My English Book

Active Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Would + V – 1 + O

- He would study English last week

( - ) S + Would + Not + V – 1 + O
- He would not study English last week

( ? ) Would + S + V – 1 + O + ?
- Would he study English last week ?

Passive Verbal
Pattern
( + ) S + Would + Be + V – 3 + By + O

- English would be studied by him two days ago
( - ) S + Would + Not + Be + V – 3 + By + O

- English would not be studied by him two days ago
( ? ) Would + S + Be + V – 3 + By + O + ?

- Would English be studied by him two days ago ?

Nominal Sentence
Pattern
( + ) S + Would + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb

- He would be a foot ball player last year
( - ) S + Would + Not + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb

- He would not be a foot ball player last year
( ? ) Would + S + Be + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ?

- Would he be a foot ball player last years ?

Time Signal : Yesterday, ….. Ago, Last …..

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 51

Chapter 10

Passive Sentence / Voice

In the passive sentence the object of the active sentence / verb becomes the subject of the passive

sentence / verb. The common pattern of passive sentence is To Be + V-3 (Past Participle)

Active : Mary helped the boy

Passive : The boy was helped by Mary

Usually the passive is used without a ―By Phrase‖. The passive is most frequently used when it
is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
1. Rice is grown in Indonesia ( by people, by farmers, by someone. It is not known or not important to

know exactly who grows rice in Indonesia )
2. Our house was built in 1990
3. This olive oil was imported from Spain

The ―By Phrase‖ used if it is important to know who performs an action or to focus attention on
the subject of a sentence
1. Rome and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare
2. This rug was made by my mother

The following chart illustrates the formation and the use of the passive sentence in the various verb

tenses.

Active Sentence Passive sentence

1. Simple Present Tense 1. Simple Present Tense

(+) He teaches English in SMA (+) English is taught by him in SMA

(-) He does not teach English in SMA (-) English is not taught by him in SMA

(?) Does he teach English in SMA ? (?) Is English taught by him in SMA ?

2. Simple Present Continuous/Progressive Tense 2. Simple Present Continuous/Progressive Tense

(+) He is teaching English now (+) English is being taught by him now

(-) He is not teaching English now (-) English is not being taught by him now

(?) Is he teaching English now ? (?) Is English being taught by him now ?

3. Simple Present Perfect Tense 3. Simple Present Perfect Tense

(+) He has taught English since 2005 (+) English has been taught by him since 2005

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 52

(-) He has not English since 2005 (-) English has not been taught by him since 2005

(?) Has he taught English since 2005 ? (?) Has English been taught by him since 2005 ?

4. Simple Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive 4. Simple Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive

(+) He has been teaching English for a years ( + ) Not used

(-) He has not been teaching English for a years ( - ) Not used

(?) Has he been teaching English for a years ( ? ) Not used

5. Simple Past Tense 5. Simple Past Tense

(+) He taught English last year (+) English was taught by him last year

(-) He did not teach English last year (-) English was not taught by him last year

(?) Did he teach English last year ? (?) Was English taught by him last year ?

6. Simple Past Continuous/Progressive Tense 6. Simple Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

(+) He was teaching English when I started to (+) English was being taught by him when I

school. started to school.

(-) He was not teaching English when I started to (-) English was not being taught by him when I

school. started to school.

(?) Was he teaching English when I started to (?) Was English being taught by him when I

school ? started to school ?

7. Simple Past Perfect Tense 7. Simple Past Perfect Tense

(+) He had taught English for many years when I (+) English had been taught by him for many

started to school. years when I started to school.

(-) He had not taught English for many years when (-) English had not been taught by him for many

I started to school. years when I started to school.

(?) Had he taught English for many years when I (?) Had English been taught by him for many

started to school ? years when I started to school ?

8. Simple Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive 8. Simple Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive

(+) He had been teaching English for many years ( + ) Not Used
when I started to school.

(-) He had not been teaching English for many ( - ) Not used
years when I started to school.

(?) Had he been teaching English for many years ( ? ) Not used
when I started to school ?

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 53

9. Simple Future Tense 9. Simple Future Tense
(+) He will teach English next year (+) English will be taught by him next year
(-) He will not teach English next year (-) English will not be taught by him next year
(?) Will he teach English next year ? (?) Will English be taught by him next year
10. Simple Future Continuous/Progressive Tense 10. Simple Future Continuous/Progressive Tense
(+) He will be teaching English next year ( + ) Not used
(-) He will not be teaching English next year ( - ) Not used
(?) Will he be teaching English next year ? ( ? ) Not used
11. Simple Future Perfect Tense 11. Simple Future Perfect Tense
(+) He will have taught English for two years by (+) English will have been taught by him for two

next September. years by next September.
(-) He will not have taught English for two years (-) English will not have been taught by him for

by next September Two years by next September
(?) Will he have taught English for two years by (?) Will English have been taught by him for two

next September ? years by next September ?
12. Simple Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive 12. Simple Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive
(+) He will have been teaching English for two
( + ) Not used
years by next year.
(-) He will not have been teaching English for two ( - ) Not used

years by next year. ( ? ) Not used
(?) Will he have been teaching English for two
13. Be + Going To
years by next year ? (+) English is going to be taught by him next year
13. Be + Going To (-) English is not going to be taught by him next
(+) He is going to teach English next year
Year
(-) He is not going to teach English next year (?) Is English going to be taught by him next year
14. Modal Present
(?) Is he going to teach English next year ? (+) The question can be answered by him
14. Modal Present (-) The question can‘t be answered by him
(+) He can answer the question (?) Can the question be answered by him ?
(-) He can‘t answer the question
(?) Can he answer the question ?

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 54

15. Modal Past 15. Modal Past
(+) He could answer the question (+) The question could be answered by him
(-) He couldn‘t answer the question (-) The question couldn‘t be answered by him
(?) Could he answer the question ? (?) Could the question be answered by him ?
16. Modal Perfect 16. Modal Perfect
(+) The question could have been answered by
(+) He could have answered the question
Him
(-) He couldn‘t have answered the question (-) The question couldn‘t have been answered by

(?) Could he have answer the question ? Him
(?) Could the question have been answered by
17. Question Word
- When does he write an article ? Him ?
- Where have you found the wallet ? 17. Question Word
- How will they paint the gate ? - When is an article written by him ?
18. Impersonal It (People,Everybody,Everyone) - Where has the wallet been found ?
- People say that Indonesia is rich country - How will the gate be painted ?
18. Impersonal It(People,Everybody,Everyone)
- Everyone knows that she is beautiful girl - It is said that Indonesia is rich country
- Indonesia is said to be rich country
19. Active Gerund - It is known that she is beautiful girl
- The flower needs watering - She is known to be beautiful girl
- My bike wants mending 19. Passive Gerund
- The letter requires stamping - The flower needs to be watered
- My bike wants to be mended
- The letter requires to be stamped

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Chapter 11
The Adjective
Adjective is use to describe characteristic about someone or something.
1. We must be careful, the place is dangerous
2. We are smart student,
3. She is a beautiful girl in this class
4. I don‘t like cold water
5. There were many dirty dishes in the kitchen

There two kinds of adjective :
1. Adjective with – Ing form

It is used to decribe about the characteristic of something, someone, or a certain conditions
- Jogyakarta is interesting city
- Reading is exciting
- It is a confusing explanation

2. Adjective with – Ed form

It is used to describe about the feeling of someone about something

- I am interested in living in Jogyakarta

- I am excited with reading

- We are confused with the explanation

No. Adjective with – Ing from No. Adjective with – Ed form

1. Interesting 1. Interested

2. Boring 2. Bored

3. Exciting 3. Excited

4. Amusing 4. Amused

5. Amazing 5. Amazed

6. Relaxing 6. Relaxed

7. Confusing 7. Confused

8. Tiring 8. Tired

9. Sophisticating 9. Sophisticated

10. Embarrassing 10. Embarrassed

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The characteristic of the adjective

We can infer an adjective by some clues that indicates as an adjective, they are :

1. Inflectional suffixes : - er, - est, - more, - most

Example : Tall Taller

Tallest

High Higher

Highest

Beautiful More Beautiful

Most Beautiful

Adding more and most can be used with adverb

2. Position
After linking verb : looks, sound, seem, appear, grow, feel
- He looks taller than his brother
- Her voice sounds beautiful
- It seemed easy to solve the problem

After To Be / Auxiliary Verb / Modal Auxiliary
- Durians are plentiful here
- My brother is handsome
- Their historical background might be different

After Determiner and noun
- An interesting English book
- Some careful driver
- His medical degree

Derivational suffixes :

The adjective can be recognize from derivational suffixes on the its formation

Suffixes Example Suffixes Example

-y Sandy, Wealthy - ed, - en, Tired, Golden

- ly Friendly, Weekly - ent, - ant Different, Pleasant

- ful Beautiful, Painful - able, - ible Reasonable, Sensible

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- less Careless, Worthless - ive, - ative, tive Active, Imaginative
- ous, - ious Dangerous, Delicious - ing Interesting, Tiring
- al, - tal, - ial, - tial Accidental, Differential - ic, - etic, - atic Basic, Symphathetic
- ish Reddish, Childish

Adjective can be derive from verb and noun by adding suffix ( - full, - less, - ish, - en, - ous, - some, -

ive, - al, - able, etc ).

1. Adjective derive from Verb

Verb Adjective

Accept Acceptable

Admire Admirable

Attract Attractive

Change Changeable

Choose Choosy

Collect Collective

Compete Competitive

Decide Decisive

Decorate Decorative

Describe Descriptive

Destroy Destructive

Enjoy Enjoyable

Forget Forgetful

Heal Healthy

Heat Hot

Help Helpful

Hope Hopeful / Hopeless

Imagine Imaginary/Imaginative

Love Loveable

Obey Obedient

Please Pleasant

Prosper Prosperous

Study Studious

Talk Talk Active

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Unite United

2. Adjective derive from Noun

Noun Adjective

Accident Accidental

Adventure Adventurous

Affection Affectionate

Anger Angry

Anxiety Anxious

Athlete Athletic

Beauty Beautiful

Bible Biblical

Boy Boyish

Care Careful / Careless

Caution Cautious

Centre Central

Charity Charitable

Child Childish

Choir Choral

Circle Circular

Comfort Comfortable

Continent Continental

Courage Courageous

Coward Cowardly

Craft Craftly

Crime Criminal

Critic Critical

Cruelty Cruel

Custom Customary

Danger Dangerous

Disaster Disastrous

Distance Distant

Duty Dutiful

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Energy Energetic

Faith Faithful

Fame Famous

Father Fatherly

Fault Faulty

Favour Favourable

Fire Fiery

Fool Foolish

Force Forceful

Fortune Fortunate

Friend Friendly

Fury Furious

Giant Gigantic

Girl Girlish

Glory Glorious

Gold Golden

Grace Graceful

Habit Habitual

Harm Harmful

Hate Hateful

Hero Heroic

Horror Horrible

Industry Industrial/Industrious

Joy Joyful

Law Lawful

Luxury Luxurious

Man Manly

Marvel Marvellous

Mercy Merciful

Metal Metallic

Mischief Mischievous

Mountain Mountainous

Music Musical

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Mystery Mysterious

Nation National

Nature Natural

Noise Noisy

North Northern

Notice Noticeable

Occasion Occasional

Origin Original

Parent Parental

Patience Patient

Peace Peaceful

Person Personal

Picture Picturesque

Pity Pitiful

Poet Poetic

Poison Poisonous

Pride Proud

Quarrel Quarrelsome

Reason Reasonable

Science Scientific

Sense Sensible

Shade Shady

Silk Silky

Sister Sisterly

Skill Skill full

Smoke Smoky

Sorrow Sorrowful

South Southern

Spirit Spiritual

Storm Stormy

Success Successful

Sun Sunny

Terror Terrible

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Thirst Thirsty
Thought Thoughtful
Tire Tiresome
Trouble Troublesome
Value Valuable
Victory Victorious
Volcano Volcanic
War Warlike
Water Watery
Wave Wavy
West Western
Winter Wintry
Wood Wooden
Wool Woollen
Year Yearly
Youth Young

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Chapter 12
Degree Comparison or Comparison Degree
Degree comparison is used when we want to compare someone or something different. There 3
comparison degree they are :
1. Positive Degree
It is used to compare two things / persons that both of them are equal. They have similarity or the
same ( position, condition, size, etc )
Pattern :
1.1. S + Verb + As + Adjective + As + O
- He drives as careful as you
- She runs as fast as you
1.2. S + To Be + Adjective + As + O
- He is as careful as you
- She is as young as you
1.3. S + To Be + The Same + Adjective / Adverb + O
- She is the same age as you
- This book is the same price as that book

2. Comparative Degree
It is used to compare two things / persons that one of them has more characteristic than the other
one.
2.1. Adjective stand for 1 and 2 syllables
Pattern
2.1.1. S + To Be + Adjective + Er + Than + O
- She is younger than you
- He is older than you
2.1.2. S + Verb + Adjective + Er + Than + O
- She speaks louder than you
- He runs faster than you

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2.2. Adjective stand for 3 syllables or more
Pattern
2.2.1. S + To Be + More + Adjective + Than + O

- Ana is more beautiful than Any
- Beatrice is more interesting than Any
2.2.2. S + Verb + More + Adjective + Than + O
- He studies more diligent than you
- She sings more beautiful than you

3. Superlative Degree
It is used to compare things / persons that one of them has the most characteristic than the others
3.1. Adjective stand for 1 and 2 syllables
Pattern
S + To Be + The + Adjective + Est + …..
- He is the tallest boy in my class
3.2. Adjective stand for 3 syllables or more
Pattern
S + To Be + The + Most + Adjective + …..
- He is the most diligent student in my class

Adjective stand for one syllable

Positive Comparative Superlative

Big Bigger Biggest

Cheap Cheaper Cheapest

Clear Clearer Clearest

Fast Faster Fastest

Few Fewer Fewest

Hard Harder Hardest

Low Lower Lowest

Nice Nicer Nicest

Quick Quicker Quickest

Short Shorter Shortest

Soon Sooner Soonest

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Tall Taller Tallest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

Adjective stand for two syllables Superlative
Busiest
Positive Comparative Cleverest
Heaviest
Busy Busier Narrowest
Prettiest
Clever Clever Simplest

Heavy Heavier Superlative
Most Beautiful
Narrow Narrower Most Careful
Most Diligent
Pretty Prettier Most Expensive
Most Famous
Simple Simpler Most Interesting

Adjective stand for three syllables or more Superlative
Best
Positive Comparative Worst
Most
Beautiful More Beautiful Least
Farthest
Careful More Careful Furthest
Eldest
Diligent More Diligent Oldest

Expensive More Expensive

Famous More Famous

Interesting More Interesting

Irregular Degrees of Comparison

Positive Comparative

Good / Well Better

Bad / Ill Worse

Many / Much More

Little Less

Far Farther

Far Further

Old Elder

Old Older

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Exception Degrees of Comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative
Most Modern
Modern More Morden Most Modest
Most Slowly
Modest More Modest

Slowly More Slowly

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Chapter 13
Adverb Of Manner

Adverb of Manner is used to describe how to do something or how something happens
Adverb of Manner explains about verb
Adverb of Manner derive from Adjective + Ly except some certain adjective
Adjective explain about noun.

Study this paragraph
Indonesia maintained Thomas Cup again in 2002. The badminton players are Marlev Mainaky,

Candra Wijaya, Sigit Budiarto, Taufiq Hidayat, Tri Kusharyanto, Halim Haryanto and Hendrawan.
They are good badminton players. They played well at the final match. Hendrawan was the key of the
victory. He is a careful player. He played badminton carefully. He has trained hard. The women
badminton players are beautiful ones. Although they failed to gain the champion, they played
beautifully. We must be diligent if we want to be success. We have to practice diligently to get our
success.

Adjective Adverb of Manner
Good ( Bagus ) Well ( Dengan Bagus )
Careful ( Hati – hati ) Carefully ( Dengan Hati – hati )
Hard ( Keras ) Hard ( Dengan Keras )
Beautiful ( Cantik / Indah ) Beautifully ( Dengan Cantik / Indah )
Careful ( Hati – hati ) Carefully ( Dengan Hati – hati )
- He is a hard worker - He always works hard everyday

Additional
1. We are diligent student ( Adjective )
2. We study the lesson diligently every day ( Adverb of Manner )
3. Mr. Anton is a careful driver ( Adjective )
4. Mr. Anton always drives carefully ( Adverb of Manner )
5. Bunga Citra Lestari is a beautiful singer ( Adjective )
6. Bunga Citra Lestari always sings beautifully in every her performance ( Adverb of Manner )

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 67

Here is some of the list adjective and adverb of manner

Adjective Adverb of Manner

Happy ( Gembira ) Happily ( Dengan Gembira )

Late ( Terlambat ) Lately ( Dengan Terlambat )

Noisy ( Ramai ) Noisily ( Dengan Ramai )

Nice ( Baik ) Nicely ( Dengan Baik )

Perfect ( Sempurna ) Perfectly ( Dengan Sempurna )

Quick ( Cepat ) Quickly ( Dengan Cepat )

Quiet ( Diam ) Quietly ( Dengan Diam )

Sad ( Sedih ) Sadly ( Dengan Sedih )

Sweet ( Manis ) Sweetly ( Dengan Manis )

Exception / Irregular Adverb of Manner
Adjective Deep ( Dalam )
Deep Early ( Awal )
Early Far ( Jauh )
Far Fast ( Dengan Cepat )
Fast ( Cepat ) Well ( Dengan Bagus )
Good ( Bagus ) Hard ( Dengan Keras )
Hard ( Keras ) High ( Tinggi )
High Late ( Lambat )
Late Leisurely ( Luang )
Leisurely Little ( Sedikit )
Little Low ( Rendah )
Low Much ( Banyak )
Much Near ( Dekat )
Near

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 68

Chapter 14
Admiration / Amazement / Exclamation

Admiration or Amazement is use to admire someone or something.
Exclamation is a word, phrase or sentence that is shouted out suddenly, often through surprise or anger

Pattern
1. What + Article ( A, An, The ) + Noun Phrase ( Adjective + Noun ) + !

- What a smart student !
- What a beautiful girl !
- What a pious student !
- What a diligent student !
- What a wonderful world !

2. What + Article ( A, An, The ) + Noun Phrase ( Adjective + Noun ) + Subject + To Be + !
- What a smart student we are !
- What a beautiful girl she is !
- What a pious student we are !
- What a diligent student we are !
- What a wonderful world it is !

3. How + Adjective + Subject + To Be + !
- How smart we are !
- How beautiful she is !
- How pious we are !
- How diligent we are !
- How wonderful it is !

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Chapter 15

Noun

Noun is a word that indicates / state the name of person, animal, place or thing

Noun can be derive from Adjective, Verb, or even Noun itself by adding a suffix ( - hood, - ship, - ty, -

th, - ry, - ion, etc )

1. Noun derive from Adjective

Adjective Noun

Able Ability

Angry Anger

Anxious Anxiety

Bad Badness

Beautiful Beauty

Brave Bravery

Busy Business

Cruel Cruelty

Curious Curiosity

Dark Darkness

Decide Decision

Deep Depth

Faithful Faithfulness

Famous Fame

Fat Fatness

Foolish Foolishness

Gentle Gentleness

Glad Gladness

Good Goodness

Grand Grandeur

Great Greatness

Hate Hatred

High Height

Honest Honesty

Humble Humility

Just Justice

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Lazy Laziness
Loyal Loyalty
Mad Madness
Proud Pride
Punctual Punctuality
Pure Purity
Sad Sadness
Scarce Scarcity
Select Selection
Sharp Sharpness
Simple Simplicity
Slow Slowness
Soft Softness
True Truth
Valuable Value
Warm Warmth
Weak Weakness
Wide Width

2. Noun derive from Noun

Noun Noun

Bag Baggage

Broad Breadth

Child Childhood

Friend Friendship

Gay Gaiety

Judge Judgement

Kind Kindness

King Kingdom

Laugh Laughter

Like Likeness

Long Length

Mix Mixture

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Move Movement
Neighbour Neighbourhood
Permit Permission
Poet Poetry
Pursue Pursuit
Ready Readiness
Real Reality
Repeat Repetition
Safe Safety
Sick Sickness
Slave Slavery
Strong Strength
Tight Thought
Vain Vanity
Wise Wisdom
Young Youth

3. Noun derive from Verb

Verb Noun

Absent Absence

Absorb Absorption

Act Action

Add Addition

Advertise Advertisement

Agree Agreement

Appear Appearance

Apply Application

Approve Approval

Arrive Arrival

Attend Attention / Attendance

Begin Beginning

Behave Behaviour

Believe Belief

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Breathe Breath

Bright Brightness

Bury Burial

Choose Choice

Clean Cleanliness

Collect Collection

Compare Comparison

Compete Competition

Confident Confidence

Conquer Conquest

Continue Continuation

Correct Correction

Create Cruelty

Defend Defence

Depart Departure

Describe Description

Destroy Destruction

Die Death

Discover Discovery

Disturb Disturbance

Divide Division

Do Deed

Draw Drawing

Dry Dryness

Encourage Encouragement

Enjoy Enjoyment

Enter Entrance

Expect Expectation

Explain Explanation

Fail Failure

Fit Fitness

Fix Fixture

Feed Food

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Fly Flight

Free Freedom

Give Gift

Heal Health

Imagine Imagination

Inform Information

Injure Injury

Instruct Instruction

Interfere Interference

Introduce Introduction

Invade Invasion

Invite Invitation

Lend Loan

Live Life

Lose Loss

Marry Marriage

Multiply Multiplication

Obey Obedience

Perform Performance

Persuade Persuasion

Please Pleasure

Prosper Prosperity

Prove Proof

Punish Punishment

Receive Reception

Recognize Recognition

Remember Remembrance

See Sight

Sell Sale

Sit Seat

Speak Speech

Succeed Success

Teach Teaching

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Tell Tale
Think Thought
Unite Unity
Wed Wedding
Weigh Weight

We can infer noun by some clues that indicates as noun, they are :
1. Inflectional Suffixes

Inflectional suffixes is a affix on a noun, but it doesn‘t change the kinds of the noun which get that
affix as a formation of pluralizes noun – s, - es, and possessive marker ‗s-and-s‘
- Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sisters
- Each tree has branches everywhere
- The boy‘s toy looks very interesting

2. Position
Before a verb as a subject sentence
- The soldiers found tracks near their camps
- The plants provide food for men
- The boy runs to school everyday
- The man is crying his wife

After a verb as an object sentence
- The soldiers found tracks near their camps
- The plants provide food for men
- The boy runs to school everyday
- The man is crying his wife

After Determiners
Determiners is a word that place on before the noun. Determiners consist of four parts
Articles ( A, An, The )
- The Students must obey the school regulation
- A man is trying hard to earn his living by driving a pedicab
Possessives ( My, Your, His, Her, Their, Our )

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- The naughty students is trying hard to do their English test by cheating their friends
- My girl friend has broken my heart by choosing my best friend become her husband
Demonstratives ( This, That, These, Those )
- This little cat is very funny
- Those smart student are discussing the English assignment
Quantitative ( Some, Any, Much, More, A Lot of, Few, A few, A Little, Little, Etc )
- Some villagers lived in those mountains
- Each student must do his own assignment himself

3. Derivational Suffixes

Derivational suffixes is an affix on the word so that it changes into the kinds of word which get the

affix
The Noun suffixes – ment

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

- Advertise - Advertisement - Improve - Improvement

- Agree - Agreement - Judge - Judgement

- Appoint - Appointment - Manage - Management

- Argue - Argument - Measure - Measurement

- Arrange - Arrangement - Move - Movement

- Develop - Development - Pay - Payment

- Employ - Employment - Punish - Punishment

- Encourage - Encouragement - Ship - Shipment

- Entertain - Entertainment - State - Statement

- Govern - Government - Treat - Treatment

The Noun suffixes – ion, tion

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

- Act - Action - Intent - Intention

- Admit - Admission - Interrupt - Interruption

- Adopt - Adoption - Invent - Invention

- Associate - Association - Object - Objection

- Attend - Attention - Omit - Omission

- Attract - Attraction - Operate - Operation

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- Collect - Collection - Permit - Permission
- Confuse - Confusion - Persuade - Persuasion
- Congratulate - Congratulation - Populate - Population
- Connect - Connection - Possess - Possession
- Correct - Correction - Produce - Production
- Describe - Description - Protect - Protection
- Destroy - Destruction - Recognize - Recognition
- Direct - Direction - Reduce - Reduction
- Discuss - Discussion - Reflect - Reflection
- Divide - Division - Reproduce - Reproduction
- Educate - Education - Separate - Separation
- Elect - Election - Situate - Situation
- Except - Exception - Suggest - Suggestion
- Explode - Explosion - Suspect - Suspicion
- Extend - Extension - Translate - Translation

The Noun suffixes – ation, - tion

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
- Invite - Invitation
- Admire - Admiration - Multiply - Multiplication
- Observe - Observation
- Apply - Application - Organize - Organization
- Prepare - Preparation
- Classify - Classification - Pronounce - Pronunciation
- Qualify - Qualification
- Combine - Combination - Recommend - Recommendation
- Repeat - Repetition
- Compete - Competition - Resign - Resignation

- Compose - Composition

- Examine - Examination

- Expect - Expectation

- Explore - Exploration

- Imagine - Imagination

- Inform - Information

The Noun suffixes – ance, ence

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

- Admit - Admittance - Enter - Entrance

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- Allow - Allowance - Excel - Excellence
- Appear - Appearance - Hinder - Hindrance
- Attend - Attendance - Interfere - Interference
- Confide - Confidence - Obey - Obedience
- Differ - Difference - Perform - Performance
- Disturb - Disturbance - Prefer - Preference
- Insure - Insurance - Resist - Resistance

The Noun suffixes – t Nouns Verbs Nouns
Verbs - Complaint - Join - Joint
- Complain - Content - Produce - Product
- Contain - Deceit - Receive - Receipt
- Deceive - Descent - See - Sight
- Descend - Flight - Think - Thought
- Fly - Gift - Weigh - Weight
- Give

The Noun suffixes – er, - or, - ist, - ant, - ent

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
- Invent - Inventor
- Act - Actor - Lie - Liar
- Tour - Tourist
- Apply - Applicant - Type - Typist
- Reside - Resident
- Compose - Composer - Sail - Sailor
- Serve - Servant
- Conquer - Conqueror

- Dance - Dancer

- Drive - Driver

- Direct - Director

The Noun suffixes – al

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

- Approve - Approval - Propose - Proposal

- Arrive - Arrival - Refuse - Refusal

- Bury - Burial - Try - Trial

- Dismiss - Dismissal

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The Noun suffixes – ure, - ture, - ature

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
- Mix - Mixture
- Depart - Departure - Please - Pleasure
- Press - Pressure
- Fail - Failure - Sign - Signature

- Fix - Fixture Verbs Nouns
- Injure - Injury
- Furnish - Furniture - Recover - Recovery
- Rob - Robbery
The Noun suffixes – y, - ery, - ary

Verbs Nouns

- Bound - Boundary

- Bribe - Bribery

- Deliver - Delivery

- Discover - Discovery

3.10. The Noun suffixes - age

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
- Pass - Passage
- Carry - Carriage - Spoil - Spoilage
- Wreck - Wreckage
- Marry - Marriage

- Pack - Package

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Chapter 16
Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase is a group of words that the main word is a Noun
Example :
1. A beautiful house
2. A beautiful large house
3. A beautiful large wooden house

From the examples above the main word of the noun phrase above is house which as noun.

Noun Phrase can be derived by the following arrangement :

Determiner Adjective Main

A, An, Subjective Objective Word

The, This, Good, Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material

These, Beautiful, Big, New, Round, Black, Japan, Plastic,

Those, Interesting, Small, Old, Square, White, American, Wooden,

My, Your, Boring, Large, Young, Oval, Blue, Indonesian, Rubber,

His, Her, Expensive, Deep, Etc Flat, Red, Etc Etc

Our, Their, Etc Long, Triangular Etc

Etc Short,Etc Etc

Determiners is a word that place on before the noun. Determiners consist of four parts

- Articles ( A, An, The )

- Possessives ( My, Your, His, Her, Their, Our )

- Demonstratives ( This, That, These, Those )

- Quantitative ( Some, Any, Much, More, A Lot of, Few, A few, A Little, Little, Etc )

Example : 6. Some interesting wooden building
1. The expensive big white car 7. A long boring American film
2. A new brown leather belt 8. A cheap small old white Japanese car
3. His large black plastic bag 9. The beautiful large new square white house
4. A blue leather jacket 10. A good small old round yellow gold watch
5. The large green garden

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Chapter 17
Conjunction

It used to relate between word and a group word, sentence in a sentence. There are 2 kinds of
conjunction :
1. Ordinate Conjunction

It has a function to relate word with word, phrase with phrase, and sentence with sentence
1. Both + ….. + And + ….. ( Keduanya )

Pattern
Both + Noun + And + Noun
- Both my mother and my sister are here now
- The research project will take both time and money
- Both my brother and my sister passed the national examination

2. Not Only + …. + But Also + ….. ( Tidak hanya ….. Tapi juga )
Pattern
Not Only + Verb / Noun + But Also + Verb / Noun
- Yesterday it not only rained but also snowed
- I saw not only the damage car but also the injure driver
- Not only my mother but also my sister is here now
- Not only my sister but also my parents are here now

3. Either + ….. + Or + ….. ( Baik …..ataupun ….. / Salah satu …. ataupun .....)
Pattern
Either + Noun + Or + Noun
- I‘ll take either chemistry or biology next semester
- Either you or I feed the chickens

4. Neither + …. + Nor + ….. ( Baik ….. maupun ….. tidak )
Pattern
Neither + Adjective / Noun + Nor + Adjective / Noun
- This book is neither interesting nor accurate
- He doesn‘t like neither coffee nor ice

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2. Subordinate Conjunction
It has a function to relate between sub clause ( anak kalimat ) and main clause ( induk kalimat )
1. To describe cause and affect relation
* Because ( Karena ) / ( Because used to express an expected results )
- Because he was sleepy, he went to sleep
- He went to bed because he was sleepy
* As ( Karena )
- As she has nothing to do, she went to the movie
* Since ( Karena )
- Since he‘s not interested in classic music, he decided not to the concert
* For ( Karena )
- The child hid behind his mother for he was afraid of the dog
* Now that ( Karena ) ( It is used for present and future situation )
- Now that this semester is finished, I‘m going to visit my grandparents
* As/so long as ( Karena )
- As long as (So long as) you‘re not busy, could you help me, please ?
Note :
* Because + Clause (Subject + Predicate / Verb) (Because used to express an expected results)
- Because it was hot, we went swimming
- We went swimming because it was hot
- He was absent yesterday because he got a headache
* Because Of + Noun / Noun Phrase (Because of used to express an expected results)
- Because of the hot weather, we went swimming
- We went swimming because of the hot weather
- He was absent yesterday because of headache
* Due to + Noun / Noun Phrase
- Due to the hot weather, we went swimming
- We went swimming due to the hot weather
- He was absent yesterday due to headache

2. To describe opposite meaning
* Nevertheless ( Namun / Tetapi )
- She is poor, nevertheless she is happy

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* However ( Namun / Tetapi )
- Mary is rich however, John is poor

* Still ( Namun / Tetapi )
- Mary is diligent still, John is lazy

* But ( Namun / Tetapi )
- The government is planning to liquidate several bank soon, but very few people know it

* Yet ( Namun / Tetapi )
- He didn‘t study hard, yet he passed the national examination

* Whereas, While ( Sedangkan )
- Mary is rich whereas/while John is poor

3. To describe concessive or unexpected results
* Even though ( meskipun )
- Even though it was cold weather, I went swimming
* Although ( meskipun )
- Although it was cold weather, I went swimming
* Though( meskipun )
- Though it was cold weather, I went swimming
* Despite ( meskipun )
- I went swimming despite it was cold weather
* In Spite ( meskipun )
- I went swimming in spite it was cold weather
* Despite Of + Noun / Noun Phrase ( meskipun )
- I went swimming despite of the cold weather
* In Spite Of + Noun / Noun Phrase ( meskipun )
- I went swimming in spite of the cold weather

4. To describe conclusion
* So ( Sehingga )
- He was tired, so he went to bed
- John didn‘t study hard, so he failed the test
* So That ( Sehingga )
- I caught the wrong bus so that I was late

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* So + Adjective/Adverb/Many/Much/Few/Little + That ( Sehingga )
- She speak so fast that I can‘t understand her
- He walked so quickly that I couldn‘t keep up with him
- She made many mistakes that she failed the exam

* Such + Adjective + Noun + That ( Sehingga )
- It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo

* Accordingly ( Sehingga )
- John didn‘t study hard, according he failed the test

* Therefore ( Sehingga )
- Joe didn‘t study hard, therefore he failed the national examination

* Hence ( Sehingga )
- He was born when his parents worked in Irian Jaya, hence he is named Irianto

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Chapter 18
Quantity Expression
1. Some ( Beberapa )
Some is used to be followed by countable noun in the plural form or uncountable noun.
Some is used to be in the affirmative or positive sentence
e.g. – There are some students in front of the class
- He needed some sugar in his coffee
When Some is used in question it means that the speaker expects positive or affirmative answer or,
when he / she encourages the listener to say ―yes‖.
e.g. – Could I have some brown coffee, please ( I am expecting to have it )
- Have you got some glasses you could lend me ? ( I know you have and believe to be lent )

2. Any ( Beberapa )
Any is used to be followed by countable noun in the plural form or uncountable noun.
Any is used to be in the negative, and interrogative sentence.
e.g. - There aren‘t any students in front of the class
- Are there any students in front of the class ?
- He didn‘t need any sugar in his coffee
- Did he need any sugar in his coffee ?
- Do you have any animals ? ( I don‘t really think you do )
- Have you got any water to drink ? ( I don‘t suppose you did )
When Any used in affirmative or positive sentence, means it doesn‘t matter which
e.g. – You can come and see me any time ( It doesn‘t matter any time )
- You can think of a number, any number you like ( It doesn‘t matter any number )

3. Many ( Banyak )
Many is used to be followed by countable noun in the plural form.
e.g.- I saw many cows in the garden.
- There are so many prizes in my birthday that make me happy.

4. Much ( Banyak )
Much is used to be followed by uncountable noun.
e.g.- John has much money, so he wants to treat us.

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- We drink much water to day.

5. A lot of ( Banyak )
A lot of is used to be followed by countable and uncountable noun in the plural form.
e.g.- I need a lot of ink to print these thesis.
- There are a lot of problems in her family

6. Few ( Sedikit )
Few is used to be followed by countable noun in the plural form. It is supposed to be as a negative
meaning or sentence or idea. They indicate that something is largely absent. Very + few / little
makes negative ideas stronger, the number / amount smaller.
e.g.- Hasan made few mistakes ( He hardly has no any mistakes )
- I feel sorry for her. She has (very) few friends.
( She doesn‘t have many friends / she has almost no friends ).

7. A few ( Sedikit )
A few is used to be followed by countable noun in the plural form. It is supposed to be as a positive
meaning or sentence or idea. They indicate that something exists, is present.
e.g.- Hasan made a few mistakes. ( He has made some mistakes )
- She has been here only two weeks, but she has already made a few friends.
( She has made some friends )

8. Little ( Sedikit )
Little is used to be followed by uncountable noun. It is supposed to be as a negative
meaning or sentence or idea. They indicate that something is largely absent. Very + few / little
makes negative ideas stronger, the number / amount smaller.
e.g.- I have little money. ( He hardly have no money )
- I have (very) little money. I don‘t even have enough money to buy food for dinner.
( I don‘t have much money / I have almost no money ).

9. A Little ( sedikit )
Little is used to be followed by uncountable noun. It is supposed to be as a positive meaning or
sentence or idea. They indicate that something exists, is present.

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e.g.- I have a little money. ( I have money )
- I‘m very pleased. I‘ve been able to save a little money this month.
( I have saved some money instead of spending all of it ).

10. Other, Another, The Other No. Uncountable Noun
No. Countable Noun 1. -
1. An + Other + Singular Noun (One
More or Just two things)
Another pencil = One more pencil

2. The + Other + Singular Noun (The last 2. -
of the set)
The other pencil = The last pencil
present

3. Other + Plural Noun (More of the set) 3. Other + Uncountable Noun (More of the
Other pencils = Some more pencils set)
Other water = Some more water

4. The other + Plural Noun (The rest of 4. The Other + Uncountable Noun (All the
the set) rest)
The other pencils = All remaining The other water = The remaining water
pencil

Note :
Another and other are non specific, while the other is specific. If the subject is understood, one can
omit the noun and keep the determiner and other, so that other function as a pronoun. If it is a plural
countable noun that is omitted other becomes others. The word other can never be plural if it is
followed by a noun
1. I don‘t want this book, Please give me another

( Another = Any other book not specific )
2. I don‘t want this book, Please give me the other

( The other = The other book specific )
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3. This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too
( Others = Other chemicals not specific )

4. I don‘t want these books. Please give me the others
( The others = The other books specific )

Note :
Another way of substituting for the noun is to use Other + one or Ones
1. I don‘t want this book. Please give me another one
2. I don‘t want this book. Please give me the other one
3. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too
4. I don‘t want these books. Please give me the other ones

A and An
A or An can precede only singular count nouns, they mean one. They can be used in general statement
or to introduce a subject sentence which has not been previously mentioned.
- A baseball is round ( general mean all base ball )
- I saw a boy in the street ( we don‘t know which boy )
A is used before words that begin with consonant sound
An is used before words that begin with vowel sound

The

The is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge

- The boy in the corner is my friend ( The speaker and listener know which boy )

- The earth is round ( There is only one earth )

Other
The use of the word other is often a cause of confusion for foreign students

- That box is too heavy for Bob to lift it.
- That box is very heavy, but Bob can it.
The use of Too implies negative result or meaning or sentence.
- Too heavy = It is impossible for Bob to lift that box.
- Very heavy = It is possible but difficult for Bob to lift.

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Chapter 19
Preference
Preference is used to describe something that we like more than another else.
Pattern
1. S + Like + Noun / V-ing + Better Than + Noun / V-ing
- I like reading novel better than going to walk
- She likes fried chicken better than fried rice
2. S + Prefer + Noun / V-ing + To + Noun / V-ing
- I prefer reading novel to watching TV
- She prefers fried chicken to fried rice
3. S + Would Rather + V-1 + Than + V-1
- We would rather study the lesson than play badminton
- He would rather read the English story than study mathematics
4. S + Would Prefer To + V-1 + Rather Than + V-1
- We would prefer to study the lesson rather than play badminton
- He would prefer to read the English story rather than study mathematics

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Chapter 20
Elliptical Sentence / Construction

The Elliptical Sentence is used to two sentence that both of them have the same predicate or same
meaning. The Elliptical Sentence is dealing with an auxiliary verb / modal auxiliary / to be of the
sentence. There are two main word or pattern that mostly used in elliptical sentence, they are :

1. So and Too
It is used to combine two positive sentence that both of them have the same predicate

Pattern :
Positive Sentence
The pattern of the positive sentence use the word So and Too
1. S + V + O, and S + an auxiliary verb/modal auxiliary/to be + Too

- She works at JW Marriot hotel, and I do too
- They have a new English book, and He does too
- We study English regularly, and She does too
- We studied English last night, and He did too
- You have done English homework, and She has too
- They are smart students, and I am too
- She can speak English well, and we can too

2. S + V + O, and So + an auxiliary verb/modal auxiliary/to be + S
- She works at JW Marriot hotel, and So do I
- They have a new English book, and So does he
- We study English regularly, and So does she
- We studied English last night, and So did he
- You have done English homework, and So has she
- They are smart students, and So am I
- She can speak English well, and So can we

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2. Neither and Either
It is used to combine two negative sentence that both of them have the same predicate

Pattern :
Negative Sentence
The pattern of the Negative sentence use the word Neither and Either
1. S + V + O, and S + an auxiliary verb/modal auxiliary/to be + Not + Either

- She doesn‘t work at JW Marriot hotel, and I don‘t either
- They don‘t have a new cell phone, and He doesn‘t either
- We don‘t talk anything about you, and She doesn‘t either
- We didn‘t go to the concert last night, and He didn‘t either
- You haven‘t done English homework, and She hasn‘t either
- They aren‘t naughty students, and I am not either
- She can‘t lie about the truth, and we can‘t either

2. S + V + O, and Neither + an auxiliary verb/modal auxiliary/to be + S
- She doesn‘t work at JW Marriot hotel, and Neither do I
- They don‘t have a new cell phone, and Neither does he
- We don‘t talk anything about you, and Neither does she
- We didn‘t go to the concert last night, and Neither did he
- You haven‘t done English homework, and Neither has she
- They aren‘t naughty students, and Neither am I
- She can‘t lie about the truth, and Neither can we

3. But (Tetapi), Whereas (sedangkan), While (Sedangkan)
They used to combine two opposite sentence
He isn‘t studying English, She is studying English
- He isn‘t studying English, But she is
- He isn‘t studying English, Whereas she is
- He isn‘t studying English, While she is

4. Both ….. And ( Keduanya)
- He painted the door. He painted the window
He painted both the door and the window

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- Ann is in the third years. Diana is in the third years
Both Ann and Diana are in the third years

5. Either ….. Or ….. ( Baik ….. ataupun …../Salah satu ….)
Diana forgot where she put her new dictionary
It‘s either in the living room or in her bedroom

6. Neither ….. Nor ….. ( Baik ….. Maupun ….. Tidak )
Neither …..Nor ….. ( It‘s only used to negative sentence )
- He isn‘t a teacher. He isn‘t a doctor
He is neither a teacher nor a doctor
- He doesn‘t say rude things. They don‘t say things
Neither he nor they say rude things
Neither they nor he says rude things

7. And ( Dan )
- I will write a letter. I will write a short story
I will write a letter and short story

8. Or ( Atau )
- Does he buy a black and white film. Does he buy a colour film ?
Does he buy a black and white film or colour film ?
- You can go there bus. You go there by taxi
You can go there by bus or taxi

9. Whether ….. Or Not ( Baik ….. atau tidak )
I will give you the money although you need it or you don‘t need it
I will give you the money whether you need it or not

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* Elliptical Arrangement in clause
Elliptical arrangement usually used in dependent and independent clause if the subject of sentence is
equal / same
1. May was poor but she was honest.

May was poor but honest
2. Although she was given everything , she was never satisfied

Although given everything, she was never satisfied
3. However he is busy, he always comes on time

However busy, he always comes on time
4. If you are sleepy, you may go to sleep

If sleepy, you may go to sleep
5. While she was cooking, she listened to the radio

While cooking, she listened to the radio
6. I saw him when, he was crossing the road

I saw him crossing the road
7. May washed the dresses and she hang them

May washed and hang the dresses
8. When you stop your car, you always use a hand signal

When stopping your car, you always use a hand signal
9. Before eat, I always say a short prayer

Before eating, I always say a short prayer

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Chapter 21
Question Tag / Tag Question

Question Tag / Tag Question is used when we are asking for agreement / confirmation.
A Tag Question is a statement or sentence that followed by mini question at the end of the sentence.
The whole sentence is called by A Tag Question, and the mini question at the end of the sentences is
called by ― Question Tag ―
Question Tag is dealing with an auxiliary verb / modal auxiliary / to be of the sentence
The rules of Question Tag are :
1. If the first part of the sentence is positive, The Question Tag should be Negative.

- The man is a doctor, isn‘t he ?
- He works in the hospital, doesn‘t he ?
- We are smart students, aren‘t we ?

2. If the first part of the sentence is negative, The Question Tag should be Positive.
- The man is not a doctor, is he ?
- He doesn‘t work in the hospital, does he ?
- We are not naughty students, are we ?

3. If the first part of the sentence contains an auxiliary verb / modal auxiliary / to be. It is used again at
The Question Tag
We have done our homework, haven‘t we ?
She can speak English well, can‘t she ?
We are smart students, aren‘t we ?

4. If the first part of the sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb. The Question Tag should be
contained by an auxiliary verb which suitable with the tense used in the first part of the sentence.
- He plays football in the yard, doesn‘t he ?
- They play football in the yard, don‘t they ?
- They played football in the yard, didn‘t they ?
- She has a new dictionary, doesn‘t she ?
- You have a new dictionary, don‘t you ?

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5. Subject which use in The Question Tag is subject pronoun
- Nick was absent yesterday, wasn‘t she ?
- Catherine and John study English regularly, don‘t they ?
- Miss Catherine teaches English regularly, doesn‘t she ?

6. If the first part of the sentence contains semi negative word ( Never, Seldom, Hardly, Barely,
Scarcely ). The Question Tag should be positive.
- Windy never comes to the meeting, does she ?
- We hardly finish doing the English test, do we ?

7. Subject There use again in The Question Tag.
- There was an accident this morning, wasn‘t there ?
- There is a beautiful flower in the garden, isn‘t there ?
- There is a meeting tonight, isn‘t it ?

8. Subject This / that is changed into subject pronoun ( it ) in the question tag
- This / That is your book, isn‘t it ?

9. Subject These / Those are changed into subject pronoun ( They ) in the question tag
- These / Those are your book, aren‘t they ?

10. Subject Everything is changed into subject pronoun ( it ) in the question tag
- Everything is okay, isn‘t it ?

11. Subject Every….. , Some ….. are changed into subject pronoun ( they ) in the question tag
- Everyone / Someone took the test, didn‘t they ?
- Everybody / Somebody took the test, didn‘t they ?

12. Subject Negative Word. The question tag should be positive
- Nothing is wrong, is it ?
- Nobody / No one called on the phone, did they ?

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13. Exception
- I am very early this morning, aren‘t I ?
- I am not very late, am I ?
- I am supposed to be here, am I not ? ( is formal English )
- I am supposed to be here, aren‘t I ? ( is common in spoken English )
- Let‘s go ( Let us go ), shall/will we ? ( Imperative )
- Close the door, will you ? ( Imperative )
- You can help me do my homework, Can‘t you ? ( Imperative )
- Make sure he does it right, will you ? ( Imperative )
- Open the door, would you ? ( Imperative )
- Come to my party, won‘t you ? ( Invitation )
- Join us, won‘t you ? ( Invitation )

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Chapter 22
Conditional Sentence

It is used to express our wishes about something. There are three type of conditional sentence,

they are :

1. Future Conditional Sentence

Main Clause If Clause
S + Modal Present + V – 1 + Object If + Simple Present Tense

- I will come to her house If I have a spare time

There is possibility I will come

- We will pass the national examination If we study hard

There is possibility we will pass

2. Present Conditional Sentence

Main Clause If Clause
S + Modal Past + V – 1 + Object If + Simple Past Tense

- I would come to her house If I had a spare time

I don‘t come to her house, because I don‘t have a spare time

- We would pass the national examination If we studied hard

We don‘t pass the national examination, because we don‘t study hard

3. Past Conditional Sentence

Main Clause If Clause
S + Modal Perfect + V – 3 + Object If + Simple Past Perfect

- I would have come to her house If I had had a spare time

I didn‘t come to her house, because I didn‘t have a spare time

- We would have passed the national examination If we had studied hard

We didn‘t pass the national examination, because we didn‘t study hard

4. Conditional Sentence without If
If Clause on the conditional sentence does not always begin with If. Another words which have the
same meaning are On condition that ( Dengan syarat bahwa ), Provided that ( Asalkan ), Unless
( Kecuali jika ).

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If can be omitted by used inversion form ( bentuk susun balik ). This inversion form can be used
only at the present conditional (type 2) and The past conditional (type 3)
1. We shall go if we have enough money

We shall go on condition that we have enough money
We shall go provided that we have enough money
We shall go unless we have enough money
2. If she were sick, she couldn‘t do the work
Were she sick she couldn‘t do the work
3. If we had had enough money, we should gone together
Had we had enough money we should gone together

* The progressive form of verb in conditional sentence
- If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk ( conditional sentence )
- It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk ( reality )

- If I were living in Chile, I would be working at a bank ( conditional sentence )
- I am not living in Chile, I am not working at a bank ( reality )

- If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk ( conditional sentence )
- It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk ( reality )

- If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank ( conditional sentence )
- I was not living in Chile last year, I was not working at a bank ( reality )

* The mixing time signal in the conditional sentence

- If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now ( conditional sentence )

- I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now ( reality )

( past ) ( present )

- If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test ( conditional sentence )

- He is not a good student, He did not study for the test yesterday ( reality )

( present ) ( past )

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Chapter 23
Subjunctive

It is used to express our wishes about something. There are two type of Subjunctive sentence,

they are :

1. Present Subjunctive

It describes the condition or situation at present time. The verb is always used Simple Past Tense (
V – 2 ). And to be is always used Were to all subject sentence

Pattern : Simple Past Tense { S + V – 2 / To be (Were) + O } (+) (-)
Present Subjunctive : Simple Present Tense ( S + V – 1 s/es / To be + O) (-) (+)
Fact / Reality

1. I wish she were here ( Subjunctive )
She isn‘t here ( Reality )

2. He wishes I went to the meeting ( Subjunctive )
I don‘t go to the meeting ( Reality )

3. If only they were my friends ( Subjunctive )
They aren‘t my friends ( Reality )

4. If only he didn‘t ask me ( Subjunctive )

He asks me ( Reality )

5. I would rather you told me the news ( Subjunctive )
You don‘t tell me the news ( Reality )

6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel ( Subjunctive )
He isn‘t the owner of the hotel ( Reality )

7. She stares at me as though she didn‘t know me ( Subjunctive )

She knows me ( Reality )

2. Past Subjunctive

It describes the condition or situation at past time. The verb is always used Simple Past Perfect
Tense ( V – 3 ).

Pattern (+) (-)
Past Subjunctive : Simple Past Perfect Tense { S + Had + V – 3 + O } (-) (+)
Fact / Reality : Simple Past Tense ( S + V – 2 + O)

My English Book By So’ud Kasno________________________________________________________ 99

1. I wish she had been here ( Subjunctive )
She wasn‘t here ( Reality )

2. He wishes I had gone to the meeting (Subjunctive )
I didn‘t go to the meeting ( Reality )

3. If only they had been my friends ( Subjunctive )
They weren‘t my friends ( Reality )

4. If only he hadn‘t ask me ( Subjunctive )
He asked me ( Reality )

5. She would rather he had been at home with her yesterday ( Subjunctive )
He wasn‘t at home with her yesterday ( Reality )

6. I would rather you had told me the news ( Subjunctive )
You didn‘t tell me the news ( Reality )

7. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel ( Subjunctive )
He wasn‘t the owner of the hotel ( Reality )

8. She stared at me as though she hadn‘t known me ( Subjunctive )
She knew me ( Reality )

These are some word that mostly used in subjunctive

Wish Simple Past Tense {S+V-2/(Were)+O) Present Subjunctive
Would Modal Past+V-1/Be Time(Present Time)
Rather + Today, Now, Present
If Only Simple Past Perfect Tense(S+Had+V-3/Been+O)
As If Modal Perfect+V-3/Been Past Subjunctive
As Time (Past Time)
Though Yesterday, …Ago, Last…

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