E-PROCEEDING IBIEC 2023

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 92 weight of one can of Yeo’s brand drink, while the second case is the stranger item has the same weight as one can of Yeo’s brand drink. This can be expressed based on equation (3). ℎ ℎ ℎ = 307 + (3) Where; = ℎ = ℎ 307 = ℎ Where; 1: ≠ 307 2: = 307 Result and Discussion The This section describes the results in detail for both out-of-stock and misplaced items situations. These results prove that the hardware and software work according to the specifications that have been designed. Out-of-Stock During a situation where 12 beverage cans are on the shelf, the weight sensor will detect the total weight of the item and send this information to the microprocessor, which is Arduino Uno for analysis. This analysis process is carried out by comparing the total weight of the 12 beverage cans, which is 3684 grams including the ±10 grams margin that has been set, and it must be in the range from 3564 grams to 3804 grams. This means that a total of 12 beverage cans must not be less or more than this predetermined margin as shown in Table 2. Once this comparison process is performed and confirms the weight of the 12 beverage cans is within the set margin, the microprocessor will issue a command to the LCD display to display a reading of 12 OUT OF 12, further instructing the LED to be in off mode and the buzzer does not produce sound as shown in Figure 5. This situation can also be observed through smartphones via Blynk application that has been downloaded. Figure 5: 12 cans on the shelf together with their notifications

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 93 The NodeMCU module identifies a pre-configured wireless connection during this operation. The smartphone will then receive this signal for display. A reading of 12/12 will be shown in this application. The Blynk application does not, however, provide any notification signals in this case. It can be directly viewed by opening this application at any time. This similar process will continue when the number of beverage cans is reduced until only 5 cans are on the shelf. What differentiates is only on the LCD display and also the display on the smartphone. If these beverage cans are further reduced to 4 cans, it is found that the stock of these cans have decreased by 67% making only 33% of the shelf capacity remaining. It can be assumed that the shelf is in a low stock position. The total weight of 4 beverage cans is 1228 grams and the margin are between 1188 grams to 1268 grams as shown in Table 2. The LCD display will display a reading of 4 OUT OF 12 Low Stock! as shown in Figure 6. In this case, the Blynk application will send a notification to the smartphone with 4 left Low Stock so that retailers are alert to the low stock position on the shelf. Figure 6: Notifications for 4 cans on the shelf When these beverage cans are reduced further to 3, it indicates that the shelf capacity has decreased to 25%. This means the stock on the shelf is in a state of alert situation. This causes the microprocessor to instruct the LEDs to emit light. At the same time, notification 3 left LOW STOCK from Blynk to the smartphone to state that the stock is in alert situation. The LCD display also displays a reading of 3 OUT OF 12 Low Stock! This is shown as in Figure 7. Figure 7: Notifications for 3 cans on the shelf The stock is said to be in a critical state when there are only 2 beverage cans left on the shelves which is equivalent to 17% of full capacity. As can be seen in Figure 8, the LCD display shows a reading of 2 OUT OF 12 Need To Restock! and the Blynk application will send a 2 left Need To Restock notification signal to the smartphone to indicate that the stock is in critical condition so that stock replenishment can be done immediately. In this situation the LED also emits light as a warning sign.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 94 Figure 8: Notifications for 2 cans on the shelf Figure 9 is a notification when only 1 beverage can is left on the shelf. This indicates that the stock of beverage can on the shelf is in a very critical condition, so the warning from the buzzer will quickly be heard. The LEDs also continue to emit light and the LCD display shows a reading of 1 OUT OF 12 Need To Restock!. The Blynk application will send a 1 left Need To Restock notification signal to retailers in order to add stock immediately. Figure 9: Notifications for 1 can on the shelf The situation when the shelf does not have beverage cans on it is representative of running out of stock which is equivalent to 0 % capacity and weighs 0 grams. The weight sensor does not detect any weight on the shelf, then sends this information to a microprocessor for analysis. Once analysed, the microprocessor will instruct the LCD display to display the Out Of Stock! Need To Restock! next instructs the LED to emit light and the buzzer will emit a sound. The Blynk application will send an Item OUT OF STOCK notification signal as information to the retailer. This is shown clearly in Figure 10. Figure 10: Notifications for empty shelf Misplaced item is alongside beverage cans on the shelf i. Misplaced item has different weight from that of Yeo's brand beverage cans Table 3 shows a situation where there is a packet of splendid brand tissues having a net weight of 101 grams placed on a shelf along with Yeo’s brand drinks.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 95 Table 3. Information and notifications for misplaced item weighing 101 grams Number of Cans (pieces) Number of Stranger Item (pieces) Weight (grams) LCD Display LED Notify Buzzer Notify Smartphone Display (Blynk) Smartphone Notify (Blynk) 6 1 1943 UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED!! On On 999/12 UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED 5 1 1636 UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED!! On On 999/12 UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED 5 0 1535 5 OUT OF 12 Off Off 5/12 4 0 1228 4 OUT OF 12 Low Stock Off Off 4/12 4 Left Low Stock For the first situation, as many as 6 cans of drinks and 1 packet of tissues are on the shelf. The total weight of all the items is 1943 grams. When referring to Table 2, a shelf having 6 cans should weigh 1842 grams. The allowable margin is between 1782 grams to 1902 grams. It was found that the weight of 1943 grams was outside the prescribed margin. This caused the sensor to detect the presence of foreign items that should not be on the shelves of Yeo’s brand drinks and send this information to the microprocessor for analysis. Once analysed, the microprocessor gives a command on the LCD display to display the UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED!!!, then instructs the LED to light up and the buzzer emits a sound. Immediately also the employee will get a notification UNKNOWN ITEM DETECTED on the smartphone and the screen will display 999/12 meaning there are other items that should not be on the shelf as shown in Figure 11. This makes it easier for employees to come and move the item and put it in the right place. Figure 11: Notifications for 6 cans on the shelf alongside 101 grams tissues It was found that if this drink was reduced to 5 cans, the information display still did not return to the normal situation because the tissue had not yet been removed from the drink rack.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 96 Figure 12: Notifications for 5 cans on the shelf alongside 101 grams tissues Based on Table 2, when 5 cans of drinks are on the shelf, then the actual weight should be 1535 grams and the allowable margin is between 1485 grams to 1585 grams. Due to the presence of the foreign item, the system still shows that the shelf is in an abnormal situation as shown in Figure 12. Next, in a situation where only 5 cans of drinks were on the shelf and the tissues had already been moved to their original place, then the shelving system had returned to normal. This is due to the weight of the 5 beverage cans has returned to the actual weight of 1535 grams and a margin of around 1485 grams to 1585 grams. Thus, the LCD display as well as the smartphone display will show the readings of 5 OUT OF 12 and 5/12 as seen in Fig. 13. This means the system is back to the out-of-stock case again. This situation will continue to be normal if there are no other items on this beverage rack. Figure 13: Notifications for 5 cans on the shelf after 101 grams tissues was removed ii. Misplaced item has the same weight as Yeo’s brand beverage cans Table 4 shows the situation where there is a Dettol brand bath soap that has a net weight of 307 grams which is equivalent to the weight of one can of Yeo’s brand drinks placed on the shelf together with Yeo’s brand drinks.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 97 Table 4: Information and notifications for misplaced item weighing 307 grams Number of Cans (piece(s)) Number of Stranger Item (pieces) Weight (grams) LCD Display LED Notify Buzzer Notify Smartphone Display (Blynk) Smartphone Notify (Blynk) 6 1 2149 7 OUT OF 12 Off Off 999/12 5 1 1842 6 OUT 0F 12 Off Off 999/12 5 0 1535 5 OUT OF 12 Off Off 5/12 4 0 1228 4 OUT OF 12 Low Stock Off Off 4/12 4 Left Low Stock For the first situation, a total of 6 cans of drinks are placed together with soap on the shelf. Referring to equation (3), the total weight of all the items is 2149 grams. When referring to Table 2, weight of 2149 grams is equivalent to 7 cans of drinks. Then there was an error where the soap was counted as 1 beverage can. Therefore, the microprocessor instructs the LCD display to show a reading of 7 OUT OF 12 as shown in Fig. 14. LCD display should show Unknown item Detected!!! instead. This makes the number displayed is not the same as the actual number of beverage cans. Figure 14: Notifications for 6 cans on the shelf alongside 307 grams bath soap If these beverage cans are reduced to 5 cans and the soap is still on the shelf, as shown in Figure 15, the LCD display still shows a reading of 6 OUT OF 12 as the soap is equals to 1 beverage can. The information display still does not return to the normal situation because the foreign item has not yet been removed from the beverage rack. Based on Table 2, the weight of 5 beverage cans is equivalent to 1535 grams. Referring to equation (3), the total weight is 1842 grams which is equivalent to the weight of 6 beverage cans. Due to the presence of the foreign item, the system still shows that the shelf is in an abnormal situation. Figure 15: Notifications for 5 cans on the shelf alongside 307 grams bath soap Next, in a situation where only 5 cans of drinks were on the shelf and the soap had already been removed from the shelf, then the system is returned back to normal situation. This is due to the weight of the 5 beverage cans has returned to the actual weight of 1535 grams and a margin of around 1485 grams to 1585 grams. Therefore, the LCD display as well as the smartphone display will display 5 OUT OF 12 and 5/12 readings as shown in Figure 16. This means, the system has returned back to the out-of-stock case. This situation will continue to be normal as long as there are no other items on this beverage rack.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 98 Figure 16: Notifications for 5 cans on the shelf after 307 grams bath soap was removed Conclusion The main focus in this project is to develop an IoT-Based Smart Rack Monitoring System that uses IoT Technology to reduce the problem of out-of-stock and misplace items. This system will provide good benefits to not only retailers but also customers. This prototype Smart Shelf Monitoring System has been successfully developed using weight sensor, Arduino Uno, NodeMCU and programmed using C ++ and C combination. In conclusion, all objectives were met, and the system is capable of effectively monitoring stocks to prevent out-of-stock issues and misplaced items, notifying retailers about on-shelf availability in real-time using Blnyk application. However, there is a drawback found in this system. The system cannot distinguish stranger items that have the same weight as the actual item on the shelf. Then the actual number of items cannot be displayed correctly. As a suggestion in the future, a camera installation can be used together with a weight sensor to detect an image of a stranger item. References A. Hassan, M. Shahmi, A. Rahman, M. F. Iskandar, and F. Mansourkiaie, 2020, Internet of Things based Smart Shelves Prototype Implementation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–26. A. Milella, A. Petitti, R. Marani, G. Cicirelli, and T. D’Orazio, 2020, Towards Intelligent Retail: Automated on-Shelf Availability Estimation Using a Depth Camera, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 19353–19363. Campo, K., E. Gijsbrechts, P. Nisol, 2003. The impact of retailer stockouts on whether, how much, and what to buy, Internat. J. Res. Marketing 20 273–286. D. Drinkwater, 2016, The Future of Retail Through the Internet of Things,” Future Retail Through Internet Things [Online]. https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/whitepapers/futureretail-through-iot-paper.pdf. D. Evans, “The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything,” 2011. Accessed: Apr. 26, 2021. [Online], Available: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf G. Buzek, 2018, Out-of-Stocks, Out of Luck. How Retailers Alienate Customers and Lose Billions Due to Poor Inventory Practices.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 99 G. M. Lee, J. Park, N. Kong, and N. Crespi, 2011, The Internet of Things - Concept and Problem Statement, Internet Res. Task Force, vol. 66, no. July, pp. 37–39. J. Chase, 2013, The Evolution of the Internet of Things From connected things to living in the data, preparing for challenges and IoT readiness. Jayanthi Ranjan and Sandeep Puri, 2012, Out of Stock conditions affecting Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, Journal of Business and Retail Management Research (JBRMR) Vol 6 Issue2. Joanne Archer, 2020 11 things you should never do in a grocery store [Online]. Available: https://www.insider.com/things-you-should-never-do-at-a-gro cery-store-2020-1 K. Higa and K. Iwamoto, 2019, Robust shelf monitoring using supervised learning for improving on-shelf availability in retail stores, Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 12. L. Rosado, J. Goncalves, J. Costa, D. Ribeiro, and F. Soares, 2020, Supervised learning for Out-of-Stock detection in panoramas of retail shelves, IST 2016 - 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Imaging Syst. Tech. Proc., vol. 2020, no. 6389, pp. 406–411, doi: 10.1109/IST.2016.7738260. L. S. Vailshery, 2021 Number of connected devices worldwide 2030. L. Zhu, P. Wang, and S. Xi, 2018, Mean-variance analysis of retailers deploying RFIDenabled smart shelves, Inf., vol. 9, no. 2, doi: 10.3390/info9020040. Philip B. Schary and Boris W. Becker, “The Impact of stock-out on Market Share: Temporal Effects, “Journal of Business Logistics 1(1)(1978):31-44 S. Abdul Moeed and D. Kumar, 2017, Internet of Things (IoT)-Internet Evolution, Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. (IJETT)-Special Issue. S. Paul, A. Chatterjee, and D. Guha, 2019, Study of Smart Inventory Management System Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), Int. J. Recent Trends Bus. Tour., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 27–34. W. Zinn and P.C. Liu, 2001, Consumer response to retail stockouts, Journal of Business Logistics 22(1), pp. 49–72. X. Wang, H. Pan, and R. Ou, 2017, Library’s Smart Bookshelf and Book Positioning System Based on ultra-high frequency RFID Technology,” vol. 123, no. Msmee, pp. 219–222. ZebraTechnology, 13th annual Global Shopper Study. [Online]. Available: www.mmh.com/article/zebra_study_75_of_millennials_abandon_in_store_purchases_le d_by_out_of_stoc

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 100 IoT Smart LPG Gas Detector Khairuddin Bin Abukasim1*, Caroline Ann Anak Mai1 1 Politeknik Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia *Khairuddin Bin Abukasi Abstract Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) leaks pose significant safety concerns in households and other areas where LPG is used. These gas leaks often go unnoticed until they reach dangerous levels, leading to potential injury or death. To address this issue, an IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor has been developed. By employing an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) platform called Node MCU ESP8266 and a MQ-6 sensor, the system accurately senses changes in gas levels. Using the Blynk application, users can conveniently monitor gas levels and access graphical representations of gas leakage incidents. Experimental evaluations have demonstrated that the IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor effectively triggers electrical outputs, such as fans and alarms, upon detecting gas leaks. This proactive approach enables individuals to take immediate action, preventing potential accidents and ensuring safety. The IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor offers a reliable and efficient solution to the problem of LPG gas leakages. By implementing this technology, households and other areas can significantly enhance safety measures, reducing the risk of injuries and providing peace of mind for users. Keywords: LPG Gas Sensor, ESP8266, Internet of Thing Introduction Gas leaks pose significant risks to human health and the environment. Natural gas, for example, is primarily composed of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change when released into the atmosphere. Additionally, natural gas can displace oxygen in confined spaces, leading to asphyxiation if present in high enough concentrations. Other gases, such as refrigerants used in cooling systems, can contribute to ozone depletion, and have high global warming potentials. When these gases leak, they pose immediate health risks and contribute to long-term environmental damage. The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized many aspects of our lives, including how we manage safety and security at home. One such application is the IoT smart LPG gas detector, a device designed to enhance the safety of households and businesses that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). These detectors leverage IoT technology to provide real-time monitoring and alerts for LPG gas leaks, offering a proactive approach to gas safety. Traditional gas detectors rely on standalone systems that sound an alarm when gas is detected. In contrast, IoT smart LPG gas detectors connect to the internet, allowing users to monitor their gas levels remotely via smartphone apps or web interfaces. This connectivity enables users to

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 101 receive instant notifications on their devices in the event of a gas leak, regardless of their location. Additionally, IoT smart LPG gas detectors can provide valuable insights and analytics. They can track gas usage patterns over time, helping users optimize their consumption and identify potential leaks or inefficiencies. This data can also be used for predictive maintenance, allowing users to address issues before they escalate. Material and Method The sensors used in this project are connected to NODE MCU ESP 8266 which continuously monitors the gas leakage percentage. With the NODE MCU ESP 8266, users can create their code to set how the device functions. The user may control how the device works in terms of programming language by using this. If the value of this sensor changes, the mobile application sends a notice to the server. The Node MCU ESP8266 acts as the communication for the Blynk Server and smartphone. The MQ-9 gas sensor is used to measure the LPG gas in the atmosphere. If the leakage is identified in the presence of gas, smoke and temperature, the application gas indicator level increases to a particular value. If the value is greater than the threshold value then the system checks the MQ9 sensor value notifies the user and turns on the exhaust fan by using the 5v relay module. The simulation software was done by using the Proteus for the schematic design and also the verifying the coding into NODE MCU ESP 8266. Materials i. Hardware MQ-6 sensor The MQ-6 sensor is an excellent tool that can be used to detect gas leaks. With its high sensitivity to gases such as butane, propane, and methane, it can detect multiple gases simultaneously, making it a great choice for many applications. Additionally, it is particularly effective in detecting flammable gases, especially LPG. The best part is that it is an affordable option, making it accessible to many people. The sensitivity can be easily adjusted using the onboard potentiometer, and it can be connected to an analogue pin to read the sensor. Overall, the MQ-6 sensor is a valuable tool that can help keep people safe and prevent accidents. NODE MCU ESP8266 The NodeMCU ESP8266 is a widely used development board in Internet of Things applications, offering a flexible and affordable way to link objects to the internet. Its Wi-Fi and programming capabilities enable quick IoT solution design and deployment. By utilizing NodeMCU, this system is able to promptly detect and respond to any potential leaks in realtime, providing users with a more proactive and efficient solution. ii. Software Proteus 8 Professional is the program that is used to create and simulate projects before putting them into prototypes. The Arduino UNO serves as the NodeMCU ESP8266's verification code and the Blynk is an Internet of Things system for the communication platform.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 102 Figure 1: Block diagram of Smart LPG Gas Detector With the ESP8266 serving as the system's primary microcontroller, Figure 1 displays the project's block diagram. The ventilation fan and siren will turn on when the MQ-6 sensor input is processed, and an alert signal is received. A notification about an issue at their home will be sent to the user by the Blynk server. Figure 2: Structure diagram of the system The operation of the proposed project can be explained in the form of a flowchart. The first step of the operation is to turn on the device that receives power from the 12v node MCU base Then the device will enter standby mode, if the sensor detects any gas, the buzzer will light up, the fan will be activated and finally the ESP8266 module will send data to the user's smartphone through the following method Blynk the server notifies the user that a leak has occurred. When all the alarm systems have completed their work, the entire system will re-check whether there is a leak.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 103 Figure 3: Flowchart of design project Results and Discussion The result and discussion section are very important for the researcher to make sure that the project development process runs smoothly and goes through a better low of process. It focuses on analyzing the acquired data and explaining the results. The goal is to assess the efficiency of implementing the IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor system. The discussion part compares the achieved results to the project requirements and tackles any constraints or issues encountered during the project. It also assesses the system's performance through user feedback and testing. The goal of this is to provide a succinct review of the project's findings and their implications for the IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor System.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 104 Results Figure 4 : The result of the gas sensor, notification and email notification The collected data was analyzed, and the following outcomes were obtained: i. Accuracy of the LPG Gas Sensor : The Gas leak recognition algorithm achieved a 98% accuracy rate in detecting gas leaks. False positive and false negative rates were decreased to ensure a safe environment. ii. Error rates or Failed Attempts: Failed efforts or sporadic faults were detected by the system in 5% of the gas leaks. The main causes of these errors were suspected to be inappropriate handling or card problems. Analysis and Interpretation Analysis of the results offers the following insights: i. The IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor detects LPG gas leaks with high accuracy and success rate. ii. The system has an appropriate response time, allowing authorized users to access information quickly. iii. Although the total error rate is low, there is room for improvement in reducing errors and increasing system robustness. Discussions This section provided and discussed the findings of the IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor project. The project's goal was to assess the effectiveness of the established IoT Smart LPG Gas Sensor system. The results revealed a high success rate in detecting and showing the gas leakage, with a quick response time for informing nearby persons and extracting the lpg gas. However, several issues arose during gas scans, and data transfer to the Blynk application for displaying the gas value and providing notifications to the user was hampered by internet connection delays. The

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 105 system successfully satisfied the goal of creating a circuit capable of transferring notification waves using the node MCU esp8266. Conclusion In conclusion, the IoT Smart LPG Gas Detector is a crucial safety device for homes and businesses, designed to detect gas leaks and alert users to potential dangers. By integrating IoT technology, this system offers real-time monitoring and notifications, enhancing safety measures and reducing the risk of fire or gas-related incidents. The project's implementation, with its cost-effective approach and focus on functionality, demonstrates its potential as a valuable addition to household and industrial safety systems. Future Improvement For future improvements, the IoT Smart LPG Gas Detector project can enhance its sensitivity to detect lower gas concentrations, incorporate remote monitoring and control via a mobile app or web interface, integrate with existing smart home systems for automation, improve notification methods with SMS alerts and push notifications, implement data logging and analysis features for tracking gas leak incidents, add energy-efficient features like automatic shut-off, design a user-friendly interface for easy setup and monitoring, and ensure compatibility with multiple gas sensors for detecting various gases. These enhancements would make the gas detector more effective in ensuring user safety and could expand its utility in residential and industrial settings. References Adekitan, A. I., Matthews, V. O., & Olasunkanmi, O. (2018, September). A microcontroller based gas leakage detection and evacuation system. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 413, No. 1, p. 012008). IOP Publishing. Ajiboye, A. T., Opadiji, J. F., Yusuf, A. O., & Popoola, J. O. (2021). Analytical determination of load resistance value for MQ-series gas sensors: MQ-6 as case study. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(2), 575- 582. Alshammari, B. F., & Chughtai, M. T. (2020). IoT gas leakage detector and warning generator. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 10(4), 6142-6146. Anuradha, P., Arabelli, R. R., Rajkumar, K., & Ravichander, J. (2020, December). Microcontroller Based Monitoring and Controlling of LPG Leaks Using Internet of Things. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 981, No. 3, p. 032021). IOP Publishing. Daruwati, I., Hatika, R. G., & Mardiansyah, D. (2021, October). MQ-2 Gas Sensor using Micro Controller Arduino Uno for LPG Leakage with Short Message Service as a Media Information. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2049, No. 1, p. 012068). IOP Publishing.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 106 Dewi, L., & Somantri, Y. (2018, July). Wireless sensor network on LPG gas leak detection and automatic gas regulator system using Arduino. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 384, No. 1, p. 012064). IOP Publishing. Evalina, N., & Azis, H. A. (2020, April). Implementation and design gas leakage detection system using ATMega8 microcontroller. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 821, No. 1, p. 012049). IOP Publishing. Hasibuan, M. S., & Idris, I. (2019, December). Intelligent LPG gas leak detection tool with SMS notification. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1424, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing. Kavitha, M., Raju, S. H., Waris, S. F., & Koulagaji, A. (2020, December). Smart gas monitoring system for home and industries. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 981, No. 2, p. 022003). IOP Publishing. Shrivastava, A., Prabhaker, R., Kumar, R., & Verma, R. (2013). GSM based gas leakage detection system. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 1(2), 42-45. Yadav, V., Shukla, A., Bandra, S., Kumar, V., Ansari, U., & Khanna, S. (2016). A review on microcontroller based LPG gas leakage detector. Journal of VLSI Design and Signal Processing, 2(3), 1-10.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 107 Development of the Smart Grocery Cart Norasiah Muhammad1*, Muhammad Nabil Amshar1 , Anis Zulaikha1 and Muhammad Afiq Syahmie1 1 Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Nowadays, consumers in every local supermarket are having issues where they must line up long and wait for a long time at the checkout counter. This can be seen particularly during the festive season, and it has become a significant burden, especially to the elderly who have health problems, those who are in a rush, and those who are carrying babies. To overcome this problem, the Smart Groceries Cart (SGC) has been designed and created specifically to facilitate consumers by reducing the time taken while shopping as well as speeding up the payment process at the counter. The casing of the SGC was designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 Software which is then printed using 3D printing technology. For programming, this project made use of Arduino, MIT App Inventor, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. In addition, the device system is divided into two, namely the consumer part, and the supermarket owner part. The component that makes up the SGC are RFID RC522, Node MCU Microcontroller, RFID passive tags, a rechargeable battery, a fifth-generation ultrasonic device, a piezo buzzer, and a liquid crystal display (LCD). Customers enter the premises carrying a trolley along with the RFID box that has been prepared. The customers then scan the items they want to buy in the section marked with the scan here sticker. The final cost that the consumer needs to pay will be displayed on the LCD screen. The customer then completes the payment for the entire item via cash or online services. A total of 50 surveys were given to customers of COOPSA, Speedmart, Pasaraya Hero, and Giant. The result shows that 40 respondents strongly agree with Smart Grocery Chart. According to customer feedback, by using SGC, they no longer face a long queue, no longer need to waste time, and no need to take out and hand over each item from their trolley cart to the cashier one by one. Using this SGC will make it simple for customers to easily determine an item's pricing as well as the entire cost of the products, allowing them to estimate their overall spending. It has been demonstrated that this product helps people with their concerns. Keywords: Smart grocery cart, Arduino, MIT app inventor, radio frequency identification. Introduction A shopping mall is a place where most people are in a great hurry to get their daily necessities ranging from food products, apparel, toiletries, gardening tools, electrical appliances, and others. Consumers often face problems and inconveniences when shopping. They want a quick payment and enough budget. They worry that the amount of money they bought is not enough to pay for the items they had bought. Consumers sometimes got fed up with waiting and wasting unnecessary time at the counter. They also face insufficient information about the items for

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 108 example the price of each item they want to purchase. By reducing customer effort and normalizing longer shopping visits, a shopping cart can be seen as a behavioral modification tool that is intended to promote sales. Customers frequently encounter carts and shopping baskets at a variety of store outlets, from department stores to convenience stores [1]. Customers frequently encounter carts and shopping baskets in a wide variety of retail establishments, from convenience stores to department stores. There are many different sizes and shapes of carts, such as deeper carts, swallow carts, and two-story carts with two or more baskets. Other carts have chain locks, and others have even been modified to look like crocodiles or toy cars for kids. Using modified shopping carts could shift the distribution of sales to higher-margin foods (such as perishable produce), increasing overall sales and perhaps increasing the supermarket's overall profit [2]. Figure 1 presents the Smart Grocery Cart together with RFID Case. Figure 1: Smart Grocery Cart & RFID Case Smart grocery cart concept The general concept of this Smart Grocery Cart (SGC) is designed in the form of its own payment system using RFID on the shopping trolley which enables customers to make payments for goods that are scanned and placed before the trolley. The smart trolley method is that the user takes the goods to be purchased and then scans them using the RFID card. After the purchase, the user makes a payment using an RFID card. This will make it easier for customers to make payments without waiting long while queuing. SGC design consists of the following components RFID RC522, NodeMCU Microcontroller, RFID passive tags, and LCD display. Therefore, customers do not have to wait long while queuing to make a payment, and even makes it easier for employees when the payment method. The current system of shopping is time-consuming and involves many steps, such as selecting the goods, standing in line, scanning them, and checking out [3].

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 109 Project procedures The selection of the right components is very important in designing the Smart Grocery Cart to prevent any material abuse or components used. Among the components used are: i. RFID RC522 Module for Arduino ii. NodeMCU Microcontroller iii. Breadboard 800 Holes iv. Dupont Jumper Wires M/M v. RFID Passive Tags vi. Rechargeable Battery vii. Spring-coil viii. Polylactic Acid (PLA) ix. Ultrasonic x. Piezo Buzzer The basic operation of the main work of this system consists of three main parts namely the purchase database management system software, microcontroller, and RFID Reader Module, which interface with each other. A microcontroller (MCU for a microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) VLSI integrated circuit (IC) chip. The microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output devices. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash, or OTP ROM is also often included on the chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to microprocessors used in personal computers or other general-purpose applications that consist of a variety of discrete chips. this microcontroller function in this project is to send data to the database. RFID (radio frequency identification) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic couplings in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify objects, animals, or people. This RFID reader serves to send data to the microcontroller. Organizations use large amounts of data. A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that makes it possible to organize data in a database. The standard acronym for a database management system is DBMS, so you will often see this instead of the full name. The main purpose of a database management system is to store and convert data into information to support decision-making. Figure 2 represents the block diagram of RFID system. To make things short, to make the whole system work it requires all three components to interface with each other by: i. RFID readers receive data from RFID cards. Next, after receiving the data the RFID Reader will send the received data to the NodeMCU Microcontroller. ii. After obtaining the desired data the microcontroller will act as a data sender to the database to collect data. iii. The information software that has been delivered by the microcontroller will be collected in this section. Database Management Software or DBMS is used for storing, manipulating, and managing data in a database environment.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 110 Figure 2: Block diagram of the RFID system Findings The program was developed using several computer programming software such as Arduino IDE Software and MIT App Inventor. Figure 3 shows the software used to develop the system program. The operation of the Smart Grocery Cart can be explained as the customers entering the premises carrying a trolley along with the RFID box that has been prepared (provided by the premises). After taking the trolley, customers need to scan the items they want to buy in the section where the scan here sticker has been placed. When customers want to reject the items, they want to buy, they need to press the button that has been provided and instructions will be issued on the LCD screen. The interface between RFIS scanner, microcontroller and database can be seen in Figure 4. While moving around the premises during shopping activity, customers can scan the item they wish to purchase (that has been attached with RFID adhesive tags) through the same RFID reader attached at the grocery cart. Figure 3: The software used to develop the system program As customers are done with their shopping activity, customer can head to the cashier counter and hand over their RFID tags to the cashier. The cashier will scan the RFID tags through an RFID reader located at the cashier counter. This will command the supermarket's central billing system to receive input database from the customer’s Item purchased Database. A sum up of collective data with the total price that the customer needs to pay will appear on the counter screen. Customers then pay the total amount of purchased items through cash or online services.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 111 Figure 4: The interface between the RFID scanner, Microcontroller, and Database Conclusion and discussion There is no question that the Internet of Things (IoT) and RFID technology may function as a single system to benefit society by enhancing the efficiency of food shopping. However, these advantages are only applicable under situations, such as locations without internet access and the technology's usability. As is common knowledge, this technology cannot capture or transfer data from metal surfaces because metal scatters radio waves, which it employs as its medium. Currently, after buying, most items are placed in the standard grocery cart at other nearby supermarkets or hypermarkets. However, the clients' actual circumstance is when they are making a payment. Customers must transfer and scan each item individually at the checkout desk. This will take a long time because some items need to be carefully checked (typing in the check digit). This innovative RFID grocery cart stores the purchase information on an RFID card, which the cashier scans. In this manner, the checkout process is sped up because only one item needs to be scanned. In conclusion, the main idea behind this is to help the community in purchasing by shortening the time to queue to make payments. A typical grocery cart does not have the convenience of the project we are producing. Using the RFID system on this grocery cart can help customers and cashiers during payment. This makes the payment process faster and more efficient. We believe that RFID technology is not limited to access cards, tolls, clothing but also grocery items. With this technology, we need time to adapt to the use of this technology. This is a great step in the progress of mankind due to being in industrial revolution 4.0. References N.M. Larsen, May 2019. What Affects Shopper’s Choices of Caring Devices in Grocery Retailing and What Difference does it Make?, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. P.B. Wansink, D. Soman and K.C. Herbst, June 2017. Larger partitions lead to larger sales: Divided grocery carts alter purchase norms and increase sales, Journal of Business Research, Volume 75. B.G. Anusha and V. Nagaveni, 2019. A Review on Smart Cart Shopping System using IOT, Journal of Networking, Computer Security and Engineering, Volume 4 Issue 1.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 112 Magnetic Field for E. Coli Removal (MF-PipeER) Rossitah Selamat Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract The presence of harmful bacteria in river water poses a significant risk to public health, necessitating rigorous disinfection in traditional drinking water treatment plants. One emerging area of interest among water utilities is the adoption of riverbank filtration (RBF) technology. RBF represents a novel approach, employing non-chemical methods and leveraging natural processes for water treatment in Malaysia. While RBF demonstrates effectiveness in reducing contaminant levels, questions persist regarding its ability to adequately eliminate pathogenic bacteria, particularly during periods of flooding and wet weather. Therefore, Magnetic Field Pipe (MF-PipeER) is designed to remove E. coli pathogens that are considered to be of high risk to human health, and potentially present in our drinking water source. This product is specially designed to remove germs and bacteria E. coli at the end of the process to ensure that the water is safe to drink. MF-PipeER has three main components namely generator, low electromagnetic field pipes, and IoT control. These components are designed to treat all types of liquids, especially water. In a nutshell, this low-frequency electromagnetic field system, MFPipeER, that utilizes non-ionizing radiations and is chemical-free, is capable to remove E. coli and thus, is a promising treatment technique to improve the performance of RBF. Keywords: E. coli removal, Electromagnetic field, Riverbank filtration, water treatment Introduction The abundance of water resources in Malaysia has historically been a cornerstone of the nation's commitment to providing clean and readily available water, essential for safeguarding public health and preserving environmental integrity. Despite concerted efforts to uphold water quality standards, persistent challenges, particularly related to bacterial contamination, persist and threaten the safety and sustainability of water sources (Garba et al., 2021). Escherichia coli (E. coli), a bacterium commonly associated with fecal contamination, is among the primary concerns in this regard. Its presence in water sources can lead to severe health risks if ingested through contaminated water (Jesse et al., 2022). E. coli serves as a crucial indicator of fecal contamination in water, signaling potential health hazards to consumers. Although conventional water treatment methods have proven effective in many instances, they often encounter limitations when it comes to efficiently removing E. coli and other microbial pathogens. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring innovative approaches to augment water treatment processes, aiming to improve both efficiency and safety standards (Luna et al., 2019). Throughout the annals of history, water treatment facilities have predominantly leaned on conventional methods, frequently resorting to chemical treatments, to combat the persistent

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 113 menace of microbial contamination (Rahmanian et al., 2015). However, the reliability of these conventional techniques in consistently eradicating pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) has often been called into question, with their dependence on chemical agents giving rise to apprehensions regarding residual by-products and their subsequent environmental ramifications (Phiri et al., 2021). In recent decades, an observable paradigm shift has taken shape, marked by an escalating interest in exploring alternative water treatment modalities that promise not only heightened efficacy but also a diminished environmental footprint. Amid this landscape of innovation, one particularly promising avenue has emerged: the application of magnetic fields for E. coli removal, christened Magnetic Field for E. coli Removal (MF-PipeER). This ground-breaking method harnesses the intrinsic power of magnetic fields to facilitate the physical extraction of E. coli bacteria from water, offering a potentially sustainable and efficient solution vis-à-vis traditional methods (Shaarani et al., 2021). The inception of MF-PipeER instigates a fervent exploration into its feasibility and effectiveness as a novel water treatment paradigm, with a particular focus on its capacity to curtail E. coli contamination. Through the meticulous evaluation of MF-PipeER's performance in controlled laboratory settings and its real-world application in diverse field scenarios, this ambitious undertaking seeks to ascertain its potential to not only enhance water treatment efficiency but also fortify safety standards (Akan et al., 2010). By grappling with critical challenges inherent in water quality management, this project aspires to proffer invaluable insights into innovative solutions for mitigating waterborne pathogens and catalysing sustainable water resource management practices. Through a prism of comprehensive analysis and intellectually robust discussion, this scholarly pursuit endeavours to illuminate the underlying mechanisms and inherent benefits of MFPipeER. In doing so, it aspires to serve as a beacon for policymakers, water utility operators, and stakeholders entrenched within the labyrinthine corridors of the water sector. By meticulously delineating the transformative potential of magnetic field technology in augmenting water treatment processes and zealously safeguarding public health imperatives, this project endeavours to galvanize a collective renaissance in water treatment technologies. Material and Methods This study encompasses three primary phases. Initially, the focus lay on identifying the numerical method and developing a model, succeeded by an examination of river water quality. Subsequently, the preparation of MF-PipeER exposure facilitated the validation of the magnetic field mechanism in the second phase (Haiping et. al., 2009). Finally, the efficacy of MF-PipeER as a removal technique was assessed through physical modelling. Ultimately, the study aimed to evaluate the potential of LF-EMF as a viable alternative technique. i. Development of MF-PipeER The ANSYS Maxwell software served as the primary tool for analyzing static, frequency domain, and time-variable magnetism and electrical fields. Renowned for its accuracy, ANSYS Maxwell employs the finite element method to simulate low-frequency magnetism fields effectively (Duan et al., 2020). This software offers a comprehensive suite of solution types tailored for electromagnetic device design, encompassing magneto-resistive modeling in three

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 114 dimensions. The assessment of devices can be impacted by proximity effects, which encompass phenomena such as eddy currents induced by alternating current (AC) electromagnetic fields. Given the high magnetic susceptibility of MF-PipeER, they possess the potential to influence E. coli growth without the need for synthetic compounds (Mateus-Vargas et al., 2016). However, the complexity of the 3D model of the MF-PipeER heater posed challenges for meshing and solving within a reasonable timeframe using Maxwell software. Consequently, a simplified MF-PipeER model was devised, with the coil positioned externally. During the experiment, water samples were exposed to MF-PipeER, characterized by a magnetic field (β) ranging from 2 to 10 mT across frequencies (f) of 50 Hz, at the center of the coil setup. The 3D model of the MF-PipeER furnace is depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1: LF-EMF treatment coil pipe modelling structure by Ansys Maxwell software The foundational MF-PipeER structure underwent meticulous design using ANSYS Maxwell software, incorporating precise geometrical specifications and boundary delineations. Prior to simulation, a fully-automatic meshing procedure was implemented to ensure optimization of the structure model. In ANSYS Maxwell 3D, configurations were based on networks comprising numerous MF-PipeER components. Despite employing relatively coarse meshes with few elements, accurate solutions were achieved. Multi-layered coil workpieces were crafted to facilitate meshing, accommodating the skin depth phenomenon. The primary objective of this simulation was to establish a uniform magnetic field within the column pipe and ascertain the required number of coil turns for the MF-PipeER model. ii. Sampling of Water and Characterization Water treatment method is intricately linked to the quality of the water source, which ultimately affects the quality of drinking water. Therefore, it was crucial to characterize the water sources to assess their quality, comparing them against the standards set by the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). This study aimed to address the presence of E. coli in drinking water sources, focusing specifically on evaluating its distribution along with other key water quality parameters in Sungai Kerian, a well-established drinking water source. Sungai Kerian, located in Lubok Buntar, Kedah Darul Aman, serves as a crucial tributary within the Kerian river basin, spanning across Kedah, Perak, and Pulau Pinang states. Notably, this area lies in close proximity to the raw water intake of the Syarikat Air Darul Aman (SADA) water treatment plant in Sungai Kerian, which provides potable water to residents of Parit Buntar, Nibong Tebal, and Bandar Baharu in Kedah. As a result, Sungai Kerian has become a vital source of potable water for these communities.Two sampling points were located within a palm oil plantation, with the river water sample collected at coordinates 5° 7'38.61"N,

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 115 100°35'44.24"E. This geographical location is illustrated in Figure 2, providing a visual depiction of the study area's geographical context. Figure 2: Coordinate of sampling point in Lubok Buntar iii. MF-PipeER Setup and Test Run In this project, three sets of tests were conducted, each with different magnetic field exposures. The treatment coiled pipe test setup was positioned along the horizontal axis, with a solenoid used to generate the magnetic field. This solenoid comprised overlapping windings of copper wires and spanned a length of 500 mm. The coils, encircling the pipe, facilitated the manipulation of magnetic fields through a magnetic field power generation system. The maximum effective current employed was 2 A at a frequency of 50 Hz. The magnetic generator assembly included a set of solenoid coils, a current amplifier, and a waveform generator controller. Samples were carefully positioned and exposed within a horizontal pipe to enhance the uniformity of the magnetic field. Following this setup, the MF-PipeER experiment began, with water samples pumped horizontally into the column to ensure thorough saturation of the particles (Dastanaie et al., 2007). To ensure sufficient contact time between the magnetic field and the water samples for the removal of E. coli, a consistent discharge rate was maintained. This was accomplished by employing the peristaltic pump model Masterflex L/S HV 07522-20, with flow rates set at 50, 100, and 200 mL/min. The water samples were continuously fed into the pipe during five test runs. Throughout a period of 2 hours, a total of 18 effluents were collected directly into 100 mL sterilized vessels. The experimental setup is visually depicted in Figures 3.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 116 Figure 3: Demonstration of magnetic flux density measurement using EMF sensor Analyzer along z-axis and x-axis. iv. Validation of MF-PipeER The validation of the MF-PipeER involved investigating the compatibility of ANSYS Maxwell in designing the low-frequency electromagnetic field, with discussions on the comparison between predicted and experimental results. To attain an optimal uniform magnetic field within the treatment coil pipe, the flux density of the coil was increased proportionally to the number of coil turns. The distribution of magnetic flux density was analyzed on the zx plane and along the centerline of the treatment coil pipe in the z and x directions, respectively. Notably, the redcolored section of the magnetic field highlighted a maximum uniform flux density at 12mT within the center of the treatment coil pipe, with a 5% error margin. Table 1 presents the magnetic fields obtained, reflecting the direct relationship between inductance and magnetic flux density. Table 1: Simulation result of inductance and magnetic field Inductance, L (µH) Magnetic field, β (mT) 9.4347 0.1 - 12 The measured inductance for the treatment coil pipe was found to be L=9.4347 µH, indicating similar coil arrangements. This result suggests that lower inductance values correspond to increased magnetic field density. Through this project, it became apparent that a significant magnetic flux was anticipated at the centre of the coils, resulting in the trapping of the magnetic field at each coil position. As a result, the maximum magnetic flux density of the treatment coil pipe was measured in the radial direction (x direction) at the centre of the coil. The magnetic flux at all solenoid coils, spaced 50 mm apart, exhibited a high density at the centre of the solenoid coils towards the surface on each side. The flux density followed along the centreline of the treatment coil pipe in each coil arrangement. Observations revealed that the magnitude changes were consistent with magnetic field alterations, as illustrated in Figure 4. X - axis Z - axis (0,0,0)

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 117 Figure 4: Magnetic flux direction in LF-EMF pipe prototype at zx plane v. Removal Rate of E. Coli The effectiveness of MF-PipeER in eliminating E. coli from water samples was evaluated over five consecutive runs. The system was subjected to varying water flow rates (Q1: 50 mL/min, Q2: 100 mL/min, Q3: 200 mL/min), with Figures 5a - 5c illustrating the corresponding E. coli removal percentages. Notably, the MF-PipeER achieved complete removal (100%) of E. coli for Q1 and Q2, while for Q3, removal percentages ranged from 83% to 90% at a magnetic field exposure of 10 mT. These findings underscore a notable reduction in E. coli levels in water samples treated with MF-PipeER, with magnetic field intensity influencing bacterial responses. The results indicate that higher magnetic field exposure correlates with increased removal efficiency, particularly evident at Q1 and Q2. This suggests that magnetic field intensity may be influenced by the surface area of the treatment coiled pipe, potentially enhancing E. coli eradication during exposure. Overall, these findings highlight the efficacy of MF-PipeER in achieving complete E. coli removal, signifying its promising utility in water treatment applications. Figure 5a: Percentage of E. coli removal. (Q1 = 50mL/min)

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 118 Figure 5b: Percentage of E. coli removal. (Q2 = 100mL/min) Figure 5c: Percentage of E. coli removal. (Q3 = 200mL/min) Conclusion This project successfully demonstrated the ability of MF-PipeER to reduce the concentration of E. coli in river water samples. The MF-PipeER treatment coiled pipe was developed using ANSYS Maxwell software to generate and analyze the magnetic field. The design and simulation of the MF-PipeER allowed visualization of the magnetic field flux for E. coli removal. The results indicated that MF-PipeER was capable of reducing the concentration of E. coli through magnetic field exposure.Throughout the project, MF-PipeER effectively demonstrated its ability to remove and control the growth of E. coli using magnetic field exposure. The impact of the magnetic field on E. coli removal was validated through experimental results. Initially, simulations were conducted to study and design the magnetic field generating system, with results compared to previous research findings. In conclusion, the project confirmed the efficacy of MF-PipeER in removing and controlling the growth of E. coli through magnetic field exposure, highlighting its potential as a water treatment solution. Future Improvement In this project, MF-PipeER was utilized as an alternative method to remove and eliminate E. coli in drinking water, as well as in riverbank filtration (RBF) applications. To encourage the ongoing pursuit of improved treatment strategies, several recommendations for future research are outlined below: i. Conduct In-depth Investigations on Microbiological Reaction: Future research should delve into the microbiological response to E. coli morphology following magnetic field exposure. This entails observing the growth-inhibitory effect consistent with the

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 119 application of magnetic field devices for controlling E. coli growth in various fields and industries, such as the food industry. ii. Explore Increased MF-PipeER Exposure: Further investigation into increasing MFPipeER exposure for E. coli removal in large volumes of water at different flow rates is warranted. This exploration could provide insights into optimizing the effectiveness of MF-PipeER under varying conditions. iii. Study Other Types of Bacteria: Research on other types of bacteria can enhance our understanding of the mechanistic aspects of MF-PipeER interaction, particularly for potential applications in the food industry. Understanding how different bacteria respond to magnetic field exposure can inform the development of tailored treatment strategies. iv. Focus on Recovery and Stability of Magnetic Field Effect: Future studies should prioritize the recovery and stability of the magnetic field effect by employing highintensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) in subsequent water treatments. This approach not only emphasizes the efficiency of the treatment process but also ensures the environmentally friendly disposal of the treated water, promoting better ecological balance. References Akan, H., Gurol, Y., Izbirak, G., Ozdatlı, S., Yilmaz, G., Vitrinel, A., & Hayran, O. (2010). Knowledge and attitudes of university students toward pandemic influenza: a crosssectional study from Turkey. BMC Public health, 10(1), 1-8. Dastanaie, A., Nabi Bidhendi, G. R., Nasrabadi, T., Habibi, R., & Hoveidi, H. (2007). Use of horizontal flow roughing filtration in drinking water treatment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4, 379-382. Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of affective disorders, 275, 112-118. Garba, M. D., Usman, M., Khan, S., Shehzad, F., Galadima, A., Ehsan, M. F., ... & Humayun, M. (2021). CO2 towards fuels: A review of catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 104756. Haiping, Y. U., Chunfeng, L. I., & Jianghua, D. E. N. G. (2009). Sequential coupling simulation for electromagnetic–mechanical tube compression by finite element analysis. journal of materials processing technology, 209(2), 707-713. Jesse, M., Bauer, C., & Jannach, D. (2023). Intra-list similarity and human diversity perceptions of recommendations: the details matter. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 33(4), 769-802. Luna, P., Hahn, C., Higgins, D., Jaffer, S. A., Jaramillo, T. F., & Sargent, E. H. (2019). What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?. Science, 364(6438), eaav3506.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 120 Mateus-Vargas, R. H., Atanassova, V., Reich, F., & Klein, G. (2017). Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characterization of Escherichia coli recovered from frozen game meat. Food microbiology, 63, 164-169. Phiri, P., Delanerolle, G., Al-Sudani, A., & Rathod, S. (2021). COVID-19 and black, Asian, and minority ethnic communities: a complex relationship without just cause. JMIR public health and surveillance, 7(2), e22581. Rahmanian, N., Ali, S. H. B., Homayoonfard, M., Ali, N. J., Rehan, M., Sadef, Y., & Nizami, A. S. (2015). Analysis of physiochemical parameters to evaluate the drinking water quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, 1-10. Shaarani, S. M ., Bhuiyan, M. S. A., Amin, Z., Rodrigues, K. F., Saallah, S., Sarker, S., & Siddiquee, S. (2021). Infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in poultry farming: vaccination, immune response and measures for mitigation. Veterinary sciences, 8(11), 273.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 121 Sugarcane Paper (SC Paper) Mohd Fazli Mohd Sam1*, Nurul Hasyimah Mohamed1 , Nik Mohd Zarifie Hashim1 , Siti Sarah Mat Isa2 and Budi Suprapto3 1 Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia 2 Melaka International College of Science and Technology, Malaysia 3 Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Indonesia * Mohd Fazli Mohd Sam Abstract Alternative paper is one of the best options for us right now to save the earth. It takes a lot of resources to produce virgin paper, including water and recently cut trees. Both water and energy are used in great quantities during the manufacturing process. Making the switch to eco-friendly products helps conserve water as well as trees. For human life and survival, these natural elements are essential. Therefore, sugar cane paper (SC paper) comes to the solution in order to create an alternative paper that has been created by bagasse sugarcane. In addition, hoping that the products can be sold and created can help to save trees and forests from being deforested to create new paper. As human beings, I am very concerned about nature and society, especially for the animals, whose habitat has become endangered because of deforestation. Keywords: sugarcane, paper, green, environment Introduction The needs not only ones for which A4 paper is useful it also works well for sketching activities thanks to its high visual sensitivity and high opacity. In particular, HVS type paper, which is exceptionally white, allows for greater detail to be drawn (Gurunathan et al., 2015). When using drawing pencils, the surface of the paper is smooth yet not too slippery. Because it's neither too small nor too huge, this is the preferred size and type of paper for sketching in the neighbourhood. The availability of various sizes and varieties of paper in the neighbourhood makes it possible to do any tasks that require written documentation. The most common size of paper is A4 because of its many benefits. Whether you're in high school, college, or the workforce, you've undoubtedly written this kind of paper before. Choose the best pharmacies and the best brands of paper to ensure the ease of any endeavour requiring A4 sheets. The next and most obvious needs on paper is in office environment and purpose of an A4 sized sheet of paper is for all printing activities that take place in an office setting. The usage of this paper was decided upon due to the fact that its technical characteristics are compatible with every kind of printing device (Jandyal et al., 2022). In addition, the sizes often fit well, meaning that they are not too large, excessively small, or excessively lengthy.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 122 The presence of these characters makes it simple to archive A4 paper, regardless of whether the paper is placed in a folder or a storage folder. It should come as no surprise that this kind of paper is the kind that is most frequently utilized in office settings for the purpose of printing a variety of different papers. Starting with letters for both internal and external objectives, memoranda, daily and monthly reports, and so on are all examples of written communication. SC Paper primarily produces pulp, unfinished paper, and converted paper goods. Paper product manufacturers who convert raw materials like paper and paperboard into finished goods are the backbone of the converted paper products sector. Paper goods are made from raw materials like wood, agro leftovers, garbage, and recycled paper. Paper is used for many purposes, including but not limited to writing, magazines, packing, sanitary products, and other uses. Problem Statement Emits hazardous chemicals, to break down wood pulp and bleach paper, toxic chemicals such as chlorine and chlorine compounds are used (Patel et al., 2021). These by-products have an environmental impact, especially when they are dumped into nearby water supplies and land. Many tree-free papers use less water, chemical processing, and energy during the papermaking process than their timber counterparts. Deforestation. Paper consumes a massive amount of wood, which is unsurprising given how much paper will come into contact with on a daily basis. The receipt slip, the toilet paper that been use several times a day, and the post-it notes and scribble reminders on are all made from trees that were felled and transported to papermaking plants. Illegal harvesting, a lack of forest conservation, social conflicts, human rights violations, and harmful plantation development are all issues related to deforestation (How Deforestation Risks for Investors Can Become Opportunities for Conservation (Commentary), 2018). Pollution. The paper industry is one of the leading sources of industrial pollution, ranking among the top twenty polluting industries in the world. Freshwater is required in large quantities by paper mills and once been used, it is carelessly poured out, now contaminated by the manufacturing process (Boguniewicz-Zabłocka & Kłosok-Bazan, 2020). This has an impact on the water quality of nearby rivers and canals. Objectives Sugarcane paper is a by-product of sugar production and consists of industrial waste that is recycled and reused. No bleaching agents, optical brighteners or dyeing chemicals are added to the sugar cane. In addition, sugar cane is a very fast-growing plant. No trees have to be felled for its extraction. Invention Description/Innovation Product/Innovation Ideas The best solution for the problem above is alternative paper which is made from bagasse sugarcane. Sugarcane bagasse is a valuable renewable resource, but it was only bio-waste. It was always discarded or burned because it was deemed unusable. Bagasse, on the other hand, is now regarded as a valuable, renewable resource. Sugarcane bagasse is the pomace from the squeezed sugarcane and is the main by-product of the cane sugar industry. Because of its rough texture, it is an excellent raw material for pulping and papermaking. Sugarcane bagasse

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 123 accounts for approximately 24% to 27% of total sugarcane (with a water content of approximately 50%) 2 to 3 tons of bagasse are produced for every ton of cane sugar produced, and each ton of sugarcane bagasse can replace 1-1.25 cubic meters of wood. Bamboo Paper is sustainable because it grows quickly and is more efficient at sequestering carbon dioxide. It's the ideal environmentally friendly alternative material. Bamboo paper can be recycled alongside paper made from trees, and it also has the following sustainable properties. In the first step, need to grind the coarse baggase into fine texture using home appliance which is blendder. This process will repeatedly done and may consist up to 15 minutes per batch as done it manually without using any huge and advanced machine technology. It need to ensure that each batch of grinding are done properly because it will give effect on the paper’s texture. Figure 1 below shows the difference of left over baggase in the white plastic beg (that available from hawker that had done pressing their sugar cane in mechanical presse) and after 15 minutes of grinding which is in the red censor. Figure 1: Process of grinding baggase Design of our last product which is sugarcane paper are determine by size of frame moulding that been decided to choose which is 15cm x 18cm because in our opinion, the size is suitable for writing and drawing although the paper itself will be formed a bit smaller than the size of frame.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 124 Figure 2: Sketch of Paper Frame Moulding Figure 3: Real view of Paper Frame Moulding Figure 4: In making of shaping paper

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 125 Figure 5: Finished Product

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 126 Gain/Benefit/Impact Eco-friendly and Bio-degradable. Sugarcane paper has advantages such as being more environmentally friendly and pollution-free than wood-pulp paper. Bagasse is typically burned after sugarcane is processed into cane sugar, which adds to environmental pollution. Instead of

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 127 processing or burning bagasse, it can turn it into paper! It also has the ability to biodegrade and return nutrients to the soil. Biodegradability ensures that a product can degrade naturally over time. Sugarcane fibre degrades in 30 to 90 days (Moshood et al., 2022). Renewable and reduce CO2. Sugarcane grows quickly. Their height can exceed 3 meters in a single year, and they reach full maturity in 14 months on average, whereas trees require at least 10 years. Furthermore, sugarcane emits 20.65 million tons of CO2 in the field and during processing, but the crop absorbs 228.89 million tons of CO2 from the atmosphere over its lifetime. This means that the sugarcane crop (5.32 million hectares) absorbed 208.24 million tons of additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in addition to the carbon dioxide released by its respiration (de Figueiredo et al., 2010). More natural. Because sugarcane is a fibre, it does not require the same bleaching of inks and dyes as recycled paper products. Natural fibres and colours that have not been bleached will make the sugarcane paper more natural and eco-friendly. Unlike recycled paper, sugarcane paper does not require bleaching of inks and dyes, which results in a more natural-looking colour (Conservatree, 2019). Because sugarcane paper is a short fibre with low tearing, the thickness is limited and the texture is softer. Sugarcane paper is more suitable for making smaller packaging likes hangtags and cards than craft paper due to its firmness. Conclusion In this project sugarcane fibres were used in making handmade paper. It is clear from these sugarcane fibres have good properties and can be easily used as raw material for handmade papers in lab or home. By adding the suitable additives starch, properties of paper can be enhanced. It helped in giving white colour to paper and worked as filler and starch serve as glue in holding fibres together. It is clear from results that bagasse fibres are heavier and this paper can be used for rough usages like packaging and sugarcane fibres are suitable for sophisticated usages tissues, wipes etc. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledged the Sustainable Orange-Tech Life Value Excellence Research Group (SOLVE) research group of Center for Technopreneurship Development (CTeD), the support from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka and The Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. References Boguniewicz-Zabłocka, J., & Kłosok-Bazan, I. (2020). Sustainable Processing of Paper Industry Water and Wastewater: A Case Study on the Condition of Limited Freshwater Resources. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/111676 Conservatree. (2019). Conservatree.org. http://www.conservatree.org/learn/Essential%20Issues/EIPaperContent.shtml

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 128 de Figueiredo, E. B., Panosso, A. R., Romão, R., & La Scala, N. (2010). Greenhouse gas emission associated with sugar production in southern Brazil. Carbon Balance and Management, 5(1). Gurunathan, T., Mohanty, S., & Nayak, S. K. (2015). A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 77, 1–25 How deforestation risks for investors can become opportunities for conservation (commentary). (2018, March 9). Mongabay Environmental News. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/03/how-deforestation-risks-for-investors-canbecome-opportunities-for-conservation-commentary/ Jandyal, A., Chaturvedi, I., Wazir, I., Raina, A., & Ul Haq, M. I. (2022). 3D printing – A review of processes, materials and applications in industry 4.0. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 33–42. Moshood, T. D., Nawanir, G., Mahmud, F., Mohamad, F., Ahmad, M. H., & AbdulGhani, A. (2022). Biodegradable plastic applications towards sustainability: A recent innovation in the green product. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 6(100404), 100404. Patel, K., Patel, N., Vaghamshi, N., Shah, K., Duggirala, S. M., & Dudhagara, P. (2021). Trends and strategies in the effluent treatment of pulp and paper industries: A review highlighting reactor options. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 2, 100077.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 129 CELLANTIC Film, A Cellulose Reinforced Anthocyanin Based pH-sensitive Smart Packaging to Monitor Food Freshness Mohammad Sobri Merais1 , Nozieana Khairuddin1* , Dayangku Nurshahirah Awang Wahab2 , Nurul Husna Che Hamzah1 and Ida Idayu Muhamad3 1 Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching, Malaysia 3 Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia * [email protected] Abstract Perishable fruits are easily spoiled due to improper handling during harvesting and transportation. Coating perishable fruits such as tomato that has relatively short life is important, especially for long storage period and high-temperature condition. The fruit needs extra protection as it is easily spoiled and will affect the quality and taste of the fruit. Using coating films from starch is an alternative to the conventional petroleum-based plastic. It can be reinforced with nanofillers such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) extracted from banana pseudostem to improve their thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. The coating film can be incorporated with anthocyanin, the natural colorant extracted from plants such as red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) for smart packaging application. Anthocyanin contains antioxidant properties that can extend the shelf life of food while monitoring the changes in the food products. Therefore, combining cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and anthocyanin is an effective way to extend the shelf life of the fruits and can act as real-time indicator of the fruit’s condition in the package. Incorporating sago starch as native products from Sarawak and anthocyanin extracted from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is a sustainable way to produce bioplastics that have high mechanical strength and can indicate the freshness or spoilage of the fruits. This bioplastic can become the future of the agriculture and food industry while overcoming plastic pollution globally. In the meantime, food security can be upheld to ensure that food is enough for everyone and safe to be consumed. Keywords: cellulose, anthocyanin, bioplastic, starch films, smart packaging Introduction Starch is a complex carbohydrate consisting mostly of the combination of two biopolymers: amylose (linear chain) and amylopectin (branched chain). Amylose usually contributes to up 15%–30% of the total starch content in regular starches (Hoover et al., 2010). Starch is a widely used plant polysaccharide for creating bioplastics due to its abundance, cost efficiency, and

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 130 superior film-forming properties (Embuscado & Huber, 2009). Several studies have evaluated the use of starch, either alone or in combination with other biopolymers, as biodegradable packaging materials or bio coatings to prolong the shelf life of fresh products (Nawab et al., 2017; Saberi et al., 2018). Starch-based film is developed using a conventional process that involves converting the biopolymer into a gel and then casting it into a thin film. The films are usually evaluated based on important characteristics such as thickness, transparency, color, solubility, oxygen barrier properties, moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), glass transition temperature, tensile strength, elongation at break, elastic modulus, and antimicrobial properties (Agarwal, 2021). Starch films are resistant to fats and oils, making them desirable for various applications in the food sector (Ribba et al., 2017). Ideal film formation for optical properties is characterized by its transparency and colorlessness, however concerns arise due to its high retention and weak mechanical strength (Agarwal, 2021). Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of repeating units of cellobiose (a disaccharide of Dglucose) linked by β-1,4 linkage. Strong intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurs between adjacent glucose units within the same chain or different chains through the open hydroxyl groups present in the glucose monomer units (Dufresne, 2012; Phanthong et al., 2018). Cellulose can be reduced to the nanoscale in diameter or both diameter and length using suitable chemical, mechanical, and/or enzymatic techniques (Mondal, 2017). Cellulose can be derived from a wide variety of cellulose sources such as wood (hardwood and softwood), non woody plants and crops (bamboo, flax, tomato peel, etc.), agroforestry biomass (banana peels, garlic straw, oil palm, wheat straw, etc.), marine animals (tunicate), algae, fungi, invertebrates and bacteria (Blanco et al., 2018). Adding fillers, such as cellulosic fibers from agricultural residues will enhance some desired characteristics of starch films (Salehudin et al., 2014; Srivastava et al., 2023). Banana pseudostem is a byproduct of banana bunch harvest which supplies water, nutrients, and organic substances to its plant (Gomes, 2020). Banana fiber consists of cellulose (50-60%), hemicellulose (25-30%), pectin (3-5%), lignin (12-18%), watersoluble compounds (2-3%), fat and wax (3-5%), and ash (1-1.5%) (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2008). Due to its high cellulose content, the pseudostem can potentially be utilized as a reinforcing component in films and composites. This would enhance its commercial worth and give a purpose to this byproduct. Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments from the flavonoid family, are responsible for the orange, red, purple, and blue colors found in many vegetables and fruits. Anthocyanins can be extracted from different plants including purple sweet potato, blueberry, red cabbage, black carrot, black bean seed coat, roselle, mulberry, red rose, black plum, eggplant and butterfly pea flower (Oladzadabbasabadi et al., 2022). Anthocyanins with a variety of structures, contents, and chemical forms can alter their chemical structures and colors in response to pH variations (Zhang et al., 2020). It may be useful as an additive in the development of active and intelligent packaging films (Ribeiro Sanches et al., 2021). Anthocyanin-rich packaging films have shown a high potential for acting as bacterial and antioxidant agents, allowing them to preserve nutritional benefits, extend shelf life, and maintain the quality of a wide range of food goods. Thus, the color shift of anthocyanins in response to pH changes is useful for real-time monitoring of food spoilage and freshness (Yong et al., 2019). Wagh et al. (2023) reported that packaging tests demonstrated that the prepared film worked efficiently and non-destructively and was able to monitor the freshness of minced pork, fish, and shrimp in real-time by changing colour from red to colourless/yellow during storage at 25 °C for 48 h. This study intends to assess the potential of anthocyanin-CNF-starch film as an

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 131 active packaging film that can be used for food preservation. Besides, the film can act as smart packaging film when there is change of pH condition inside the packaging container. Objectives Active and smart packaging of sago starch film incorporated with CNF extracted from banana pseudostem and anthocyanin were developed and serves few purposes. This innovation aims to provide protection of food against water vapor, oxygen and ultraviolet, increase food safety, minimize food loss and reduce the usage of food additive. Problem Statement Plastic pollution poses a significant worldwide problem. Food packaging is a major source of pollution due to its excessive reliance on non-biodegradable petroleum-based materials. Malaysia's waste management systems are unable to handle the volume of plastic garbage produced. Plastic garbage is commonly disposed of in landfills or by burning at home. Plastic waste contains flame retardants, bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and heavy metals (such as lead and cadmium), which can be released from landfills and accumulate in living beings. As a result, ingesting marine animals can lead to cardiovascular problems, anomalies in the reproductive system, and obesity in humans (Thompson et al., 2009). Therefore, there is a strong demand for a renewable alternative in the current circumstances (Sid et al., 2021). Starch-based packaging is most studied alternative to replace the plastic packaging. As starch is a plentiful and renewable resource, it has grown in most places globally (Cheng et al., 2021). The sago starch industry is a significant revenue sources of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. This state is a top producer of sago starch, exporting more than 40,000 tons every year to different Asian countries. This number is projected to rise as both starch production and export value have been growing at a rate of 15.0%– 20.0% annually (Amin et al., 2019). However, it was revealed that starch films are both water soluble and fragile, making them unable to compete with conventional commercial film packaging in terms of mechanical and barrier features (Ribba et al., 2017). Therefore, it needs to be incorporated with reinforcement materials such as cellulose nanofiber (CNF) which can be extracted from the banana pseoudostem fibers. CNF can be extracted by subjecting it to a series of chemical treatments including steam explosion alkalinization, acid-chlorite bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. Banana residues, particularly the pseudostem, usually has been left to decompose naturally in fields. Banana is a fruit grown mainly in tropical countries including Malaysia. After harvesting, approximately 60% is discarded as a garbage (Eixenberger et al., 2024). Agricultural wastes in many developing countries are often disposed of in public areas without discrimination, leading to air pollution, soil contamination, poisonous gas emissions, smoke, and dust. Residues may also flow into water bodies, leading to pollution of the aquatic ecosystem (Adejumo & Adebiyi, 2020). Failure to repurpose these wastes into new products can lead to environmental issues such as methane gas emissions that may worsen climate changes. Hence, there is a strong demand for research on integrating CNF from banana pseudostem with sago starch in the future.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 132 Figure 1: Global post-harvest food loss scenarios (A) Distribution sector category; (B) Food category; (C) Region category Source: (FAO, 2019a; Shimpy et al., 2023) The Food and Agriculture Organization report in 2019 stated that roughly 14% of harvested food items, valued at $400 billion, are lost annually excluding retail losses (FAO, 2019b). When retail and consumer-level losses are included, this ratio rises to over 31% (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021). Figure 1 outlines the global post-harvest food loss situation based on distribution sector, region, and food category, ignoring losses at the retail level. The figure shows that roots and oil-bearing crops account for the highest percentage of global postharvest food loss at 25.3%, followed by fruits and vegetables at 21.6%, and meat and poultry at 11.9%. The Central and Southern Asia regions have the highest yearly agricultural losses at roughly 20.70%, followed by the Northern American and European regions at 15.70%. Approximately 61% of worldwide food waste comes from households, with the service industry contributing 26% and the retail sector contributing 13%. Smart packaging that utilizes the pH changes technology may lessen food wastes. Commercial packaging uses pH colorimetric sensors with dyes that are sensitive to pH variations, such as chlorophenol red and bromophenol blue. These dyes are classified as hazardous colorants that could have adverse effects on human health (Merz et al., 2020). Hence, natural colorant extracted from anthocyanin-rich sources is the best option to replace the synthetic food colorant. Its abilities to change colours when placed in different pH condition making it a good spoilage indicator for perishable fruits. Since fruits are easily damaged without extra care during harvesting, storage, and transportation, it will become bruised and decline its quality. Anthocyanin can serve as active packaging to maintain or improve food quality and extend shelf life because to its significant antioxidant qualities. This dynamic and smart packaging can decrease the need for food additives like chemical

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 133 preservatives. Introducing CNF will trap the anthocyanin within the starch matrix. Therefore, anthocyanin will be more efficient in detecting spoiling by changing colors accurately. Uses and Applications Perishable foods are prone to oxidation which upon prolonged exposure induces the deterioration of food quality, resulting in changes in taste, odour, colour, and potential microbial growth. Anthocyanin is highly responsive to pH changes, which is closely linked to the food spoilage. Therefore, it is the most anticipated natural resources for smart food label (SFL) as stated by Lv et al. (2024). Anthocyanin undergoes sudden changes when exposed to varying pH levels, such as under basic and acidic conditions. Thus, the natural food spoilage label is more alarming towards people observation compared to the usual expiry label (Stancu & Ene, 2024). Figure 2: Cellantic and its change of colour when exposed to different pH (Mohamood et al., 2018; Trache et al., 2020; Widyadharma et al., 2020) Figure 3: Real application of film on fruits and cut vegetables

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 134 Cellantic provides desirable functions, which includes product monitoring (smart packaging) or product preservation (active packaging). It is made from starch as polymer, cellulose nanofiber as reinforcement, and anthocyanin as pH indicator, can be applied as packaging wrapper and packaging lid. It is suitable for wrapping and covering product as it also exhibited high mechanical strength and high durablility due to the presence of nanofillers. Figure 2 shows the colour changes of the Cellantic film that varied when the pH changes while Figure 3 shows the application of Cellantic as packaging lid of fruit and vegetable. Product Impacts Results Cellantic contains pH colour sensors that tracks the condition of food and/or surrounding the packaging, supplying information on its freshness, quality or safety. The data from these pH colour sensors are beneficial to the food industry, retailers and consumers determine whether a food can be sold, consumed and/or discarded. The color changes can be observed with naked eye or using mobile applications such as colour scanner. Initially, Cellantic is in purple colour, as time passes by, when the food is nearly spoiled, the film’s colour will change based on the surrounding conditions of the packaging, (basic or acidic conditions) (see Figure 4). Figure 4: Mechanism of CELLANTIC smart and active packaging Figure 5: The effect of Cellantic on apple’s shelf life

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 135 Apart from its smart pH sensing, the wrapped or covered food will have longer shelf life as the presence of nanofillers reduces the water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of Cellantic film, which can be confirmed as shown in Figure 5. Without Cellantic film, the apple has gotten rotten faster as compared to apple that has been covered with the Cellantic packaging lid. Conclusion The demand on active and smart packaging has been increasing. Cellantic is an innovative smart and active packaging that is biodegradable and able to protect perishable foods. Cellantic enhances the monitoring and preservation of perishable goods, ensuring safety, reducing food waste, and minimizing environmental effect by utilizing monitoring and sensing technologies Its durability and smart pH sensing will allow it to communicate with consumers regarding the safety status of the food products. In the long run, food loss and food waste problem can be overcome. Future Improvement This film has a bright potential in advanced food packaging industry. However, anthocyanins have limited wide applicability and bioavailability due to their instability under various environmental conditions, which hinders their large-scale practical use in packaging industries. To improve the stability of anthocyanins against environmental influences such volatile chemicals, gases, and heat, one might create an anthocyanin-caged scaffold by encapsulation techniques such as microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation. Besides CNF, various nanocomposite packaging production techniques need to be further studied. It includes the application of various polymer base or process that requires low energy consumption but high production yield. In other word, the production needs to be cost-effective, so it is more compatible to be applied on industrial scale. References Adejumo, I. O., & Adebiyi, O. A. (2020). Agricultural solid wastes: Causes, effects, and effective management. Strategies of sustainable solid waste management, 8. Agarwal, S. (2021). Major factors affecting the characteristics of starch based biopolymer films. European Polymer Journal, 160, 110788. Amin, N., Sabli, N., Izhar, S., & Yoshida, H. (2019). Sago wastes and its applications. Pertanika J. Sci. Technol, 27, 1841-1862. Blanco, A., Monte, M. C., Campano, C., Balea, A., Merayo, N., & Negro, C. (2018). Nanocellulose for industrial use: cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC). In Handbook of nanomaterials for industrial applications (pp. 74-126): Elsevier. Cheng, H., Chen, L., McClements, D. J., Yang, T., Zhang, Z., Ren, F., . . . Jin, Z. (2021). Starch-based biodegradable packaging materials: A review of their preparation,

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 136 characterization and diverse applications in the food industry. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 114, 70-82. Dufresne, A. (2012). Potential of nanocellulose as a reinforcing phase for polymers. J-ForJournal of Science & Technology for Forest Products and Processes, 2(6), 6-16. Eixenberger, D., Carballo-Arce, A.-F., Vega-Baudrit, J.-R., Trimino-Vazquez, H., VillegasPeñaranda, L. R., Stöbener, A., . . . Bubenheim, P. (2024). Tropical agroindustrial biowaste revalorization through integrative biorefineries—Review part II: Pineapple, sugarcane and banana by-products in Costa Rica. Biomass conversion and biorefinery, 14(4), 4391-4418. Embuscado, M. E., & Huber, K. C. (2009). Edible films and coatings for food applications (Vol. 9): Springer. FAO. (2019a). FAO report data for post-harvest losses. https://www.fao.org/stateof-foodagriculture/2019/en/ FAO. (2019b). The State of Food and Agriculture report. https://www.fao.org/3/ca6030en/ca6030en.pdf Gomes, E. N. (2020). Waste management of pseudostem to increase the growth of banana seedlings. Acta Agronómica, 69(3), 228-233. Hoover, R., Hughes, T., Chung, H. J., & Liu, Q. (2010). Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: A review. Food Research International, 43(2), 399-413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.001 Lv, H., Wang, C., He, D., Zhao, H., Zhao, M., Xu, E., . . . Wu, Z. (2024). Intelligent food tag: A starch-anthocyanin-based pH-sensitive electrospun nanofiber mat for real-time food freshness monitoring. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 256, 128384. Merz, B., Capello, C., Leandro, G. C., Moritz, D. E., Monteiro, A. R., & Valencia, G. A. (2020). A novel colorimetric indicator film based on chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol and anthocyanins from jambolan (Syzygium cumini) fruit for monitoring shrimp freshness. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 153, 625-632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.048 Mohamood, N. F. T. A.-Z., Zainuddin, N., Ahmad@Ayob, M., & Tan, S. W. (2018). Preparation, optimization and swelling study of carboxymethyl sago starch (CMSS)– acid hydrogel. Chemistry Central Journal, 12(1), 133. doi:10.1186/s13065-018-0500-8 Mondal, S. (2017). Preparation, properties and applications of nanocellulosic materials. Carbohydrate polymers, 163, 301-316. Mukhopadhyay, S., Fangueiro, R., Arpac, Y., & Şentürk, Ü. (2008). Banana fibers–variability and fracture behaviour. Journal of Engineered fibers and Fabrics, 3(2), 155892500800300207.

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INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 138 Trache, D., Tarchoun, A. F., Derradji, M., Hamidon, T. S., Masruchin, N., Brosse, N., & Hussin, M. H. (2020). Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8. doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.00392 United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). UNEP Food Waste Imdex Report. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021 Widyadharma, I. P., Soejitno, A., Jawi, I. M., Purwata, T., Suprapta, D., & Sudewi, R. (2020). Basic Properties of Anthocyanin for Pain Management. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8, 161-179. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.4539 Yong, H., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Qin, Y., & Liu, J. (2019). Effects of anthocyaninrich purple and black eggplant extracts on the physical, antioxidant and pH-sensitive properties of chitosan film. Food Hydrocolloids, 94, 93-104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.012 Zhang, K., Huang, T.-S., Yan, H., Hu, X., & Ren, T. (2020). Novel pH-sensitive films based on starch/polyvinyl alcohol and food anthocyanins as a visual indicator of shrimp deterioration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 145, 768-776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.159

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 139 NMM Pro Fatin Izati Mohd Taher1*, Zahratun Sakinah Jamaluddin1 and Nor Khayati Basir2 1 Jabatan Pengajian Am, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia 2 Jabatan Pengajian Am, Politeknik Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Fatin Izati Mohd Taher Abstrak Kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia merupakan antara kompenen wajib dalam Kursus Mata Pelajaran Umum yang ditawarkan kepada pelajar bukan Islam di Politeknik. Pendekatan pembelajaran yang bersifat tradisional dan hanya berpusatkan guru serta menerapkan komunikasi sehala menyebabkan pelajar kurang berminat dan bermotivasi terhadap penyampaian pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Aplikasi NMM Pro dibangunkan dengan tujuan menghasilkan bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam bentuk aplikasi online yang berfokus pada medium digital dan multimedia, serta menyediakan sokongan untuk pembelajaran yang berpusatkan pelajar Aplikasi ini mengandungi nota kuliah dalam bentuk flipbook, video pengajaran interaktif, koleksi artikel, koleksi video interaktif serta penilaian uji minda interaktif menggunakan proprof dan certify’em. Pembangunan aplikasi ini melibatkan penggunaan perisian Google Sites dan Thunkable, dengan mengikuti model ASSURE sebagai landasan utama. Aplikasi NMM Pro dapat memenuhi peralihan paradigma terhadap cara penyampaian dalam sistem pendidikan bagi memenuhi keperluan pendidikan abad ke-21. Ianya juga berupaya memperkaya kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran Kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia dalam mencapai objektif pembelajaran, meningkatkan keyakinan serta kefahaman terhadap kursus. Dengan demikian, aplikasi NMM Pro yang dibangunkan dapat diterapkan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia di Politeknik Malaysia. Ini dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan minat pelajar, serta mencipta lingkungan pembelajaran yang lebih unik, menarik, dan efektif Keywords: Aplikasi NMM Pro, Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran, Kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia, Politeknik Abstract The Malaysian Community Values Course is one of the compulsory components in the General Subject Course offered to non-Muslim students at the Polytechnic. The traditional and teachercentered approach to learning and applying one-way communication causes students to be less interested and motivated towards the delivery of teaching and learning. Therefore, the NMM Pro application was developed to build teaching and learning materials in the form of online applications that are oriented towards digital and multimedia mediums in order to support student-centered learning. This application contains lecture notes in the form of flipbooks, interactive teaching videos, a collection of articles, a collection of interactive videos as well as an interactive mind test assessment using proprof and certify'em. The development of this application utilizes Google Sites and Thunkable software and adheres to the ASSURE model. The NMM Pro application can meet the paradigm shift in the way of delivery in the education system to meet the educational needs of the 21st century. It is also capable of enriching the

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 140 teaching and learning methods of the Malaysian Community Values Course in achieving learning objectives, increasing confidence and understanding of the course. Hence, the development of the NMM Pro application can be applied in teaching and learning the Malaysian Community Values Course at Malaysian Polytechnics. It can enhance students' motivation and interest, fostering a more unique, engaging, and effective learning environment. Keywords: NMM Pro application, Teaching and learning, Malaysian Community Values Course, Polytechnic Pengenalan Kemajuan teknologi merupakan satu proses yang membawa negara ke arah pembangunan, di mana penyelenggaraan sistem pendidikan perlu diperbaharui untuk mencapai prestasi yang lebih tinggi. Penggunaan teknologi amat penting dalam sektor Pendidikan, khususnya dalam menyampaikan informasi dalam proses pengajaran oleh guru kepada pelajar (Noradilah dan Lai Wei Sing, 2019). Menurut kajian oleh Noradilah dan Lai Wei Sing (2019), satu langkah yang boleh diterapkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi sistem pendidikan adalah dengan memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi. Perkembangan digital atau multimedia telah membawa revolusi kepada cara hidup manusia dan juga transformasi ke dalam sistem Pendidikan (Fazlinda dan Wan Hanim, 2022). Menurut Fazlinda dan Wan Hanim (2022) lagi, kesan perubahan digital melalui sistem pendidikan telah melahirkan keputusan yang baik dalam pelaksanaan dan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Dengan demikian, apabila guru-guru dapat menguasai penggunaan teknologi dalam pengajaran, ia akan meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam menangani berbagai permasalahan pembelajaran, seperti yang disarankan oleh Noradilah dan Lai Wei Sing (2019). Dalam konteks ini, pembangunan aplikasi NMM PRO bertujuan untuk mencipta bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam bentuk aplikasi atas talian yang menekankan penggunaan elemen visual dan multimedia, dengan fokus utama untuk meningkatkan pendekatan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar. NMM Pro hadir dalam dua versi, iaitu versi web yang boleh diakses melalui Google Sites dan versi mudah alih yang tersedia sebagai aplikasi Android. Aplikasi ini menyediakan platform yang komprehensif bagi pengajar dan pelajar untuk mengakses maklumat yang berkaitan dengan kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia. Dalam aplikasi ini, terdapat sinopsis, objektif kursus, indeks, nota pembelajaran dan pengajaran, kuiz interaktif, video, artikel berkaitan, arkib tugasan, dan rujukan yang berguna. Dengan aplikasi ini, pelajar memperoleh akses mudah kepada pengetahuan berkaitan kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia di mana sahaja mereka berada, berterima kasih kepada kemudahan teknologi yang disediakan. Keadaan ini sejajar dengan konsep nilai teras Malaysia MADANI, terutamanya dalam aspek daya cipta, di mana terdapat penekanan pada pembaharuan dan peningkatan modal insan untuk meningkatkan kebolehan daya cipta manusia. Menurut kajian yang dilakukan oleh Ahmad Fkrudin, Wan Norina, dan Nor Khayati (2019), setiap perkembangan dalam domain digital mencerminkan evolusi pendidikan dalam era ke-21 yang beriringan dengan perkembangan zaman digital. Dalam konteks ini, kemahiran dalam teknologi maklumat menjadi aspek yang sangat penting, membantu pensyarah dan pelajar dalam melaksanakan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dengan pendekatan yang dinamik dan menarik.

INTERNATIONAL BORNEO INNOVATION EXHIBITION AND COMPETITION (IBIEC) 2023 141 Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai tahap motivasi dan minat pelajar terhadap aplikasi NMM Pro dalam konteks pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus Nilai Masyarakat Malaysia di Politeknik. Kajian ini menjadi penting untuk memperkuat penggunaan pendekatan cybergogy (penglibatan dalam talian) dan heutagogy (pembelajaran kendiri) dalam penyampaian kursus NMM. Dengan demikian, harapan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai keberkesanan perisian aplikasi NMM PRO dalam menyokong proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran, dengan tujuan mencipta pengalaman pembelajaran yang inovatif, menarik, dan berkesan bagi pelajar. Pernyataan Masalah Dalam konteks Pendidikan abad ke-21, pengaruh teknologi amat signifikan dalam proses pembelajaran. Dalam era moden ini, pembelajaran digital menjadi suatu keperluan yang memberi bantuan dan kemudahan kepada pendidik serta pelajar dalam melaksanakan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Pengembangan aplikasi mudah alih dan portal pembelajaran adalah selaras dengan objektif Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi untuk mendorong inovasi yang berperanan dalam mengekalkan standard kualiti dalam Pendidikan. Penggunaan aplikasi mudah alih untuk pembelajaran digital adalah cara yang efektif bagi pelajar untuk mendapatkan maklumat berkaitan pembelajaran dan meningkatkan pemahaman mereka terhadap subjek yang dipelajari. Pada masa lalu, pengajaran dan pembelajaran terutamanya berlaku di dalam bilik darjah dan terhad kepada penggunaan bahan cetak seperti buku. Tetapi sekarang, ilmu pengetahuan boleh diakses melalui pelbagai platform dalam talian seperti laman web, YouTube, dan aplikasi mudah alih, seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Mohd Alif, et al. (2012). Menurut Rosnani dan Nor Mashila (2017), di samping itu, pendidik turut menghadapi cabaran lain seperti kurangnya pemanfaatan ICT dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang masih terikat dengan cara tradisional, kurangnya motivasi intrinsik di kalangan pengajar, tekanan masa, kekurangan fasiliti yang sesuai di dalam bilik darjah, serta ketidakupayaan pengajar untuk mengekalkan relevansi dengan kemajuan teknologi masa kini. Teknologi multimedia memperluas peluang bagi pendidik untuk menerapkan pelbagai teknik pengajaran, sementara pelajar diberi kebebasan untuk mengendalikan pengalaman pembelajaran, seperti yang disebutkan oleh Jamaludin dan Zaidatun (2003).Pendapat ini diperkuat oleh kajian yang dilakukan oleh Zamri dan Nur Aisyah (2019), yang menunjukkan bahawa teknologi multimedia mampu mencipta suasana pembelajaran yang lebih menarik berbanding dengan kaedah konvensional yang bergantung kepada buku teks. Objektif Kajian Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membina aplikasi pengajaran dan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar yang berorientasikan visual dan multimedia, mengetengahkan strategi pembelajaran yang fleksibel dan anjal sesuai diakses mengikut kesesuaian masa pelajar. Setelah aplikasi dirancang, pembangun turut melakukan penilaian terhadap tingkat minat dan motivasi pelajar terhadap aplikasi NMM Pro yang telah dikembangkan.