My English Book

Chapter 24
Causative Verb

Causative Verb is a sentence arrangement that used some certain verb ( Has/Have, Help, Make,
Let, Get, Order, Decide, Want, Tell, Ask, Advice) which used to express to someone to do something
or something done by someone. So Causative Verb means a command or an order to someone to do
something or something done by someone for subject.
The arrangement of Causative Verb
1. Active Object ( Person / Animal)

It means use Person as the object
Pattern
S + Causative Verb (Has/Have, Help, Make, Let) + O-1 + V-1 + O-2

- I have the mechanic repair my car
- Father had the painter paint the wall yesterday
- The teacher has Jack clean the white board
- I have Diana write her name
- Let us go = Let‘s go

S + Causative Verb (Get, Order, Decide, Want, Tell, Ask, Advice) + O-1 + To +V-1 + O-2
- Mother orders my sister to tidy up her bed room
- I will get my dog to bring me the newspaper
- I decide the mechanic to repair my car
- Father wanted the painter to paint the wall yesterday
- The teacher tell Jack to clean the white board
- I ask Diana to write her name
- He advice us to go from that place

2. Passive Object ( Things )
It means use Things as the object
Pattern
S + Causative Verb (Has/Have, Help, Make, Let) + O-1 + V-3 + By Phrase
- I have my car repaired by the mechanic
- Father had the wall painted by the painter yesterday

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- The teacher has the white board cleaned by Jack
- I have her name written by Diana
S + Causative Verb (Get, Order, Decide, Want, Tell, Ask, Advice) + O-1 + V-3 + By Phrase
- The Manager orders the letter typed soon by his secretary
- I will get the newspaper brought by my dog to me
- I decide my car repaired by the mechanic
- Father wanted the wall painted by the painter yesterday
- The teacher tell the white board cleaned by Jack
- I ask her name written by Diana

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Chapter 25
Direct and Indirect Speech

There are some changing sentence happen when we want to change Direct Speech into Indirect

Speech. They are : The changing of pronoun, tense, adverb, and the sentence arrangement. Another
changing is the omission about punctuation ( ―…..‖ ) on the Direct Speech after changed into Indirect

Speech.

Here some changing from direct speech into indirect speech :

1. The Pronoun Changing

It happens when subject and object on the introductory sentence or reporting verb has the same

subject, object, and possessive on the direct speech.
- He says, ―I am very sad‖

He says that he is very sad
- She tells him, ‖I am as old as you‖

She tells him that she is as old as you
- The students say, ―we are waiting for our teacher‖

The students say that they are waiting for their teacher

Personal Pronoun

Subject Object Possessive Reflexive Pronoun

Adjective Pronoun

I Me Me Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

It It Its - Itself

2. The Tenses Changing
It happens when the verb on the introductory sentence or reporting verb is past form ( V – 2 ) and
past participle ( V – 3 )
1. ―She is very busy at home now‖

He says (that) she is very busy at home now
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He has just said (that) she is very busy at home now
He will say (that) she is very busy at home now

He said (that) she was very busy at home then
He had said (that) she was very busy at home then

2. ―They are studying in the class now‖
He tells me (that) they are studying in class now
He has told me (that) they are studying in the class now
He will tell me (that) they are studying in class now

He told me (that) they were studying in the class then
He had told me (that) they were studying in the class then

3. ―The family will go to Malang tomorrow‖
She explains (that) the family will go to Malang tomorrow
She has explained (that) the family will go to Malang tomorrow
She will explain (that) the family will go to Malang tomorrow

She explained (that) the family would go to Malang the next day / the following day
She had explained (that) the family would go to Malang the next day / the following day

* The following chart is the changing of tenses No. Indirect speech
No. Direct Speech 1. Simple Past Tense
1. Simple Present Tense 2. Simple Past Continuous Tense
2. Simple Present Continuous Tense 3. Simple Past Perfect Tense
3. Simple Present Perfect Tense 4. Simple Past Perfect Continuous Tense
4. Simple Present Perfect Continuous Tense 5. Simple Past Perfect Tense
5. Simple Past Tense 6. Simple Past Perfect Continuous Tense
6. Simple Past Continuous Tense 7. Simple Past Perfect Tense
7. Simple Past Perfect Tense 8. Simple Past Future Tense
8. Simple Future Tense

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9. Simple Future Continuous Tense 9. Simple Past Future Continuous Tense
10. Be + ( is, am, are ) + Going To + V – 1 10. Be + ( was, were ) + Going To + V – 1
11. Modal Present + V – 1 / Be 11. Modal Past + V – 1 / Be
12. Imperative / Command
12. Imperative / Command
She said ―Close the door‖ She told me To close the door
13. Prohibition
13. Prohibition
She said ―Don‘t close the door‖ She told me not to close the door
14. Yes / No Question
14. Yes / No Question
She said ―Do you watch TV‖ She asked (me) if / weather I watched TV
15. Wh – Question
15. Wh – Question
He said, ―Where will they go‖ He asked where they would go

On the generally if in the introductory verb / sentence / reporting verb is the past form and past
participle will change the tense on direct speech when it change into indirect speech. But there are
some exception that doesn‘t change, they are :

Conditional Sentence and Subjunctive
 Conditional Sentence
- He said, ―If I were older, I would go to Bali‖
- He said that if I were older he would go to Bali
 Subjunctive
1. He said, ―I wish knew her‖
He said that he wished he knew her
2. He said, ―I would rather the window opened‖
He said that he would rather the window opened

Simple Present Tense ( General Truth )
3. He said, ―The sun rises in the east and sets in the west‖
He said that the sun rises in the east sets in the west
4. He said, ―Boiling water is hot‖
He said that boiling water is hot

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Modal Past ( would, should, could, might, had better, used to )
He said, ―I might be there‖
He said that he might be there
He said, ―They had better go at night‖
He said that they had better go at night

Must which used to state a permanent rule and for general.
1. He said, ―People must respect their parents‖
He said that they must respect their parents
2. He said, ―We mustn‘t drive against the red light‖
He said that they mustn‘t drive against the red light

But if must doesn‘t state a permanent rule and for general, Must usually changes into ‗Had to‘
1. He said, ―I must be there by nine‖

He said that he had to be there by nine
2. He said, ―They must start at once‖

He said that they had to start at once

3. The Adverb Changing

The changing of direct speech into indirect speech will bring the changing on the adverb.

No. Direct Speech No. Indirect speech

1. Now 1. Then

2. Today 2. That day

3. Yesterday 3. The day before

4. The day before yesterday 4. Two days before

5. Tomorrow 5. The next day / the following day

6. The after tomorrow 6. In two days time

7. Next 7. Following

8. Ago 8. Before / The previous

9. Here 9. There

10. This week 10. That week

Example
1. He said, ―I will meet her tomorrow‖

He said that he would meet her the next day
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2. He said, ―My father died a year ago‖
He said that his father died a year before

3. He said, ―She is coming this week‖
He said that she was coming that week

This and that which used as an adjective usually changes into the.
This / That book changes into The book

4. The Sentence Arrangement Changing
The Sentence Arrangement Changing happen only when the direct speech which changed

into indirect speech is a Interrogative sentence or Wh – Question. It will change into statement
sentence or news sentence
1. He said, ―Where will they go‖

He asked where they would go
2. He said, ―Are they swimming in the pool now‖

He asked if they were swimming in the pool then‖
He asked whether they were swimming in the pool then‖
3. He said, ―Will you let him go‖
He asked whether I would let him go
He asked if I would let him go

5. The Infinitive Changing
Imperative / Command
1. He said, ―Close the window‖
He asked me to close the window
2. He said, ―Be careful on the way‖
He advised me to be careful on the way
Prohibition
1. He said, ―Don‘t close the window‖
H asked me not to close the window
2. He said, ―Don‘t be lazy‖
He advised me not to be lazy

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Chapter 26
Dependent and Independent Clause

Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb
Dependent Clause is a not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.
Independent Clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of the sentence. ( It is
also called by a main clause )

Non identifying / Non Defining / Non Restrictive
It explains unlimited to the subject only, but there is further information about the subject itself, it is
usually required comma and it is usually used on the writing than speaking. It contains additional
information which is not required to give the meaning of the sentence.

Identifying / Defining / Restrictive
It explains limited to the subject sentence only, and doesn‘t require comma. It can‘t be omitted from a
sentence if the sentence is to keep its original meaning.

1. Adjective Clause
Is a dependent clause that modifies a noun as an adjective. It describes, identifies, or gives further
information about a pronoun, a noun, or a group of noun.
Adjective Clause explains about the person it is usually begun by relative clause ( An adjective
clause is also called a relative clause ). ( Relative Clause : Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That )
Relative Clause is used to form one sentence from two separate sentences. The relative clause
pronoun one of identical noun phrases and relates the clauses to each other.
* Non Identifying / Non Defining / Non Restrictive Adjective Clause
1. Who : To replace subject person ( Who + Auxiliary Verb / To be / Verb + ….. )
Mr. Jack plays tennis twice a week. He is forty years old
- Mr Jack, who is forty years old, plays tennis twice a week.
Professor Wilson teaches Biology. He is an excellent lecture
- Professor Wilson, who teaches Biology, is an excellent lecture.

2. Whom : To replace object person ( Whom + Subject Pronoun + Verb ….. )
Do you know Mr. John ? I talked with him yesterday.

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- Do you know Mr. John ?, whom I talked with yesterday.
Did you know Diana ? I loved her last year
- Did you know Diana ?, whom I loved last year.

3. Whose : To replace possessive adjective person ( Whose + Noun + ….. )
We take a pity to Jack‘s father. His health is getting worse and worse
- We take a pity to Jack‘ father, whose health is getting worse and worse
I take a pity to Andy. His bicycles was stolen.
- I take a pity to Andy, whose bicycles was stolen.

4. Which : To replace subject thing / animal ( Which + Auxiliary Verb / Verb + ….. )
Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. It has population over ten million.
- Jakarta, which has population over ten million, is the capital of Indonesia
Spiderman movie was very good. It had a amazing effect.
- Spiderman movie, which had a amazing effect was very good.

5. Which : To replace object thing / animal ( Which + Subject Pronoun + Verb + ….. )
Linda told me her address. I wrote it down on piece of paper.
- She told me her address, which I wrote it down on piece of paper.
He borrowed me the English book. I have lost it at school.
- He borrowed me the English book, which I have lost it at school.

6. Whose : To replace possessive adjective thing / animal ( Whose + Noun + ….. )
The English book is mine. Its cover is torn
- The English book, whose cover is torn is mine
I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.
- I live in a dormitory, whose residents come from many countries.

* Identifying / Defining / Restrictive Adjective Clause
1. Who/That : To replace subject person. (Who/That + Auxiliary Verb / To be / Verb + …..)
The Man plays tennis twice a week. He is forty years old
- The man who / that is forty years old plays tennis twice a week.
The Professor teaches Biology. He is an excellent lecture

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- The Professor who / that teaches Biology is an excellent lecture.

2. Whom/That : To replace object person. (Who/That + Subject Pronoun + Verb …..)
Do you know the man ? I talked with him yesterday.
- Do you know the man ? whom / that I talked with yesterday.
Did you know the girl ? I loved her last year
- Did you know the girl ? whom / that I loved last year.

3. Which/That : To replace subject thing / animal.(Which/That + Auxiliary Verb/Verb +….)
The city is the capital of Indonesia. It has population over ten million.
- The city which / that has population over ten million, is the capital of Indonesia
The movie was very good. It had a amazing effect.
- The movie which / that had a amazing effect was very good.

4. Which/That : To replace object thing / animal. (Which/That + Subject Pronoun + Verb +...)
She told me the address. I wrote it down on piece of paper.
- She told me the address which / that I wrote it down on piece of paper.
He borrowed me the book. I have lost it at school.
- He borrowed me the book which / that I have lost it at school.

2. Adverb Clause
It is a clause that has a function as adverb in the sentence. It can be replace adverb on a sentence.
1. Adverbial clause of time.
It usually begins by conjunction : After, before, when, as, as soon as, until, while, etc
- She used to lived in the rural village before she moved to Surabaya.

2. Adverbial clause of place.
It usually begins by conjunction : where and wherever, etc
- Jennifer lives where she was born.

3. Adverbial clause of reason.
I usually begins by conjunction : because, since, as or for etc.
- Since she had nothing to do, she went to the theatre.

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4. Adverbial clause of purpose.
I usually begins by conjunction : so, so that, in order that, etc.
- Tony studied hard so that he would pass the national examination

5. Adverbial clause of concessive.
It usually begins by concessive conjunction : though, although, even though, while, or whereas
etc.
- Although it was raining, they went to the party.

6. Adverbial clause of condition.
It usually begins by conjunction : if, unless, as long as, on condition that, provided that etc.
- We will not be able to answer the question if we don‘t read the text.

3. Noun Clause
It is a clause that used as noun on the sentence. It has function as subject, object, or compliment.
Pattern : Question Word / Wh-Question / If / Whether / That + Subject + Verb ( Statement )
1. As a subject sentence.
- What he decided makes the number happy.
- Where she went was not certain.
- That he pass the exam surprises us.

2. As an object sentence.
- I heard what he said.
- The students have to do what their teacher assigned them.
- The principal gave whoever got the best mark a present.

3. As a compliment of sentence.
- This is where I work.
- I don‘t know what to do.
- Jim told us where to find it.

Note :
Clause : A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.
Phrase : A phrase is a group of related words that doesn‘t contain a subject and a verb.

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Chapter 27
Infinitive
An Infinitive is a basic form of verb or the simple form of a verb. An Infinitive divide into two
part. They are :
1. An Infinitive with to ( to infinitive )
2. An Infinitive without to ( bare infinitive ).

1. The function of To Infinitive
1. As a subject of sentence. ( To + V – 1 )

- To drive fast needs a lot of practice.

2. As a modifier of a noun. ( Noun + To + V – 1 )
- We need a lot of water to drink.

3. As a modifier of an adjective. ( An Adjective + To + V – 1 )

- She was sad to hear that terrible news.

- We were sorry to hear the bad news.

- I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting.

Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by To Infinitive. In general these adjective describe
a person or persons, not a thing. Many of these adjectives describe a person‘s feelings or attitudes.

1. Glad 6. Sorry 11. Eager 16. Etc

2. Happy 7. Sad 12. Careful

3. Please 8. Upset 13. Hesitant

4. Lucky 9. Proud 14. Reluctant

5. Fortune 10. Anxious 15. Afraid

4. As a modifier of a verb.
{ S + Verb + To Infinitive ( V – 1 ) + ….. }
- The lady decided to go aboard.
- He promised not to be late again.
- I hope to see you again.

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* Some verb followed immediately by + To Infinitive ( To + V – 1 )

1. Afford I can‘t afford to buy it.

2. Agree They agreed to help us.

3. Appear She appears to be tired.
4. Arrange I‘ll arrange to meet you at the airport.

5. Ask He asked to come with us.

6. Beg He begged to come with us.
7. Care I don‘t care to see you again.

8. Claim She claims to know a famous movie star.

9. Consent She finally consented to marry him.

10. Decide I have decided to leave her yesterday.

11. Demand I demand to know who is responsible.

12. Deserve She deserves to win the prize.

13. Expect I expect to enter the university.

14. Fail She failed to return the book to the library on time.

15. Forget I forgot to mail the application letter on time.
16. Hesitate Don‘t hesitate to ask for my help.

17. Hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.

18. Learn He learned to play piano.

19. Manage She managed to finish her work early.
20. Mean I didn‘t mean to hurt your feelings.

21. Need I need to have your opinion.

22. Offer They offered to help us.

23. Plan I am planning to have a dinner with her.

24. Prepare We prepared to welcome the ministry.

25. Pretend He pretends not to understand her.

26. Promise I promise not to be late anymore.

27. Refuse She refuses to believe his explanation.

28. Regret I regret to tell you that you failed.

29. Remember I remembered to lock the door.

30. Seem The cat seems to be friendly.

31. Struggle I struggled to stay alive with a lot of problem.

32. Swear She swore to tell the truth.

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33. Threaten She threatened to tell my parents.
34. Volunteer He volunteer to help us.
35. Wait I will wait to hear a good news from you.
36. Want I want to tell you something unexpected.
37. Wish She wishes to come with me.

{ S + Verb + Object / Pronoun + To Infinitive ( V – 1 ) + ….. }
- The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday
- Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o‘clock. ( active sentence )
- The police ordered the driver to stop here. ( active sentence )
- I was told to be here at ten o‘clock by Mr. Lee. ( passive sentence )
- The driver was ordered to stop here by the police ( passive sentence )

* Some verb followed by Object Pronoun + To Infinitive ( To + V – 1 )

1. Advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow.

2. Allow She allowed me to see her car.

3. Ask I asked John to help us.

4. Beg They begged us to come.

5. Cause Her laziness caused her to fail in the exam.

6. Challenge She challenged me to chase her at the running.
7. Convince I couldn‘t convinced him to accept our help.

8. Dare He dared me to do better than he had done.

9. Encourage He encouraged me to try again.

10. Expect I expect you to be here on time.

11. Forbid I forbid you to tell him the truth.

12. Force They forced him to tell truth.

13. Hire She hired a boy to mow the lawn.

14. Instruct He instructed them to be careful.

15. Invite Harry invited Johnson to come to his party.

16. Need We needed Chris to help us figure out solution.

17. Order The judge ordered me to pay the fine.

18. Permit He permitted the children to stay up late.

19. Persuade I persuaded him to come for visit.

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20. Remind She reminded me to lock the door.
21. Require Our teacher requires us to be on time to school everyday.
22. Teach My brother taught me to swim in the pool.
23. Tell The doctor told me to take these pills.
24. Urge I urge her to apply the job.
25. Want I want you to be happy in your life
26. Warn I warned you not to drive too fast.

* The differences between To Infinitive and Gerund
Some verb can be followed by gerund and to infinitive, and almost there isn‘t differences in meaning

1. Advice ( Menasehati ) 5. Hate ( Membenci )

2. Allow ( Mengijinkan ) 6. Intend ( Bermaksud )

3. Attempt ( Mencoba ) 7. Love ( Mencintai )

4. Begin ( Memulai ) 9. Prefer ( Lebih Menyukai )

5. Continue ( Melanjutkan ) 10. Start ( Memulai )

1. It began to rain / It began raining. ( There is no difference between began to rain / began raining )
2. I started to work / I started working.( There is no difference : started to work / started working )
3. It was beginning to rain.

Preference :
Prefer + Gerund : I prefer staying home to going to the concert.
Prefer + Infinitive : I prefer to stay home than ( to ) go to the concert.

Some verb can be followed by gerund and to infinitive, and there is differences in meaning

1. Like ( Menyukai ) 4. Regret ( Menyesali ) 7. Try ( Mencoba )

2. Forget ( Melupakan ) 5. Remember ( Mengingat )

3. Recall ( Memanggil ) 6. Stop ( Berhenti )

1. Sam often forget to lock the door.
( Forget + To Infinitive = Forget to perform responsibility, duty, or task )

2. I will never forget seeing Borobudur for the first time.

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{ Forget + Gerund / V – Ing = Forget something that happened in the past ( Forget + Gerund )
usually in a negative or question sentence : I‘ll never forget, I can‘t forget, Have you ever
forgotten ?, Can you ever forget ?, can be followed by a gerund phrase }
3. I forget to give Ali a book. ( Saya belum memberi buku kepada Ali, dan saya lupa )
4. I forgot giving Ali a book. ( Saya sudah memberi buku kepada Ali, dan saya lupa )
5. I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam.
( Regret + To Infinitive = Regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news )
6. I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.
( Regret + Gerund / V – Ing = Regret something that happened in the past )
7. Judy always remember to lock the door.
( Remember + To Infinitive = Remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task )
8. I remember seeing Borobudur for the first time. The sight was impressive.
{ Remember + Gerund / V – Ing = Remember (recall) something that happened in the past }
9. He stopped to smoke a cigarette.
{ He stopped (whatever he was doing) in order to smoke a cigarette }
10. He stop smoking on his doctor‘s advice. ( He didn‘t smoke anymore )
11. I am trying to learn English. ( Try + To Infinitive = Make an effort )
12. The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but it still hot, so I tried turning on the fan.
( Try + Gerund / V – Ing = Experiment with a new or different approach to see if it works )

2. The function of Bare Infinitive ( Infinitive without to )
1. After Modal Auxiliary

- She can speak English fluently.
- Mother could swim well when she was young.

2. After words {need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better (sebaiknya),
and would sooner (lebih suka).
- We had better tell him the truth.
- She would rather go than stay at home.

3. After Verb of sensation and perception.
- She saw the boy steal the money.
- I heard the rain fall on the roof.

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* Some verb of sensation and perception followed by Infinitive or The – ing form of verb / Gerund

1. Feel 4. Look at 7. See

2. Hear 5. Notice 8. Smell

3. Listen to 6. Observe 9. Watch

* Some verb of sensation and perception followed by an Infinitive

1. Let 2. Have 3. Know 4. Help

4. After Causative Verb ( Active Object ).
- I made my brother carry my suitcase.
- I had my brother carry my suitcase.

5. Bare Infinitive in the dependent clause
( S + V-1 + That + S + Should + Infinitive + O )
- The teacher suggest that she (should) study hard.
- I suggest that they (should) take a vacation.
- I suggest that we (should) take a vacation.

* Some verb followed by an Infinitive 6. Essential
1. Propose 7. Recommend
2. Demand 8. Suggest
3. Insist, Important 9. Ask
4. Advice 10. Hope
5. Necessary

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Chapter 28
Gerund

A Gerund is the – Ing Form of a verb used as a noun.
A Gerund is used in the same ways as a noun.

* The functions of Gerund
1. As a subject of sentence

V – Ing / Gerund + To be / Auxiliary Verb / Verb + O
- Jogging makes us healthy.
- Being poor forced him to rob the bank.
- Driving car isn‘t easy.

2. As an object of the sentence

2.1. As an object of certain verb
S + To be / Modal / Auxiliary Verb / Verb + V – Ing / Gerund + O
- I don‘t like smoking.

- John enjoys reading novels.
- They don‘t mind coming to the party.
* Some verb followed by Gerund / V – Ing

1. Admit He admitted stealing the money.

2. Advise She advised waiting until tomorrow.

3. Anticipate I anticipate having a good time on vacation.

4. Appreciate I appreciated hearing from them.

5. Avoid He avoided answering her question.

6. Complete I finally completed writing my paper.

7. Consider I will consider going with you.

8. Delay He delayed leaving for school.

9. Deny She denied committing the crime.

10. Discuss They discussed opening a new business.

11. Dislike I dislike driving long distances.

12. Enjoy We enjoy visiting them.

13. Finish She finished studying about ten.

14. Forget I will never forget visiting Borobudur Temple.

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15. Can‘t Help I can‘t help worrying about it
16. Keep I keep hoping he will come here.
17. Mention She mentioned going to a movie tonight.
18. Mind Would you mind helping me with this English homework.
19. Miss I miss being with my family.
20. Postpone Let‘s postpone leaving until tomorrow.
21. Practice The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
22. Quit He quit trying to solve the problem.
23. Recall I don‘t recall meeting him before.
24. Recollect I don‘t recollect meeting him before.
25. Recommend She recommend seeing the show.
26. Regret I regret telling him my secret.
27. Remember I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
28. Resent I resent her interfering in my business.
29. Resist I couldn‘t resist eating the dessert.
30. Risk She risks losing all of her money.
31. Stop She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
32. Suggest She suggested going to a movie tonight.
33. Tolerate She won‘t tolerate cheating during the examination.
34. Understand I don‘t understand talking with her.

2.2. As an object of verb with preposition ―To‖

Verb with preposition To + V – Ing / Gerund

- Get use to : Terbiasa 1. I am used to drinking coffee.

- Take to : Menyukai ( compare with : I used to drink tea )

- Object to : Keberatan 2. They object to financing the orphan.

- Look forward to : Menunggu 3. She is looking forward to seeing the movie

- Be used to : Terbiasa

- Be accustomed to : Terbiasa

- Be averse to : Terbiasa

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2.3. As an object of preposition
Preposition / Preposition Phrase + V – Ing / Gerund + Complement
1. Before waving her hand she smiled at me.
2. She went to sleep after reading the novel
3. He gave up drinking beer.
Here‘re some preposition : at, after, before, from, in on, of, under, up, about, without, for, to, etc

2.4. As an object of possessive adjective
Possessive Adjective + V – Ing / Gerund + Complement
1. Her coming late makes her mother angry.
2. I don‘t like your visiting her alone.
3. They enjoy my dancing at night.
Here are some Possessive Adjective : my, your, his their, her, our, its

3. As a complement
To Be ( Is, am, are, was, were ) + V – Ing / Gerund
1. My hobby is singing.
2. His favourite sport was bicycle riding.
3. What he wants is playing tennis.

4. As a noun modifier
V – Ing / Gerund + Noun ( Things )
1. The waiting room is very large.
2. She has taken too many sleeping pills.
3. The reading books are on the table.

5. As a prohibition
No + V – Ing / Gerund
1. No smoking
2. No parking
3. No spitting

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6. Go + gerund

Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for most part, recreational

activities.
Go + V – Ing / Gerund

1. Go bird watching 8. Go hiking 15. Go sightseeing

2. Go boating 9. Go hunting 16. Go skating

3. Go bowling 10. Go jogging 17. Go skiing

4. Go camping 11. Go mountain climbing 18. Go sledding

5. Go canoeing 12. Go running 19. Go swimming

6. Go dancing 13. Go sailing 20. Go tobogganing

7. Go fishing 14. Go shopping 21. Go window shopping

* The differences Gerund and To Infinitive
Some verb can be followed by gerund and to infinitive, and almost there isn‘t differences in meaning

1. Advice ( Menasehati ) 5. Hate ( Membenci )

2. Allow ( Mengijinkan ) 6. Intend ( Bermaksud )

3. Attempt ( Mencoba ) 7. Love ( Mencintai )

4. Begin ( Memulai ) 9. Prefer ( Lebih Menyukai )

5. Continue ( Melanjutkan ) 10. Start ( Memulai )

1. It began to rain / It began raining. ( There is no difference between began to rain / began raining )
2. I started to work / I started working.( There is no difference : started to work / started working )
3. It was beginning to rain.

Preference :
Prefer + Gerund : I prefer staying home to going to the concert.
Prefer + Infinitive : I prefer to stay home than ( to ) go to the concert.

Some verb can be followed by gerund and to infinitive, and there is differences in meaning

1. Like ( Menyukai ) 4. Regret ( Menyesali ) 7. Try ( Mencoba )

2. Forget ( Melupakan ) 5. Remember ( Mengingat )

3. Recall ( Memanggil ) 6. Stop ( Berhenti )

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1. Sam often forget to lock the door.
( Forget + To Infinitive = Forget to perform responsibility, duty, or task )

2. I will never forget seeing Borobudur for the first time.
{ Forget + Gerund / V – Ing = Forget something that happened in the past ( Forget + Gerund )
usually in a negative or question sentence : I‘ll never forget, I can‘t forget, Have you ever
forgotten ?, Can you ever forget ?, can be followed by a gerund phrase }

3. I forget to give Ali a book. ( Saya belum memberi buku kepada Ali, dan saya lupa )
4. I forgot giving Ali a book. ( Saya sudah memberi buku kepada Ali, dan saya lupa )
5. I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam.

( Regret + To Infinitive = Regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news )
6. I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.

( Regret + Gerund / V – Ing = Regret something that happened in the past )
7. Judy always remember to lock the door.

( Remember + To Infinitive = Remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task )
8. I remember seeing Borobudur for the first time. The sight was impressive.

{ Remember + Gerund / V – Ing = Remember (recall) something that happened in the past }
9. He stopped to smoke a cigarette.

{ He stopped (whatever he was doing) in order to smoke a cigarette }
10. He stop smoking on his doctor‘s advice. ( He didn‘t smoke anymore )
11. I am trying to learn English. ( Try + To Infinitive = Make an effort )
12. The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but it still hot, so I tried turning on the fan.

( Try + Gerund / V – Ing = Experiment with a new or different approach to see if it works )

* The differences between Gerund and Active Participle
1. The running boy is John ( Active Participle ).
( The boy who is running is John = Anak yang sedang berlari itu John )
2. The running shoes are very expensive ( Gerund ).
(The shoes for running are very expensive = Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal)
3. The walking man wants to meet you ( Active Participle ).
( The man who is walking wants to meet you = Orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu )
4. The old man needs a walking stick ( Gerund ).
( The stick for walking needed by the old man=Orang tua itu memerlukan tongkat untuk berjalan )

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Phrase :

A sleeping child = A child who is sleeping ( Active Participle ).

A sleeping pill = A pill that helps a person to sleep ( Gerund ).

The washing girl = The girl who is washing ( Active participle ).

The washing machine = The machine for washing ( Gerund )

* Passive Gerund
In certain situations, a gerund may follow need, want, require. In case, the gerund carries a passive
meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something.
- The house needs painting ( Gerund ) = The house needs to be painted. ( To infinitive )
- The cage needs cleaning ( Gerund ) = The cage needs to be cleaned. ( To Infinitive )

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Chapter 29

Participle

There two kinds of participle in English. They are :

1. Present Participle.
It is the Ing form of verb ( V – Ing ). It describes an active activity ( doing something ).

- Running water = Air yang sedang mengalir.

- A smiling woman = Wanita yang sedang tersenyum.

- A working Boy = Anak yang sedang bekerja.

- The coming month = Bulan yang akan datang.

* The functions of Present Participle.

1. As a predicate of the sentence
{ S + Present Participle ( V-Ing ) + …… }

- The guest waiting in the hall is John

- The man waiting for the bus is my uncle

2. As an adjective ( to describe someone or something )
{ Clause ( S + Predicate ) + Adjective + Present Participle + ….. }
- He is very good looking.
- The boiling water is very hot.

3. To arrange In the Continuous / Progressive Tense.

- Present Continuous / Progressive Tense = We are learning English now.

- Past Continuous / Progressive Tense = We were learning English.

- Future Continuous / Progressive Tense = We will be learning English.

4. After some verb of perception.
( S + V + O + Present Participle + ….. )

- I hear the girl singing a new song.

- Mother smells something burning.

* Here are some verb of perception.

1. Catch 4. Hear 7. Listen to 10. Observe 13. Watch

2. Feel 5. Keep 8. Look at 11. See

3. Find 6. Leave 9. Notice 12. Smell

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5. The Two activity happen together in the same time and done by one person / a subject.
{ Present Participle + O + Clause ( S + Predicate + ….. ) }
1. He rode away. He whistled as he went.
- He rode away whistling.
- Whistling, he rode away.
2. I stood at the bus stop. I was waiting for the bus.
- I stood at the bus stop, waiting for the bus.
3. Shouting loudly, he kicked the ball. ( While he was shouting loudly, he kicked the ball )

6. The Two activity are done by one person accordingly / orderly, The first activity happen can be
written by using Present Participle.
{ Present Participle + V – 3 + O + Clause ( S + Predicate + ….. ) }
1. He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.
- Opening the drawer, he took a revolver.
2. I went home after I had finished my work.
- Having finished my work, I went home.

7. The second activity is a part or effect from the first activity. The second activity can be written
by using Present Participle.
{ Present Participle + O + Clause ( S + Predicate + ….. ) }
1. As he knew her address, he sent her a letter.
- Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.
2. She asked the manager because she doesn‘t know what to do.
- Not knowing what to do, she asked the manager

2. Past Participle.
It is the Past Participle of verb ( V – 3 ). It describes a passive activity ( Something done ).
* The functions of Past Participle.
1. As a predicate of the sentence.
{ Noun + Past Participle ( V – 3 ) + Complement + Predicate ( Auxiliary / Verb ) }
- One of my friends involved in the school fight yesterday, have been arrested by the police.
- The boy injured in the car accident was taken to the hospital.

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2. As an adjective ( To describe someone / something )
{ Adjective + Past Participle ( V – 3 ) + ….. / Past Participle ( V – 3 ) + Noun + ….. }
- Newly married couple.
- The stolen money has been found.
- The printed books will be distributed soon.
- He is repairing the broken car himself.

3. To arrange perfect tense.
- Simple Present Perfect Tense = He has graduated from Senior High School.
- Simple Past Perfect Tense = He had graduated from Senior High School.
- Simple Future Perfect Tense = He will have graduated from Senior High School.

4. To arrange passive sentence.
{ To be + Past Participle ( V – 3 ) }
- She was asked to open the meeting.
- Our car have been exported to America.

5. After some verb of perception.
{ S + V + O + Past Participle ( V – 3 ) + ….. }

- You will see the work finished on time.

- She found the door locked.

- We watched the room cleaned.

* Here are some verb of perception.

1. Catch 4. Hear 7. Listen to 10. Observe 13. Watch
11. See
2. Feel 5. Keep 8. Look at 12. Smell

3. Find 6. Leave 9. Notice

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Chapter 30
Concord / Agreement

It is an agreement of the unsure in formatting of words, phrase, or sentence by the linguistic rules
on the language.
The kinds of concord / agreement
1. Concord of person or gender

It shows an agreement between subject of sentence with the pronoun of the subject sentence itself.
- John is my brother. He is a good student.
- Ann is my friend. She is a smart student.
- The girl under the tree waved her hand.
- The man take his son to the zoo once year.
- The queen cooked the meal herself.

2. Concord of tense
It shows an agreement between subject, verb, and time signal of the sentence which always
changed, accordingly to the time of the event happen.
- He goes to school every day by foot.
- We go to the movie every Saturday night.
- She went to he move last night.
- He has done his homework since an hour ago.
- We will go to Borobudur next week.

3. Concord of number quantity
* Collective Noun ( Singular Predicate )
It is supposed to be a singular if it refers to the single impersonal unity of the noun itself.
- The team is good.
- The village has been visited by the president.
- My family is large. It is composed by nine members.
- My family is loving and supportive. ( More general in American English )
- The government / public is planning many changes. ( More general in American English )
- My family are loving and supportive. ( More general in British English )
- The government / public is planning many changes. ( More general in British English )

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* Collective Noun ( Plural Predicate )
It is supposed to be a singular if it refers to the collection of various individuals of the noun itself.
- The team are playing seriously
- The village have worked hard for week.
- My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to help each other.

The following are some of the examples of Collective Nouns :

1. Audience 4. Couple 7. Family 11. Public
12. Staff
2. Class 5. Crowd 8. Government 13. Team

3. Committee 6. Faculty 9. Group

Indefinite pronoun

1. Everyone 4. Someone 7. Anyone 10. No one
11. Nobody
2. Everybody 5. Somebody 8. Anybody 12. Nothing

3. Everything 6. Something 9. Anything

These are used to singular predicate but plural personal pronoun.

1. Everybody was running as fast as they could.

2. No one knows where their King puts the crown.

3. Somebody left their book on the desk.

4. Everyone has their own ideas.

Every ….. and Each …..
They are always followed immediately by singular noun or verb. In this case, even when there are
two ( or more ) nouns connected by and, the verb is singular.
1. Every man, woman, and child needs love.
2. Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalogue.

Adverb of Quantity
The verb is determined by noun ( or pronoun ) that follows of in the most expressions of quantity.
Singular
1. Some of

( Some of + singular noun + singular predicate )
- Some of the book is good.
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2. A lot of
( A lot of + singular noun + singular predicate )
- A lot of the equipment is new.

3. One
( One + singular countable noun ) ( never plural noun, and never uncountable noun )
- One student was late to class.

4. One of
( One of + specific plural countable noun + singular predicate )
( never singular noun, and never uncountable noun ).
- One of my friends is here.
- One of the students was late to class

5. Each
( Each + singular countable noun ) ( never plural noun, and never uncountable noun )
- Each student has schedule.

6. Each of
( Each ( one ) of + specific plural countable noun + singular predicate )
( never singular noun, and never uncountable noun ).
- Each of my friends is here.
- Each ( one ) of the students has schedule.

7. Every
( Every + singular countable noun ) ( never plural noun, and never uncountable noun )
- Every student has schedule.

8. Every one of
( Every one of + specific plural countable noun + singular predicate )
( never singular noun, and never uncountable noun ).
- Every one of my friends is here.
- Every one of the students has a schedule.

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Each and Every have an essentially the same meaning.
Each is used when the speaker is thinking of one person / things at a time : Each student has a
schedule : Mary has a schedule, John has a schedule, Hiroshi has a schedule, Carlos has a schedule,
and Sabrina has a schedule.
Every is used when the speaker means ―All‖ Every student has a schedule = All of the students
have schedules.
Every one (spelled as two words) is an expression of quantity: I have read every one of those books
Everyone (spelled as one word) is an indefinite pronoun : it has the same meaning as everybody :
Everyone / everybody has a schedule.

9. Two - thirds of the money is mine

10. None of
( None of + plural noun + singular predicate ) ( Very formal English )
- None of the boys is here.

11. The number of
( The number of + plural noun + singular predicate )
- The number of students in the class is fifteen.
- The number of workers takes a rest.

Plural
1. Some of

( Some of + plural noun + singular predicate )
- Some of the books are good.
2. A lot of
( A lot of + plural noun + singular predicate )
- A lot of my friends are here.

3. Two - thirds of the pennies are mine

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4. None of
( None of + plural noun + plural predicate ) ( Informal speech and writing )
- None of the boys are here.

5. A number of
( A number of + plural noun + plural predicate )
- A number of students were late for the class.
- A number of cards are painted red.

* Some plural noun and ends with S is supposed to be Singular but always used singular predicate :
# Singular Noun
1. Billiards is an easy game.
2. Mathematics is also taught at schools.
3. Economics has become a popular subject now.
4. Politics is much more difficult than physics.
5. Politics directs the power and authority.
6. The news is interesting.
7. The United States is big.
8. The Philippines consists of more than 7.000 islands.
9. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City.
10. Sears is a department store.
11. Mathematics is easy for her. Physics is easy for her too.

* Expression of time, money, and distance usually takes a singular predicate.
1. Eight hours of sleep is enough.
2. Ten hours feels short for busy people.
3. Two thousand rupiahs is worthless for her.
4. Ten dollars is too much to pay.
5. Five hundred miles is quite far for him.
6. Five thousand miles is too far to travel.

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* Note :
# Singular Noun
1. English is spoken in many countries.
2. Chinese is his native language.
English and Chinese is meant language, so it is supposed to be as singular noun.
# Plural Noun
1. The English drink tea.
2. The Chinese have an interesting history.
The English and The Chinese is meant people from a country. Some nouns of nationality that end in
– sh, - ese, and – ch can mean either language or people : English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese,
Vietnamese, Portuguese, French.
3. Those people are from Canada.
4. The Police have been called.
People and Police do not end in – S, but are plural nouns and take plural verb. The word people
which has a final – S ( Peoples ) only when it used to refer to nation or ethic groups : All the
peoples of the world desire peace.
5. The poor have many problem.
6. The rich get richer.
A few adjectives can be preceded by The and used as a plural noun ( with out final – S ) to refer tp
people who have quality. Other examples : The Young, The Old, The Living, The Dead, The Blind,
The Deaf, The Handicapped.

* The name or the title of book, movie, story and some nouns which united. It is supposed to be
singular predicate.

1. Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
2. Bread with cheese is very nice.
But
1. Bread and cheese are very expensive.

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Noun and Attribute Uncountable Noun Singular Plural
- Countable v -
No. Attribute v - v
v v - v
1. A / An v v - v
2. The - v - v
3. Some v v - -
4. Any - - - v
5. Many v - - -
6. Much v v - v
7. Few / A few v - v -
8. Little / A little v v - v
9. A lot of - v - v
10. This / That v v v v
11. These / Those - v v -
12. Each / Every - v - v
13. All of v
14. One v
15. Two / Three / Four

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Chapter 31
Kinds of Text / Genre Text

There some of genre text that must have we known, they are :

1. Procedure
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To describe how something is accomplished / finished through a sequence of actions or steps

Generic Structure of the text
1. Goal / Title / Aim / Purpose
2. Material

2.1. Ingredients
2.2. Equipments / Tools
3. Steps ( Goal followed by a series of steps oriented to achieving the goal )

Significant Lexica grammatical / Language features
1. Focus on generalized human agents
2. Use of simple present tense, often imperative
3. Use mainly of temporal conjunctions or numbering to indicates sequence
4. Use mainly of material processes
Note :
Imperative is a sentence that mostly used to give an order to someone to do something
 Positive Imperative

Pattern
V – 1 + Object
- Close the door
- Open the window
- Pour the water
 Negative Imperative
Pattern
Don‘t + V – 1 + Object
- Don‘t make noise
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- Don‘t disturb your friend
- Don‘t cheat during the test

The example of procedure text
The Hole Game
Material needed
1. Two players
2. One marble per person
3. A hole in ground
4. A line ( distance ) to start
Method ( Steps )
1. First you must dub (click marbles together)
2. Then you must check that the marbles are in good condition and are nearly worth the same value
3. Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away from the hole
4. The first player carefully throws his or her marble towards the hole
5. Then the second player tries to throw his or her marble close to the hole than his or her opponent
6. The player whose marble is closest to the hole tries to flick his or her marble into the hole.

If successful, this player tries to flick his or her opponent‘s marble into the hole.
The person flicking the last marble into the hole wins and gets to keep both marbles

2. Descriptive
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To describe a particular person, place or person

Generic Structure
1. Identification

Identifies phenomenon to be described
2. Description

Describes parts, qualities, characteristic

Significant Lexica grammatical / Language features
1. Focus on specific human or non human participant
2. Use of attribute and identifying process
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3. Frequent use of Ephitets and classifiers in nominal group
4. Use of simple present tense

The Example of the Descriptive Text
Natural Bridge National Park
Identification
Natural bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest
Description
It is located 110 kilometre south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to
Nerang and then by travelling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the
shadow of the Lamington National Park.
The Phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural arch and the cave through which a waterfall
cascades is a short 1 kilometre walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area.
Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night time visitors to the cave will discover the unique
feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeques, shelter sheds, water and fire places,
however overnight camping is not permitted.

‗ISSIS‘ Cafe.

‗ISSIS‘ is Javanese word meaning ‗cool‘. So, besides the food, ISSIS Café offers a spacious, fully
air-conditioned, cozy place.

Located at Jl. Cilacap No. 8, Jakarta Pusat, ISSIS Café is famous for its European food, especially
steak, barbecue ribs, salad, and soup. You might find this kind of food anywhere else, but there is
no other place that offers great meals at better prices than ISSIS Café.

You can enjoy a delicious imported sirloin steak for only Rp. 25,000 and ice cappuccino for only
Rp. 5,500. There is also a salad bar with eight different vegetables. You can make your own salad
which you can eat as much as you like, for only Rp. 12,000. The customers are mostly college
students, office workers, and families.

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3. Report
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, manmade and social
phenomena in our environment.

Generic Structure
1. General classifications

To tell what the phenomena under discussion is.
2. Description

To tell what the phenomena under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits or
behaviour, if living uses if non natural.

Significant Lexica grammatical / Language feature
1. Focus on generic human or non human participants
2. Use of relational processes to state what is that which it is
3. Use of simple present tense (unless extinct)
4. No temporal sequence

The example of the Report Text
Whales
General classification
Whales are sea living mammals
Descriptions ( Behaviours, qualities, parts )
They therefore breathe air but can‘t survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the
blue whale, which can exceed 30 m in length is the largest animal which have lived on the earth.
Superficially, the whales looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external
structure. Its tail consist of a pair of board, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and
it has a single nostril on the top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shinny and beneath
it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to converse heat and body
fluids.

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Australia
Australia is a large continent. It has six states and two territories.
The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It is in the Australian Capital Territory.
The population of Australia is about 20 million. The first inhabitants to live in Australia were
Aboriginal people. After that people came from all over the world. The main language is English,
however many other languages are spoken.
There are many plants and animals that are only found in Australia, e.g. kangaroos, platypuses, gum
trees and Waratahs.
The main products and industries are wool, minerals, oil, coal, cereals and meat.
Some famous landmarks are the Harbour Bridge, the Opera House and Uluru (Ayers Rock).

2. Drugs
Drugs are chemical substances. There are three different types of drugs: stimulants, depressants and
hallucinogens.
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. They increase heart rate, blood pressure and
breathing. Examples are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine.
Depressants slow down the central nervous system. They decrease heart and breathing rates.
Alcohol, heroin and analgesics are common examples of these types of drugs.
Hallucinogens change mood, thought and senses. LSD is the most well-known example of this type
of drug.

3. A traditional market
A traditional market is the type of market where people can bargain the prices. The items sold in
traditional market are basically the same. They are fruits, vegetables, meat and fish, spices, dry
good and household items. At the glances, the market may seem to be disorganized mess.
Surrounding the market there are many small scale traders, usually selling fruits. This traders can
not afford the cost of renting a stall inside the market.
On the first floor of the market, there are permanent kiosks and stall selling textile, stationery,
clothing, electronic goods, household appliances, gold shops, etc.
On the second floor, people can buy meat and fish, fruits, vegetables, and dry goods. The sellers
sell fruits and vegetables through the middle area. Meanwhile they sell dry goods in the edge area
of the second floor

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4. Recount
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To retell past events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic structure
1. Orientation

Provides the setting and introduce the participants
2. Events

Tell what happened, in what sequence
3. Re – Orientation

Optional – closure of events

Significant lexica grammatical / language features
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Use of material processes
3. Circumstances of time and places
4. Use of simple past tense
5. Focus on temporal sequence.

The example of the Recount Text
Earthquake
Orientation
I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side
Event 1
At first I thought a tyre had gone but then I saw telegraph poles collapsing like matchsticks
Event 2
The rocks came tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car
Re – orientation
When I got back to town, well as I said, there wasn‘t much left

CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic

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First our teachers marked the rolls and then we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was
chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards
but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic.
Finally, at two o‘clock we left for school.
We had a great day.

Note :
1. Personal recount

Retelling of an activity that the writer / speaker has been personally involve in
2. Factual recount

Recording the particulars of an accident, such as : report of a scientific experiment, police report,
news report, historical account
3. Imaginative recount
Taking on an imaginary role and giving detail of events.

5. Spoof
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To retell past events with a humorous twist for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic structure
1. Orientation

Provides the setting and introduce the participants
2. Events

Tell what happened, in what sequence
3. Twist

Unexpected things happens

Significant lexica grammatical / language features
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Use of material processes
3. Circumstances of time and places
4. Use of simple past tense
5. Focus on temporal sequence.
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The example of the Spoof Text
Penguin In The Park
Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.
Event 1
He took him to the policeman and said, ―I have just found this penguin, what should I do ?‖ The
policeman replied, ―take him to the zoo‖.
Event 2
The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was still carrying
penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked ―why
are you still carrying that penguin about ? Didn‘t you take it to the zoo ?‖ ―I certainly did,‖ replied
the man.
Twist
And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I‘m taking him to the movie !

Note :
That the ―twist‖ in this particular text is related to the circumstances of place the penguin is taken to
and to the man‘s misinterpretation of the policeman‘s (unspoken) reason for taking penguin to the
zoo.

One day, two villagers went to Jakarta. They went to the biggest mall and saw shiny silver walls
that could open and move apart and back together. They were amazed when an old lady rolled in to
the small room and the doors closed. A minute later, the doors opened and a young beautiful lady
stepped out. The father said to his son ―Go, get your mother now.‖
The ending of the story is funny because they thought that the doors can change an old lady into a
young beautiful lady. Whereas the doors were actually elevator doors.

6. Narrative
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To amuse / entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways
Narratives deal with problematic events which leads to a turning point of some kind, which in turn
finds a resolution.

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Generic structure
1. Orientation

Sets the scenes and introduces the participants
2. Evaluation

A stepping back to evaluate the plight
3. Complication

A crisis or problem arises
4. Resolution

The crisis or problem is resolved, for better or for worse
5. Re – Orientation

Optional closure to the story

Significant lexica grammatical / language feature
1. Focus on specific human and non human usually individualized participant
2. Use of material processes (and in this text behavioural and verbal processes)
3. Use of relational processes and mental processes
4. Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
5. Use of simple past tense

The example of the Narrative Text
Snow White
Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle
because her parents were dead
Major complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they
both wanted to go to America and they didn‘t have enough money to take Snow White.
Resolution
Snow White didn‘t want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decide it would be best if she ran
away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Uncle and Aunt were having breakfast.
She ran away into the woods or jungle.
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Complication
She was very tired and hungry
Resolution
The she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Complication
Meanwhile the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found
Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said what is
your name ? Snow White said ―My name is Snow White.‖
Major Resolution
Doc said ―If you wish, you may live here with us‖ Snow White said ―Oh could I ? thanks you―.
Then Snow white told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily
ever after.

Snow Maiden
Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so

far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it
never came true.

One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her
beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following
morning, someone knocked the door. ‖Any body home?‖, she said. The old woman inside opened
the door and asked, ‖Who are you?‖ The girl said ‖I‘m Snow Maiden, your daughter‖. The old
woman was surprised and happy. ‖Oh really? Thanks God! Come in, please!‖
Since that meeting, they lived happily. Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her
parents and all of her friends loved her very much One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends.
They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to
jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It\‘s
because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on
forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire
and she melted. Her friends was so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden
could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore.
Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden\‘s friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden.
They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden.
Days passed but their dreams never came true.
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Malin Kundang

Once upon time, there was a boy named Malin Kundang. He lived with his mother in a very poor
condition. They looked fire wood in the forest nearly to make a living. Malin Kundang was so
unsatisfied with their bad luck. That‘s why he decided to go to another city to look for a better life.

Not long afterwards, Malin asked his mother‘s permission to go to a big city. He promised to come
back soon with much money. His mother permitted him and always prayed for him. In his journey,
Malin Kundang joined a merchant in a big ship.

Actually, Malin was a diligent boy. He worked hard to get much money and everything changed.
He became a rich merchant. His business partner asked him to marry his daughter. Malin agreed.
Then Malin and his business partner‘s daughter got married. They had honeymoon and traveled all
over the world.

Many years later, Malin‘s ship anchored in his village. Many villagers welcome his arrival and
admired his glorious ship. Furthermore, they wanted to see his success. Malin‘s mother heard that
her son had come back. She was very glad and eager to see him. With a happy smile in her lips, she
went to the seashore to meet her son. Do you know what happened when she met Malin? He
pretended that he didn‘t know her. Of course she was very very sad and disappointed.

In her desperation she cried to God to punish Malin. She cursed Malin Kundang and his ship to be a
stone. Since then, people can see the big stone in the beach.

7. Anecdote
Social function / The communication purpose / Definition
To share with others an account of an usual or amusing incident

Generic Structure
1. Abstract

Signals the retelling of an usual incident
2. Orientation

Sets the scene
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3. Crisis
Provides details of the unusual incident

4. Reaction
Reaction to crises

5. Coda
Optional reflection on or evaluation of the incident

Significant lexica grammatical / language feature
1. Use of exclamations rhetorical question and intensifiers (really, very, quite, etc) to point up the

significance of the event
2. Use material process to tell what happened
3. Use of temporal conjunctions

The example of Anecdote text
Snake In The bath
Abstract
How would you like to find a snake in your bath. A nasty one too !
Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a
terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Crisis
Suddenly to my horror, a snake‘s head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his
long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
Incident
For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came
running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was
quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she would probably
have leant over the bath to get a better look !.
Coda
We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast
asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water pipe. It must have had an awful shock when
the cold water came trickling down !. But nothing to the shock I got !. Ever since then I‘ve always
put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.
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8. News Item
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or
important.

Generic Structure
1. Newsworthy Events

Recount the event in summary form
2. Background Events

The elaboration what happened, to whom, in what circumstances
3. Sources

Comments by participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event

Significant lexica grammatical / language feature
1. Short telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Use of material processes to retell the event ( in the text below, many of the material processes

are nominalized )
3. Use of projecting verbal processes in source stage
4. Focus on circumstances ( e.g. mostly within qualifier ).

The example of the News Item text
Town ―Contaminated‖
Newsworthy event
Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe,
while killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background Event
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear
submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall out
over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were
told the explosion in the reactor of the victor – class submarine during a refit had been a thermal

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and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600
tonnes of contaminated material were to secrecy.
Sources
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet
Navy.

Undersea earthquake strikes off Maluku
JAKARTA (AP): A strong earthquake struck in eastern Indonesian waters on Tuesday, a
meteorological agency said. A local official said there was no threat of a destructive tsunami, and
no damage or causalities were immediately reported.

The quake, which had a preliminary magnitude of 6.1, was centered beneath the Banda Sea around
188 kilometers (117 miles) southwest of Ambon, the capital of Maluku province, the U.S.
Geological Survey said on its Web site.

The tremor was not felt by residents in the region and there were no reports of damage or
casualties, said Aprilianto, an official at a Jakarta-based local Meteorological and Geophysics
Agency.

9. Explanation
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or socio cultural
phenomena.

Generic Structure
1. A General Statement

To state position the reader
2. A Sequenced Of Explanation

Telling of why or how something happens / occurs

Significant lexica grammatical / language feature
1. Focus on generic non human participants
2. Use mainly of material and relational processes

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3. Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstance and conjunctions.
4. Some use of passive voice to get theme right

The example of the Explanation text
A brief summary of speech production
General Statement
Speech production is made possible by the specialist movement of our vocal organs that generate
speech sounds waves.
Explanation
Like all sound production, speech production requires a source of energy. The source of energy for
speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we
breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly.
The vocal cords cause the air stream to vibrate.
Explanation
As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air stream into a series of
puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is still not speech.
Explanation
To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech we continually alter
the shape of the vocal track by moving the tongue and lips, etc. These movements change the
acoustic properties of the vocal tract. Which in turn produce the different sounds of speech.

10. Analytical Exposition
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To persuade the reader or the listener that something the case

Generic Structure
1. Thesis

1.1. Position
Introduces the topic and indicates writer‘s position

1.2. Preview
Outlines the main arguments to be presented

2. Arguments
2.1. Point

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Restates main argument outlined in preview
2.2. Elaboration

Develops and supports each point or argument
3. Reiteration / Restatement / Conclusion

Restates writer‘s position

Significant lexica grammatical / language feature
1. Focus on generic human and non human participants
2. Use of simple present tense
3. Use of relational processes
4. Use of internal conjunction to state argument
5. Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization

The example of The Analytical Exposition text
Thesis : Position and Preview
In Australia there are three level of government, the federal government, state government, and
local government. All of these level of government are necessary. This is so for a number of
reasons.
Argument 1
Point
First the federal government is necessary for the big things
Elaboration
They keep the economy in order and look after things like defence
Argument 2
Point
Similarly, the state governments look after the middle sized things
Elaboration
For example they look after law and order, preventing things like vandalism in schools
Argument 3
Point
Finally, local governments look after the small things
Elaboration
They look after things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have diseases.
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Conclusion
Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of government are necessary.

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen
Thank you very much for the House of Representatives which had invited me to give the speech
concerning about the mystery sinetrons shown in many television presently. My name is Budi
Santoso, a lecturer at University of Indonesia majoring in mass communication. Here, I represent
the academics point of view about the subject we discuss this morning.
As we know, there are many mystery sinetrons shown on Television stations presently. The
sinetrons depict horrible scenes about the spirit world. It is described that spirits often disturb
people by frightening them in the darkness, when they walk alone at night or at the cemetery. The
spirits are pictured as frightening appearance such as white clothes flying corpse, shattered face
copse etc. the show must be abandoned for several reasons.
Firstly, it make a wrong perception of people especially children and women to do activity at
nights, for example going to the wells, even cooking at kitchen alone. How do you fell if you
always live in anxiety.
Thirdly, such kind of sinetrons waste out time to think unreal phenomena while we are facing many
kinds of living problems.
In brief, for the reason, I think television station must stop showing mystery sinetrons. They are bad
influences for people, frightening our children and destroying their belief to God.
Thank you very much for your attention.

11. Hortatory Exposition
Social function / The communicative purpose / Definition
To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case

Generic Structure
1. Thesis

Announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments

Reasons for concern, leading to recommendation
3. Recommendation

Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
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