SOCIAL STUDIES in Nepali

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!= dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf pkfox¿ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .
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k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

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Development Centre

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cfwf/df gful/stfsf] k|flKt xf] . o;nfO{ /utsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df gful/stf kf| lKtsf] tl/sf
klg elgG5 . bf];|f] tl/sf hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stfsf] kf| lKt xf] . o;nfO{ df6f] jf hldg;Fusf]
;DaGwsf cfwf/df gful/stf kf| lKt klg elgG5 .

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klg /xG5 .
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klg xf] .
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cuF fn]sf] x'G5 .

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gful/stf kf| lKtn] cfdfafa'sf] j+z;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ gful/stf kf| lKtsf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
sg' } sg' } b]zdf bfx] f/] f] gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg klg /flvPsf] xG' 5 . gful/stf ljxLgtfsf] cj:yf
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gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf kb| fg u5g{ \ . st} st} bf;] |f] bhfs{ f] gful/ssf] xl} ;otdf klg
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gk] fndf k|fb]lzs klxrfg;lxtsf] Psn ;ª\3Lo gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg 5 . k|To]s g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ gful/stf kf| Kt ug]{ xs 5 . jt{dfg ;l+ jwfgdf lgDg lnlvt cfwf/x¿df gful/stf
kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

100 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

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u/]sf] gful/ssf] ;Gtfgn] afa' / cfdf bj' } g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5g\ eg] lgh aflnu
ePkl5 j+zhsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf kf| Kt ug{ ;S5 .

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jf cfdf km] nf gk/];Dd jz+ hsf cfwf/df gk] fnsf] gful/s 7x5{ .

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ul/G5 .

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xsdf lgh gk] fndf g} :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] / lghn] ljbz] L d'ns' sf] gful/stf
k|fKt u/s] f] /xg] 5 eg] lghn] sfg'gadfl] hd g]kfnsf] cªu\ Lst[ gful/stf k|fKt ug{
;Sg] 5 .

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ofu] bfg ug{] sg' } klg ljbz] L gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf kb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 .
8f= 6fg] L xu] g, ;/ P8dG8 lxnf/LnufotnfO{ gk] fnsf] ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 .

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u/s] f / ToxL a;fa] f; u/]sf] tyf ;flasdf j+zhsf] jf hGdsf cfwf/df lgh jf lghsf] afa' jf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 101

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Development Centreu/} cfjf;Lo gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg 5 . o:tf] gful/stf kf| Kt JolStnfO{ c¿
gful/s ;/x ;a} vfnsf clwsf/ k|fKt geP klg cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts clwsf/
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 .

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sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f;] \ .
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cfof]hgf ug'x{ f];\ .
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s] s:tf ;d:of /x5] g,\ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf k|d'v÷;lrj jf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f
k|d'vnfO{ ;f]w]/ ljj/0f tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .
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g;Sg] k|fjwfg /fvs] f] ;Gbe{df lghnfO{ lbOg] clwsf/df ;Lldttf xg' h?/L 5 jf
5}g < cfˆgf ts{ ;dx" df /fVg'xf];\ / ;d"xut lgisif{ k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

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ugx{' f;] \ .

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;DaGwdf tkfOsF{ f ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿sf] wf/0ff klg ;ª\sng ub{} cfˆgf] lgisif{nfO{ ;d6] L
kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{x' f;] \ / sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .

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Development Centre
ed" Wo /]vfaf6 hlt w'|jLo Ifq] tkm{ uof] plt g} xfjfkfgLsf] k|sl[ tdf leGgtf kfOG5 . To;}
u/L kjt{ Lo Ifq] df klg kjt{ sf] kmb] Laf6 lzv/tkm{ r9\bf To:t} leGgtf dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 .
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prfOut leGgtf xFb' f ! l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf b/n] tfkj|mdsf] km/s k5{ . gfDr] ahf/ / ;u/dfyf
lzv/df tfkjm| dsf] leGgtf xg' fsf sf/0f prfOsf] leGgtfn] ubf{ xf] .

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kmb] Ldf rf}8fkft] ;bfjxf/ jg, clns prfOdf ktem8 jg, Tof]eGbf prfOdf sf]0fwf/L jg /
cem} prfOdf 6'G8«f jg:klt kfOg' xfjfkfgLsf] leGgtfn] ubf{ g} xf] .

k[YjLsf] ;txdf cIffz+ Lo kmn} fj6sf] cfwf/df af/ ks| f/ / prfOsf cfwf/df Ps u/L sn' t]/

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l:ylt b]vfpg] tflnsf tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; tflnsfaf6 xfjfkfgLx¿sf] km}nfj6, Ifq]

/ lbzfaf/] a'em\g ;lsG5 M

6G' 8f« k|b]zLo xfjfkfgL jf w|'jLo xfjfkfgL (Tundra or Polar Climate) ()) pTt/

708f ;dzLtfi] 0f ;db' L| xfjfkfgL (Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate) &)) pTt/

708f ;dzLtf]i0f ;d'bL| ^)) pTt/
;dzLtf]i0f t0[ fel" dsf] ;G] 6 n/]G; jf dGr'l/ofsf]

xfjfkfgL (Cool Temperate xfjfkfgL (Temperate xfjfkfgL

Oceanic Climate) Grassland) (St. Lawrence or

Manchurian Climate) $%) pTt/

e"dWo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL ;dzLtfi] 0f d?:ynLo rLgLofF ks| f/sf]

(Mediterranean Climate) xfjfkfgL (Temperate xfjfkfgL (China Type

Descrt Climate) of Climate) #)) pTt/

pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL (Tropical Desert Climate) pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL

(Tropical Monsoon

pi0f d08n pi0f t0[ fed" Lo jf ;8' fgsf] xfjfkfgL (Tropical Grass- Climate) @)) pTt/

land Climate)

ed" Wo/]vLo xfjfkfgL (Equatorial Climate) %) pTt/
)) pTt/

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 103

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k|sf/;Ddsf :yfgLo xfjfkfgLsf If]qx¿ to ul/Psf 5g\ .

xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg{] tTTjx¿

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;]lN;o;sf] b/n] tfkjm| d 36\b} hfG5 . o;y{ xf]rf] :yfgdf Gofgf]
/ cUnf] :yfgdf hf8f] xG' 5 . gk] fnsf] t/fO{ / lxdfnL v08df
xfjfkfgL km/s k/s] f] prfOn] ubf{ g} xf] .

o:t} jfo' ;Ddv' 9fndf a9L kfgL k5{ eg] ljd'v 9fndf sd
kfgL k5{ . o;n] tfkj|mddf klg km/s kf5{ . gk] fnsf] blIf0fL
9fneGbf pTt/L 9fn zLtn xg' fsf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] . jfo'
;Dd'v kjt{ Lo 9fnsf] xfjfkfgL cfl] ;nf] xG' 5 eg] jfo' ljdv' 9fnsf] xfjfkfgL zi' s x'G5 .
lxdfnosf] blIf0fL 9fn jfo' ;Dd'v xg' fn] gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL cf]l;nf] / jfo' ljdv' 9fndf /x]
sf] x'gfn] ltAatsf] xfjfkfgL z'is 5 .

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tfT5 / l56\6} ;]nfp5F t/ kfgL l9nf tfT5 / l9n} ;]nfpF5 . o;}n] hldg / kfgLsf] If]qdf
xfjfkfgL cj:yf km/s x'G5 . o;y{ ;fdl' bs| Ifq] sf] ke| fjn] ;d'b| j/k/sf] efudf ;'/Do cj:yf
eO/xG5 . hldgsf] leqL efudf ;fd'lbs| ke| fj gkg]{ xg' fn] xfjfkfgL zi' s /xG5 . kj" L{ rLgsf]
;fd'lbs| lsgf/L Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgL ;'/Do x'g' / dªu\ fl] nofsf] xfjfkfgL ljifd xg' ' pSt cj:yfsf
pbfx/0f x'g\ .

kj{tsf] pkl:ylt M aflkmnf] jfo' jxg] dfu{df kjt{ sf] cj/f]w ePdf kjt{ k5fl8sf] If]q z'is
/xG5 eg] jfo' ;Dd'v xg' ] kj{tsf] efudf xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf km/s x'G5 . lxdfno kjt{ sf

104 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

sf/0f aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 axg] aflkmnf] jfo' ltAatL Ifq] df kU' g g;ss] fn] ;f] If]q z'is 5 eg]
gk] fnsf] e"ld dg;g' L jiff{n] l;l~rt 5 .

jfo'sf] :jefj M ;'Svf jfo' axgfn] xfjfkfgL ke| fljt eO{ z'is xG' 5 eg] aflkmnf] jfo' axg]
If]qsf] xfjfkfgL lgoldt jiff{ eO{ cfl] ;nf] eO/xG5 . g]kfnnufot dg;g' L jfo' axg] Ifq] df
u|Liddf aflkmnf] jfo' ;db' |af6 hldgtkm{ axgfn] cfl] ;nf] / pi0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lxpbF df
;'Svf dg;g' hldgaf6 ;db' t| km{ axgfn] oxfF xfjfkfgL ;S' vf /xG5 .

jg:klt M jg hªu\ n / jg:klt oS' t If]qsf] xfjfkfgL cf]l;nf] x'G5 eg] jg:klt ljlxg Ifq] sf]
xfjfkfgL z'is x'G5 . jg:klt :yfgLo xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg]{ tTTj xf] .

;fd'lbs| wf/ M tftf] ;fd'lbs| wf/ axg] ;fd'lb|s lsgf/L efusf]
xfjfkfgL Gofgf] x'G5 . t/ lr;f] wf/ axg] o:tf] Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgL lr;f]
/ z'is x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf tftf] wf/ axg] x'gfn] xfjfkfgL
Gofgf] / cfl] ;nf] 5 eg] klZrd lsgf/fdf lr;f] wf/ axg] x'gfn] lr;f] /
z'is 5 .

df6f] M df6fsf] /ªn] klg :yfgLo Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yfdf k|efj kf5{ . sfnf] df6f] ePsf]
Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgL Gofgf] x'g' / ;]tf] df6fo] S' t If]qsf] xfjfkfgL lr;f] xg' fsf sf/0f df6fsf] /ªsf]
k|efjn] ubf{ ePsf] xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= k[YjLsf] ;txdf xfjfkfgLsf] cIffz+ Lo km}nfj6sf] /v] flrqnfO{ rf6{ k]k/df ;an} ] bV] g ;Sg]

cfsf/df tof/ kf/L sIffsf7] fsf] leTtfdf emG' 8\ofpgx' f];\ .
@= tkfOF{sf] If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf] ljzi] ftfx¿ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\

/ ;fyLsf] l6kf]6 klg ;G' g'xf];\ .
#= lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ rf6{ kk] /df 7n' f] cfsf/df ptf/L sIffsf7] fdf 6fF:g'xf;] \ M
Currriculum
Development Centre

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 105

Currriculum$= cIff+zcg;' f/ xfjfkfgLsf kb| z] x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . tnsf] lrqdf bv] fOPsf
Development CentrexfjfkfgLsf kb| z] x¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ M

s
v
u
3
ª

cEof;
!= ;fd'lb|s b/' Ln] xfjfkfgLdf s;/L ke| fj kf/s] f] xG' 5 < sf/0f / pbfx/0f lbg'xf;] \ .
@= …jfo' ;Ddv' kj{tLo 9fnsf] xfjfkfgL cfl] ;nf] x'G5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt

nV] g'xf;] \ .
#= df6fn] xfjfkfgLnfO{ ke| fljt ul//x]sf] xG' 5 eGg] s'/fdf tkfO{F ;xdt x'gx' G' 5 xfn] f,

lsg < ts{x¿ lbO{ kl' i6 ug'{xf;] \ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfOn{F ] s'g} kj{tLo prfO r9\g' ePsf] 5 < 5g} eg] sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ / lzIfs;dt] eO{
jf:tljs kj{t jf vfn] f vfN] ;Lsf] l9s r9g\ ] sfoj{ m| d agfpgx' f];\ . o;af6 tkfO{nF fO{ kjt{ Lo
cj:yf / jftfj/0fsf ;fy} kj{tsf] pkl:yltn] xfjfkfgLdf kfg{] c;/af/] cg'ej ldN5 . ;fy}
kj{tLo prfO r9\g'ePsf cge' jL dflg;nfO{ e]6L kjt{ sf] kmb] L / lzv/df e]l6Psf xfjfkfgLsf
km/saf/] cGt/ljm| of ugx{' f];\ .

106 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M b'O{ pi0f kb| z]

e"dWo /]vfaf6 b'j} uf]nfw{sf] #)) cIffz+ ;Ddsf] Ifq] nfO{ pi0f k|b]z elgG5 . o; kb| z] df a;e{} l/Currriculum
;o" s{ f] ls/0f ;Lwf ¿kdf kgfn{ ] lgs} udL{ xG' 5 eg] jiffs{ f] cj:yf eg] :yfg / ;dofg';f/ km/sDevelopment Centre
km/s xG' 5 . o; kb| z] df tfk, rfk / jiffs{ f cfwf/df lgDg lnlvt rf/ ks| f/sf xfjfkfgLsf If]qx¿
/x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ ed" Wo /v] Lo If]q

ed" Wo /v] Lo If]q ed" Wo /v] faf6 bj' } uf]nfws{ f] %) pTt/ / blIf0f cIffz+ ;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 .
o; If]qdf blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] cd]hg a;F] L, clk|msfsf] sª\uf] a]F;L / Pl;ofsf] k"jL{ låk ;dx"
cGtut{ sf e"efux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; Ifq] df a;e{} l/ ;"os{ f] ls/0f ;Lwf ¿kdf kgf{n] k|r08
udL{ / bl} gs h;f] ;j+ fxg lj|mofåf/f jiff{ xg' fn] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf cfl] ;nf] /xG5 . lbg/ftsf]
;do a/fa/ /xg' / Ct' kl/jtg{ gxg' ' of] xfjfkfgLsf] ljzi] ftf xf] .

kz| :t jiff{ / cfl] ;nf] xfjfkfgLn] ubf{ afnL Pjd\ jg:kltsf nflu of] Ifq] lgs} pkoS' t
5 . oxfF ljleGg hftsf 7n' f 5qfsf/ cUnf af6] la?jf / nx/fx¿ k|z:t dfqfdf
kfOG5g\ . 3gf ¿kdf jgIfq] /x]sfn] oxfF ljleGg kh| fltsf kz'kIfLx¿ klg kz| :t dfqfdf
kfOG5g\ . ;+;f/df kfOg] kf| 0fLx¿dWo] sl/a () kl| tzt oxL Ifq] df kfOG5g\ .

-v_ pi0f t0[ fel" d Ifq]

pi0f t0[ fe"ld Ifq] %) b]lv @)) pTt/ blIf0f cIffz+ Lo e"efu;Dd dxfbz] sf] leqL efudf
km}lnPsf] 5 . of] xfjfkfgL Ifq] df clk|msfsf] ;'8fg, blIf0f clkm| sfsf] pRr ;d:ynL, a|flhnsf]
pRr ;d:ynL, cfl] /gsf] aF];L, pTt/ c:6]«lnofsf] leqL efu, 8]Ssg / ;fg pRr ;d:ynLx¿
cGtu{tsf ee" fux¿ k5{g\ .

uL| iddf clt udL{ / lxpbF df xNsf Gofgf] ;S' vf xg' ] o; If]qdf :yfg / cj:yfg';f/ %) ;=] ld=
bl] v !%) ;]=ld=;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . u|Lid / lxpFb Ct' x'g' of] xfjfkfgLsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . of] xfjfkfgL
If]qdf jiffs{ f] cj:yfg;' f/ jg:klt kfOPtf klg dV' o ¿kdf nfdf / afSnf 3fF;] jg:kltx¿ g}
kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . uL| iddf jiff{ yf]/} ;do dfq x'g] xg' fn] 3f;F sf nflu lgs} /fd|f] / cg'sn"
xG' 5 . oxfF 7'nf la?jfx¿ eg] kmf66\ km6' \6 dfq kfOG5g\ . 3f;F e] l" dsf lardf kfOg] ?vx¿ k|foM
5qfsf/ x'G5g\ . 3f;F e] "ld x'gfn] of] Ifq] df zfsfxf/L, df;+ fxf/L / ;j{xf/L hLjhGt'x¿ 7'nf]
;ª\Vofdf kfOG5 . of] xfjfkfgL If]qsf] 3fF;]el" dnfO{ cf]l/gsf] aF;] Ldf …nfgf;] Ú, a|flhnsf] pRr
el" ddf …SofDkf];Ú, blIf0f clkm| sfdf …eN] 8Ú / dWo clk|msL Ifq] df …;efgfÚ elgG5 . o; Ifq] df
xhf/fF} ks| f/sf hLj hgfj/x¿ kfOg] x'gfn] o; k|bz] nfO{ æ;+;f/sf] lrl8ofvfgfÆ klg elgG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 107

Currriculumof] xfjfkfgL d'Vo ¿kdf clk|msfsf] ;8' fg If]qdf kml} nPsfn] o;nfO{ æ;'8fgsf] xfjfkfgLÆ klg
Development Centreeg/] lrlgG5 .

-u_ pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL If]q

pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL Ifq] kY[ jLsf] b'j} ufn] fw{df @)) b]lv #)) cIff+z;Dd dxfbz] sf]
klZrdL efudf kml} nPsf] 5 . of] xfjfkfgL clkm| sfsf] ;fxf/f, Pl;ofsf] c/]laof, kl;{of / yf/sf
;fy} pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] sfn] f]/f8f]nufotsf If]qdf kfOG5 . ;fy} blIf0fL ufn] fw{sf P6sfdf,
sfnfxf/L / klZrdL c:6«]lnofnufotsf If]qdf klg pSt xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF sofF} ee" fux¿
afn'jf / gfª\uf r66\ fgn] 9fs]sf 5g\ . ;fxf/f d?:ynLo Ifq] df lj:t[t ¿kdf kml} nPsfn] of]
xfjfkfgLnfO{ ;fxf/f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL klg elgG5 .

lbgdf clt udL{ / /ftdf clt lr;f]
xg' ', ;'Svf x'g', tfkjm| ddf ljifdtf
/xg' / yf/] } jiff{ x'g' of] xfjfkfgLsf]
ljzi] ftf xf] . oxfF sfF8fbf/ la?jf
/ v;f| kftoS' t SofS6; hftsf
jg:kltx¿ dfq kfOG5g\ . sd
jiff{ / ljifdtfn] ubf{ 7'nf hftsf
jg:kltx¿ vf;} kfObF g} g\ . lbg /
/ftsf] tfkfGt/ a9L eO{ xfjfkfgLdf ljifdtf ePsf sf/0f oxfF jg:klt / dfgj hLjg g/fd/| L
k|efljt 5 .

-3_ pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL Ifq]

bj' } uf]nfw{df %) bl] v #)) cIffz+ ;Dd dxfb]zsf] blIf0f k"jL{ efudf /xs] f blIf0f Pl;of / blIf0f
k"jL{ Pl;ofdf of] xfjfkfgL lj:tt[ ¿kdf kml} nPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pTt/L c:6]«lnof, blIf0f kj" L{
clk|msf, blIf0f klZrd clk|msf, blIf0f k"jL{ a|flhn, Sof/]laog Ifq] / kj" L{ låk If]qdf ;dt] of]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

u|Liddf udL{ / lxpbF df 7G8f Pjd\ dgf]/d x'g], :yfgcg;' f/ %) ;]=ld= bl] v @)) ;]=ld=;Dd
uL| idsfnLg dg;'gL jiff{ x'G5 . of] xfjfkfgL If]qdf uL| id, jiff{ / lxpbF u/L ltg Ctx' ¿ x'G5g\ .
uL| iddf udL,{ jiffd{ f cf]l;nf] / lxpbF df 7G8f xg' fn] oxfF kf| oM ktem8 jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
st} st} kofK{ t jiff{sf sf/0f ;bfjfxf/ jg klg kfOG5g\ . of] xfjfkfgL dfgj :jf:Yo / sl[ if
sfo{sf nflu pkoS' t 5 .

108 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

lj|mofsnfk
!= P6n;df k[YjLsf] k|fsl[ ts gS;f x]/L pi0f k|fbl] zs If]q klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ .

@= pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgLsf] If]q …dfgj :jf:Yo / sl[ if sfo{sf nflu pkoS' t 5 .Ú eGg]
tYonfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfgx{' f];\ . of] sfo{ ;dx" df ;DkGg ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tkfOs{F f] ;db' foaf6 s'g} bfO jf lbbLx¿ vf8L dn' 'sx¿df a;]/ kms]s{ f xg' ;S5g\ . tL
JolStx¿;Fu e6] /] pF6;Fu ;DalGwt tYosf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ab'F f l6kf6] ug'x{ f];\ /
sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

$= sIffdf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿;Fu ;efgf 3f;F ]el" ddf /xs] f kIfLx¿ p8\geGbf bf8} g l;kfn'
xg' fsf sf/0fx¿lar 5nkmn u/L klxrfg ug{'xf];\ .

%= d?:ynLo If]qdf sfF8fbf/ la?jf / v;|f kftoS' t SofS6; hftsf jg:kltx¿ dfq
kfOgfsf sf/0f s] s] xf]nfg\ < tL jg:kltsf ljzi] ftfx¿ / tkfOF{sf] If]qdf kfOg]
jg:kltsf ljzi] ftfx¿lar tn' gf ug{x' f];\ .

^= ljZjsf] vfnL gS;fdf tnsf pi0f d?:ynLo If]qx¿ cª\lst ugx'{ f];\ M

;fxf/f -pTt/ clk|msf_, sfnfxf/L -blIf0f clk|msf_, yf/ -ef/t_ / klZrd c:6]l« nof
-c:6l]« nof_

&= pi0f df};dL Ifq] sf jg:kltsf] ;Gbe{df xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf] ;DaGw pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .
gk] fn klg pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL If]qsf] b]z ePtf klg lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf]
jg:klt lardf 7n' f] cGt/ x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xfn] f < pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .

*= tn lbOP h:t} tflnsf agfO{ pi0f kb| z] Lo xfjfkfgLsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ nV] g'xf;] \ M
Currriculum
Development Centre
jm| d xfjfkfgLsf] gfd xfjfkfgLsf] ljz]iftfx¿
;ª\Vof

cEof;
-s_ pi0f kb| z] Lo xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] sf] cIff+zLo cjl:ylt atfpgx' f;] \ .

-v_ ed" Wo] /v] Lo / pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgLsf Ifq] x¿lar rf/÷rf/ aF'bfdf km/s
bv] fpgx' f];\ .

-u_ gk] fnsf sg' xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf k5{ < To; xfjfkfgL If]qsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v
ug'x{ f;] \ .

-3_ …pi0f t[0f el" dsf] If]qnfO{ ;;+ f/sf] lrl8ofvfgf elgG5 .Ú lsg < sf/0f pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 109

kf7 M ltg pi0f kf| b]lzs hghLjg

Currriculum-s_ e"dWo /v] Lo Ifq]
Development Centre
tftf] ljifd xfjfkfgLsf sf/0f cd]hg a]F;Lsf cflbaf;L /]8 OlG8og / lugL Ifq] sf lklUdhx¿sf]
hghLjg lgs} c;xh / k|f/lDes k|sf/sf] 5 . logLx¿n] sGbdn" ;ª\sng, l;sf/, kz' kfng
/ c:yfoL ¿kn] vt] LkftL uy{] . logLx¿sf] lkm/Gt] :jefj lyof] . cdh] g / hfo/ aF;] Ldf
o:tf dflg;x¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfsF f] xfjfkfgL
v]tLkftLsf nflu cgs' "n ePtf klg dfgj
ljm| ofsnfksf nflu kl| ts"n xg' fn] of]
If]q ljsf;df lgs} lk5l8Psf] 5 . Pl;ofnL
k"jL{ låk ;d"xsf dflg;x¿ eg] o/' f]lkog
;Dks{ / ;Eotfaf6 k|efljt xg' fn] ljsl;t
5g\ . OG8f]g]l;of, dnl] ;of / l;ªu\ fk'/ o;sf
pbfx/0f xg' \ . pbo\ fu] wGbf, Jofkf/ / ko6{ g
oxfsF f kd| v' cfly{s ultljlwx¿ x'g\ .

-v_ pi0f t[0fe"ld Ifq] -;efgf_

oxfF udL{ / ;'Svf ks| l[ tsf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] x'Fbf of] xfjfkfgL dfgj ultljlwsf nflu cgs' "n
xFb' }g . To;}n] oxfF dflg;sf] hLjg :t/ vf;} ljsl;t 5g} . oxfF sltko dflg;x¿ cem} k/' fg} /Llt
l/jfhdf /dfpg] / kzx' ¿ r/fpbF } 3fF;kfgLsf] vf]hLdf lkm/Gt] hLjg lhpg afWo 5g\ . dWo clkm| sL
Ifq] sf d;fO{ / xfp;f hfltsf dflg;x¿ o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . lxhf]cfh a9\bf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ko{6g
/ ;Dks{, kr| f/ k;| f/, lzIffsf] k|efj / jftfj/0fjfbLx¿sf] ultljlwn] ubf{ o; If]qdf cfw'lgstf
leqg yfn]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos v]tL, kz' kfng, ko6{ g pbo\ fu] sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9b\ f] 5 . oxfF ljleGg
/fli6«o lgs'~h / ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf xg' yfn]sfn] ko6{ g / lkmNd ;'l6ªsf] uGtJo aGg
yfn]sf] 5 .

-u_ pi0f d?:ynLo Ifq]

o; Ifq] df ljifd xfjfkfgLsf sf/0f dfgj hLjg ;xh 5}g . kfgL gkg]{ x'gfn] 3/x¿ kf| oM
d'G8f 5g\ . oxfF cem} s]xL lkm/Gt] hfltx¿ klg a;f]af; u5g{ \ . oxfF k6] f« ]n / ;g' nufotsf
vlghx¿sf] pTvgg\ eO/x]sfn] cflys{ ultljlw a9\bf] 5 . oxfF cfwl' gs k|ljlwsf] ko| f]u
u/L Jofj;flos vt] L / kz' kfng ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf0{ f / Jofkf/ Joj;fo
a9b\ f] 5 . p6F of] If]qsf] d'Vo hgfj/ xf] . afnj' fdf ;lhn} lx8F \g ;Sg], w/] } lbg;Dd kfgL glkO{
lxF8\g ;Sg] x'gfn] kf| oM ;a}n] ef/L af]sfpg, b'w / df;'sf nflu p6F kfN5g\ . d?e"ldsf] If]qdf
ljz]if pkof]uL hgfj/ ePsfn] pF6nfO{ …d?el" dsf] hxfhÚ klg eGg] ul/G5 .

110 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumd?:yn ePtf klg st} st} kfgL kfOg] :yfgdf / cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] ;xfotfn] 7fpF 7fpdF f vt] LkftL
Development Centreul/Psf] el] 6G5 . o:tf] vt] LkftL ul/Psf] / xl/ofnLoS' t Ifq] nfO{ …d?bo\ fgÚ eGg] ul/G5 .

-3_ pi0f df};dL Ifq]

of] If]q sl[ if, pbo\ f]u / Jofkf/nufot ;as} f nflu cg'sn" 5 . cgs' n" xfjfkfgL, df6f] / jiff{n]
ubf{ o; If]qsf clwsf+z dn' s' x¿ s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . dfgj ;Eotf / ;:+ s[ltsf nflu of] If]q
;DkGg dflgG5 . l;Gw', x\jfªx\ f], O{/fjbL, uªu\ f, a|x\dkq' h:tf gbLx¿ ;Eotf / ;+:sl[ tsf ynfx] ¿
x'g\ . oxfF hg cfjflb 3gf 5 . ljZjsf] Ps ltxfO hg;ª\Vof o;} If]qdf a;fa] f; u5{ . s[lif,
pb\of]u / ko6{ g oxfFsf dV' o cfly{s ultljlwx¿ xg' \ . wfg of] If]qsf] dV' o afnL xf] . o; If]qdf
vlgh hGo pb\of]ux¿ w]/} 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= ed" Wo /]vLo If]qdf a;fa] f; ug{] cflbjf;Lx¿sf] hghLjg kf| /lDes k|sf/sf] ePtf

klg o/' f]lkogx¿sf] ;Dksn{ ] ubf{ kj" L{ låk ;d"xdf a;fa] f; ugx{] ¿ lgs} ljsl;t 5g\ .
pklgj]z sfndf o/' fl] kogx¿n] blIf0f cdl] /sf / clkm| sfdf klg pklgj]z sfod u/s] f]
tYox¿ Oltxf;df kfOG5 . k"jL{ låk ;dx" df h:t} o'/f]lkogx¿;uF sf] ;Dks{ blIf0f
cd]l/sf / clkm| sfdf ePtf klg tL If]qsf] hLjg :t/ lsg cufl8 a9g\ g;s]sf] xf]nf <
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug{x' f];\ .

@= pi0f d?:ynLo If]q pj{/ gePtf klg st} st} kfgL kfOg] :yfgdf / cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf]
;xfotfn] v]tLkftL ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/faf6 lzIff lnFb} tkfO{Fsf] cfÇgf] If]qdf klg sl[ ifsf]
ljsf; ug{ cfwl' gs kl| jlw / pknAw kl/jz] sf] ;bk' ofu] ub} cl3 a9g\ ;e' mfj ;dfj]z
u/L :yfgLo si[ fs ;dx" nfO{ kq n]Vg'xf;] \ .

#= jt{dfg ;dodf pi0f t0[ fel" dcGtu{tsf] ;efgf If]qdf ko6{ gaf6 kz| :t nfe lng ;lsg]
cj:yf x'Fbfx'b} klg oxfFsf sltko dflg;x¿ cem} k/' fg} /Llt l/jfhdf /dfpgfsf sf/0fx¿
kTtf nufpgx' f];\ < tL Ifq] sf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg :t/ psf:g s] s:tf sfo{jm| dx¿
;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos xfn] f < Ps cgR' 5]b nV] gx' f];\ .

$= df;} dL If]qdf hg cfjflb lgs} 3gf 5 . o:t} dfgj ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf nflu klg of]
Ifq] ;DkGg dflgG5 . lsg / s;/L < sf/0fx¿ vf]hL ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;
!= d;fO{ / xfp;f sf] x'g\ < pgLx¿ s;/L hLljsf]kfh{g u5{g\ .

@= pF6nfO{ lsg d?el" dsf] hxfh elgPsf] xf]nf < sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f];\ .

#= pi0f df};dL Ifq] df pTklTt / ljsf; ePsf] ;Eotfx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

$= pi0f t[0fel" ddf ko{6g Joj;fo km:6fpFb} hfgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 111

kf7 M rf/ ;dzLtfi] 0f kb| z]

b'j} uf]nfw{df #)) b]lv ^)) cIff+z;Ddsf] ee" funfO{ ;dzLtfi] 0f kb| z] elgG5 . j;{e} l/ tftf] /Currriculum
lr;fs] f] ;dfg cj:yf eO{ dfgj hLjgsf nflu cgs' "n /x]sf] o; Ifq] df kofK{ t dfqfdf jiff{;d]tDevelopment Centre
xG' 5 . To;n} ] oxfF cfjflb 3gf 5 eg] ljleGg ks| f/sf afnLgfnL;dt] /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5g\ .
ljZjsf] clwsf+z hg;ª\Vof o;} If]qdf /xs] f] 5 . To;}n] 7'nf ;x/x¿ klg o;} If]qdf /xs] f
5g\ . of] kb| ]z xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, dfgj hflt / ;+:s[ltnufotsf ljljwtfsf] If]q klg xf] . o;
k|bz] df lgDg lnlvt rf/ k|sf/sf xfjfkfgLsf If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ e"dWo ;fu/Lo If]q

pTt/L uf]nfwd{ f #)) b]lv $%) cIff+z / blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f #)) bl] v $)) cIff+zlarsf] dxfb]zsf]
klZrdL efudf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF uL| iddf udL{ / zi' s xG' 5 eg] lxpbF 7G8f / jiff{o'St
x'G5 . lxpFbdf ;db' L| ;tx eO{ cfpmg] aflkmnf] jfon' ] jiff{ u/fp5F . oxfF uL| id / lxpbF u/L
bO' { Ct' x'G5g\ . e"dWo ;fu/ jl/kl/sf o'/fk] sf If]qx¿, blIf0f / blIf0f klZrd c:6]l« nof,
cdl] /sfsf] Soflnkmf]lgo{ f, blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] dWo lrnL of] xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]qx¿ x'g\ . oxfF
;'Svfaf6 aRg jg:kltx¿sf h/fx¿ nfdf, lrNnf] ;fgfkft / afSnf] af]j|mfoS' t x'G5g\ . oxfF
cw{ ;bfjxf/ / emf8Lo'St jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . lxpbF df kfgL kg]{ xF'bf of] If]q /l;nf] hftsf
kmnkmn' x¿sf nflu pko'St 5 . kz| :t dfqfdf kmnkm'nsf] v]tL / pTkfbg xg' ] x'gfn] o;
If]qnfO{ ljZjsf] kmnkmn' sf] auFr} fsf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5 .

-v_ ;dzLtfi] 0f t[0fel" d Ifq]

pTt/L ufn] fwd{ f $%) bl] v ^)) cIffz+ / blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f #)) bl] v $)) cIffz+ larsf] dxfbz] sf]
dWoefult/ of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . blIf0fL ?;, kj" L{ o/' fk] , blIf0f clkm| sfsf] pRr ;d:ynL Ifq] , blIf0f
kj" L{ c:6l]« nof, pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] dWoefu, blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] blIf0f kj" L{ efu of] xfjfkfgL kfOg] dV' o
Ifq] x¿ xg' \ . uL| iddf udL{ / lxpbF hf8f] xg' ,' dxflåksf] dWoefu tkms{ f] Ifq] df kml} nPsfn] ;fdl' bs|
ke| fj sd kgfn{ ] yf/] } jiff{ xg' ' / lxpbF df lxpF kg{' of] xfjfkfgLsf ljzi] ftfx¿ xg' \ . ljifd :jefjsf,] sd
jiffo{ S' t xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] ePsfn] oxfF 7n' f hftsf jg:kltx¿ kfObF g} g\ . o; Ifq] df kz| :t dfqfdf
3f;F sf 7n' f 7n' f db} fgx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF clt pj/{ df6f] xg' fn] ux'F vt] L /fdf| ] xG' 5 . ;dzLtfi] 0f
t0[ fel" d Ifq] sf 3f;F ] el" dx¿nfO{ Pl;of / o/' fk] df …:6K] ;Ú, pTt/ cdl] /sfdf …kl]| /hÚ chG{] 6Lgfdf …kDkf;Ú
/ c:6l]« nofdf …8fpG;Ú elgG5 .

-u_ ;dzLtfi] 0f ;fd'lbs| Ifq]

pTt/L uf]nfw{df $%) bl] v ^)) cIff+z;Dd / blIf0fL uf]nfw{df $)) b]lv %)) cIff+z larsf]
dxfbz] sf] klZrd If]qdf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu ;f/} pkofu] L of] xfjfkfgL

112 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumklZrd o'/f]k, klZrd Sofg8f, lrnL, t:dflgof 6fk' / blIf0f Go'lhNofG8df kfOG5 . uL| iddf
Development Centrevf;} udL{ gxg' ] / lxpbF vf;} hf8f] gx'g] of] xfjfkfgL ;f/} dgf]/d / :j:ys/ 5 . o; Ifq] df
;fd'lbs| ke| fjn] a;}{el/ kfgL kl//xG5 . ;dzLtfi] 0f ;fd'lbs| rj|mjft / klZrdL jfo' of] If]qdf
jiff{ u/fpg] sf/sx¿ x'g\ . ldl>t jg:klt /xg] o; If]qsf] kxf8L efudf sf]0fwf/L jg / d}bfgL
efudf ktem8 jg kfOG5g\ .

-3_ ;dzLtf]i0f df};dL Ifq]

pTt/L ufn] fw{df #)) b]lv $%) cIff+z / blIf0fL ufn] fw{df #)) b]lv $)) cIff+zlarsf]
dxfbz] sf] k"jL{ efudf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . Pl;ofsf] k"jL{ v08, cdl] /sfsf] blIf0f kj" L{ v08
/ c:6l]« nofsf] blIf0f kj" L{ Ifq] df of] xfjfkfgL km}lnPsf] 5 . rLgsf] kj" L{ Ifq] df lj:t[t ¿kdf
km}lnPsfn] of] xfjfkfgLnfO{ …lrlgofF xfjfkfgLÚ klg elgG5 . o; Ifq] df uL| iddf udL{ / lxpFbdf
hf8f] x'g,] uL| iddf ;fd'lbs| dg;'gåf/f jiff{ x'g] / lxpFbdf ;'Svf /xg] u5{ . jiff{ w]/} x'g]
Ifq] df ktem8 jg / sd jiff{ xg' ] Ifq] df emf8L Pjd\ 3f;F x¿ kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df /;] d
pTkfbgsf nflu pkof]uL jg:kltx¿ kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= ;dzLtf]i0f kf| b]lzs If]qsf xfjfkfgLx¿sf] ljzi] ftf ;DaGwdf hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L

ljj/0f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
@= ;dzLtf]i0f df;} dL If]q /];d vt] Lsf nflu cgs' n" 5 eGg] cfwf/x¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ <

;d"xdf vfh] L ug{x' f];\ .
#= ;dzLtf]i0f t0[ fel" d If]qsf 3f;F ] d}bfgx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ ljZjsf] gS;fdf tL Ifq] x¿

bv] fpgx' f];\ .
$= ed" Wo ;fu/Lo If]qdf lxpFb] jiff{ xg' fsf] sf/0f kl' i6 ug{x' f;] \ .
%= ljZjsf] vfnL gS;fdf ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgLsf Ifq] x¿ cfNF} ofpg'xf];\ .

cEof;
-s_ e"dWo ;fu/Lo xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] ;dzLtf]i0f t[0fel" dsf] Ifq] af6 s;/L km/s 5 <

n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-v_ ;dzLtf]i0f ;fd'lbs| xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf a;e{} l/ kfgL kl//xgfsf sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ ;dzLtf]i0f df};dL Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgLsf] s'g} b'O{ ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f\];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 113

kf7 M kfr“ ;dzLtfi] 0f k|fb]lzs hghLjg

Currriculum
Development Centre
kY[ jLdf ;a}eGbf a9L dfgj a;fa] f; ePsf] of] Ifq] xfjfkfgLsf] bl[ i6sf]0fn] ;dt] ljZjs}
pTsi[ 6 kb| z] xf] . pTt/ cdl] /sf, Pl;of / o'/fk] s} ;a}eGbf ljsl;t Ifq] x¿ oxL kb| z] leq
k5g{ \ . dfgj a:tLsf nflu kj" fw{ f/x¿sf] kof{Kttf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf 7'nf cfb} o\ f]lus ;x/x¿
rLgsf] ;ª\3fO,{ hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof,] sf]l/ofsf] ;fn] , a]nfotsf] nG8g / cdl] /sfsf] l;sfuf] oxL
/xs] f 5g\ . o:t} Go'of]s,{ aO] lhª, xªsª, jfl;ª\6g, kl] /; h:tf 3gf cfjfbL oS' t ;x/x¿
oxL kb| z] leq g} /x]sf 5g\ . dfgjLo ;l' jwfsf nflu ljzfn ejg, k'nx¿, dgf]/~hg :ynx¿,
oftfoft ;j] fnufotsf s/' fx¿n] of] k|bz] nfO{ ;+;f/s} f] ;d[b\w t'NofPsf] 5 .

o; kb| z] df x/]s s'/fn] Jofj;flostfsf] r/d l:ylt k|fKt ug{ ;ss] f] 5 . …;+;f/sf] cGg
e08f/Úsf ¿kdf lrlgg] pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] k]|l/h / o/' ]l;ofsf] :6K] ;df k|z:t dfqfdf ux'F v]tL
ug{ cfw'lgs 1fg l;k / k|ljlwsf] e/k/' pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . Pl] txfl;s sfnb]lv g} rLg /
sf]l/ofsf k"jL{ Ifq] df 7'nf] dfqfdf /];dsf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

;dzLtfi] 0f k|fb]lzs If]qdf Jofj;flos :t/df 7'nf] nufgL u/L kz' kfng ul/Psf] 5 .
l:j6h\ /NofG8, gb] /NofG8, lkmgNofG8, 8g] dfs{ / cdl] /sfsf] sltko /fHox¿sf] cyt{ Gq g} kz'
kfngdf cfwfl/t 5 . oxfF df;,' 5fnf / bw' sf nflu kz' kfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; Ifq] af6 w'nf] /
nb] f] b'w, gfg} L, l3p, lrh, klg/ tyf tof/L ;'Vvf df;'x¿sf] pTkfbg, kz| fw] g / lgoft{ ul/G5 .
kl|] /h / :6]K; If]qdf d'Vo ¿kdf ufO{ kfng ul/g] x'gfn] of] If]qnfO{ b'Uwkl] 6sf ¿kdf klg
lrlgG5 . o:t} c:6]l« nofsf] …8fpG;Ú / ch]l{ G6gfsf] …kDkf;Ú Ifq] df k|z:t dfqfdf e]8f kflnG5 .
c:6]«lnofsf] e8] f pgsf nflu / chl]{ G6gfsf] e]8f df;s' f nflu lgs} /fd|f] dflgG5 . e"dWo ;fu/
jl/kl/ dV' otM o/' fk] df /l;nf] hftsf cª\u/' , sfutL, ;'Gtnf, c~hL/ h:tf kmnkmn' x¿ k|z:t

114 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumdfqfdf pTkfbg ul/G5g\ . ToxfF ltg} kmnkmn' af6 kz| :t dfqfdf jfOg pTkfbg u/L w/] c} fly{s
Development Centrenfe kf| Kt ePsf] 5 . k|mfG;, kf]r'{unnufotsf d'ns' x¿df kmnkmn' ;DaGwL pb\ofu] / Jofkf/sf]
/fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

;dzLtfi] 0f k|fb]lzs Ifq] cGtut{ sf d?:ynLo efudf cfjflb kftnf] hLjg Jojxf/ sl7g /
lgs} lk5l8Psf] l:yltdf 5 . oxfsF f afl;Gbfx¿ lkm/Gt] :jefjsf 5g\ . kz' kfng ug{] / ltgsf
nflu 3f;F sf] vf]hLdf km/s km/s :yfgdf rxfg'{ pgLx¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] . oxfF snf sfz} n /
;Eotfsf] vf;} ljsf; x'g ;ss] f] 5g} .

;dzLtfi] 0f kf| b]lzs If]qdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, snf / ;ª\uLt;dt] lgs} /fd|f;] Fu ljsf; ePsf]
kfOG5 . lzIff / :jf:Yosf ;Dabw\ ljZj k|l;b\w P]ltxfl;sb]lv cfwl' gs ljZj ljb\ofnox¿ /
;'ljwf o'St /fd|f c:ktfnx¿;d]t oxL kb| z] leq /x]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{of Ifq] df
;;+ f/s} f] ;ae} Gbf ljzfn rnlrq lgdf{0f pbo\ fu] /x]sf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] k]|l/h / o'/]l;ofsf] :6K] ;df kz| :t dfqfdf uxF' vt] L / kz' kfng ljsf;

xg' fsf cfwf/x¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L a'Fbfut ¿kdf nV] g'xf;] \ .
@= ;dzLtfi] 0f kf| b]lzs If]qcGtut{ sf d?:ynLo efudf cfjfbL kftnf], hLjg Jojxf/ sl7g

/ lgs} lk5l8Psf] l:yltdf /xgfsf sf/0f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= ;dzLtf]i0f kf| b]lzs If]qsf] cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

;fy} rf6{ kk] /df :ki6 bl] vg] u/L /ª\uLg sndn] nv] L sIffsf7] fdf 6fF:gx' f];\ .

cEof;
-s_ kl|] /hnfO{ lsg ;;+ f/sf] cGg e08f/ elgPsf] xfn] f < 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ …c:6]«lnofn] pg / ch]{lG6gfn] df;' lgof{t u5g{ \Ú lsg <
-u_ ed" Wo ;fu/Lo If]qdf k|z:t jfOg pb\ofu] x¿ :yfkgf xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv]

ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ e"dWo ;fu/ jl/kl/sf d'n'sn] kmnkm'naf6 kz| :t dfqfdf jfOg pTkfbg u/L w/] } cflys{

nfe lnO/xs] f 5g\ . of] lsg / s;/L ;Dej eof] xf]nf < cfˆgf ts{ k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOF{sf] If]qdf klg cfheGbf !% jif{ cufl8 / lxhfc] fh xg' ] u/s] f cfly{s ljm| ofsnfklar s]
s:tf] ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfx¿ lyP < sg' sg' s/' fx¿df s:tf kl/jtg{ cfPsf 5g\ < ;dfhsf
b'O{ hgf cuj' fx¿;Fu ;f]wk'5 u/L kf| Kt lgrf]8 sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 115

kf7 M 5 zLt kb| ]z

kY[ jLsf] bj' } uf]nfwd{ f ^)) b]lv ()) cIff+z;Ddsf] w|'jLo k|efj If]qnfO{ zLt kb| ]z elgG5 .
k|foM a;{e} l/ ;o" s{ f] ls/0f 58s\ ] kg]{ xg' fn] oL Ifq] df ;wF} cTolws hf8f] xG' 5 . oxfF a;}{el/
tfkjm| d dfOg;eGbf tn /xg] x'gfn] cTolws hf8f] xG' 5 . lr;f] / ;S' vf jfo' axgfn] vf;} jiff{
x'Fbg} . o; Ifq] sf ;a} :yfgdf a/kmn] 9fls/xG5 . pTt/L w|'jLo ;fu/Lo efu, blIf0fL wj|' Lo
If]qsf] cG6fs{l6sf, lu|gNofG8, cfO;NofG8 nufotsf :yfgdf $ ls=ld= ulx/fO;Dd a/km
hD5 . o; Ifq] df ;"os{ f] pTt/fo0f / blIf0ffogsf sf/0f lbg / /ftsf] nDafOdf w/] } cGt/
xG' 5 . ;o' { pTt/fo0f ePsf] a]nf blIf0fL wj¬| Lo If]q k|foM cGwsf/ /xG5 . o:t} ;o" { blIf0ffog
ePsf] an] f pTt/ w|j¬ Lo If]q k|foM cGwsf/ /xG5 .
Currriculum
Development Centre
cTolws hf8fn] ubf{ df6f];dt] hld/xg] xg' fn] of] If]qnfO{ lxpF msf] d?e"ld klg elgG5 . oxfF
7n' f cfsf/sf af]6 la?jfx¿ kfOFbg} g\ . t/ st} st} eg] sfO / n]pm elgg] h/fljxLg jg:klt
e]l6G5g\ .

zLt -hf8f_] kb| z] nfO{ If]qsf] cjl:ylt / xfjfkfgLnfO{ cfwf/dfgL d'VotM # k|fb]lzs If]qdf
afF8\g ;lsG5 .
-s_ ;fOa]l/og xfjfkfgLsf] If]q M kY[ jLsf] pTt/L ufn] fw{sf] ^) l8u|Lbl] v &) l8u|L cIff+zLo

Ifq] df kfOg] of] Ifq] …6fOufÚ jgsf nflu k|Voft 5 . dV' otM ;fOa]l/og, cnf:sf /
Sofg8fsf] blIf0fL efu o; ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]q xf] . uL| id $ dlxgf hlt / lxpFb
* dlxgf hlt /xg] of] k|b]z nDal/ª ( L u m be r i )ng sf nflu k|Voft 5 .
-v_ 6G' 8«f xfkfkfgLsf] Ifq] M ;fOal] /og h:t} kY[ jLsf] pTTf/L uf]nfw{df &) l8u|Lb]lv () l8u|L
cIffz+ df kfOg] o; k|bz] sf] xfjfkfgL Hofb} lr;f] 5 . uL| iddf dfOg; @ b]lv dfOg; %
l8uL| ;l] N;o; / lxpFbdf dfOg; #% l8uL| b]lv dfOg; $% l8uL| ;]lN;o;;DDf tfkj|md

116 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

/xG5 . o; Ifq] df Sofg8f / ;fOa]l/ofsf] pTt/L eu] , lug| NofG8, cfO;NofG8 h:tf
:sG] 8l] eog /fi6x« ¿sf] pTTf/ klZrdL e]udf dV' o ¿kdf kfOG5 . …OGo6' Ú o; xfjfkfgL
k|bz] sf kd| v' cflbjf;L x'g\ .
-u_ cG6fl6{sf xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] M k[YjLsf] ^^ l8uL| bl] v () l8u|L cIff+zLo Ifq] ;Ddsf] blIf0fL
ufn] fw{df dfq of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF jif}e{ l/ cToGt lr;f] /xG5 . cG6fl6{sf dxfb]z
o;sf] kd| v' If]q xf] hxfF tfkjm| d dfOg; $% l8uL| ;l] N;o;eGbf klg tn em5{ . of] If]q
dfgj a;fa] f;sf nflu pko'St dflgFb}g . j1} flgs vfh] / cg';Gwfg ug{ dfq c:yfoL
¿kdf dflg;x¿ oxfF cfpg] u5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= kY[ jLsf] kf| sl[ ts gS;fdf zLt k|b]z kTtf nufO{ To;cGtut{ kg{] bz] x¿sf] gfdx¿

nV] g'xf];\ .
@= zLt k|b]zdf a;{e} l/ cTolws lr;f] /xG5 . lsg < sf/0f;lxt aofg ugx{' f];\ .
#= wj'| Lo If]qdf lbg / /ftsf] nDafOdf w/] } cGt/ /xgfsf sf/0f ljZni] f0f ug'x{ f;] \ .
$= af/} dlxgf lxpnF ] 9fSg] g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL If]q / zLt kb| ]zlarsf] ;dfgtf /

c;dfgtfnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;
-s_ 6G' 8«f xfjfkfgLsf] k|bz] nfO{ cG6fl6{sf k|bz] df tn' gf ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ OGo'6 sf] x'g\ < pgLx¿ sxfF a;f]af; u5g{ \, nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ zLt kb| ]zdf lbg / /ftsf] nDafO lsg w]/} km/s k/]sf] xf]nf < atfpgx' f];\ .
-3_ cG6fl6s{ f Ifq] lsg j}1flgs / cGji] fsx¿sf] cfsif{0fsf] sG] b| ag]sf] xfn] f < tfls{s pTt/

lbgx' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOn{F ] cfÇgf] hLjg sfnleq sxLFst} 3'dlkm/ ubf{ zLt xfjfkfgLsf] ljzi] ftf;uF ldNbf]
kl/j]zsf] cge' j ug{'ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . tkfOFs{ f] Tof] cge' jsf cfwf/df sIffdf ;fyLx¿;dt]
eO{ uL| idsfnLg pi0f xfjfkfgL / zLtsfnLg xfjfkfgLsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t
ug'x{ f];\ .
Currriculum
Development Centre

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 117

kf7 M ;ft zLt k|bz] sf ultljlwx¿

zLt k|b]zdf cTolws hf8f] / ljifd xfjfkfgL x'gfn] vf;} dfgj a;f]af; 5}g . pTt/L uf]nfw{sf]
w|'jLo If]q cf;kf; kg{] Sofg8f / /l;ofsf] pTt/L efudf Pl:sdf] Pjd\ OGo6' hfltsf lkm/Gt]
:jefj ePsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . oxfF afl;Gbf lkm/Gt] / lk5l8Psf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
lxpsF f] l9Ssfaf6 OUn' elgg] c:yfoL 3/ agfO{ a:5g\ . k/Dk/fut xltof/, efnf, rSs' /
8f]/Lx¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 l;sf/ ug'{, sGbdn" vfH] g' oxfsF f dflg;x¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] . lxpFefn'
/ ;Ln df5fx¿sf] l;sf/ u/L ltgsf 5fnf tyf r/fsf KjfvF af6 n'uf Pjd\ kfn agfO{
pkofu] u5{g\ .

bj' } ufn] fwd{ f lr;fs] f sf/0f sg' } vt] LkftL xbF' g} . pTt/L wj'| Lo Ifq] df uL| idofddf ljleGg /ªsf
eO' kF mn' x¿ kmN' 5g\ . cfwl' gs ljsf;sf] ke| fj /fd/| L kU' g ;ss] f] 5g} . Sofg8f, ?; / o/' fk] n] L
dn' s' x¿n] cfÇgf] ee" fudf kg{] Ifq] x¿nfO{ cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{] ko| f;x¿ ul//xs] f 5g\ . o; Ifq] sf]
tNnf] ee" fudf Sofg8fbl] v /l;of;Dd g} kml} nPsf] ljzfn sf0] fwf/L jg 5 . o;nfO{ 6fOuf gfdn]
lrlgG5 . cflys{ lx;fadf o;sf] dxTTj lgs} 7n' f] 5 . o;af6 sfuh / sfuh agfpg rflxg]
cw{ t/n kbfy{ …kNkÚ agfpg] ul/G5 .
Currriculum
Development Centre
blIf0f w'|jLo If]qdf dfgj a;fa] f; 5g} . t/ ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] 7n' f 7'nf nufgLdf cg';Gwfg
zfnfx¿ ;~rfng ul//xs] f 5g\ . cg';GwgfTds sfoj{ m| dafxs] dfgj ultljlw z"Go 5 . oxfFsf]
k'/} e"efu a;e}{ l/ a/kmn] 9fls/xg] xg' fn] dfgj a;fa] f; / cGo ultljlwx¿sf] ;Defjgf 5}g .
;w}Fh;f] cFWof/f] / cTolws lr;f] ePtf klg …kG] uO' gÚ elgg] ljzi] f vfnsf] r/fx¿ oxfF dfq
kfOG5g\ . ;fd'lb|s df5f vfP/ afFRg] oL r/fx¿ ayfgdf a:5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= pTt/L zLt If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] OGo'6 hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] dfl} ns hLjg kb\wltdf

lbgfg'lbg kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fx¿ ljZni] f0f ugx{' f];\ .

118 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

@= …6fOufÚ sf] cfly{s dxTTj a'bF fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= pTt/L wj|' Lo If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿ ljsl;t / wgL dn' 'ssf gful/s x'g\ . t/ klg

ltgLx¿nfO{ cfw'lgstfn] 5'g lsg g;ss] f] xf]nf < ts{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
$= tkfO{sF f] :yfgLo If]qdf lk5l8P/ /x]sf] hflt / pTt/L w|j' Lo Ifq] df a:g] dflg;x¿lar

t'ngf ugx{' f];\ / tL larsf] ;dfgtf Pjd\ leGgtfnfO{ ;r" Lst[ ugx'{ f;] \ .
%= sIffdf lzIfs / ljb\ofyLl{ ar cGt/ljm| of cfofh] gf u/L 6fOufdf s] s:tf hftsf af6]

la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ < 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .
^= ;;+ f/}df k]GuO' g hftsf] r/f cG6fsl{ 6sfdf dfq kfOgfsf] sf/0fx¿ s] xfn] f < lzIfs /

ljbo\ fyLl{ ar 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ zLt kb| ]zsf dflg;x¿sf] kd| 'v cfly{s ultljlwx¿ s] s] xg' \ < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ OUn' eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < of] k|ofu] s;n] u5{ <
-u_ tn lbOPsf hLjx¿sf] lrq x]/L ltgLx¿ cToGTo} lr;fd] f klg afFRg ;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿

lzIfs;Fu 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f];\ M
Currriculum
Development Centre
kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] b'O{ ;dx" agfO{ Ps ;dx" n] 6fOuf jg / g]kfnsf] pRr kxf8L If]qsf]

jglarsf] ;dfgtf Pjd\ csf]{ ;d"xn] ltgLx¿larsf] leGgtfx¿ Kflxrfg ugx{' f];\ .

@= gk] fnsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] jftfj/0f / k[YjLsf] w|'jLo Ifq] sf] jftfj/0flarsf ;dfgtf /
leGgtfx¿ klxrfg u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 119

kf7 M cf7 ljZjdf jg:klt / hLjhGtx' ¿

xfjfkfgL, jg:ktL Pjd\ hLjhGtl' arsf] cGt/;DaGwCurrriculum
Development Centre
xfjfkfgLsf] km/skgn] jg:kltsf] cj:yfdf ke| fj
kf5{ . s'g} klg If]qdf /xs] f] xfjfkfgLcg';f/
g} jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . udL{ / cf]l;nf] Ifq] df
pi0f ;bfjxf/ jg kfOg' / 7G8f xfjfkfgL ePsf]
If]qdf sf]0fwf/L g/d jg:klt kfOgn' fO{ o;sf]
pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o:t} uL| iddf u/d / lxpbF df
7G8f xg' ] Ifq] df ktem8 jg kfOG5 . jg / ToxfF
kfOg] /xg] hLjhGt'sf kh| flt, k|sf/, ;ª\Vof / cj:yf ToxfF kfOg] xfjfkfgLn] lgwf/{ 0f u5{ .

ljZje/ d'Votof ltg ks| f/sf jg kfOG5g\ M

-s_ ;bfjxf/ jg M pi0f, cfl] ;nf,] a;{}el/ udL{
/ jflifs{ @)) ;]=ld=eGbf a9L jiff{ x'g] o;
If]qdf ;bfjxf/, s8f sf7 ePsf, yf]/} xfuF foS' t,
5qfsf/ / 7n' f jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF kfOg]
jg:kltx¿df /a/, l6s, ;fn, dxf]h]gL, /fh] j8' /
Paf]gL xg' \ . o:t} oxfF 7n' f z/L/ ePsf xfTtL, af3,
efn,' u8F} f, clhª\u/, uf]xL, ljleGg hftsf ;kx{ ¿,
do"/ / ;f/; kfOG5g\ .

-v_ ktem8 jg M uL| iddf udL{ / lxpbF df
lr;f] xg' ,] cf};tdf !)) ;]=ld= jiff{ x'g]
Ifq] df u|Liddf kfn'jf knfpg] / lxpbF df
kft emg]{ cfs] , lar, Dofkn h:tf jg:kltx¿
kfOG5g\ . u|Lid Gofgf] / cf]l;nf] xg' fn] kfn'jf
knfpF5 eg] lxpbF 7G8f ;'Svf xg' fn] lr;f] vKg
g;sL la?jfsf kft em5g{ \ . oxfF lrt'jf, afFb/,
:ofn, sfu, as'Nnf, ;f/f}, euF ]/f, ;fnsnufotsf
kz'kIfLx¿ kfOG5g\ .

-u_ sf0] fwf/L jg M cf};tdf %) ;=] ld= jflifs{ jiff{ x'g] lr;f] If]qdf ;bfjxf/ Pjd\ sf]0ffsf/
jg kfOG5 . kY[ jLsf] pTt/L ufn] fws{ f] pTt/ tkm{sf Sofg8f, gj,]{ ?;nufotsf b]zdf km}lnPsf

120 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

g/d ;Nnf] hftsf jgnfO{ 6fOuf gfdn] lrlgG5 . kfOg, km/ / :k;|' oxfF kfOg] d'Vo jg:kltx¿
xg' \ . lxpF lrt'jf, lxdfnL efn' / xfF; k|hfltsf r/fx¿ oxfF kfOg] kd| v' hLjhGtx' ¿ x'g\ .

Currriculum
Development Centre
ljm| ofsnfk
!= xfjfkfgLsf] k|s[ltn] jg:kltx¿ k|efljt xG' 5g\ eGg] s/' fsf] kd| f0f tkfOF{ a;fa] f; ug{]

If]qdf kfOg] jg:kltx¿ g} x'g\ . tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fodf xfjfkfgLsf] ks| l[ tn] jg:kltsf] sg'
sg' kIfdf s] s;/L k|efj ul//xs] f] 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

@= tkfO{Fsf] Ifq] df kfOg] s'g} b; k|sf/sf jg:kltx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ . tL jg:kltx¿dWo]
s'g jg:kltsf] :jefj s] s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;db' fosf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{
;fw] vf]h u/L dV' o s'/fx¿nfO{ abF' fut ¿kdf l6kf6] ug{'xf];\ / kfnk} fnf] ;an} ] sIffdf
k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

$= k|:tt' tflnsfnfO{ sfkLdf ptf/L cfjZos tYox¿ egx'{ f;] \ M

jgsf] k|sf/ d'Vo jg:klt d'Vo hLjhGt'

cEof;
-s_ ;bfjxf/ jg / ktem/ jglarsf] leGgtf tflnsf agfO{ k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
-v_ …sf0] fwf/L jgsf] cflys{ dxTTj 7'nf] 5 .Ú s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ …g]kfndf ltg} ks| f/sf jgx¿ kfOG5g\ .Ú o; egfOnfO{ tL jgdf kfOg] jg:kltsf]

gfd;lxt k'li6 ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOs{F f] Ifq] df jg;uF ;DalGwt s'g} klg sfo{jm| d jf ;d"x ljm| ofzLn /xs] f xf]nfg\ . ;f] ;d"x
jf sfoj{ |md ;DaGwdf ;f]wvfh] u/L To;sf] pbb\ Z] o, nIo / sfoj{ |mdx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ < hfgsf/L
lng'xf;] \ / sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 121

kf7 M gf} xfjfkfgL / w/ftnLo ljljwtfaf6 ljZjsf]
hghLjgdf kg]{ ke| fj

Currriculumcj:yf ! M pTTf/L wj'| Lo lr;f] Ifq] df /xs] f a:g] ljsl;t dn' s' x¿ /l;of / Sofg8fdf OGo6'
Development Centrehfltsf dflg; dfgj ljsf;df lgs} lk5l8Psf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut 3/n] ' xltof/n] l;sf/ ug,{' l;n
df5fsf 5fnfaf6 kf;] fs / kfnx¿ agfpg' tyf sGbdn' vfH] g' pgLx¿sf] lbgrof{ /xs] f] 5 .

cj:yf @ M o'/fk] , pTt/ cd]l/sf / Pl;ofnufotsf] ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL If]qx¿df a:g]
dflg;x¿ ;+;f/sf cGo If]qsf] tn' gfdf lgs} ku| ltzLn, ;Eo / lzlIft 5g\ . ljZjsf
clwsfz+ j1} flgs vfh] x¿ o;} If]qsf dflg;x¿af6 ePsf] lyof] / 5 . ;;+ f/sf 7'nf /
cfwl' gs cfly{s Pjd\ ef}lts ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ o;} If]qdf eO/xs] f 5g\ .

cj:yf # M cdh] g a;F] Ldf /x]sf /]8 OlG8og / lugL t6Lo If]qsf e"efudf a:g] lkUfldh
hfltsf dflg;x¿ cem} kf| /lDes hLjg z}nLdf g} 5g\ . cfw'lgs ljsf;af6 6f9f /x/] wg'af0f
/ efnfaf6 l;sf/ ug'{ Pjd\ 3d' Gt] hLjg z}nL lhpg' pgLx¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] .

dfgj hLjgdf xfjfkfgL / w/ftnLo ljljwtfn] k|ToIf c;/ kfl//xs] f] x'G5 . o;af6
vfgkfg, j]ifei" ff, ;Eotf, k;] f, wd,{ ;:+ sf/, ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿, cfly{s ljm| ofsnfknufotsf
kIfx¿ ke| fljt eO/xs] f x'G5g\ . lr;f] xfjfkfgL / ljs6 kxf8L w/ftnsf a:tLx¿df /xs] f
dflg;x¿ ldlxgt] L, cfFl6nf / ;xgzLn xG' 5g\ . o'/f]ksf dflg;x¿ hfFul/nf xg' ' o;sf]
pbfx/0f xf] .

w/ftn / xfjfkfgLsf] ke| fjn] g]kfnsf] lxdfnL Ifq] df a:g] dflg;x¿ ;fxl;s sfdx¿ ugd{ f
ljZj k|l;bw\ 5g\ . udL{ xfjfkfgL / ;dtn e":j¿kdf a;f]af; ug{]x¿ lr;f] / ljs6
xfjfkfgL If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] t'ngfdf cN5L :jefjsf x'G5g\ . lr;f] / ljs6 xfjfkfgL If]qsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ k|fst[ Ls rg' ft} Ln] ubf{ ;fxl;s / ldlxgt] L aGgk' g{] afWotf 5 . pi0f / ;dtn
e:" j¿k If]qdf o:tf r'gft} Lx¿ sd jf x'bF } gx'g] xg' fn] hghLjg / dfgj :jefj km/s xg'
uPsf] xf] . gk] fnsf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ Ifq] sf] hghLjg km/s x'gfsf sf/0f g} xfjfkfgL /
w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] k|efjn] ubf{ xf] . o:t} w|'jLo Ifq] / ed" Wo /v] Lo If]qsf] hghLjg kY[ jLsf]
cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf kl5 kgf{sf sf/0f klg xfjfkfgL / w/ftnsf] ke| fjn] ubf{ g} xf] .

lxGb', afb} \w, O:nfdnufotsf wd{sf ;+:sf/x¿ xfjfkfgL Pjd\ w/ftnLo ljljwtfn] ke| fljt
5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu O:nfd wd{sf] pTklTt d?:ynLo If]q ;fpbL c/l] aofdf ePsf] xf] . To;n} ]
O:nfd wds{ f] dl:hb lgdf{0f ug{ afn'jfsf] ko| fu] clgjfo{ em}F 5 . To:t} O:nfdsf cgo' foLx¿n]
k|of]u ug]{ kf];fsx¿ klg ;o" {sf] tftf]sf] k|efjaf6 hf]lug ;lsg] / ;xh} xfjfsf] cf]xf]/bfx] f/]
ug{] v'sn' f] vfnsf] xG' 5 . o:t} oxfF k|r08 3fdsf] ke| fjaf6 aRg, 3fdsf ls/0fx¿ k/fjtg{
u/fpg ;fbf jf ;t] f] /ªsf] sk8fx¿ k|of]u xG' 5 . oxfF 6fpsfsf] kl;gf ÇofsF L zLtntf k|fKt
ug{ skfn vf}/L hfnLbf/ 6f]kL nufpg] tyf cg'xf/sf] 5fnf hf]ufpg bfxL| kfNg] ;+:sf/ rns] f]

122 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumxf] . ;"os{ f] k|r08 tfkaf6 ;f/} kLl8t xg' ] ePsfn] O:nfd wdf{nDaLx¿ ;o" k{ l| t ;sf/fTds
Development Centre5g} g\ . rGbd| faf6 zLtntf kb| fg u/L ;xhtf ldNg] ePsfn] O:nfdsf cgo' foLx¿ rGbd| fsf]
k"hf ug's{ f ;fy} emG8fx¿df ;d]t rGbd| f cª\lst u5g{ \ . ;o" s{ f] st} klg ;Ddfg ubg{} g\ eGg]
s'/f Ps dlxgf nfdf] /dhfg kj{af6 ae' mg\ ;lsG5 . cGo wd{x¿sf ;:+ sf/x¿sf] cfwf/ klg
xfjfkfgL / w/ftnLo ljljwtfsf] ke| fj g} xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOF{ sg' } ;Gben{ ] cfkm" a;s] f] :yfg 5f8L km/s xfjfkfgL ePsf] :yfgdf hfge' Psf] xg' k' 5{ .

gofF :yfgdf kU' bf tkfOnF{ ] s] s:tf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf cge' j uge{' of] < abF' fut ¿kdf l6kf6]
ugx{' f;] \ / To;sf sf/0fx¿ s] xfn] fg\ egL lzIfs tyf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

@= kY[ jLsf pTt/ jf e"dWo /]vLo If]qdf a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] hLjg z}nL xfjfkfgLsf]
c;/n] ubf{ km/s ePsf] xf] eGg] s/' fdf tkfOF{ ;xdt xg' x' 'G5 < jf x'g'xG' g < lsg < cfÇgf]
ljrf/ k'li6 ug{ ts{x¿ nv] L ljifo lzIfs;Fu cGt/lj|mof ugx{' f;] \ .

#= wdx{ ¿sf ;+:sf/x¿sf] cfwf/ xfjfkfgL / w/ftnLo ljljwtfsf] k|efj g} xf] eGg] s/' fsf]
k'li6 tkfOF{sf] ;d'bfodf ckgfOsf wd{ / ;+:sf/sf cfwf/df ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;
-s_ OGo'6 hfltx¿ s;/L /]8 OlG8og / lklUdheGbf km/s 5g\ < a;fa] f; / hLjg z}nLsf

cfwf/df 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ s] sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfnL If]qsf] hghLjg km/s k/]sf] xf]nf < k:| 6
kfg{'xf];\ .

-u_ lr;f] / ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgLsf If]qdf /x]sf bz] x¿ ljsf;sf] lx;fan] lgs} cufl8 5g,\
lsg < / s;/L <

;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfo / If]qdf km/s km/s wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ a;fa] f; u/]sf xg' 'xG' 5 . ;d'bfosf
ljleGg wds{ f cg'ofoLx¿dWo] ;a} wds{ f h]i7 ;b:ox¿nfO{ e6] L pxfFx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] wds{ f
af/]df s] s:tf s/' fsf] 1fg 5, ;f] a'emL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ tnsf kZ| gx¿ ;f]wL k|fKt
pTt/x¿sf cfwf/df wfld{s ljz]iftfx¿sf] t'ngf ug{'xf];\ M

k|Zgx¿
-s_ wds{ f] pTklTt s'g :yfgdf ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ wd{sf ;:+ yfkssf] gfd / hGdynf] s] lyof] <

-u_ wdc{ g';f/ ug{ gxg' ] / xg' ] Jojxf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-3_ wfld{s kjx{ ¿sf] gfd / dgfOg] ;do pNn]v ugx'{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 123

kf7 M b; pTt/ cd]l/sf

efu} f]lns cjl:ylt M of] dxfb]z klZrdL ufn] fwd{ f kb{5 . oxfF pi0f d08nbl] v zLt d08n;DdCurrriculum
efu} fl] ns kmn} fj6 ePsf If]qx¿ 5g\ .Development Centre

xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf

o; dxfb]zdf cTolws udL{, Gofgf] / 7G8f
;av} fn] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . e"dWo /]vf glhs}
/ pi0f d08nLo Ifq] df /x]sf :yfgx¿df udL{
x'G5 eg] ;dzLtfi] 0f k|b]zLo If]qdf xfjfkfgL
Gofgf] / dgf/] d 5 . o:t} pTt/tkms{ f
zLt d08nLo Ifq] df kg{] :yfgx¿df lgs}
hf8f] x'G5 . Sofgf8fsf] klZrdL v08df
/ ;]G6n/G] ; gbL jl/kl/sf] Ifq] df jife{ l/
kfgL k5{ . Soflnkmf]lgo{ f If]qdf lxpFbdf
dfq / cd]l/sfsf] blIf0f kj" L{ v08df u|Liddf
kfgL k5{ . oxfF vt/gfs cfFwLa]x]/Lsf] k|sf]k
eO/xG5 .

efu} fl] ns :j¿k

-s_ klZrd efudf /SsL cn:sfb]lv kgfdf;Dd ljzfn df8] bf/ kjt{ Lo ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf
kjt{ dfnf Psgfzn] kml} nPsf] 5 . DoflsGn], nf]ug, /fOlgo/, AjfO6g] Pjd\ Pna6{ oxfFsf
dxTTjk0" f{ / cUnf rr' '/f x'g\ .

-v_ k"jL{ efudf k'/fgf] s8f r66\ fg oS' t ckn]lrog kjt{ zª[ v\ nf 5 .

-u_ dWo efudf ljzfn ¿kdf kml} nPsf] kl]| /h 3f;F ] d}bfg /x]sf] 5 .

-3_ kj" L{ lsgf/L efudf sd prfO o'St n/l] G;og l;N8 /xs] f] 5 . of] ;G] 6n/G] ; gbLsf]
pTt/df k5{ .

-ª_ ckn]lrog kj{t zª[ \vnfbl] v cn:sf glhs};Dd kz| :t ;ª\Vofdf tfnx¿ 5g\ . u]6| lao/,
u]|6:n]e, ljlgk]u, lglkug, ;'k]l/o/, ldlrug, x'/g] , cf]G6fl/of] / lh| o; Ifq] sf kd| 'v
tfnx¿ x'g\ .

-r_ k"jL{ efudf ;]G6n/G] ;, dWodf ldl;l;kL / klZrddf axg] sf]nf]/f8f] oxfsF f dV' o gbLx¿
xg' \ .

124 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum-5_ Sofgf8fsf] dWo pTt/ efudf kg{] x8;g vf8L, ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf] blIf0f kj" d{ f kg]{
Development Centredl] S;sf] vf8L / klZrddf kg{] Soflnkmfl] go{ f vf8L oxfsF f kd| 'v vf8Lx¿ xg' \ .

-h_ /SsL kjt{ dfnfsf] jl[ i6 5fof kg]{ If]qdf ljleGg d?e"ldsf Ifq] x¿ klg /xs] f 5g\ .
cdl] /sfsf] blIf0f klZrd efudf slxNo} kfgL gkg]{ d?el" d 5 .

jg:klt

pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] pTt/L efudf lr;f] / cfl] ;nf]
xfjfkfgL x'gfn] 6'G8f« jg:klt kfOG5 . ;f]eGbf tNnf]
Sofg8fsf] pTt/L efudf afSnf] sf0] fwf/L ;Nnfsf]
hª\un 5 . o;nfO{ …6fOufÚ elgG5 . wj'| Lo zLt
d08ndf kg]{ x'gfn] pTt/L Ifq] df ;wF } cTolws lr;f]
eO/xG5 . dWo db} fgL efudf afSnf] 3f;F ] db} fg 5 .
o;nfO{ …kl]| /hÚ elgG5 . o:t} blIf0f k"jL{ efu / ;]G6
n/G] ; If]qdf ktem/ jg:klt kfOG5 . dWo blIf0fL
If]qdf pi0f ;bfjxf/ jg kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfO;{F uF ePsf] P6n;df x/] L kf7df pNnv] ePsf pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] efu} fl] ns :j¿kx¿sf]

klxrfg ugx{' f];\ .
@= sIffdf pkl:yt ljb\ofyLx{ ¿ ltg ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ kf7 / P6n;sf] ;xfotfdf

klxnf] ;dx" n] pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] w/ftnLo ljljwtf bf;] |f] ;dx" n] xfjfkfgL / t];|f] ;dx" n]
jg:kltsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L ltgsf ljz]iftfx¿ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .
#= P6n;sf] ko| fu] u/L cfFwLaf6 ke| fljt x'g] pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] Ifq] klxrfg ugx'{ f];\ .
$= pTt/L e]udf lj:tt[ ¿kn] kml} nPsf] sf]0fwf/L hªu\ nnfO{ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ljzi] f
dxTTjk0" f{ kf| s[lts ;Dkbf elggfsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .
%= pTTf/ cdl] /sL dxfb]zsf] gS;f sfkLdf ptfgx'{ f;] \ / lgDg tYox¿nfO{ pko'St ;ª\st] sf]
k|of]u u/L b]vfpgx' f;] \ M
/SsL kj{t dfnf, cknl] rog kj{t z[ª\vnf, k|]l/h 3f;F ] d}bfg, ld;Ll;kL gbL, u]6| tfn
If]q, x8;gsf] vf8L, dt[ pkTosf, kgfdf gx/, 6fOuf jg Ifq] , lxpFbdf kfgL kg{] If]q .

cEof;
-s_ …k|l] /hÚ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < o;sf k|dv' ltg pkof]lutfx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .
-v_ /SsL kjt{ dfnf ko6{ gsf] lx;fan] lgs} cufl8 xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ 6G' 8f« jg:kltsf] s'g} rf/ cf6] f ljz]iftfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 125

Currriculum-3_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] xfjfkfgL s:tf] 5 < 5f6] f] l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\ .
Development Centre-ª_ pTTf/ cdl] /sfsf ltg k|d'v ef}ufl] ns If]qx¿ s] s] xg' \ < 5nkmn u/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd

n]Vgx' f];\ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
sIffsf ;a} ljbo\ fyL{x¿sf] ltg 6f]nL agfpgx' f];\ . ca pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] 7n' f] leTt] gS;fsf]
k|of]u u/L lgDg sfo{ ug{x' f];\ M
-s_ klxnf] 6fn] Ln] d'Vo kf| sl[ ts :j¿kx¿ kxf8, gbL, db} fgL If]q, tfn tno} f, pRr

;d:ynLsf] gfd / k|l;bw\ :yfgsf] ljj/0f l6Kgx' f];\ .
-v_ bf;] |f] 6f]nLn] dV' o a;fa] f;sf Ifq] x¿ / cfb} \ofl] us If]qxsf] gfdsf ;fy} tL If]qx¿sf]

kl| ;bl\ wsf cfwf/x¿ vfh] L ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ t];|f] 6f]nLn] pknAw k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgx¿ jg, vlgh / cGo ;Dkbfx¿sf] ljt/0fsf

af/]df tYox¿ vfh] L ugx'{ f;] \ .
cGTodf ;a} 6fn] Lx¿n] 56' \6f5'66\ } kl| tjb] gsf ¿kdf cfˆgf tkma{ f6 kTtf nufOPsf s/' fx¿nfO{
rf6{ k]k/df abF' fut ¿kdf n]vL ljb\ofnosf] k:' tsfno jf ;an} ] b]Vg ;Sg] :yfgsf] leTtfdf
6fF:gx' f];\ .

126 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M P3f/ pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ lj|mofsnfk

Currriculum
Development Centre
pTt/ cdl] /sf ljZjsf clwsfz+ dflg;sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . ljm| :6f]km/ sf]nDa;n]
cd]l/sf kTtf nufPkl5 o'/f]kaf6 uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x¿ ToxfF a;fOF{ ;/] . pgLx¿n] ToxfFsf
cflbjf;LnfO{ cNkdtdf kf/L cfkmgf] ;Ttf :yfkgf u/] .

Sofg8f / ;o+ 'St /fHo cd]l/sfn] ;;+ f/s} Wofgfsi{ f0f ug{ ;kmn x'g] u/L k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf0{ f
/ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . bIf hgzlStsf] kof{Kttf / clwstd ;|ft] kl/rfng ePsfn] pTt/
cd]l/sfsf] cflys{ cj:yf dha't 5 . Sofg8f / ;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sfn] g} pTt/ cd]l/sfsf]
clwsfz+ ee" fu cfu] 6s] f 5g\ . To;}n] tL dn' 'sx¿sf] cWoogaf6 ;a}h;f] pTt/ cdl] /sL Ifq] sf]
;du| cj:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5 . Sofg8fsf] k|ltJolSt cfo $#,@$* cd]l/sL 8n/ 5 . ;+o'St
/fHo cdl] /sfsf] k|ltJolSt cfo %%,*#^ cd]l/sL 8n/ 5 .

Sofg8fdf k|mG] r / cªu\ |h] L efifLx¿sf] afxN' otf ePtf klg lxhfc] fh ;;+ f/e/af6 ljleGg efiff afN] g]
dflg;x¿ ToxfF ku' s] f 5g\ . lkm/Gt] OGo'6 hfltsf dflg;x¿ ToxfFsf cflbjf;L x'g\ . ToxfsF f
dflg;x¿ gf]s/L, pbo\ fu] , Jofkf/, ;j] f, Joj;fo, vlgh pTvgg, k|zfw] g, df5f kfng / s[lif
;DaGwL sfd u5g{ \ .

;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf kmnfd / O:kft pb\ofu] , vlgh t]n k|zfw] g ug{] sf/vfgf, kzj' :t'df
cfwfl/t df;', 5fnf / bw' hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pbo\ fu] x¿ 5g\ . oxfF xjfO{ hxfh, kfgL hxfh
/ /]nsf kf6{k'hf{x¿ klg agfOG5g\ . 7'nf nufgLdf ljljw ;j] f Joj;fo / Jofkf/ ;~rfng
ePsf 5g\ . Jofj;flos tj/n] kmnkmn' pTkfbg ug]{ / df5f dfg]{ sfd ul/G5 . ToxfF cfwl' gs
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf lgs} /fd|f] 5 . v]ns'b, snf, lzIff, ;flxTo, lj1fg / kl| jlw pGgt Pjd\
Jofj;flos 5g\ . ToxfFsf] csf]{ dV' o cfly{s ultljlw ko{6g xf] . ;Ktfxsf] cGTodf labf dgfpg'
ToxfsF f afl;Gbfsf] hLjg kbw\ lt alg;s]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ ;fªu\ Llts pT;j, kfl/jfl/s hd36 /
ljleGg e|d0f u/L labf agfp5F g\ . Sofg8fn] jg hªu\ naf6 w/] } cflys{ kmfObf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . ToxfF vlghdf cfwfl/t 7n' f 7n' f pbo\ fu] x¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . tfdf, kmnfd, lgs]n, ;'g

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 127

Currriculumh:tf Knfl6gd tyf rfbF L h:tf vlgh pb\of]ux¿ ToxfF /x]sf 5g\ . sf]Onf, k]6f« n] tyf Uof;
Development Centreklg kofK{ t kfOG5g\ . ljZjdf Sofg8f bf];|f] ux'F lgof{t ug]{ bz] xf] . o; b]zsf] k"j{df cfn' /
klZrddf kmnk'mn pTkfbg xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L pTTf/ cdl] /sfsf] cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
@= jtd{ fg ;dodf ljZjsf ;a} :yfgaf6 dflg;x¿ pTTf/ cd]l/sfsf] Sofg8f

/ ;+oS' t /fHo cd]l/sfdf hfg rfxgfsf sf/0fx¿ vf]Hgx' f;] \ / sIffdf 5nkmnsf
nflu k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= Sofg8f / ;+oS' t /fHo cdl] /sfdf s[lif sfo{ Jofj;flos 5 < g]kfndf klg sl[ ifnfO{
Joj;flos agfpg ToxfFaf6 s] s] l;Sgk' nf{ < pkfox¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
$= pTTf/ cd]l/sfsf] ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfksf] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf 6f:F gx' f];\ .
cEof;
-s_ pTTf/ cd]l/sfsf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf af/d] f 5f]6f] l6kf6] k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ P6n;df vf]hL u/L pTt/ cd]l/sfsf 7n' f / 3gf a:tL o'St ;x/x¿sf] gfd lbg'xf;] \ .
-u_ pTTf/ cdl] /sfsf cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ Sofg8fsf] kl| tJolSt cfo tn' gfTds ¿kdf a9L x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] cflys{ cj:yf ;d[b\w x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
-r_ ;+oS' t /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofg8fsf k"jL{ Ifq] x¿ klZrdL If]qx¿eGbf a9L ljsl;t 5g\ .
o;sf sf/0fx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
sIffdf ;fyL;uF ldn]/ pTTf/ cdl] /sfsf] k/' f k[i7sf] gS;f agfpgx' f;] \ / sIffsf] leTTffdf
6f:F gx' f];\ .

128 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M af/ blIf0f cd]l/sf

ef}uf]lns cj:yfCurrriculum
Development Centre
blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfbz] !@) pTt/L cIff+zb]lv
%%) blIf0fL cIff+z;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . of] pTt/
cdl] /sf dxfb]zsf] blIf0fL v08 kgfdf;uF hf]l8O{
blIf0ftkm{ lg/Gt/ kml} nPsf] 5 . o; dxfbz] sf] pTt/L
e"efudf ed" Wo /]vf k5{ . blIf0fsf] e"ld blIf0f wj|' sf]
glhs};Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfb]zsf]
klZrdk6\l6 pTt/b]lv blIf0f;Dd ljzfn kj{t dfnf
/x]sf] 5 . PlG8h gfdn] k|l;b\w of] df8] bf/ kjt{
dfnf ljZjs} ;ae} Gbf nfdf] kjt{ zª[ \vnf -&,)))
ls=ld=_ klg xf] . PlG8h kjt{ dfnfsf] ;ae} Gbf
cUnf] 6fs'/f ^,(^) ld= cUnf] dfpG6 csfGgsfu'jf
xf] . ^,))) ld= eGbf cUnf w]/} rr' '/fx¿ /x]sf] of]
kjt{ dfnfdf pRr ;d:ynLx¿;dt] 5g\ . of] Ifq]
k|zfGt clUgsf] 3/] fleq kg{] xF'bf lg/Gt/ e"sDk
/ Hjfnfd'vL uO/xG5g\ . o; dxfb]zsf] ;jfl{ ws
prfOdf /x]sf] l6l6sfsf tfn klg PlG8h kj{t dfnfdf g} /xs] f] 5 .

blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] k"jL{ efudf k'/fgf] s8f r6\6fg oS' t pRre"ld 5 . kj" f]{Tt/ Ifq] df
ufogfsf] pRrel" d k5{ . dxfb]zsf] klZrdsf] PlG8h / kj" L{ pRrel" dsf] lardf ;;+ f/s}
;a}eGbf 7'nf] gbL cdh] g / csf]{ cfl] /gsf] gbLn] agfPsf] ljzfn db} fgL Ifq] 5 . dWo / blIf0f
k"jL{ If]qdf kf/fgf / kf/fUj] gbL Pjd\ ltgn] agfPsf] kDkf; elgg] 3fF;] db} fgL Ifq] /xs] f]
5 . of] dxfb]zsf] ;'b/" blIf0f k"jL{ If]qdf lr;f] kf6fufl] gof d?e"ld k5{ . To:t} lrnLsf] pTt/
klZrdL efudf c6sfdf d?e"ld k5{ .

xfjfkfgL M cd]hg a;]F L Ifq] df a;}e{ l/ udL{ xG' 5 . oxfF cfl] ;nf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . e"dWo /]vLo
Ifq] xg' fn] bl} gs 3g3f/] jiff{ x'G5 / af9L cfO/xG5 . To:t} dxfb]zsf lsgf/L If]qdf klg
;fdl' bs| ke| fjn] a;e{} l/ jiff{ eO/xG5 . o; dxfb]zsf] dWo Ifq] sf sltko ee" fudf clglZrt
jiff{ xG' 5 . o; Ifq] df nfdf] v8]/L eO/xG5 . o; dxfbz] sf] kj" f{T] t/ Ifq] df c;fdlos jiff{
/ a9L udL{ x'G5 . oxfF lg/Gt/ xfjfx'/Lsf] k|sf]k eO/xG5 . o;/L of] dxfbz] df xfjfkfgLsf]
ljljwtf /xs] f] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 129

Currriculumjg:klt M cdh] g a;F] Ldf 3gf pi0f ;bfjxf/ hª\un kml} nPsf] 5 . …;N] ef;Ú gfdn] lrlgg] of]
Development Centre;;+ f/s} ;ae} Gbf lj:tt[ If]qdf km}lnPsf] hª\un klg xf] . of] Ifq] sf] hª\undf s8f sf7sf cUnf
jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . k"jf{]Tt/ If]qsf] pRr el" ddf 3f;F kfOG5 . dWo / blIf0f k"jLI{ fq] df kDkf;
elgg] 3fF;] db} fgL If]q 5 . ;a}h;f] d?:ynLo Ifq] x¿ jg:klt ljxLg 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= tn lbOPsf] blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfbz] sf] /v] fª\lst

gS;fdf ToxfFsf efu} f]lns :j¿kx¿ cªl\ st ug{'xf];\ .
@= cdh] g aF;] Ldf 3gf pi0f ;bfjxf/ hªu\ n km}lnPsf]

5 . ;]Nef; elgg] of] ;;+ f/s} ;a}eGbf lj:tt[ If]qdf
km}lnPsf] hª\un klg xf] . o; hªu\ naf6 a|flhnn]
s] s:tf] kmfObf lng ;Sg'k5{ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
cWoog jf /fh] uf/Lsf j|mddf a|flhndf /x]sf ;fyL jf
cfkmGtnfO{ kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= P6n; x]/L blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfb]zsf] PlG8h kj{t
dfnfdf /x]sf b; cUnf lzv/x¿sf] gfd / prfO
l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ .
$= P6n; jf kf| sl[ ts gS;fsf] ;xfotfn] blIf0f cdl] /sf
dxfbz] sf k|dv' 5 cf]6f gbLx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= sfkLdf blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] /v] fª\lst gS;f sf]g'{xf];\ / lgDg lnlvt tYox¿ egx{' f;] \ M
PlG8h kj{t dfnf, cdh] g a;F] L, a|flhlnog pRRfe"ld, c6fsfdf d?el" d, ;]Nef; If]q,
kDkf; 3fF;] d}bfg, sk] xg,{ UofnfKofu; 6fk,' l6l6sfsf tfn .

cEof;
-s_ blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfbz] sf] ltg ef}ufl] ns If]qx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;;+ f/sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{t dfnf s'g xf] < o;sf] nDafO slt 5 < o; kjt{ dfnfsf]

;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r/' f s'g xf] <
-u_ blIf0f cd]l/sfdf s:tf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 <

kl/of]hgf sfo{
blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfb]zsf] k|fs[lts gS;f sf]g'{xf];\ . tkfOnF{ ] sfg] {e' Psf] gS;fdf ToxfFsf] kd| 'v
e":j¿knfO{ /fd/| L ldnfP/ cªl\ st ugx{' f;] \ . of] sfo{ ;fyLx¿ / lzIfsnfO{ b]vfO{ ;e' mfjx¿
lngx' f;] \ .

130 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M t/] blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfbz] sf] ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk

Oltxf;df nfdf] ;do;Dd o'/f]kn] L pklgj]zaf6 u'lh|Psf] blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a}h;f]Currriculum
;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿df o'/f]kn] L ke| fj b]lvG5 . cdh] g aF];Ldf k|f/lDesDevelopment Centre
hLjg zn} L latfO{ /x]sf /8] OlG8ogx¿ ToxfFsf cflbjf;L xg' \ . sf]nDa;n] cdl] /sf kTtf
nufPkl5 o'/fk] af6 :k]lg; / kfr] u{' fnLx¿ a;fOF ;/L blIf0f cdl] /sf k'us] f lyP . ltg} :kl] g;
/ kf]r'{ufnLx¿n] blIf0f cdl] /sfsf cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ k/f:t u/L ToxfsF f] OGsf ;Eotf nfk] u/fP
/ cfˆgf] ;Eotf :yflkt u/] .

blIf0f cd]l/sfdf a|flhn / ch{l] G6gf w/] } If]qkmn cfu] 6]sf dn' 'sx¿ x'g\ . blIf0f cd]l/sf
dxfbz] sf] pTt/tk{msf] w/] h} ;f] ee" fu pi0f ;bfjxf/ hªu\ nn] 9flsPsf] 5 .

dxfbz] sf] dWoIf]qdf jiff{sf] clglZrttfn] vf;} s[lif sfo{ x'bF }g . t;y{ oxfsF f] pTkfbg Hofb}
Go"g 5 . vfb\ofGg / /fh] uf/Lsf] cefjn] dWo If]qaf6 dflg;x¿ dxfbz] sf] lsgf/L Ifq] / 7'nf
;x/x¿df a;fOF ;l//xs] f 5g\ . kl/0ffdtM ;x/L Ifq] df hgcfjfbL lgs} 3gf 5 eg] dWoIf]qdf
hgzlStsf] cefj 5 . clwsfz+ ;x/x¿df kj" fw{ f/ tyf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf / hgzlStsf]
kof{Kttf 5 . To;}n] oL ;x/x¿ pb\ofu] tyf Joj;fosf lx;fan] kl/lrt 5g\ . tL ;x/x¿df
;/sf/L nufgL klg a9L eO/xs] fn] Jofkf/ / ko6{ g Joj;fo klg km:6fpFbf] 5 .

af| lhn ;;+ f/df ;a}eGbf w]/} dfqfdf sf]sf, skmL / pv' pTkfbg ug{] /fi6« xf] . chl{] G6gfdf
k|z:t dfqfdf uxF'sf] pTkfbg xG' 5 . oxfFsf] kDkf;nufot 3fF;] d}bfgL Ifq] df 7n' f] ;ª\Vofdf e]8f
kfng ul/G5 . oxfFsf] e]8f df;s' f nflu pkoS' t dflgG5g\ . To;}n] oxfFaf6 o'/fk] ]nL dn' 'sx¿df
e8] fsf] df;' lgof{t ul/G5 . PlG8h kj{tLo Ifq] df cflbjf;Lx¿n] nfdf hftsf e8] fx¿ kfN5g\ .
oL e8] fx¿ df;', pg / ef/L af]sfpg k|ofu] xb'F } cfPsf 5g\ . kj{tLo If]qx¿df kz' kfngsf
;fy} ko{6g sfo{ klg km:6fpbF f] 5 . tfdf, kmnfd, ;'g, cfNd'lgod, k6] f« ]n, lx/f, sfO] nf cflb
of] dxfbz] df kfOg] vlghx¿ xg' \ . c6fsfdf d?e"lddf ljzfn ;g' vfgL /xs] f] 5 . ToxfF ;'gsf]
pTvgg ugd{ f ax/' fli6o« sDkgLx¿ ;+NfUg 5g\ . of] dxfbz] sf] clwsfz+ Jofkf/ o'/f]k;uF
rNb5 . af| lhn / ch]l{ G6gf ljZjdf km'6an zlSt /fi6«sf ¿kdf ljZje/ kl| ;b\w 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= …blIf0f cdl] /sL dn' sx¿ / gk] fnsf cfly{s ultljlwx¿ nueu p:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf

5g\ .Ú o; tYo;Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0fx¿ k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .

@= :k]lg; / kf]r'u{ fnLx¿n] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ k/f:t u/L ToxfsF f] ;Eotf
nf]k u/fP / cfˆgf] ;Eotf :yflkt u/] eGg] tYonfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfgx'{ f;] \ .

#= blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfbz] sf] dWo Ifq] af6 dflg;x¿ lsgf/L Ifq] / 7n' f ;x/df a;fOF

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 131

Currriculum;bf{ lsgf/L Ifq] df hg cfjfbL lgs} 3gf x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] dWo Ifq] df hgzlStsf] cefj
Development Centrexb'F } uPsf] 5 . o;af6 eljiodf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .
$= PlG8hsf] kjt{ Lo a:tLdf /x]sf dflg;x¿n] e8] fnfO{ ef/L af]sfpgfsf sf/0f s] xf]nf <
5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
-s_ blIf0f cdl] /sfsf kd| v' cfly{s ultljlwx¿ s] s] xg' \ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ af| lhndf nueu &% k|ltzt dflg;x¿ ;x/df a;fa] f; u5{g\ . o; tYonfO{
g]kfnsf] kl/jz] ;Fu tn' gf u/L Ps cgR' 5b] n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] hgfj/ ofs / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] PlG8h kjt{ >0] fLdf kfOg]
hgfj/ nfdf ( L l a m a ) lar ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ blIf0f cdl] /sfsf k|dv' cflys{ ultljlwx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
kl/of]hgf sfo{
sIffsf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldn]/ PlG8h kj{t dfnf / lxdfno kjt{ dfnflarsf ;dfgtf tyf leGgtfx¿
klxrfg ugx{' f];\ . klxrfg ul/Psf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿nfO{ tflnsLs/0f ug'{xf];\ . cfkm" n] tyf
cGo ;fyLx¿n] kTtf nufPsf tYox¿;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

132 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M rf}w clk|msf

efu} fl] ns km}nfj6sf cfwf/df Pl;ofkl5sf]Currriculum
a9L :ynIfq] ePsf] dxfb]z clk|msf xf] .Development Centre
e"dWo /v] faf6 pTt/ blIf0f bj' t} km{ kml} nPsf]
5 . clkm| sfdf k[YjLsf ltg d'Vo /]vfx¿ ))
sf] e"dWo /]vf, @#=%) pTt/sf] ss{6 /v] f
/ @#=%) blIf0fsf] ds/ /]vf /xs] f 5g\ .
efu} fl] ns, cfly{s, ;fdflhsnufotsf w]/}
lx;fan] clk|msf dxfbz] cGo dxfbz] eGbf
lgs} leGg 5 .

xfjfkfgL M ef}ufl] ns :j¿k / cjl:yltsf]
ke| fjn] ubf{ of] dxfbz] sf] clwsf+z If]qsf]
xfjfkfgL ljifd 5 . clk|msf dxfbz] df ;ft
ks| f/sf xfjfkfgL 5g\ . e"dWo /]vLo ee" fu
/ sªu\ f] a]F;Ldf pi0f tyf cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . dxfbz] sf] pTt/df km}lnPsf] ljzfn tftf] ;fxf/f d?el" d /xs] f sf/0f pTt/ tkm{sf]
xfjfkfgL cToGt udL{ / zi' s 5 . blIf0f k"jL{ efudf pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] blIf0f
clk|msL pRr ;d:ynLo Ifq] df u|Liddf w]/} udL{ / lxpFb w/] } hf8f] x'g] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
klZrdfT] t/ clk|msL Ifq] df ed" Wo ;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] blIf0f clk|msL t6Lo efudf
;dzLtfi] 0f df};dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

efu} fl] ns :j¿k M clkm| sf dxfb]zsf] pTt/tkm{ ljzfn ¿kdf km}lnPsf] ;;+ f/sf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f]
d?el" d ;fxf/f /xs] f] 5 . of] tftf] d?el" d xf] . sfnfxf/L / gflaa klg clk|msfsf lj:tt[
d?el" dx¿ x'g\ . dxfbz] sf] k"jL{ efudf ;fdfGo prfO oS' t kj{t >]0fL /xs] f] 5 . oxfF dxfbz] s}
;ae} Gbf cUnf] rr' '/f] dfpG6 lslndGhf/f] -%,*(% ld=_ /x]sf] 5 . oxL Ifq] df pTt/ nfn
;fu/bl] v hfDafh] L gbL;Ddsf] If]qdf kml} nPsf] ljzfn w;fg 3fF6LIfq] 5 . w;fg Ifq] df sof}F
tfn tno} fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . leS6f]l/of tfn To; Ifq] sf] k|l;b\w tfn xf] . ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf]
gbL gfOn -^,^&) ls=ld=_ leS6fl] /of tfnaf6 pTklTt eO{ e"dWo ;fu/df v:5 . sª\uf] -hfo/_,
hfDafh] L, c/G] h, ;]gu] n / gfOh/ clk|msfsf dV' o gbLx¿ x'g\ .

jg:klt M xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ clk|msf dxfb]zdf jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf 5 . pi0f,
cf]l;nf] / Jofks jiff{ xg' ] Ifq] df ;bfjxf/ hªu\ n 5 . dxfb]zsf] leqL dWoefudf sd jiff{
xg' fn] ljzfn ¿kdf kml} nPsf] 3f;F ] db} fg 5 . o;nfO{ …;efgfÚ elgG5 . ;;+ f/df kfOg] clwsfz+

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 133

Currriculumk|sf/sf hLjhGt'x¿ oxfF k|Zf:t dfqfdf kfOg] xg' fn] of] Ifq] nfO{ ljZjsf] lrl8ofvfgf elgG5 .
Development Centreof] dxfb]zsf] dWo / klZrd lsgf/L efudf ed" Wo] /]vfsf] bj' t} km{ km}lnPsf] cf]l;nf] 3gf hª\un
If]q 5 .
o:t} xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] cg';f/ ktem/ hªu\ n, ;dzLtf]i0f 3fF;] If]q / e"dWo ;fu/Lo jg:kltx¿
clk|msf dxfb]zsf efux¿df kfOG5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk
!= …efu} fl] ns :j¿k / cjl:yltsf] ke| fjn] ubf{ clk|msf dxfbz] sf] clwsfz+ If]qdf xfjfkfgL

ljifd 5 .Ú sf/0f;lxt kl' i6 ug'x{ f];\ .
@= ;efgf Ifq] sf] ljzfn 3fF;]e"ld clk|msf dxfb]zsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf xf] . o;af6

clk|msf dxfb]zn] lng ;Sg] kmfObfx¿ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
#= clkm| sf dxfbz] sf] gS;f sf]g'x{ f;] \ / lgDg lnlvt tYox¿ cªl\ st ug'x{ f];\ M

P6n; kj{t >]0fL, e"dWo /]vf, ss6{ /v] f, ds/ /]vf, ;fxf/f d?e"ld, dfpG6 lslndGhf/f],
gfOn gbL, w;fg 3f6F L / leS6fl] /of tfn
$= clk|msf dxfbz] sf] efu} fl] ns :j¿ksf] aofg ug{x' f];\ .
cEof;
-s_ clk|msf dxfbz] df kfOg] kd| 'v xfjfkfgLnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
-v_ clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] r'r'/f] s'g xf] < of] sxfF cjl:yt 5 <
-u_ ;efgf Ifq] nfO{ ;+;f/sf] lrl8ofvfgf elggfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < nV] g'xf;] \ .
;d"x sfo{
tkfOFs{ f] ljbo\ fnodf /xs] f] clk|msf dxfbz] sf] k|fsl[ ts leTt] gS;f lngx' f;] \ . pSt dxfbz] sf
d'Vo kf| sl[ ts :j¿kx¿ kj{tdfnf, ;jfR{] r lzv/, d?el" d, tfn tno} f / gbLgfnf sg' s'g
lbzftkm{ /x]5g\ < kTtf nufpgx' f];\ . tkfO{Fsf ;fyLx¿n] kTtf nufpge' Psf tYo;uF tkfO{sF f]
sfo{sf] t'ngf ugx'{ f;] \ .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M kGw| clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk

clkm| sf dxfb]z kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] bl[ i6sf0] faf6 7n' f] cfly{s ;Defjgf o'St 5 . t/ of] dxfb]zCurrriculum
ljsf;sf] lx;fadf lgs} lk5l8Psf] 5 . ef]sd/L, åGå, v8/] L, n8fO{,F /fu] JofwL, clzIff / ul/aLDevelopment Centre
clkm| sf dxfb]zsf kd| v' ;d:of x'g\ . ljifd xfjfkfgL / 7'nf d?el" d /xs] fn] o; dxfb]zsf
;fdflhs / cflys{ lj|mofsnfk klg k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . P8;\ n] klg clk|msf dxfbz] sf
/fi6x« ¿nfO{ g/fd/| L k|efljt u/s] f] 5 . Oaf]nf efO/;af6 klg clk|msL hgtf df/df k/s] f 5g\ .
*)) eGbf a9L k|sf/sf sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; ug]{ of] dxfbz] hftLo ljljwtfsf] ynf]
xf] . dWo clkm| sL If]qsf] hª\un cf;kf;df a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] hLjg z}nL k/Dk/fbl] v
oyfjt\ 5 .

clk|msf dxfbz] df axd' "No vlgh ;Dkbf ePsf If]q 5g\ . ;'g, rfbF L, lx/f, k6] f« ]n, tfdf
nufotsf vlghx¿df clk|msf lgs} ;DkGg 5 . blIf0f clkm| sf ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dfqfdf
lx/fsf] pTkfbg / lgoft{ ug]{ dn' 's xf] . sltko clkm| sL bz] x¿ HfftLo åGån] / lx;+ fn] ubf{
ToxfF pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;xL ;bk' of]u ug{ ;ls/xs] f] 5}g .

oxfsF f clwsfz+ dflg;x¿ sl[ if sfo{df
;n+ Ug 5g\ . d?e"ld Ifq] df p6F sf]
ljz]if dxTTj 5 . ef/L af]sfpg, b'w
/ df;s' f nflu pF6 kflnG5 . cGo
3/ kfn'jf kz'kIfL k/Dk/fut zn} Ln]
kfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . Jofj;flos
9ªu\ n] oxfF s[lifsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . w/] } e"efu sl[ ifsf nflu pkoS' t
5g} . k|foM gbLsf lsgf/L efux¿df
vt] L ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu oL b]zx¿ nfuL k/]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL nufgLdf
;/sf/;uF hldg ef8fdf lnP/ ljz]if ;'ljwf o'St 7'nf 7'nf cfb} o] f]lus tyf Joj;flos Ifq] x¿
:yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . tL If]qx¿df vfbo\ fGg, sfs] f, skmL, s/] f / h6' h:tf] /;] fbf/ afnLx¿
7'nf] dfqfdf pTkfbg xG' 5 .

;efgf If]qdf 7'nf 7'nf /fli6o« lgs~' hx¿ 5g\ . a;{l] g nfvfF} ko6{ sx¿ tL lgs~' hx¿sf]
cjnfs] g ug{ cfp5F g\ . oxfF ko{6g Joj;fo km:6fpbF f] cj:yfdf 5 . ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug{ /
:yfgLo /f]huf/L j[bl\ wsf ;fy} bz] x¿sf] k|rf/ k;| f/ ug{ oL lgs~' hx¿sf] of]ubfg 5 . ko6{ g
ljsf;sf nflu hgzlSt, k"jfw{ f/ / ;/' Iffsf] cj:yfdf lgs} ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 . HfftLo
ljljwtf, ;f:+ s[lts leGgtf / efu} fl] ns :j¿k clk|msfsf xg] '{ / a'em\ g'kg{] kIfx¿ xg' \ . OlhK6sf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 135

lk/fld8, gfOn gbLsf] ;Eotf, ;efgf Ifq] sf lgs~' h / HfftLo ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] cWoog
ug{ clk|msfdf cWoog stf{x¿sf] cfsi{ f0f al9/x]sf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= HfftLo, ;f:+ s[lts / ef}ufl] ns ljljwtf clkm| sfsf xg] {' / a‰' gk' g]{ kIfx¿ xg' \ eGg] tYonfO{

pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ugx{ f;] \ .
@= tnsf] lrqdf lbOPsf] gfOn gbLsf] lsgf/L efudf cjl:yt OlhK6sf] /fhwfgL sfo/f]

;x/sf] tl:a/ xg] {'xf;] \ . Hofb} sd kfgL kg{] 7fpFdf ePtf klg olt 7n' f] ;x/sf] ljsf; xg'
;Sgfsf sf/0f jf cfwf/x¿ vf]Hg'xf;] \ .
Currriculum
Development Centre
#= ljleGg ;f| t] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L clkm| sf dxfb]zsf b; 7n' f ;x/x¿ / tL ;x/x¿ /xs] f]
b]zx¿sf] vf]hL u/L gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .

$= P6n; x/] L clkm| sf dxfbz] sf lx/f, k6] f« n] / ;g' pTkfbs dn' s' x¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ M

lx/f pTkfbs bz] k]6«f]n pTkfbs b]z ;g' pTkfbs bz]

%= clk|msf dxfb]z efs] d/L, åGå, v8/] L, n8fO,F /fu] JofwL, clzIff / ul/aL]n] cfjm| fGt
5 . clk|msf dxfbz] nfO{ ;an, ;'Gb/, zfGt / ljsl;t cj:yfdf k¥' ofpg ug{'kg]{ b;
dxTTjk0" f{ ultljlwx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

cEof;
-s_ clk|msf dxfb]zdf kd| v' cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿ s] s] x'g\ < nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ …clk|msf ko6{ gsf] kr| '/ ;Defjgf afs] s] f] dxfbz] xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6

kfg{'xf;] \ .
-u_ w/] } ;do;Dd clkm| sf cGwsf/sf] dxfbz] eg/] lrlgGYof] . o;/L lrlqt xg' 'sf s'g} bO' {

sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .

136 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M ;f/] pTt/ cdl] /sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf clkm| sf / g]kfn

pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf clk|msf dxfb]z /Currriculum
gk] fnlar so} f}F s/' fx¿df ;dfgtf kfOG5g\ . 7'nf kjt{Development Centre
zª[ v\ nfx¿ 3f;F ]el" d, gbL / xfjfkfgLdf kfOg] ;dfgtfx¿
k|fsl[ ts :j¿kdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . clkm| sfdf P6n; / 8]«sG] ;ju{
gfd ePsf bO' { df8] bf/ kjt{ dfnfx¿ /xs] f 5g\ . dfpG6
lslndfGh/] f] clk|msfsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] kj{t xf] . pTt/ cdl] /sf
dxfb]zsf] klZrdk6l\ 6 cn:sfb]lv kfgfdf;Dd g} Psg} f;n]
km}lnPsf] /SsL kjt{ dfnf 5 . of] klg df8] bf/ kj{t dfnf
xf] . oxfFsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] r'r'/f] dfpG6 cna6{ -$$)! ld=_
xf] . blIf0f cdl] /sf dxfbz] sf] klZrdL efudf pTt/ blIf0f
sf]0fdf cjl:yt PlG8h gfdsf] kj{t dfnf /x]sf] 5 . dfpG6
csfGsfu'jf oxfsF f] cUnf] rr' /' f] xf] . gk] fndf klg ljZjs} pRr
kjt{ r'r'/fx¿ ePsf] lxdfno kjt{ dfnf 5 . ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf
cUnf] r'r'/f] ;u/dfyf -**$* ls=ld=_ g]kfndf /xs] f] 5 .

pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ;G] 6 n/]G;, ldl;l;kL, ld;f}/L / sf]nf/] f8f] 7n' f
gbLx¿ x'g\ . To:t} blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] cd]hg, kf/gf,
kf/Uj] tyf clk|msfsf gfOn, sªu\ f] / hfDaf]hL gbLx¿ 7'nf
gbLsf ¿kdf k|l;b\w 5g\ . g]kfnsf sf];L, u08sL / s0ff{nL
a;}{el/ ljzfn kfgLsf] jxfj ePsf gbLx¿ x'g\ .

pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] kl]| /h, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] SofDkf;] / nfgf];,
clk|msfsf] e]N8 / gk] fnsf lxdfnL vs{x¿ kz' kfngsf nflu
ko| f]u ePsf r/g Ifq] x¿ x'g\ . oL 3f;F ] e"ldx¿df kz| :t dfqfdf
ufOj{ :t' / e]8fafvf| x¿ kflnG5g\ .

;fdflhs / cflys{ lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df pTt/ cd]l/sf
lgs} cufl8 5 . blIf0f cdl] /sfsf d'n'sx¿ / gk] fnsf] cj:yf
emG8} emG8} Psgf;sf] 5 . clkm| sf eg] ljsf;sf] lx;fan] cln
k5fl8 5 .

Sofg8f / cd]l/sf;Fu gk] fnsf] ku| f9 bfT} o ;DaGw 5 . g]kfnaf6 a;]{lg ;ofF} ljbo\ fyL{x¿
cWoogsf nflu pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] Sofg8f / ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sfdf kU' g] u/]sf 5g\ . Sofg8f
/ ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfn] gk] fnsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifox¿df pRr txdf cWoogfy{

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 137

Currriculum5fqjl[ Ttx¿ pknAw u/fpbF } cfPsf 5g\ . Sofg8f / cdl] /sfnufotsf dn' s' x¿af6 klg xhf/fF}
Development Centreko6{ sx¿ g]kfndf ko6{ gsf nflu cfpg] u5{g\ . tL d'n'sx¿n] klg gk] fnsf] ljsf;df cfly{s /
kf| ljlws ¿kdf ;3fpFb} cfO/xs] f 5g\ . blIf0f cd]l/sL dn' 'sx¿;uF klg g]kfnsf] ;DaGw a9b\ f]
5 . a|flhndf gk] fnsf] cfjf;Lo /fhb'tfjf; /x]sf] 5 . jifd{ f sx] L ;ª\Vof g]kfnLx¿ Jofkf/ /
3d' lkm/sf nflu blIf0f cd]l/sL /fi6d« f hfg yfns] f 5g\ . of] ;ªV\ of jm| dzM a9\bf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= ljZjsf] gS;fdf pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf clkm| sf dxfbz] x¿sf] kf| sl[ ts :j¿k

x]gx'{ f];\ . To;df pTt/ / blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf clkm| sf dxfb]zx¿sf kjt{ zª[ v\ nfx¿
Pjd\ 7'nf ;x/x¿ s'g sg' lbzfdf /x]sf 5g\ < gk] fn;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf;] \ .
@= Sofg8f / cd]l/sf;Fu gk] fnsf] bfT} o ;DaGw slxna] f6 :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] < vf]hL u/L
nV] g'xf];\ .
#= pTt/ cdl] /sfsf] k|]l/h, blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] SofDkf;] / nfgf;] , clkm| sfsf] eN] 8 tyf g]kfnsf
lxdfnL vs{x¿ kz' kfng x'g] If]qx¿ x'g\ . tL If]qsf ef}ufl] ns ljzi] ftfx¿ ;r" Lab\w
u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .
$= pTt/ cdl] /sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf clkm| sf dxfbz] x¿ / gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf
r'r'/fx¿sf] gfd / prfOnfO{ tflnsfdf /fvL sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;
-s_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf ltg kd| v' ef}uf]lns If]qx¿ s] s] x'g\ < 5nkmn u/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd

n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ 6G' 8«f jg:kltsf s'g} rf/ cf]6f ljz]iftfx¿sf] pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{
sIffsf ;a} ljbo\ fyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"x ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xn] pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cdl] /sf
tyf clkm| sf dxfb]z / g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] ;xofu] fTds sfoj{ |md cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ . ;f]
sfod{ f ljifo lzIfsnfO{ dN" ofªs\ g stf{ agfpg'xf];\ . ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 gS;f agfpg] 6f]nLnfO{
k=| c=af6 ljb\ofnosf] k|fy{gf ;efdf k/' :sf/ ljt/0f ug{] k|aGw klg ugx'{ f;] \ .

138 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M ;q k|fs[lts k|sf]k M es" Dk / ;g' fdL

k[YjLsf] ;txleq jf aflx/ ljleGg k|sf/sf kf| s[lts kl| j|mofx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]Currriculum
sf xG' 5g\ . o;sf sf/0fxaf6 pTkGg x'g] cfsl:ds 36gfn] wghgsf] 7n' f] Iflt eO{ ;fdflhsDevelopment Centre
hLjgdf kl| ts'n c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf 36gfaf6 l;lh{t ljktn\ fO{ kf| s[lts ks| f]k elgG5 .
es' Dk, ;'gfdL, Hjfnfdv' L, af9L, klx/f], x/' L atf;, cltjl[ i6, v8]/L, r6o\ fª, cl;gf, lxdtfn
lj:kmf6] g, lxdklx/f], rj|mjft cflb kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] x¿ x'g\ . o; kf7df e"sDk / ;'gfdLsf af/]
df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

e"sDk

k[YjLsf] leqL efudf x'g] efu} les{ jf ;txdf xg' ] ljz]if
ultljlwx¿sf] k|efjn] k[YjLsf] ;tx sfFKg] jf ysg{ ]
lj|mofnfO{ e"sDk elgG5 . es" DknfO{ /S] 6/ :s]ndf
dfkg ul/G5 . es" DkLo ;DefjgfnfO{ eljiojf0fL ug{
;lsbF g} . kY[ jLdf bl} gs xhf/fF} e"sDkLo t/ª\ux¿
uO/xG5g\ . t/ tL ;a} dflg;n] yfxf kfpbF }gg\ .
;fdfGotof rf/ /S] 6/ :s]nbl] v dflysf] es" Dkx¿
Dffq dflg;x¿n] ;lhn} cg'et" u5{g\ . kY[ jLsf ;a}
df8] bf/ kjt{ zª[ v\ nfx¿ / kz| fGt dxf;fu/sf] ;Dk0" f{
lsgf/L If]q e"sDksf] b[li6n] ljzi] f hf]lvd /xs] f Ifq] xg' \ . gk] fn lxdfno kjt{ sf] sfvdf /x]sf]
e"If]q ePsfn] oxfF klg e"sDksf] 7'nf] hfl] vd /x]sf] 5 . gk] fndf klg b}lgs ¿kdf ;fgf 7'nf
es" Dkx¿ eO/xG5g\ . lj=;=+ !(() df3 @ ut,] @)$% ebf} % ut] / @)&@ j}zfv !@ Pjd\
@( ut]sf lbgx¿df gk] fndf qf;bLk0" f{ e"sDk uO{ lgs} 7n' f] wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

;g' fdL

;d'b|sf] lkFwdf es" Dk k}bf eO{ To;sf] c;/ :j¿k
;d'b|L ;txsf] kfgL 5rNsL lg:sg] cfwF L;lxtsf]
5fnx¿nfO{ ;'gfdL elgG5 . ;g' fdLsf 5fnx¿ lgs}
c;/bfoL xG' 5g\ . ;fdl' b|s lsgf/fdf /xs] f Ifq] x¿df
;g' fdLn] Nofpg] 8'afg / af9Lh:tf c;/af6 k'/f
a:tL Pjd\ kj" fw{ f/ tyf ;/+ rgfx¿ Gffz x'G5g\ . ;g\
@))$ df OG8fg] l] ;ofsf] ;'dfqf 6fks' f] lsgf/fsf]
;d'b|L lkwF df e"sDk cfpbF f ePsf] ;g' fdLn] k/' } lxGb
dxf;fu/ If]qnfO{ ke| fljt agfPsf] lyof] . o;

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 139

;g' fdLn] jl/kl/sf clwsf+z e"efu 8a' fgdf k/L w/] } wghgsf] ljgfz ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a]nf
emG8} rf/ nfv dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP . To:t} ;g\ @)!! dfr{ !! df hfkfgsf] ;fdl' bs|
Ifq] df ePsf] e"sDk / ;'gfdLaf6 !%,*($ hgfsf] d[To', ^,!%@ hgf 3fOt] / @,%^@ hgf dflg;
x/fPsf lyP .

es" Dk / ;'gfdLsf c;/x¿
-s_ wghgsf ;fy} ;Dkbfx¿sf] ljgfz x'G5 .
-v_ ljsf;sf ;/+ rgfx¿ Wj:t x'G5g\ .
-u_ /f]uJofwL tyf dxfdf/L km}ng uO{ yk ljklTt cfOkg{ ;S5 .
-3_ kY[ jLsf] ;txdf b/f/x¿ aGg uO{ ue{df /xs] f kbfy{x¿ aflx/ lg:sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
-ª_ kfgLsf ;f| ]t lg:sg] / x/fpg] x'g ;S5 .

es" Dk / ;g' fdLsf c;/x¿af6 ;/' lIft /xg] pkfox¿
-s_ ;Defljt ljklTtaf6 aRg ;"rgfx¿sf] kxrF' df /xgk' 5{ .
-v_ ljklTtsf] ke| fjaf6 kg{] c;/ sd ug{ k"j{ tof/Lx¿ ug'k{ 5{ .
-u_ ljklTt k|lt/f]wL ;/+ rgfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f / pkof]u ug{k' 5{ .
-3_ cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfjZos ;fduL| oS' t emf]nf tof/L cj:yfdf

/fVgk' 5{ .
Currriculum
Development Centre
ljm| ofsnfk
!= e"sDknfO{ cfh;Dd eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . e"sDk eofgs kf| s[lts ljklTt

xf] . yf/] } ;dodf nfvfF} dflg;x¿nfO{ larNnL agfpg] o:tf] 36gfaf6 cfhsf] o'u;Dd
cfOkU' bf klg ;/' lIft xg' ;lsPsf] 5g} eg] ljutdf s:tf] cj:yf lyof] xfn] f < tkfOFs{ f]
6f]n ;dfhsf hi] 7 gful/s;uF ;f]wk'5 u/L es" Dk ;DaGwL pxfFsf cg'ejnfO{ l6kf]6 u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

@= tkfO{Fn] ;g' fdLsf af/d] f ;g' ]/, k9/] jf 6L=eL= tyf lel8of] lrqx¿df x]//] hfgsf/L kfpg'
ePs} xfn] f . To;sf cfwf/df ;'gfdL / es" Dklarsf] leGgtfx¿ nV] gx' f];\ .

#= es" Dk ;g' fdL xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ tn lbOPsf] h:t} Tfflnsf agfO{ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ M

e"sDk xg' fsf e"sDksf k|efjx¿ ;g' fdL xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ ;g' fdLsf ke| fjx¿
sf/0fx¿

140 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

$= e"sDknfO{ /f]Sg g;lsPtf klg o;sf] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5, s;/L <
%= es" Dk cl3, e"sDksf] an] f / e"sDk kl5 s] s:tf ;/' Iff / ;ts{tfsf pkfox¿ cjnDag

ug'k{ 5{ < 5nkmn u/L ;as} f ltg÷ltg cf6] f pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;
-s_ e"sDk eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < s] o;nfO{ /fS] g ;lsG5 < atfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ @)&@ ;fndf gk] fndf uPsf] zlStzfnL e"sDksf af/]df bO' { cgR' 5b] nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ E pi c e nt r e / H cpyo e tn r e larsf leGgtfx¿ k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ S e i s m gor a hp n] es" Dksf] M a nig t ued nfO{ s;/L dfkg u5{ < lrq;lxt k|:6

kfg'{xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{nF ] klxnf] k6s e"sDk slxn] / s;/L yfxf kfpge' Psf] lyof] < tkfOFs{ f] kl/jf/sf hi] 7
;b:on] klg es" DkLo 36gf slxn] / s;/L yfxf kfpg'ePsf] lyof] < pxf;F Fu ;fw] L bj' }sf]
cge' jnfO{ ;d]6L rf6{ kk] /df n]Vg'xf;] \ / ufpF6f]n / l5ds] df ;fyLefOx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpgx' f;] \ .
Currriculum
Development Centre

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 141

Currriculumkf7 M c7f/ gS;f ptfg]{ ljleGg tl/sf / cfw'lgs Jofjxfl/s
Development Centre
gS;f k|ljlwx¿

;r" gf kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] k/Dk/fut 9ª\uaf6 cgd' fgdf gS;f sfg] ]{ tl/sfdf Jofks kl/jtg{
cfO/xs] f] 5 . gS;f lgdf{0fsf nflu k|ofu] df /x]sf sx] L ljlwx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
-s_ :jtGq gS;fªs\ g ljlw M o; ljlwdf s'g} klg gS;fnfO{ uxg ¿kdf x]/L jf x]b}{ To:t}

cfsl[ t sfg] {] ul/G5 . Psk} 6sdf cfwf/ gS;f em}F b?' :t agfpg g;lsPtf klg sx] L
k6ssf] ko| f;df b'?:t gS;f agfpg ;lsG5 . kf| oM ;an} ] klxnf] k6s of] ljlw k|ofu]
ug]{ u5{g\ .
-v_ sfag{ k]k/ /fv]/ 5fKg] M of] ljlw sfag{ kk] /sf] ;xfotfn] sg' } tof/L gS;fnfO{ h:tfsf]
t:t} csf]{ sfuhdf ptfg{] tl/sf xf] .
-u_ 6];« ug]{ ( T r a c i gn M e t )hod M l;;foS' t 6]ansf] tNnf] efudf kz| :t / Psgfzn] k|sfz
lbg] 6\oa' nfO6 h8fg u/L l;;fsf] tNnf] leqL cfwf/ gS;f 6fF:gk' 5{ . To;kl5 6]ansf]
dflyNnf] efudf cfjZos ;fOhsf] ;fbf sfuh /fVgk' 5{ . 6\o'a nfO6 afnk] l5 To;sf]
k|sfzn] gS;fsf] cfsl[ t ;fbf sfuhdf :ki6 bl] v5 . To;kl5 l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn]
;f] cfsl[ tnfO{ ;fbf sfuhdf ptfl/G5 .
-3_ kmf]6f]skL ljlw ( P toh co opy m e t )doh M cfwf/ gS;fnfO{ kmf6] fs] kL d]l;gsf] k|of]u u/L
5fKg] ul/G5 . o;af6 gS;fsf] vfFrf] k/' f ug]{afxs] c¿ bIftf k|fKt xbF' g} .
-ª_ O H P ( O ve r H e a d P r oj e c t ro ) jf ks| fz ljlw M O H P d]l;gsf] ko| f]uaf6 kf/bzL{
Knfl:6sdf agfOPsf] gS;fnfO{ ks| fzn] k/fjt{ g u/fpFb} leTtfdf b]vfO{ ;f] cfwf/df
gS;f sf]g{] ul/G5 . xfn of] ljlw vf;} k|ofu] df 5}g .
-r_ :6l] G;n ljlw M o; ljlwdf ;'?df :6]lG;n kk] /df cfjZos gS;fs[lt agfOG5 . To;kl5
:6]lG;n dl] ;gaf6 lnyf] u/L cfjZos kl| tx¿ tof/ kfl/G5 . xfn of] ljlw vf;}
k|of]udf 5}g .
-5_ ju{ ljlw M ;fbf sfuh / cfwf/ gS;fdf l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Ps} ;fOhsf ju{x¿
agfOG5 . cfwf/ gS;fsf] l;dfgfnufotsf] /v] fx¿ h'g h'g sf7] fdf h;/L kg{ uPsf 5g\,
ltgLx¿nfO{ /fd/| L ofb ul/G5 . To;kl5 gS;f agfpg tof/ kfl/Psf] juo{ 'St sfuhdf
cfwf/ gS;fsf] h:t} x'g] u/L k|Tos] sf]7fx¿df ofb ub{} gS;fsf /v] fx¿ sf]b}{ uOG5 . of]
jm| d k/' f ePkl5 cfwf/ gS;f em}F gofF gS;f tof/ x'G5 .
-h_ G I S ljlw M sDKo6' /af6 ljzi] f ;K6jo] /sf] ;xfotfn] gS;f agfpg] of] cTofwl' gs kl| jlw oS' t
ljlw xf] . jtd{ fgdf ljZjsf] clwsfz+ dn' s' x¿df o; ljlwaf6 gS;fx¿sf] pTkfbg / kz| fw] g
ul/G5 .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum-em_ 6]DKn]6 ljlw M o; ljlwdf Pp6f gS;fnfO{ /fd/| L sf6/] k|md] jf ANfssf] ¿k lbOG5 .
Development Centretof/ ePsf] ANfsnfO{ ;fbf sfuhdfly gxNng] u/L /fv/] jl/kl/af6 lrgf] nufpg] sfd
ul/G5 . cGtdf st} /v] fx¿ 5'6]sf] ePdf hf8] ]/ ldnfO{ k"0f{ gS;f agfOG5 .

hg' ;'s} tl/sfaf6 eP klg gS;fsf] :j¿k tof/ eO;s]kl5 To;df ljleGg tYox¿ ;xL
:yfgdf pko'St ;ª\s]tx¿ ldnfO{ ;a}n] a'em\ g] u/L egk{' 5{ . gS;f ljZjJofkL efiff ePsfn]
gS;fdf tYox¿ ebf{ ;a}n] lrGg / ae' mg\ ;Sg] u/L cGt/fl{ i6«o kr| ngdf /x]sf ;ªs\ t]
lrxg\ x¿sf] k|of]u ugk{' 5{ .

cfw'lgs Jofjxfl/s gS;f k|ljlwx¿

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] b|t' t/ ljsf;n] ;+;f/sf ;a} If]qx¿ sg' } g sg' } ¿kn] ke| fljt eO/xs] f pSt
;Gbe{df gS;f lgdf{0fsf nflu klg ljleGg cfwl' gs Jofjxfl/s kl| jlwx¿ k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\ .
oL kl| jlwaf6 gS;f lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf, zb' \wtf / :ki6tf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

ef}uf]lns ;r" gf k0| ffnL -G e rgo a phi c a l I nf or m a t i on S ys t e m / G I S _

o; k|0ffnLdf sDKo'6/af6 ljz]if
lsl;dsf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ;xfotfn]
aX| df08df /x]sf e" pku|x;Fu ljb\o'tLo
t/ªu\ af6 ;Dks{ sfod ul/G5 . To;kl5
k|fKt ;r" gfsf] pkofu] af6 gS;f lgdf{0f
ul/G5 . o;df kY[ jLsf] ;txsf
;"rgfx¿ sDKo6' /df cfjZos kz| fw] g
u/L gS;fªs\ g ul/G5 . o; ljlwaf6
agfOPsf] gS;fsf] k|of]uaf6 b|t' ¿kdf
;To tYo ;"rgfsf] ;Dk|]if0fdf j|mflGt g} cfPsf] 5 .

ljZj cjl:ylt k|0ffnL -G l oab l P os i t i oni gn S ys t e m _

e" pkux| sf] ;xfotfaf6 hldgsf] cjl:ylt kTtf nufpg ljzi] f oGqsf] ;xofu] df
;r" gfx¿ kf| Kt ul/G5 . To;kl5 ;f] ;r" gfsf cfwf/df sg' } klg Ifq] sf] gS;fªs\ g
;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 . dV' otM o; ljlwaf6 cIffz+ , bz] fGt/, prfOnufotsf ;r" gfx¿
kf| Kt xg' ] xg' fn] gS;f sfg] { cfwf/et" tYox¿ kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . pkoS{' t k0| ffnL afxs]
sDKo6' / / dfa] fOn h:tf ;~rf/ pks/0fx¿df ko| fu] ul/g] G o o g l e e a r t h tyf
hL=kL=P;= gfdsf ;ˆ6jo] /af6 kf| Kt hfgsf/Lx¿ Kflg efu} fl] ns ;r" gfsf cfwl' gs
;f| t] x¿ xg' \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 143

Currriculumljm| ofsnfk
Development Centre!= kf7df pNn]v ul/PsfdWo] tkfO{Fn] gS;f agfpg s'g ljlw a9L k|ofu] ug'e{ Psf] 5 < sg'

ljlw clxn];Dd ko| f]u ug{'ePsf] 5}g <
@= gS;f lgdf0{ fdf ks| fz ljlw / :6l] G;n ljlw sd ko| f]udf cfpgfsf sf/0fx¿ ;d"xdf

5nkmn u/L lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .
#= :jtGq gS;fªs\ g ljlw ckgfO{ k/' f k[i7 el/g] u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\ .
$= kf7df pNnv] ul/Psf cfw'lgs Jofjxfl/s gS;f kl| jlwx¿dWo] tkfO{nF fO{ sg' ;|f]t a9L

ljZj;gLo nfUof] / lsg <
%= s] tkfO{Fn] uu' n cy{sf] ko| f]u ug{e' Psf] 5 < 7fpF kTtf nufpg o;n] s;/L ;xof]u u5{ <

OG6/g6] sf] ;xfotfdf uu' n cy{ vf]hL sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .
^= efu} fl] ns ;r" gf k|0ffnL / ljZj cjl:ylt k0| ffnLlar tflTjs leGgtfx¿ bv] fpg'xf];\ .
cEof;
-s_ gS;f lgdf{0fdf s] s:tf ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 < ltgLx¿sf] gfd atfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ sfa{g kk] / ljlw 6l]« ;ª ljlweGbf km/s ljlw xf,] lsg <
-u_ gS;f ptfg]{ kmf6] f]skL ljlwnfO{ z"Go bIftf ljlw elggfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <

cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVgx' f;] \ .
-3_ hL=kL=P;= gS;fn] s] s:tf ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;xofu] ub{5 <
-ª_ hL=cfO={ P;= ( G I S ) / hL=kL=P;= ( G P S ) gS;flar s] s:tf km/sx¿ 5g\ <
-r_ …OG6/g]6sf] ;xofu] n] gS;f sfon{ fO{ ;/ntf lbPsf] 5Ú eGg] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'x{ f];\ .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
tkfOF{sf] sIffdf w/] } ;fyLx¿;uF OG6/g]6sf] kxF'r ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . tLdWo] s;}n] ef}uf]lns ;r" gf
k0| ffnL / s;}n] ljZj cjl:ylt k0| ffnL ko| fu] u/L lnOPsf] g]kfnsf] gS;f sIffsf7] fdf Nofpg'xf;] \
/ pSt gS;f tyf k0| ffnLaf/] Jofks 5nkmn u/L kl| tj]bgsf ¿kdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

144 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M pGgfO; gS;f sfo{

;fdfGo ¿kdf kY[ jLsf] s'g} klg v08 jf k'/} efusf] sf]l/Psf] jf sfuhftdf ptfl/Psf]
cfsl[ tnfO{ gS;f elgG5 . gS;f ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf] k:| t'lt klg xf] . gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf]
;xfotfn] ljleGg tYo / tYofªs\ x¿sf] ;xh 9ªu\ af6 k:| tt' ul/Psf] xG' 5 . l;dfgf, efu} f]lns
:j¿k, prfO, jg:klt, a:tL, vlgh, jg, df6f], hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f, wfld{s :Yfn / ;Dkbfx¿,
afnL / pTkfbg, ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/x¿ cflb gS;fsf cªu\ x'g\ .

jt{dfg ;dodf efu} flns ;"rgf / tYofª\sx¿sf] k|:t'ltsf nflu gS;f agfpg] l;k ;as} f nflu
cfjZos 5 . gS;f agfpg] l;knfO{ sf6fu]{ f| kmL ( C a r t gor a y)hp elgG5 . gS;fdf o;sf] zLif{s,
pTt/ lbzf, ;ª\s]t lrx\gx¿, :sn] -cgk' flts gfkf]_ /fVg'k5{ . oL s/' fx¿lagf gS;f k0" f{ x'Fb}g .
jf:tljs hldgsf] cfsf/ / gS;f agfpg] sfuhlarsf] cgk' ft ldnfO{ :sn] /fVg'k5{ . o;af6
kj| flxt x'g] ;"rgf tYofªs\ / :s]nsf cfwf/df gS;fsf] ljefhg ul/G5 . gS;fdf k|ofu] ul/g]
;ª\st] lrx\gx¿ cGt/fl{ i6«o kr| ngdf cfPsf] xg' 'k5{ .

gS;f agfpg ljleGg ljlw kl| jlwx¿sf] k|of]u xb'F } cfO/xs] f] 5 . ljutdf xft}n] :jtGq ¿kdf
gS;fªs\ g sfo{ ul/GYof] eg] jtd{ fgdf kl| jlw / pks/0fsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ k/Dk/fut z}nL
lj:yflkt xg' ] cj:yfdf k'lu;ss] f] 5 .

xft}n] :jtGq ¿kdf gS;f sf]g{] l;k ljsf; ug{ tn lbOPsf] ljlwnfO{ cEof; u/f}F .
Currriculum
Development Centre @ ;=] ld=

@ ;]=ld=

@ ;]=ld=

@ ;=] ld= # ;=] ld= # ;=] ld= @ ;=] ld=

!= !) ;]=ld= nDafO / ^ ;=] ld= rf}8fOsf] Ps cfotfsf/ lvRg'xf];\ . 7'nf] k[i7df agfpgk' /]
o;sf] gfk lngx' f;] \ cyf{t\ @) ;]=ld= x !@ ;]=ld= sf] cfotfsf/ .

@= @ ;]=ld= sf] km/s kf/L kT| o]s afs;sf] s'gfaf6 Pp6f /v] f tfGg'xf;] \ . afs;sf]
l7s laraf6 Pp6f 7f8f/] ]vf tfGgx' f;] \ . oL /v] fx¿n] xfd|f] b]zsf] gS;fsf s'gfx¿
b]vfp5F g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 145

Currriculum#= !) ;=] ld= x ^ ;]=ld= eP ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ *) ls=ld= x'G5 t/ @) ;]=ld= x !@ ;]=ld=
Development CentreeP ! ;]=ld= n] $) ls=ld= bv] fp5F . of] :s]n klg gS;fsf] Ps 5p] df nV] gx' f;] \ .

$= of] cEof; w]/} k6s bfx] f]¥ofpgx' f;] \ . ljsf; If]qdf l;dfgf sfg] {'xf;] \ . ljleGg ;x/, gbL,
lxdfn cflbsf] ;xL cjl:ylt sxfF sxfF x'G5, bv] fpg'xf];\ . tkfO{Fsf] cfˆgf] gu/kflnsf
jf ufpkF flnsf sxfFg]/ k5{ < cgd' fg u/L b]vfpgx' f;] \ .

dflysf] ljlwaf6 7'nf] cfsf/sf] gS;fnfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/df / ;fgf] cfsf/sf] gS;fnfO{ 7n' f]
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