ pd/] ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tfb/ **=^) (!
(= ljb\ot' \ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ *@( @,@&(
!)= OG6/g]6 ;j] fdf kx'rF k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ $^=$ ^%

/0fgLlt

!= sl[ if Ifq] sf] ¿kfGt/0f, ko6{ g, cf}b\of]lus Pjd\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lj:tf/dfkmt{ \
pTkfbg j[bl\ w ug{]

@= pmhf,{ ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f ;x/L tyf lqbz] Lo
cfab\wtf ljsf;sf nflu kj" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f ug]{

#= ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;/' Iff Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf8] lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df
pRr tyf lbuf] ;w' f/ ug]{

$= cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\ zf;sLo ;w' f/, s'zn Pjd\ hjfkmbx] L ;fjh{ lgs ljTt, :jR5,
kf/bzL{ / hgdq} L ;fj{hlgs ;j] f Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|jwg{ ub}{ ;du|
;'zf;g kj| wg{ ug],{

192 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum%= n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;dfjz] Ls/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u tyf
Development Centre;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .

r'gft} L

1. ›'tt/ cfly{s j[b\lwb/ / To;sf] Gofok0" f{ ljt/0fdfkm{t zL3| ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{'

2. dfgj ljsf;sf kIfdf pNn]Vo jb[ \lw ug]{ / ;du| cyt{ GqnfO{ ;db[ l\ w Pjd\ lbuf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] kydf nh} fg'

3. cflys{ jb[ \lw ;uF ;Fu} cfosf] ljt/0fdf cfpg ;Sg] c;dfgtf 36fO{ gk] fnnfO{ ;fdflhs
Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfdn" s tyf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{'

4. ;3g cflys{ If]qsf] lj:tf/dfkm{t /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ l;hg{ f u/L hg;fªl\ Vos nfefz+ sf]
clwstd pkof]u ug]{ / :jb]zdf g} kof{Kt sfdsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f ug{'

5. lgjfx{ dv' L sl[ ifnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Pjd\ Joj;fodv' L agfpFb} o;nfO{
d'ns' sf] cfb} o\ f]lus ljsf;df cfab\w ug'{

6. pmhf{ ;ª\s6 x6fpg], ks| fk] ;DaGwL ;DefJo hfl] vdx¿sf] Gog" Ls/0f ub{} cfly{s ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf ;a} ko| f;x¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ cg's"n agfpg'

7. k"jfw{ f/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; / cfabw\ tf;uF } u|fdL0f Pjd\ ;x/L ljsf;nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt
tN' ofO{ o;nfO{ cfly{s j[bl\ wsf] ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{'

8. ljsf; sfoj{ m| dnfO{ PsLst[ ug{] sfo;{ uF ;uF } lgIfk] 0f ;DaGwL sfon{ fO{ ke| fjsf/L agfO{ hgtfsf]
clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fsf] kj| fx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf kb| fg ug{
;fjh{ lgs ljTtLo Joj:yfkgnufot cGo zf;sLo ;w' f/ ;DaGwL sfox{ ¿ ug{'

9. k|fbl] zs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} ;a} txdf hjfkmbx] L,
:jR5 / k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug{'

10. /fHosf] kg' ;{/+ rgfsf] sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub{} k|fb]lzs Pjd\ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] gt] T[ j oyf
;Dej l56f] lgjfl{ rt hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 g} u/fpg] r'gft} L;Fu} s]G›Lo of]hgf sfof{Gjog
k0| ffnLnfO{ klg ;'b9[ tN' ofpg' .

cj;/

1. gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} /fhgLlts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g uO{ dn' s' cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|jz] u/s] f] 5 .

2. pj/{ hldg, hn;f| t] , jg, vfgL, h}ljs ljljwtf Pjd\ efu} f]lns ;'Gb/tf h:tf k|fsl[ ts
;f| t] x¿sf] ab' \lwdTtfk"0f{ pkofu] af6 ;d[b\lw xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] k;| :t ;Defjgf 5g\ .

3. s'n hg;ªV\ ofdf cflys{ ¿kn] ;ljm| o xg' ] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cgk' ft a9\b} hfgfsf ;fy}
cflys{ ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ›t' tf kb| fg ug{ :j:y / j|mdzM lzlIft xF'b} uO/xs] f] ;Ifd
hgzlSt ljsf; x'bF } 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 193

Currriculum4. hg;fªl\ Vos nfefz+ , h'g nfdf] ;do;Dd pknAw x'g g;Sg] ljZj cg'ejn] kd| fl0ft
Development Centreu/;] ss] f] 5, cfufdL ltg rf/ bzs;Dd pknAw x'bF } 5 .

5. pkofu] xg' } g;s]sf tyf sd pkof]u eO/x]sf efl} ts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ pkofu] ug]{
cj;/ 5 .

6. xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ Ifq] df ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd kl| tkmn lng ;Sg]
cj:yf 5 .

7. cfly{s ¿kn] ;lj|mo hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;ª\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fdb' flos k|0ffnLdf
cfab\w ePsf] 5 .

8. ;xsf/L / lghL bj' } If]q k|jwg{ ug{] ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkofu] ub}{ d'n'snfO{
cflys{ ¿kn] ;db[ w\ agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k/" ssf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ ug{ tTk/ 5g\ .

9. u/} cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnufotaf6 j}bl] zs nufgL jm| dzM cfslift{ eO/xs] f 5g\ .
10. l5ds] L d'n'sdf ›t' lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] dWod juL{o hglx:;fn] gk] fnsf] ko{6g, j}b]lzs

nufgL, lgoft{ Pjd\ sltko ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt 5 .
!!= j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Laf6 kf| Kt l;k, k'FhL / pbo\ dzLntfaf6 gk] fnnfO{ afx\o hutaf6 1fg,

k|ljlw / k'hF L kl/rfng ug{ yk cj;/ kb| fg eO/x]sf 5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= sG] bd| f of]hgf th{d' f s;/L ul/G5 < ;f]wvfh] / cjnfs] g u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
@= gk] fnsf of]hgfx¿n] cfzf u/]cg'¿k nIo xfl;n ug{ g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] xf]nfg\ <

kTtf nufO{ 5nkmn ugx' f;] \ .
#= g]kfndf ljsf; ofh] gfsf dV' o r'gft} Lx¿ pNn]v u/L /fli6o« of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lr7L

nV] g'xf;] \ .
$= tkfOF{sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;db' fodf of]hgf tof/ kfbf{ ;dfj]lztfsf] kIfnfO{ slTtsf]

Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < ;db' fosf JolSt;Fusf] e6] 3f6 / kfl/jfl/s cg'ej;dt] nfO{ ;d6] ]/
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ ofh] gf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ofh] gf lgdf0{ fsf pb\bZ] ox¿ pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ rfn' ofh] gfsf ljzi] ftfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ubf{ cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .
-ª_ rfn' of]hgfsf kf| yldstf / /0fgLltx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ofh] gf lgdf{0f kl| j|mof s;/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 < cWoog cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

194 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M bO' { ko6{ g pbo\ fu] , dxTTj / ;Defjgf

dflg; :jefjn} ] lh1f;' xG' 5 . pm gofF gofF ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/L lng OR5s' / nfnflotCurrriculum
x'G5 . To;}n] ljleGg 7fpFx¿sf] ed| 0f u/L dgf/] ~hg lng / snf, ;:+ sl[ t, ji] fe"iff, efiffDevelopment Centre
cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ pm 3d' lkm/ ul//xG5 . pm Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF / Ps
bz] af6 csf]{ b]zdf hfG5 . o;/L ljleGg pbb\ ]Zon] Pp6f b]zsf gful/s b]zleq jf cGo bz] df
ed| 0f ug]{ kl| j|mofnfO{ ko6{ g elgG5 . ko{6snfO{ ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpg ;~rflnt Jojl:yt
Joj;fonfO{ ko6{ g Joj;fo elgG5 . ko{6snfO{ ;l' jwf kb| fg ug{ Jofj;flos pb\ofu] :yfkgf
x'g] xg' fn] o:tf pbo\ fu] x¿ ;]jf pb\of]u xg' \ . o:tf pbo\ f]udf dgf]/~hg, Jofkf/, kbofqf,
kjt{ f/fx] 0f, bZ[ ofjnf]sgnufotsf Ifq] k5g{ \ .

jtd{ fg ofh] gfdf ko{6g

rf}wfF} of]hgf -@)&#÷)&$–@)&%÷)&^_ n] ko6{ g ljsf;sf nflu gk] fnnfO{ ljZjs} pTs[i6
ko{6sLo :ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] /fli6o« tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ko6{ g kj| w{gdfk{mt ko6{ ssf] ;ª\Vof / /fli6«o cy{tGqdf jb[ \lw ug]{ pbb\ ]Zo
/fvs] f] 5 . lghL Ifq] sf] ;xsfod{ f ko{6g k|jw{g ug],{ yk ko{6sLo uGtJosf] ljsf; ug]{ /
u|fdL0f ko6{ gdfkm{ t /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{] o; of]hgfsf] nIo 5 . o;sf ;fy}
ko6{ g kj| w{g ug{ l5d]sL tyf cGo dn' s' x¿nfO{ s]lGbt| u/L Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{] /0fgLlt
lnOPsf] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] cfGtl/s ko6{ snfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ub{} ko6{ gsf] lbuf] ljsf;df hf8]
lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ko6{ g pb\ofu] sf] dxTTj

gk] fnsf] ko{6g pbo\ f]u /fi6« ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0" f{ cfwf/ xf] . sn' ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] sl/a b;
kl| tzt of]ubfg ko{6g pbo\ f]usf] /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g pbo\ f]usf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv]
ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= ljb]zL db' |f cfhg{ sf] ;|f]t

@= /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg

#= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pbo\ f]usf] ljsf;

$= /fh:jdf j[b\lw

%= Jofkf/ tyf snf ;:+ s[ltsf] k|jwg{

^= ljZjdf /fi6s« f] k|rf/ k|;f/ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 195

Currriculumg]kfndf ko6{ g pb\of]usf] ;Defjgf
Development Centregk] fn ko6{ sLo bl[ i6sf]0fn] pkoS' t uGtJo dflgG5 . oxfF /xs] f snf, ;+:s[lt, e"ufn] , hfthflt,
wd{, efiff cflb ljljwtfn] o;nfO{ pko'St ko{6sLo uGTfJo agfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf ko{6g
Joj;fosf] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= u|]6 lxdfnog 6n]« ( G r e a t H i m a l a ay n T r a i l )
s~rghª3\ fb]lv ;}kfn lxdfn;Ddsf] Ifq] nfO{ u]6| lxdfnog 6«n] elgG5 . o;cGtut{ k"jL{
g]kfndf s~rghª3\ f ;+/If0f Ifq] , dsfn' j?0f /fli6o« lgs'~h tyf ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs'~h
k5{g\ . dWoIf]qsf nfª6fª, uf;] fOsF 0' 8 / uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnL Ifq] nfO{ klg o; 6n]« cGtu{t
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;u} /L klZrdsf dgfª, d':tfª, d'u,' 8fN] kfsf ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿
o;cGtut{ k5{g\ . o; 6«n] sf] ko{6gaf6 kfrF xhf/ ld6/dflysf] Ifq] df lxdfnL hgfj/ /
jg:kltx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fn ko6{ g af8] n{ ] o; Ifq] nfO{ ko6{ sLo uGtJosf ¿kdf
l;kmfl/; u/s] f] 5 . o; Ifq] sf] kr| f/ k;| f/sf] sdLn] ubf{ ljbz] L ko6{ ssf] cfudg cfzf ul/Pcg¿' k
kf| Kt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} .

@. kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tf
gk] fn k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf bl[ i6sf0] fn] cToGt cfsifs{ /fi6« xf] . oxfsF f lxdfnL zª[ v\ nfx¿,
dgf]/d kxf8L :ynx¿, ljleGg ks| f/sf e";tx, u'kmf, em/gf, tfn tyf gbLx¿n] ljb]zL
ko6{ ssf] dg nf]Eofp5F g\ . To;n} ] o:tf 7fpFx¿sf] cjnfs] g ugs{ f nflu 7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf
ko6{ sx¿ g]kfn cfpF5g\ . cGo k"jf{wf/ a9d] f of] ;ªV\ of cem a9\g ;S5 .
#. Pl] txfl;s tyf wflds{ :ynx¿
gk] fn Pl] txfl;s tyf wflds{ :ynsf nflu kl| ;b\w 5 . nl' DagL, hgsk/' , dl' Stgfy, :juå{ f/L,
l/8L, pu|tf/f, dgsfdgf, kzk' ltgfy, s[i0f dlGb/, rfugF' f/fo0f cflb oxfsF f d'Vo wfld{s
:ynx¿ xg' \ . o;}u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf k|frLg b/af/x¿ ko{6sLo uGtJosf b[li6sf]0faf6

196 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumdxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . oxfF k|of]u ePsf sfi7snf tyf jf:ts' nf P]ltxfl;s clåtLo j:t'x¿
Development Centrex'g\ . o:tf wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿n] ko6{ sx¿nfO{ ;xh} cfsif0{ f u5g{ \ .

$. ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf

g]kfndf leGg ;+:sl[ t / k/Dk/f ePsf !@% hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5g{ \ . kT| os]
hfltsf] cfcfˆg} dfl} ns k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, /Llt l/jfh tyf dN" o dfGotf 5 . oxL ;f+ :sl[ ts
ljljwtf cjnfs] g ug{ klg 7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf ljb]zLx¿ gk] fn cfp5F g\ .

%. xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf

g]kfn xfjfkfgLsf bl[ i6sf0] fn] klg ljljwtf k"0f{ 5 . oxfFsf] blIf0fL efudf pi0f, dWoefudf
;dzLtf]i0f tyf pTt/L efudf 7G8f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;a} ko{6ssf nflu
pkoS' t xfjfkfgL 5gf]6 ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5 . To;n} ] gk] fnsf ;a} ef}ufl] ns kb| ]zdf ko6{ g
pbo\ f]usf] ;Defjgf 5 .

^. ;fxl;s ko{6g

g]kfndf ;fxl;s ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ko{6g kj| wg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . pTt/L If]qaf6 tLj|
ju] n] aUg] gbLx¿df ¥ofkm\l6ªsf] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf ;fy} lxdfn cf/fx] 0f, Kof/fUnfOl8ª tyf
a~hL hlDkª h:tf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L g]kfndf ;fxl;s ko6{ gsf] kr| '/
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

&. k|fs[lts jg:klt / jGohGts' f] ljljwtf

xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ g]kfndf jg:klt tyf jGohGtd' f klg ljljwtf kfOG5 .
bz] sf] ljleGg efunfO{ lgs~' h, cf/If0f / ;/+ If0f If]qsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg
nf]kfG] dv' kh| fltsf hgfj/ tyf r/fr'?ªu\ L kz| :t kfOg] xg' fn] o:tf hgfj/ tyf r/fr?' ª\uLsf]
cWoog cjnfs] g ug{ 7n' f] ;ª\Vofdf ko6{ s g]kfnkl| t cfsli{ft x'G5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= g]kfn ko6{ g af]8n{ ] ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ultljlw ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 < vf]hL

u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .
@= tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo :t/df s] s:tf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] ljz]iftf n]vL

sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
#= u]6| lxdfnog 6]«nsf] ofqf dfu{ / o;af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] dgf/] ~hgnfO{ ;d6] L Ps /fli6o«

b}lgs klqsfsf nflu ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
$= g]kfndf s] s:tf ;fxl;s ko6{ sLo ultljlwsf] ;Defjgf 5 < ;Defjgfsf] vfh] L u/L

sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 197