Chapter 1
The Eight Parts Of Speechs
1. Noun
Noun is a word which indicates the name of the things it self
e.g. : Table, Boy, Father, Books, Chair, Pens, Pencils, etc.
2. Verb
Verb is a word which indicates the activity.
e.g. : Run, Swim, Sing, Play, Study, etc.
3. Adjective
Adjective is a word which indicates the characteristic of someone or something
e.g. : Big, Small, Heavy, Beautiful, Ugly, Smart, Clever, Diligent, etc.
4. Adverb
4.1. Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Manner is used to describe how to do something or how something happen
e.g. : Carefully, Diligently, Carelessly, Quickly, Regularly, etc.
4.2. Adverb of Place
Adverb of Place is used to describe the place or position or direction of something or someone.
e.g. : Here, There, Over here, Over there, etc.
4.3. Adverb of Time
Adverb of Time is used to indicate the time ( Year, Month, Day, Date, Hour, Minute, Second )
e.g. : 2014, October, Wednesday, 22, 06.00 P.M., Yesterday, Tomorrow, Today, etc.
5. Pronoun
Pronoun is a word which used to replace noun in order to avoid repeatation of subject or object of
the sentence.
e.g. : He, She, It, etc Andy is a smart student. He always study diligently
6. Preposition 1
Preposition is a word which used to relate word to word.
e.g. : In, On, At, By, Up, Between, etc.
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7. Conjunction
Conjunction is a word which used to relate word to word, and sentence to sentence.
e.g. : Both ... And, Not Only ... But Also, Because, Although, However, But, Furthermore, etc.
8. Interjection
Interjection is a word which used to describe about the feeling ( Angry, Happy, Sad, Surprise,
Adore, or exclaim, etc )
e.g. : Hello, Hi, Ah, Oh, Pity, Great, etc.
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Chapter 2
The Unsure Sentence
Sentence in English Language has the same pattern as an Indonesian Language pattern. In
Indonesian Language we recognize SPOK ( Subyek, Predikat, Obyek, Keterangan ) pattern. In English
Language we recognize SVOA ( Subject, Verb, Object, Adverb ).
1. Subject.
The Subject is the main unsure in arranging a sentence. The subject can be really / concrete things
or abstract, etc. There are three subject persons in English Language namely : The first person, the
second person and the third person.
Singular Plural
I. : I ( Saya ) We : ( Kami, Kita )
II. : You ( Kamu ) You : ( Kalian )
III. : He, She, It, The name of person / thing ( Dia ) They : ( Mereka )
2. To be / Auxiliary / Modal
To be / Auxiliary is one of the main unsure in arranging a sentence. There are some kinds of To
be / Auxiliary / Modals in English Language namely : is, am, are, was, were, do, does, has, have, had,
will, would, shall, should etc.
3. Verb
The Verb ( kata kerja ) is one of the main unsure in arranging a sentence.
- Irregular Verb ( Kata kerja tak beraturan )
- Regular Verb ( Kata kerja beraturan )
4. Object
The Object almost has the same meaning as the subject, but the different is only on the pronoun
of the subject person in the sentence.
Subject Object
I : ( Saya ) Me : ( Saya )
You : ( Kamu ) You : ( Kamu )
We : ( Kami, Kita ) Us : ( Kami, Kita )
They : ( Mereka ) Them : ( Mereka )
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He : ( Dia / Laki - laki ) Him : ( Dia / Laki - laki )
She : ( Dia / Perempuan ) Her : ( Dia / Perempuan )
It : ( Dia ) Its : ( Dia )
5. Adverb
The Adverb is used to make clear the intention of the sentence. The kinds of the adverb that are
used in English are : adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time, etc.
Personal Pronoun
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive Pronoun
Adjective Pronoun Myself
Yourself
I Me My Mine Himself
You You Herself
He Him Your Yours Themselves
She Her Ourselves
They Them His His Itself
We Us
It It Her Hers
Their Theirs
Our Ours
Its -
Note :
1. Possessive Adjective are followed immediately by a noun. They don‘t stand alone.
- My book is here.
- Your books are over there.
2. Possessive Pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun. They stand alone.
- This book is mine.
- Those are yours over there.
3. Reflexive Pronoun usually refers to the subject of sentences or the same person. Sometimes it is
used for emphasis. The expression By + Reflexive Pronoun usually means ―alone‖
- He look at himself in the mirror.
- He himself answered the phone, not his secretary.
- He answered the phone himself.
- She lives by herself.
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Chapter 3
The Adverb
Adverbs modify verbs. They often answer the question ― How ? ―
How does he walk ? He walks quickly.
Adverbs are often formed by adding – Ly to an adjective
Adjective : Quick Adverb : Quickly
Adverbs are also used to modify an adjective to give information about an adjective
I am extremely happy.
Adverbs are also used to express time of frequency
( tomorrow, today, yesterday, soon, never, usually, always, yet, etc )
Ann will come tomorrow.
1. Adverb Of Frequency
1. Adverb Of Frequency may occur in the middle of a sentence. Which place on before the main
verb. ( always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasionally, ever, already,
finally, just, probably, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never, not ever, scarely, barely ).
- Come in front of simple present and simple past ( except be ).
- Ann always comes on time.
- His wife seldom goes to the shop.
- He is never advised by his mother.
-Follow be ( Simple present and simple past ).
- I am extremely happy.
- Ann is always on time.
-Come between modals / auxiliary verb and a main verb.
- Ann has always come on time.
- I can speak English fluently.
-In an interrogative, an adverb of frequently comes directly after the subject.
- Does Ann always come on time ?
- Have you ever been to Paris ?
2. Adverb Of Frequency may occur at the end of the sentence ( Every …, Once …, Twice …,
Now and then, Again and again ).
- We have English lessons every week.
- He plays tennis twice week.
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- They hear shots now and then.
- She complains again and again.
Note :
1. Adverb Of Frequency which has negative meaning ( Never, Hardly, Rarely, Seldom, Not ever,
Scarely, Barely ). Can be replace on, in front of the sentence to emphasize the meaning of the
sentence, but the arrangement of the sentence is in inversion form ( Susun Balik )
- Never has she met us.
- Rarely do we eat rice there.
- Hardly will he write love letters.
2. The sentence which has the word ―Have to― or ‖Has to‖ ( Harus ) the adverb of frequency is
placed on before of that word or in front of that word.
- I often have to cook my own breakfast.
- She usually has to wash her own dresses.
- Do you usually have to cycle to school.
3. The Adverb Of Frequency can be write on before the word ―used to‖ or between ―used‖ and
―to‖
1. He always used to help his mother.
He used always to help his mother.
2. He often used to drink tea.
He used often to drink tea.
2. Adverb Of Degree
It is used to explain adjective or something else. It is written in front of the explained word
Almost Quite Nearly Only
Enough Soon Fairly Also
Just ( Hanya ) Rather Extremely Merely
Already Too
- It was too hot to work. - She explained the accident rather clearly
- The film was fairy good. - Mother is still sick now
- I know him quite well
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Enough is written after the explained word, except it is as an adjective ( to explain the noun )
- He didn‘t work quickly enough. ( Adjective + Enough )
- This car is expensive enough. ( Adjective + Enough )
- He has enough money ( as an adjective ) ( Enough + Noun )
Too implies / describes a negative result.
- That box is too heavy for Bob to lift ( Too heavy = It is impossible for Bob to lift that box )
- That box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it ( Very heavy = it is possible but difficult for Bob to
lift that box ).
Adverb of degree can also be used to explain the verb and it is written before the main verb.
- You nearly missed the bus.
- Lee still hopes to meet him.
- They soon found what they wanted.
- The students quite understand the lessons.
- We are merely waiting for the bus.
- He didn‘t only know you.
- The post have already come.
― Only ― has variety position, Only is written closer by the explained word.
- He only had an apple ( not anything else )
- He had only an apple ( not more than one ) He had an apple only
- He only lends me the car ( not gives it )
- He lends me only the car ( not anything else )
- He lends the car only to me
3. Adverb Of Manner
Adverb of manner is used to describe how to do something or how something happens. It explains
about the verb.
Adjective : He is a careful driver Adverb of manner : He always drives carefully
Generally Adverb of manner is derived from Adjective + Ly
Adjective Adverb
Careful Carefully
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Beautiful Beautifully
Lazy lazily
Gay Gaily
Extreme Extremely
Good Well
Exception
There are some adjective which used as an adverb without has to add the Ly :
Deep Early Much Far High
Little Fast Low Leisurely Hard
Late Near
- It is a fast train ( Adjective )
- The train fast ( Adverb of manner
- They climbed the high mountain ( Adjective )
- They climbed the mountain high ( adverb of manner )
Adverb of manner is written after the verb and after the object, if the sentence has an object.
- He studies hard
- He studies English hard
- The actress sings beautifully
- The actress sings the song beautifully
4. Adverb Of Place
Here There In Jakarta By the river Somewhere
Everywhere On the table
Adverb of place is written after the verb and after the direct object, if the sentence has an object
- They played there.
- They played football there.
- He is reading in the class.
- He is reading an English book in the class.
Adverb of place which has a specific purpose is written before the adverb of place which has more
general purpose.
- They worked in room 10 in the hotel.
- She stayed at the hotel in Jakarta.
- He was born in a small village in Yogyakarta.
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5. Adverb Of Time Now Still Every …
Then … Ago Next … Yet
Soon
Generally adverb of time is written in the end of the sentence, but if it is used to emphasize the
meaning of the sentence it can also be written at beginning of the sentence. Especially for ―Still‖. It
is written before the verb or after to be.
- He will come here tomorrow.
- Tomorrow he will come here.
- I will meet you at three o‘clock tomorrow.
- At three o‘clock tomorrow I will meet you.
- They are sleeping in the room now.
- Now they are sleeping in the room.
- He still dislikes her.
- Nelly is still in her bath
Adverb of time which has a short period time is written before adverb of time which has a long
period time.
- We arrived at five o‘clock yesterday.
- She was born on August 1970
- Andy drank the glass of beer on Sunday last week
The position some adverb on a sentence
If in a sentence there are more than some adverb, the arrangement begins from adverb of manner,
adverb of place and adverb of time. ( MPT = Manner + Place + Time )
- She dance gracefully at the concert last night.
- He is studying hard in the room now.
- The plants have grown well lately
- Can you get here by evening ?
- Please return the book to the
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Adverb of frequency is written before adverb of time
- I have been to London several times this year.
- He gave lectures at he college twice a week last year.
Exception
Adverb of place which has destination purposes is written before adverb of manner
- He went to Jakarta leisurely.
- She walks to school fast.
- Andy put the letter into the letter box hurriedly
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Chapter 4
Preposition And Prepositional Phrase
1. Place, Position
* Across : The post office is across the street
* After : The first building after the bridge is our school building
* Against : His bicycle is leant against the fence
* On : I put my dictionary on the desk
* In : He swam in the swimming pool
* Under : The bag is put under the table
2. Direction
* At : I live at Jl. A. Yani No. 16 Mojokerto
* Down : I found him walking down the street
* Into : Pour the boiling water into a cup !
* Toward : The road leads toward the sea
* Up : The salmon were swimming up the river
* Out of : He took out a revolver out of his drawer
3. Time
* About : She will becoming about 5 o‘clock tomorrow
* After : Will you come after nine ?
* Around : I go to school around 6.15 in the morning
* At : Please, call me at 7 o‘clock sharp !
* Before : Before taking the pills, eat your meal, please !
* By : He should be back by seven at the latest
4. Purpose, Reason
* For : Thank you for giving me time to talk
5. Possession
* Of : The key of my room have been found
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6. Manner Of Instrument
* By : She went to school by bus
* In : It is not allowed to go to a formal meeting in jeans
* Like : She walks like a model
* With : He wrote his poems with a pen
7. Identification
* At : The shop at the corner sells stamps
* By : The books are written by Aa Gym are most best seller
* In : The girl in the yellow shirt is my neighbour
* On : The apartment on the first floor is more expensive
8. Distance
* For : He walks for miles and miles
9. Agent : They are taught by Mr. Jack
* By
10. Quantity
* By : Meat is sold by the pound or by kilo
The differences At / In / On
In general At / In / On are used to talk about position in space.
* At
At is used when we talk about position at a point
At is commonly translated into pada or di in Indonesian language. We used At when we regard a place
as a point ( without any real size : at the end of the line, at the corner of the street ). This may be
because the size of the place is not important
- We stopped for three – quarters of an hour at Cengkareng airport ( di Cengkareng ).
- Why don‘t we met at plaza Ujung Berung. ( di plaza Ujung Berung )
We often use At with the name of place when we are interested in the activity that happens there, and
not the exact shape or dimensions of the place. For instance, if we agree to meet someone at the station,
we are interested in the fact that station has inside and outside, we forget the three dimensions, and just
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think the situation as a meeting place. For this reason At is very often used when we talk about places
of entertainments, restaurants, and about the places where people work or study.
- We went to the concert at the Royal Festival Hall
- Eat at the Steak House the best food in town
- Sorry I didn‘t phone you last night I was at the theatre
- I was at school from 1995 to 1998, I was at university from 2001 to 2005 after that I worked at state
school until now.
We use At with the name of group activities
At a party At a meeting At a concert
At a lecture At the match At the game
The following place always preceded by At :
At home At work At school
At a station At an airport At university
At can be used with a possessive to mean ―At somebody‘s house or shop‖ Where is Ratu ? Is she At the
hairdresser‘s again ?‖ ―No, she is At her mother‘s.‖
* On
On is used to talk about position on a line or on a surface.
On is commonly translated into pada or di atas in Indonesian language. On is used to say that
something is touching or close to a line, or something like a line ( a river, a road, a frontier ). Pay
attention to the following sentence
- Don‘t sit on the floor / On the ground / On the grass !
- There is a dirty mark on the wall / On the ceiling / On the floor.
- The book is on the floor
- The lady has cushions to put on the sofa
- Whose pen is on the table ?
- I live on Jalan Kartini
On can also be used for position in contact with a vertical surface, or even for contact underneath a
surface.
- Come on supper is on the table
- We spent the afternoon in a boat on the lake
- I wish I could walk on the ceiling
- He‘s hanging the picture on the wall
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- There is yellow paint on the windows
- My sandals are on my feet
- Your hat is on your head
- There is a mole on her face
We say On a page
- You will find the poem on page 12
We use On for the following expressions :
- On the right / left - On the ground floor - On the first floor - On the second floor
We say On the corner of the street, but in the corner of the room
We say that a place is on the way to another place
- We stopped at a village on the way to Bandung
* In
In is used to talk about position in a place that has three dimensions ( length, breadth, and depth ).
In is commonly translated into di dalam. In is used when the surrounding are three dimensional ( when
something is surrounded on all sides ). Pay close attention to the following sentences
- In a row, In a line, In a queue
- In the water, In the sea, In a river
- In a room, In a building, In an envelope
- In a garden, In a park
- In a town, In a country
- Who is the man in the wardrobe ?
- I won‘t stay in bed, I will just lie down on the bed for half an hour.
- I‘ve lost my ball in the long grass. ( but on the lawn )
- Let‘s picnic in that field over there
- I last saw her in the car park. ( but on the beach )
In is also used with larger areas ( countries, regions, large islands )
- She lives in East Java.
- He lived with nomads in the Sahara desert for two years
- I‘ve got a cottage in Pacet ( but on a desert island )
Compare : in the Himalaya >< on Everest
We also use in for the expressions : in a picture, in the sky
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* Over / Above
* - Above and Over can both be used to mean ― higher than ―
- The water came up above / over our knees
- Can you see the helicopter above / over the palace ?
When the meaning is ―covering‖ or ―crossing‖, we usually use over.
- The plane was flying over Surabaya
- The electricity cables stretch over the field
- There is thick cloud over the East of Surabaya
* - On >< Above >< Over
When we on, above, and over to mean ― di atas ―. On is used when something is touching to another
thing. Above and Over is used when something is not touching to another thing.
- The lamp is over the table
- There is a bridge over the river
- The ceiling is over the floor
When something is touching another thing, over means that something ―covering‖ another thing.
- The mat lay over the floor
- The cover is over the bed
Over is used to mean one thing across another thing
- The body threw a stone over the fence
- The plane is flying over the cloud
* - See Over >< See above
See over means ―look at the next page‖, See above means ―look at something written before‖
* Inside / Outside
* Inside
Inside means berada di dalam in Indonesian language. The meaning inside is almost the same as in,
inside emphasizes more on the boundaries ( container, room, wall, fence, etc )
- My family usually stay inside the house when the weather is cold
- The children were inside the house when it started raining
- Albert will meet us inside the hotel not at the gate
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* Outside
Outside is opposite of inside
- Daniel met Ann outside the hotel
- They play outside the school
- He is studying outside the class
* Beneath / Under / Underneath
Beneath and Under or Underneath mean di bawah in Indonesian language. Under / Underneath means
more general, and under / underneath means something is directly in lower position than another thing.
- My house beneath the hill
- He works under the sun
- My post is under her
- The cat lies under / beneath the chair
* Between / Among
Between and among mean di antara in Indonesian language.
Between used when something is between two or more objects, people, countries and so on as we see
the surrounding objects etc separately, there are not many of them, and each one is clearly distinct from
the others.
Among used when something is among a mass, a crowd, or a group : a collection of things which we
do not see separately.
- She was sitting between Daniel and Ann
- I saw something lying between the wheels of the train
- Indonesia lies between Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, and Timor Lorosae
- She was standing laughing among a crowd of journalists.
- We found a little house hidden among the trees
We use between when we want to say that there are things, or groups of things, on two sides.
- A little valley between high mountains
* Beside
Beside means di samping in Indonesian language
- Who is beautiful girl sitting beside Daniel
- The girl is sitting closely beside her boy
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* Behind
Behind means di belakang in Indonesian language
- My house is behind the post office
- The teacher sits behind the table
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Chapter 5
Imperative ( Command And Prohibition )
Generally there are 2 kinds of Imperative. They are :
1. Command / Positive Imperative
When we want someone to do something, we can use :
1. Verb – 1 + ( Object )
- Watch out !
- Come here !
- Open your mouth !
2. Please + Verb – 1 + Object or Verb – 1 + Please
- Please, open the door !
- Get out, please !
- Please, boil the water !
3. Would + You + Please + To + Verb – 1 + Object
- Would you please to change your mind ?
- Would you please to come to my house ?
4. Would + You + Mind + Verb – Ing + Object
- Would you mind bringing your dictionary ?
- Would you mind leaving me ?
2. Prohibition
When we prohibit someone not to do something, we can use :
1. Do + Not ( Don‘t ) + Verb – 1 + Object
- Don‘t touch me !
- Don‘t bother me !
2. Please + Do+Not(Don‘t) + Verb–1 + Object or Do+Not(Don‘t) + Verb–1 + Object + Please
- Don‘t cut the tree, please !
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- Please, don‘t go !
3. Would + You + Please + Not + To + Verb – 1 + Object
- Would you please not to take me home ?
- Would you please not to kiss her ?
4. Would + You + Mind + Not + Verb – Ing + Object
- Would you mind not kissing her ?
- Would you mind not taking me home ?
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Chapter 6
To be / Modal / Auxiliary Verb
In English Language we know there are some to be / modal / auxiliary verb that use to support in
arranging a sentences.
1. To be / Auxiliary verb
There are two functions of the following words
1. Be ( is, am, are, was, were )
2. Do / Does
3. Have / Has
1. The first function is as an irregular verb
No. V1 / Present V2 / Past V3 Past Participle V. ing / Present Participle
1. Be ( is, am, are ) Be ( was, were ) Been Being
2. Do / Does Did Done Doing
3. Have / Has Had Had Having
e.g. :
1. We are clever students
2. We were clever students
3. We always do our activity well
4. We did our activity well yesterday
5. We have done our homework
6. We are doing our activity together
7. We always have breakfast before go to school
8. We had fried rice in our breakfast yesterday
9. We had had fried rice in our breakfast
10. We are having lunch now.
2. The second function is a to be / auxiliary verb
1. Be ( is, am, are )
1.1. The Present To be ( is, am are ) are used in the simple present tense in nominal sentence
e.g. - We are clever students in this school
- She is a diligent student in this school
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1.2. The Present To be ( is, am are ) are used in the simple present continuous / progressive
tense in verbal sentence.
e.g. - We are studying English right now
- He is playing football now
2. Be ( was, were )
2.1. The Past To be ( was, were ) are used in the simple past tense in nominal sentence
e.g. - We were clever students in this school
- He was a naughty students in this school
2.2. The Past To be ( was, were ) are used in the past continuous / progressive tense in
verbal sentence.
e.g. - We were studying English when you phoned us last night
- He was playing football when the accident happened yesterday
3. Do / Does
Do / Does are used to as an auxiliary verb in the simple present tense in verbal sentence.
e.g. – What does she do ? She does her homework
- How do you do ? How do you do too
Did are used to as an auxiliary verb in the simple past tense in verbal sentence
e.g. – What did she do ? She did a mistake
- How did you do that ? I did it by my self
2. Modals auxiliary verb
There some modal auxiliaries verb that mostly used to support in arranging a meaning of the sentence.
They are :
No. Modal Present Modal Past Modal Perfect
1. Can + V-1 / Be Could + V-1 / Be Could Have + V-3 / Been
2. May + V-1 / Be Might + V-1 / Be Might Have + V-3 / Been
3. Will + V-1 / Be Would + V-1 / Be Would Have + V-3 / Been
4. Shall + V-1 / Be Should + V-1 / Be Should Have + V-3 / Been
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5. Must + V-1 / Be Must + V-1 / Be Must Have + V-3 / Been
6. Ought to + V-1 / Be Ought to + V-1 / Be Ought to Have + V-3 / Been
The functions of Modals auxiliary verb
1. Can + V-1 / Be
To describe ability in the present time
e.g. : She can speak three foreign languages
2. Can + V-1 / Be
To ask permission
e.g. : Can I borrow your dictionary ?
3. Could + V-1 / Be
To describe ability in the past time
e.g. : She could swim well when she was young
4. Could + have + V-3 / Been
To describe to do something in the past time but it didn‘t to do
e.g. : We didn‘t go out last night, we could have gone to the movies but we decided to stay at
home.
5. May + V-1 / Be
To describe in giving permission
e.g. : May I read this book ?
6. May + V-1 / Be
To describe possibility
e.g. : He may come late this morning
7. Might + V-1 / Be
The past form of may
e.g. She said that I might go home early
8. Might + V-1 / Be
To describe strong possibility
e.g. : She might be at home to day
9. Might + Have + V-3 / Been
To describe strong possibility in the past time
e.g. : She might have been at home yesterday
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10. Will + V-1 / Be
To describe activity that will happen in the future time / planning
e.g. I will come back tomorrow
11. Shall + V-1 / Be
To describe activity that will happen in the future time / planning
e.g. I shall come back tomorrow
12. Should + V-1 / Be
To describe suggestion and expectation something
e.g. We should study hard
13. Should + Have + V-3 / Been
To describe suggestion that should be done in the past time
e.g. We should have studied hard
14. Must + V-1 / Be
- To describe necessity
e.g. We must eat nutrious food
- To describe conclusion
e.g. He has been in England for years. He must speak English fluently
15. Must + Have + V-3 / Been
To describe past conclusion
e.g. The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night
16. Ought to
To describe an important responsibility
e.g. You ought to study harder than before
17. Ought to + Have + V-3 / Been
To describe an important responsibility in the past time
e.g. Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She ought to have studied for
her exam.
# The progressive form of modal
1. Present Progressive Modal
( Modal Auxiliary + Be + V – Ing )
Meaning : in progress right now
- Let‘s just knock on the door lightly. Tom may be sleeping right now
- All of the lights in Ann‘s room are turned off. She must be sleeping right now
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2. Past Progressive Modal
( Modal Auxiliary + Have Been + V – Ing )
Meaning : in progress at a time in the past
- Ann wasn‘t at home last night when we went to visit her. She might have been studying at
library
- Ann wasn‘t at home last night. She has a lot of exams coming up soon, and she is also working
on a term paper. She must have been studying at library.
The summary about Modal Auxiliary and The Same Expression
Modal Aux. Uses / Function Present / Future Past
May 1. Polite Request May I borrow your pen ? -
Might 2. Formal Permission You may leave the room -
Should 3. Less then 50% Where is John ? He may have been at
certainty He may be at the library. the library.
Ought to 1. Less than 50% Where is John ? He might have been at
Had better certainty He might be at the library the library
2. Polite Request (rare) Might I borrow your pen ?
1. Advisability I should study tonight I should have studied
You should study harder last night
2. Important Drivers should obey the speed -
Responsibility limit
She should do well on the test She should have done
3. 90% certainty (future only, not present) well on the test.
I ought to study tonight I ought to have studied
1. Advisability You ought to study harder last night
Drivers ought to obey the -
2. Important speed limit
Responsibility She ought to do well on the She ought to have done
test (future only, not present) well on the test.
2. 90% certainty You had better be on time, or (past form uncommon)
we will leave without you
1. Advisability with
threat of bad result
Be supposed to 1. Expectation Class is supposed to begin at Class was supposed to
10:00 begin at 10:00
Be to 1. Strong Expectation You are to be here at 09:00. You were to be here at
09:00
Must 1. Strong Necessity I must go to class to day I had to go to class
2. Prohibition (negative) You must open that door -
3. 95% certainty Mary isn‘t in class. She must Mary must have been
be sick (present only) sick yesterday
Have to 1. Necessity I have to go to class to day I had to go to class
Have got to yesterday.
2. Lack of necessity I don‘t have to go to class I didn‘t have to go to
(negative) today class yesterday
I have got to go to class I had got to go to class
1. Necessity
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 24
Will 1. 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00(future -
Be going to only)
Can 2. Willingness The phone is ringing. I will get -
it
Could 3. Polite Request Will you please pass the salt ? -
Be able to 1. 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00(future -
Would only)
Used to 2. Definite Plan I am going to paint my I was going to paint my
Shall bedroom (future only) room, but I didn‘t have
1. Ability / Possibility time
I can run fast I could run fast when I
2. Informal permission was young, but now I
3. Informal polite request You can use my car tomorrow can‘t
4. Impossibility (negative Can I borrow your pen ? -
That is can‘t be true -
only) That can‘t have been
1. Past ability - true
I could run fast when I
2. Polite Request Could I borrow your pen ? was young
Could you help me ? -
3. Suggestion I need help in math. You could
talk to your teacher You could have talked
4. Less than 50 % Where is John ? He could be at to your teacher
Certainty home He could have been at
That could not be true home
5. Impossibility That could not have
(negative only) I am able to help you been true
I will able to help you I was able to help you
1. Ability Would you please pass the salt
Would you mind if I left early -
1. Polite Request I would rather go to the park
than stay at home I would rather have
2. Preference - gone to the park
When I was a child, I
3. Repeated action in the - would visit my
Past grandparents every
Shall I open the window ? weekend
1. Repeated action in the I shall arrive at nine ( will = When I was a child, I
Past more common ) used to visit my
grandparents every
1. Polite Request weekend
2. Future with ―I‖ or -
-
―we‖ as a subject
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 25
Chapter 7
The Verb
Verb is a word that indicates / describes an activity. Verb is one of main unsure of the sentence.
The characteristic of the verb
We can infer a verb by some clues that indicates as verb, they are :
1. Inflectional suffixes
Affix : S, ES on the third person subject on Simple Present Tense
- Rita thinks that we are naughty students
- Randy goes to school every day
- Any studies English regularly
Affix : D, ED on the past time / past verb ( V-2 ) / Past Participle ( V–3 )
- Any studied English yesterday
- We played football last week
Affix : Ing on the Present Participle Verb
- We are studying English now
- She is singing a romantic song
2. Position
After Subject before object
- We go to school by bike every day
- We are studying English now
- We studied English yesterday
After To Be / Auxiliary Verb / Modal Auxiliary
- We are studying English now
- What do you do today ?
- What can I do for you ?
- We have done our English homework
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 26
After some word ( Please, Let‘s, or Don‘t + V-1 )
- Please open your dictionary
- Don‘t make noise in the class
- Let‘s go to school
Derivational suffixes and prefixes :
The verb can be recognize from derivational suffixes and prefixes on the its formation
1. The verb suffixes – en
Noun Verb
Fright Frighten
Haste Hasten
Length Lengthen
Strength Strengthen
Threat Threaten
2. The verb suffixes – ze, - ize Verb
Noun Apologize
Apology Colonize
Colony Memorize
Memory Standardize
Standard
3. The verb suffixes –fy, - ify Verb
Noun Beautify
Beauty Classify
Class Liquefy
Liquid Solidify
Solid Terrify
Terror
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 27
4. The verb ending ( Z ) contrasting with ( S ) Verb
Noun Advise (Z)
Advise (S) Excuse (Z)
Excuse (S) House (Z)
House (S) Use (Z)
Use (S)
5. The verb ending ( D ) contrasting with ( S ) or ( Z )
Noun Verb
Applause (Z) Applaud
Success (S) Succeed
Defence (S) Defend
Offence (S) Offend
Pretence (S) Pretend
6. The verb ending with ( V ) contrasting with ( F )
Noun Verb
Belief Believe
Proof Prove
Relief Relieve
To speak English we must improve vocabulary specially verb as many as we can. More verb that
we can improve more fluently we are in speaking English. There are a lot of kinds of the verb in
English. But there are two main kinds of the verb that we have known. They are :
1. Regular Verb
The verb that its arranging in past tense (V/2) and past participle (V/3) by adding : D / ED at the
end of the verb.
All of the irregular are just adding D / ED from the infinitive or at the end of the verb
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Open Opened Opened Membuka
Ask Asked Asked Bertanya / Meminta
Abduct Abducted Abducted Menculik
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 28
The verb with the last letter is E the change just adding D
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Menari
Dance Danced Danced Memakai / Menggunakan
Mengijinkan
Use Used Used
Permit Permitted Permitted
The verb with the last letter is Y but there is a consonant before Y, so Y must be change into the I
then adding ED
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Fry Fried Fried Menggoreng
Supply Supplied Supplied Menyediakan
Cry Cried Cried Menangis
The verb with the last letter is Y but there is a vowel before Y, so the changing is just by adding ED
at the of the verb.
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Play Played Played Bermain
Destroy Destroyed Destroyed Merusak
Decoy Decoyed Decoyed Membujuk
The verb with the last letter is a consonant but before consonant there is a vowel, so the changing is
the last letter or the consonant must be copy / double and then adding by ED
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Bop Bopped Bopped Memukul
Rob Robbed Robbed Merampok
Stop Stopped Stopped Berhenti
The verb with the last letter is C but before C there is a vowel, so the changing the last letter or C is
adding K then ED
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Picnic Picnicked Picnicked Bertamasya / Piknik
Mimic Mimicked Mimicked Raut Muka
Shellac Shellacked Shellacked Mengalahkan
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 29
2. Irregular Verb
The verb that its arranging has an irregular changing. It has its own rules.
The verbs that have the same all of form from the present, past, and past participle
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Bid Bid Bid Meminta / Manawar
Cut Cut Cut Memotong
Hit Hit Hit Memukul
Let Let Let Membiarkan
Put Put Put Meletakkan
Read Read Read Membaca
Set Set Set Menata / Terbenam
Shut Shut Shut Menutup
Slit Slit Slit Mengiris / Membelah
Split Split Split Menyobek / Membelah
The verbs that have the same form of past and past participle
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Membangunkan
Awake Awoke Awoke/Awoken Membawa
Membangun
Bring Brought Brought Membeli
Menangkap
Build Built Built Bermimpi
Merasakan
Buy Bought Bought Berkelahi
Menemukan
Catch Caught Caught Memegang / Memeluk
Menyimpan / Menjaga
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Belajar
Membuat
Feel Felt Felt Bertemu
Mendengar
Fight Fought Fought
Find Found Found
Hold Held Held
Keep Kept Kept
Learn Learnt Learnt
Make Made Made
Meet Met Met
Hear Heard Heard
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 30
The verbs that have the same form of present and past participle
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Menjadi
Become Became Become Datang
Berlari Cepat
Come Came Come Melewati
Berlari
Outrun Outran Outrun
Overrun Overran Overrun
Run Ran Run
The verbs that have different form of present, past, past participle
Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Membangunkan
Awake Awoke Awoke/Awoken Ada
Mematahkan
Be ( Is, Am, Are ) Be ( Was / Were ) Be ( Been ) Meniup
Menantang
Break Broke Broken Mengerjakan/Melakukan
Meminum
Blow Blew Blown Mengerjakan
Makan
Dare Drust Dared Jatuh
Terbang
Do Did Done Lupa
Mendapatkan
Drink Drunk Drank Memberikan
Pergi
Drive Drove Driven Mengetahui
Melihat
Eat Ate Eaten Berbicara
Mengambil
Fall Fell Fallen Berpakaian
Menulis
Fly Flew Flown
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Get Got Got / Gotten
Give Gave Given
Go Went Gone
Know Knew Known
See Saw Seen
Speak Spoke Spoken
Take Took Taken
Wear Wore Worn
Write Wrote Written
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 31
Additional
1. The additional S/ES on a verb
The adding of S/ES on a verb actually can be applied to all verb that followed subject sentence
included personal pronoun he, she, it called by the third person and the singular form, the verb must
be added by S/ES at the end of the verb.
All verb are just adding by S/ES at the end of the infinitive
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Bring Brings Membawa
Jump Jumps Melompat
The verb with the last letter CH, SH, S, X, the change must be added by ES
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Catch Catches Menangkap
Kiss Kisses Mencium
The verb with the last letter O the change must be added by ES
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Mengerjakan
Do Does Pergi
Go Goes
The verb with the last letter E the change must be added by S
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Datang
Come Comes Menggunakan
Use Uses
The verb with the last letter is Y but there is a consonant before Y, so Y must be change into the I
then adding ED
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Study Studies Belajar
Cry Cries Menangis
Try Tries Mencoba
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 32
The verb with the last letter is Y but there is a vowel before Y, so the changing is just by adding ES
/ S at the of the verb.
Present / Infinitive Present / Infinitive With S/ES Meaning
Buy Buys Membeli
Play Plays Bermain
2. The additional ING on a verb
The adding ING on verb can be applied to all verb when we want to say something that still
happening.
All verb can be added by ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
See Seeing Melihat
Say Saying Mengatakan
Bring Bringing Membawa
Look Looking Memperhatikan
The verb with the last letter is a consonant but before consonant there is a vowel, and stand for 1
syllable, so the changing is the last letter or the consonant must be copy / double and then adding by
ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Beg Begging Meminta / Mengemis
Ban Banning Melarang
Sip Sipping Menyesap
Nip Nipping Menggigit
The verb with the last letter is consonant and stand for 2 syllables with the pressure on the last
syllable but there is a vowel before the consonant so the changing is the last letter or the consonant
must be copy / double and then adding by ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Allot Allotting Membagikan
Admit Admitting Mengakui / Meijinkan
Fulfil Fulfilling Memenuhi
Unpin Unpinning Membuka Peniti
Unplug Unplugging Mencabut Stiker
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 33
The verb with the last letter L but there is a vowel before L, so L must be copied and then adding
by ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Impel Impelling Memaksa
Rebel Rebelling Memberontak
Label Labelling Memberi Label
Travel Travelling Berpergian
Bedevil Bedevilling Menggoda
The verb with the last letter L but there are 2 vowel before L, and then adding by ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Appeal Appealing Memohon/Naik banding
Veil Veiling Mengerudungi
Steal Stealing Mencuri
Feel Feeling Merasa
Kneel Kneeling Berlutut
The verb with the last letter is E but there is a consonant before E, so E must be change into the I
and then adding ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Smoke Smoking Merokok
Accuse Accusing Menuduh
Boggle Boggling Meragukan
Write Writing Menulis
Smile Smiling Tersenyum
The verb with the last letter is E but there E before E, so E and then adding ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
See Seeing Melihat
Agree Agreeing Menyetujui
Free Freeing Membebaskan
Flee Fleeing Melarikan Diri
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 34
The verb with the last letter is E but there is I, so IE must be change into the Y and then adding ING
Present Present Participle Meaning
Vie Vying Bersaing / Berlomba
Die Dying Mati
Tie Tying Mengikat
Lie Lying Berduka
* Linking Verbs
Linking Verb are the verbs that are followed by an adjective describing the existing subject person or
thing. These are the linking verbs that mostly used :
1. Be ( is, am, are, was, were )
1.1. It is used to identify who/what the subject is
- They are doctors
- We were your friends
- Theory is a conclusion from an experiment
- I am Daniel
- He was a smart student
1.2. It is used to state in what condition the subject is
- She is alright
- When I came they were ready to go
- He was sad
- I am 15 years old
- You are so big
1.3. It is used to say where the subject is
- She was here
- He is in his office
- They were over there
- I am on the way home
- We are in the class
2. Become, fall, get, go, turn, grow
Linking verbs : ( Become, fall, get, go, turn, grow ) they are used to show that the subject of
sentence changes in some ways.
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 35
These linking verbs are followed by an adjective not an adverb. Linking verbs become can also be
followed by a noun.
Linking verbs become and get are used to state that there is a change in the condition of the subject
from what it was.
- When you get old your memory get worse
- She become ugly by wearing a wig
In comparative, we only use get
- The balloon is getting bigger
To talk about changes in color. We use go and turn. The word turn is more formal than go
- Leaves go brown
- Leaves turn brown
- People go red, pale, or white with anger, blue with cold, green with seasickness, or envy, purple
with range
- People turn red, pale, or white with anger, blue with cold, green with seasickness, or envy,
purple with range.
We use go to say that the changes is something bad, especially for permanent change and it is
impossible to return to the previous condition.
- People go mad, crazy, bald, deaf, blind, grey
- Horses go lame, machines go wrong, bears go flat, jam goes sugary, meat goes off (or goes
bad), milk goes off (or goes sour) cheese mouldy, bread goes stale (or goes hard), iron goes
rusty.
Go and turn are not used with the words old, tired, ill, instead we use get and become.
3. Smell, taste, feel, look, appear, sound, seem
Linking verbs : (Smell, taste, feel, look, appear, sound, seem) they are used to show the condition
of a thing or person based on the speaker sense. These linking verbs are followed by an adjective,
not an adverb.
- Ann looks beautiful ( not : Ann looks beautifully )
- The food tastes delicious
- The fish smell bad
- Jack seems fine
- Your idea sounds interesting
- He appears very angry today
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 36
Chapter 8
Sentence
English sentence divide into the two main part, they are :
1. Verbal Sentence
Verbal Sentence is a sentence that used the verb as a predicate. It means that the sentence must
be contain a verb. Verbal sentence divide into two kinds, they are :
1.1. Active Verbal Sentence
In an Active Verbal Sentence the subject sentence do something
e.g. : - He studies English twice a week
- He studied English yesterday
1.2. Passive Verbal Sentence
In a Passive Verbal Sentence the subject sentence is done something. In the passive
sentence the object in the active verbal sentence is become the subject of the passive verbal
sentence.
e.g. : - English is studied by him twice a week ( To be + V – 3 )
- English was studied by him yesterday
2. Nominal Sentence
The Nominal Sentence is a sentence that used the nominal ( noun, adjective, adverb ) as a
predicate. The nominal sentence can be : noun, adjective, adverb, etc except verb.
e.g. : - We are clever students. ( To be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb )
- We are the champion.
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 37
Chapter 9
Tenses
Tense is a form of time when we want to speak
There are 16 Tenses in English but there are 11 tense that are mostly use in spoken or even in written.
They are :
1. Simple Present Tense
It used to describe a habitual action or regular activity or even a general truth in our live
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + V-1 s/es + O
- He, She, It, John studies English every day
- I, You, They, We study English every day
( - ) S + Do/Does + Not + V-1 + O
- He, She, It, John does not study English every day
- I, You, They, We do not study English every day
( ? ) Do/Does + S + V-1 + O + ?
- Does He, She, It, John study English every day ?
- Do I, You, They, We study English every day ?
Note :
1. in the positive sentence if the subject sentence is the third person the verb must be added by
S/ES.
2. Does = It is used by the third person subject ( He, She, It, The name of a person or animal )
3. Do = It is used by ( I, You, They, We )
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + V-3 + by + O
- English is studied by him every day
( - ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Not + V-3 + by + O
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 38
- English is not studied by him every day
( ? ) To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + S + V-3 + by + O + ?
- Is English studied by him every day ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- I am a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- He, She, It, John is a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- You, They, We are student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
( - ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Not + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- I am not a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- He, She, It, John is not a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- You, They, We are not student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
( ? ) To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + S + Noun/Adjective/Adverb ?
- Am I a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
- Is He, She, It, John a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
- Are You, They, We student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
Time Signal :
Every ….. , Once ….., Twice ….., Always, Frequently, Generally, Never, Normally, Nowadays,
Occasionally, Often, Regularly, Seldom, Sometimes
2. Simple Present Continuous / Progressive Tense
It is used to describe an activity that still happening or in progress right now at the moment of
speaking
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + V-ing + O
- I am studying English now
- He, She, It, John is studying English now
- You, They, We are studying English now
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 39
( - ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Not + V-ing + O
- I am not studying English Now
- He, She, It, John is not studying English now
- You, They, We are not studying English now
( ? ) To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + S + V-ing + O + ?
- Am I studying English now ?
- Is He, She, It, john studying English now ?
- Are You, They, We studying English now ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Being + V-3 + by + O
- English is being studied by him now
( - ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Not + Being + V-3 + O
- English is not being studied by him now
( ? ) To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + S + Being + V-3 + by + O ?
- Is English being studied by him now ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- I am a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- He, She, It, John is a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- You, They, We are student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
( - ) S + To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + Not + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- I am not a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- He, She, It, John is not a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
- You, They, We are not student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko
( ? ) To Be ( Is, Am, Are ) + S + Noun/Adjective/Adverb ?
- Am I a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
- Is He, She, It, John a student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
- Are You, They, We student of SMP Negeri 2 Sooko ?
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 40
Time Signal
Now, Right now, At Present, At this moment, Tonight, At this evening, Today
3. Simple Present Perfect Tense
It is used to describe an activity that has already done
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Has/Have + V-3 + O
- He, She, It, John has studied English since 2000
- I, You, They, We have studied English since 2000
( - ) S + Has/Have + Not + V-3 + O
- He, She, It, John has not studied English since 2000
- I, You, They, We have not studied English since 2000
( ? ) Has/Have + S + V-3 + O + ?
- Has He, She, It, John studied English since 2000 ?
- Have I, You, They, We studied English since 2000 ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Has/Have + Been + V-3 + by + O
- English Has been studied by him since 2000
( - ) S + Has/Have + Not + Been + V-3 + by + O
- English Has not been studied by him since 2000
( ? ) Has/Have + S + Been + V-3 + by + O ?
- Has English been studied by him since 2000
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Has/Have + Been + Noun / Adjective / Adverb
- She has been here since this morning
( - ) S + Has/Have + Not + Been + Noun / Adjective / Adverb
- She has not been here since this morning
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 41
( ? ) Has/Have + S + Been + Noun / Adjective / Adverb + ?
- Has she been here since this morning ?
Time Signal
Since ….., Never, At Last, This Year, For …..
Note :
Since ……: indicates the time when the activity begins or starts
For ….. : indicates how long the activity happens or occurs
4. Simple Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tenses
It is used to describe an activity or event that has begun in the past time, until present time it still
happening and it has not finished yet.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Has / Have + Been + V – Ing + O
He has been studying English the whole day
( - ) S + Has / Have + Not + Been + V – Ing + O
He has not been studying English the whole day
( ? ) Has / Have + S + Been + V – Ing + O + ?
Has he been studying English the whole day ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Has / Have + Been + Being + V – 3 + By + O
English has been being studied by him the whole day
( - ) S + Has / Have + Not + Been + Being + V – 3 + By + O
English has not been being studied by him the whole day
( ? ) Has / Have + S + Been + Being + V – 3 + By + O + ?
Has English been being studied by him the whole day ?
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 42
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Has / Have + Been + Noun/Adjective/ Adverb
He has been busy this week
( - ) S + Has / Have + Not + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
He has not been busy this week
( ? ) Has / Have + S + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ?
Has he been busy this week ?
Time Signal
For ….. , Since ….. , Long , The whole day , All the morning
5. Simple Past Tense
It is used to describe past activity or event / to describe an activity happened in the past time.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + V-2 + O
He studied English yesterday
( - ) S + Did + Not + V-1 + O
He did not study English yesterday
( + ) Did + S + V-1 + O + ?
Did He studied English yesterday ?
Note : All subject sentence use Did as an auxiliary/Did use as an auxiliary to all subject sentence
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + V-3 + by + O
- English was studied by him yesterday
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Not + V-3 + by + O
- English was not studied by him yesterday
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 43
( + ) To Be ( Was / Were ) + S + V-3 + by + O ?
- Was English studied by him yesterday ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He was in the class yesterday
( - ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Not + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He was not in the class yesterday
( ? ) To Be ( Was / Were ) + S Noun/Adjective/Adverb ?
- Was He in the class yesterday ?
Time Signal : Yesterday, ….. Ago, Last …..
Note :
Was : use to subject sentence ( He, She, It, The name of person, I )
Were : use to subject sentence ( You, They, We )
6. Simple Past Progressive / Continuous Tense
It is used to describe an activity that still happening or in progress at a particular time in the past
time; when the other activity happened.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + V-ing + O
- He was studying English yesterday when the phone rang
( - ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Not + V-ing + O
- He was not studying English yesterday when the phone rang
( + ) To Be ( Was / Were ) + S + V-ing + O ?
- Was He studying English yesterday when the phone rang ?
Passive Verbal
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Being + V-3 + By + O
- English was being studied by him yesterday
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 44
( - ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + No + Being + V-3 + By + O
- English was not being studied by him yesterday
( ? ) To Be ( Was / Were ) + S + No + Being + V-3 + By + O ?
- Was English being studied by him yesterday ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He was in the class yesterday
( - ) S + To Be ( Was / Were ) + Not + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He was not in the class yesterday
( ? ) To Be ( Was / Were ) + S Noun/Adjective/Adverb ?
- Was He in the class yesterday ?
Time Signal : …..When ….., …..As….., …..While…..
Note :
Was : use to subject sentence ( He, She, It, The name of person, I )
Were : use to subject sentence ( You, They, We )
7. Simple Past Perfect
It is used to describe an activity or event that happened in the past time; when or before another
activity happened
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Had + V – 3 + O
He had studied English
( - ) S + Had + Not + V – 3 + O
He had not studied English
( ? ) Had + S + Not + V – 3 + O + ?
Had he studied English ?
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 45
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Had + Been + V – 3 + By + O
English had been studied by him
( - ) S + Had + Not + Been + V – 3 + By + O
English had not been studied by him
( ? ) Had + S + Been + V – 3 + By + O + ?
Had English been studied by him ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Had + Been + Noun/ Adjective/Adverb
He had been there before the rain began
( - ) S + Had + Not + Been + Noun/Adjective/ Adverb
He had not been there before the rain began
( ? ) Had + S + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ?
Had he been there before the rain began ?
Time Signal
- Simple Past Perfect + Before + Simple Past Tense
- Simple Past Tense + After + Simple Past Perfect
- Simple Past Tense + Until + Simple Past Perfect
8. Simple Past Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense
It is used to describe an activity that happened in progress in the past time until; when or before
another activity happened in past time.
Active Verbal :
( + ) S + Had + Been + V – ing + O
He had been working in that company for two years when the world war ended
( - ) S + Had + Not + Been + V – ing + O
He had been working in that company for two years when the world war ended
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 46
( ? ) Had + S + Been + V – ing + O + ?
Had he been working in that company for two years when the world war ended
Passive Verbal :
Not Used
Nominal Sentence :
Not Used
9. Simple Future Tense
It is used to describe an activity that will happen in the future time.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Shall / Will + V-1 + O
- He will study English tomorrow
( - ) S + Shall / Will + Not + V-1 + O
- He will not study English tomorrow
( ? ) Shall / Will + S + V-1 + O + ?
Will He study English tomorrow ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Shall / Will + Be + V-3 + By + O
- English will be studied by him tomorrow
( - ) S + Shall / Will + Not + Be + V-3 + By + O
- English will not be studied by him tomorrow
( ? ) Shall / Will + S + Be + V-3 + By + O + ?
Will English be studied by him tomorrow ?
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 47
( + ) S + Shall / Will + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will be in the class tomorrow
( - ) S + Shall / Will + Not + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will not be in the class tomorrow
( + ) Shall / Will + S + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ?
- Will He be in the class tomorrow ?
Time Signal : Tomorrow, Next ….. , Soon, Immediately, ….. Again
Note :
Shall : use to subject sentence I and We
Will : use to all subject sentence
10. Simple Future Continuous / Progressive Tense
It is used to describe an activity or event that still happening or still in progress in the future time.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Be + V – Ing + O
- He will be studying English tomorrow morning
( - ) S + Will + Not Be + V – Ing + O
- He will not be studying English tomorrow morning
( ? ) Will + S + Be + V – Ing + O + ?
- Will he be studying English tomorrow morning ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Be + Being + V – 3 + By + O
- English will be being studied by him tomorrow morning
( - ) S + Will + Not + Be + Being + V – 3 + By + O
- English will not be being studied by him tomorrow morning
( ? ) Will + S + Be + Being + V – 3 + By + O + ?
- Will English be being studied by him tomorrow morning ?
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 48
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will be happy tomorrow
( - ) S + Will + Not + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will not be happy tomorrow
( ? ) Will + S + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ?
- Will he be happy tomorrow ?
Time Signal : When + Clause ( Present ), After, As soon as, Till, Until, At this time next ....
11. Simple Future Perfect
It is used to describe an activity or event that has done; before another activity happen in the future
time.
Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Have + V – 3 + O
- He will have studied English by the end of this week
( - ) S + Will + Not + Have + V – 3 + O
- He will not have studied English by the end of this week
( ? ) Will + S + Have + V – 3 + O + ?
- Will he have studied English by the end of this week ?
Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Have + Been + V – 3 + By + O
- English will have been studied by him next month
( - ) S + Will + Not + Have + Been + V – 3 + By + O
- English will not have been studied by him next month
( ? ) Will + S + Have + Been + V – 3 + By + O
- Will English have been studied by him next month ?
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 49
Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Will + Have + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will have been a scholar next year
( - ) S + Will + Not + Have + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb
- He will not have been a scholar next year
( ? ) Will + S + Have + Been + Noun/Adjective/Adverb+ ?
- Will He have been a scholar next year ?
Time Signal : ..... Before + Clause ( Present ), ......When + Clause ( Present ), By ….. , By the end
of ….., By then .....
12. Simple Future Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense
It is used to describe an activity that will have happened for some certain time; before another
activity happen in the future time.
Active Verbal :
( + ) S + Shall/Will + Have + Been + V – ing + O
We will have been studying English for six years next year.
( - ) S + Shall/Will + Not + Have + Been + V – ing + O
We will not have been studying English for six years next year.
( ? ) Shall/Will + S + Have + Been + V – ing + O + ?
Will we have been studying English for six years next year ?.
Passive Verbal :
Not Used
Nominal Sentence :
Not Used
13. Simple Past Future
It is used to describe an activity or event that will do in the past time or planning in the past time
My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 50
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