Andrau, Ioan - Elemente de teorie literara

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DRAMA *M?a.)r.ieAi hE!-a...do(SfteorruolsutiogCoelseeEnate.).de pe treptele tronului in bralcf e

APU-9 DE SOARE, d.e B. St. Delaurancea MARIA: Stetane!

ACTUL III

Scena VIII

S?E,nFodMtdrbbco?noAdoiooittm[antsiIiilde./eiid.pi,r'n"tr.zj.(uMoi.iiuss,..itueainrtorca(etdStnirru<zauipia,ddrnr1zun.steosi,tetrDaciue.uprpduoLiu^i_a,mnc!ieart!{tii.umnar1,esrtui-tua1eiiaczuL,rirait.deue.:iret"a'eis;.gtcni"1,icnhaiiiu.,iudoee,,;itmi.,wuiauIiEtLi;\nrt:^.uf'rr,uc,Ca.1uriCLeiicrargstiAninal't"aeiae4udtL,'riiupi:,'ri;cisi.g,-siutu,e.;u(c.,iltLit,Ma'y,l,te_erriioLs!t.n"aopthLr"astoitceupont;-tiC"n1oeri.a"tia;uuut,c;,igfiuiJrai,;*li.ot,"niii,euiir-.o"nscii-p.finatl'ls"itio".i4niisiiitd"jdt"cu'i."i.irie(,irnrt'Lie"Ij'nptruaaipusDiri,pttto,e.reRicu.ra;geuoiiscurrei.eecnnmna.dsao_..neut,saa_ucntcrt^ercosnuiaut,l_,iie,
H A'l' M A I,t U I.
A RB O R E : Nurnele tdu, nt d ria_ta !
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DOFTARUL gMIL: Altfet nu s-trr fi, Ttutttt.
IIATMANUL ARBORE: A rnurit?

300 C{-UCERUL MCGHILA: Cine sd moard? Soarele ,nostru n^a epu.\

incd.!

301

Calagiale spunea in unul din foiletoancie sille clin Univer.sutr: forfeze pe UIea, conducatorul unc'ltirilor', si asiste 1a inscaunare si
,Un ochi deplins cu lucr'5rile de artd chiar sA nLl-l cunoascd pF sd jure crcdin{5 noului voievod.

neiarrrancea, numal citinct Apus de soel'(., fdr'i si-l v;rzd lepi'ezcn- pmdl-roor,iimp'n$o^anDtrieutuso'1lffirt'rsnp.sdit.ae,trDqahr'lli.ea,cerlrcainacegcitdctder'.e1ccaclilrnuiorimlndpent,arutiplcrsteiiom-tnar$utgutienlocfuniaddiaccnct',isfpadrie,i,;cutpclrnciduee'drsctudce5lt.itoa.irasrnsc.etfdearlrJei:mai pLipTuiomlttce.,pjirvliiinanb:elviestort:eiinnnnluceduli
tatn trebuie inclatd sa gindei,rsca: ,ii cistigat, desigur, ,cultur.a r.omA-
ueascd un eminellt litelat, dar, tot a;a cie sigur', a pierclut Lrn nlale
zLlgrav . . . Ce superbe fr-escuri decolativel(.
In opera sa dramaticd, l)elar,fancea a urmir"it reconstituireii lidcacgp;juneiolciaptrgion'apitmtinselt,rtgeidPcr{ro,nioa.entehicitogsbltliatei.eocsprtiulperrpe,Iauunna,tric,a:mlaiilAsnlalflel{plenpidriu6ignuejrtovibrsiuditieisr;nstrsqaiugtiterdvreivlmdan(eacfnil.utbsloup,ioo'tsua-noenirr.o.lt.,to'itear$alssin'ndinFrrtfieaireueriuicacnigvlftniir,eaituioeit-udsopncridlatlurorroe(ieesn,rtrcnb,rpiiolca"onu'coiliipariopmtieccierrcesillieiileo.nlpiorsaelrltreoruzdirmr_nir"rsimgllrdbuodtailijciomuorcu-tih.p-oucaiil,-i.faunhpbplii"gr(,tdiai.srte.tiiuJe,ottireecclsnuVsenesetllaiiorreco.lAectose"ariaukpn."-ilqrailviei:aimslitaaauteapsueln',ciilriaislrumuodnc-ratizlpiiuu,l'n'p,tliuimoiautiucein1i$'p-ltidisrai.unit,etarcpadidepfdfatuuervtpr,rpaan-rtn,eltjtai,neiilrlttdaioccct-cdccuez_ni,t:
u'i,r5-nrtf9edfiqligneapctodecliiMnisaVtloei,rt,'iocerevuoli,cnrsdaiterip:ncaa;ltta.pitulcusi-cPl.eegstrioucaunl'eiau, lndeorsem, nsciofainrslsutiitituu$ilntecdfllontmeildmn-avieouicllltaui-,i
nrei cli'ame a tlilogiei, LttceaJd"rul.

c-le. Cea mai importantd piesd din triiogia iui Deiavranceir esLe Aou.q
soare (1909) ln aceasti dramd istoi'ic5, scriitorul zugrdr,.este un
tablou din trecut,r.rl glorios al poporului nostru. ]il centiul
sti figura marelui domn al l,{o1dor,r.i, Stefai-r. evocdrii

Alegindu-si un astfel de subicct petntlr_t piesa sa, I)clavr-ancea
continua traclii"i;i scriitorilor" inarintagi, Costac:he Ncgruzzi si Aleran-
dru odobescu. ca si acestia. el isi manifcstd aclniir:atia fat6 cie eroii ;!lllnl5druuriuer7eiiliss.uitctd$cuoDyio"vDtr,areiciiei.elrnttlosfiarege.adgiailgi.onjurdqiioa-U'a.pe..doesit.balrpre?t"[t\e(pdli1lptlueaermmio"pi-i,ntci,eds,.,psl(ievoictle.dscoinltpuuuAferrr;s{apnrn.iatmnr.detuoz:.r,iatliruuten'leSeslleiiisuritie$)irmtmJtncstelleotd,itesnopefrtztnasaolreuuittirnttlrur"'rteiirrirsrr:s.lLziurindrct.ratdutu.rti<atrumgcetrAorlp./u.ruLar;patii.trlrvnoosi:'ufIciireiuie,tlIlinuluid,e.n,eiclidnn'itllnjVArzpaeotaiimoA[ssnu.rtloer.d:ocaeill:-unm^cnlr-e,r7*ltis,,otaSteritiuili,'irrpnaHnnrr.eurutit"rvnltartslltiuaeifrNictillpclnre'iiI,,ualsl'oauiraicraurnCl:a.uiEHr{aic,aail'c,!6aertl1-edeu,l,z?gip,.'cciuieutuaniiilwinlruledau-ct;eo-,,,.ii.L
luptei pentru apdrarea patrit i.
Drama Apus de .soore are vIaoinbalezi6,vcocietnvfolidcutulul icslini tat'ein$teterefsaenlosri
boierii care unelteau
in-rpotrit,a
scirlbco!l-nr1arr'r,cl$ctse{fiqaunrlvcreluapisdmofearleteaascsia{. aI)reii
farii. Sim!inc1u-se irdtrin

de iuptele pentlu domnic
aceea, inc[ in viald fiind. ii inscar-tnelrzi pe fiul sau Bogdan, pr-.n-
tru a-l impunc, prin autolitatca sa mor:i16, boiel'ilor'.
Un gjirtunpicec{leulboSietarliv-dr irlintriempcoatrlcivepsuchllinnit:ar-sici uUnsleplil:,rrs"riuoilutriiclnuil
I)rdgan,
$tefan. Ei pun la cale inldtui'ar.ea lui Bogdan sii alcgi:r'r.:r i::r cl,ontrr
a lui $tefAni!5, uepotul inca nerrilstnic irl rna:'e'lui r,oil:vocl. gditrlnururuucoilrhaelrivTuzInordeinasiiict,ruitaci-nsp.aerttoteu,ioSfvfmifldtcpaeorarenstedrarit.a,icunrlusasSiidimaitntip-uniiastmlneetcepcaauircecpeadlrmlssariicneneoscugelncoibvmllaairciijenitiuussldnotlaituler-rial"9iiaeil1tei-satcor,atrpuurdssaisaiiscranli€edusc.i.atnt,eciudnlleadr"eiaaposncdcmcaleruoilannnertniasa-tMoiioinraneroirurcttdineecultelnesorrdiu]veiaeifieerlrieszar,idntegriraiin;crgiriuih"adjrac.icntiuutueple-freriisuecnlttl"c--c--,-r
Scriitolul gradeazi ac{iunea cu deosebitl grija. in cclc 4 rc:te ale
cit'anrei. in aotui I sirtt s<:ltifutr: personojele si sc' intrcv,:r1t, r'onJLil:twl,.
In actul II, plo"nul boie.rilor tr(Ld(ttori cstr: surprins fdr'6 voie cle
C)ana, fiica nclegitimd a lui Stefan, crescutd la curte. Oana dezvilluie
l:'atrinului cion'in ceie auzite si atunci $sitie'rftainnfsietlsdaetreidepts"eicgldrdt.l:ierialers;lri'L5i

inscrdunarcir iui 13ogclan. in iictul III
SteJun peniru tt-si irnpune LiointdL si tot acum, pentt'r,r a scoate mai
putern,icr in relicf tiiria dc c:l'ar-rtel a domnitolului, sl'r'iitorul pre- mitpnautinesl-uadiAprvtlltSaodd(itn:'eu.l,reAf,iaRi;dptddeetemoal$mpeiiit,endlufusaitlc.udnui.,.pdidtnorreaaa!mgiIolnnsargtoer1aillcg{e;a6rsi'ietpaireaodpvu.eaol rilsee\[vdri}ol'rtelLdino'icsnuidadd,ngiuicniigiupnrblie,iijuticonepadtr.bdeos,dlgnnsaiuiir-e*r
zinti cum $tcfan isi bimie sulclinleIc pc (,iu'L- i 1t-'lti o',-oacd o r.'eghc
land nerrindecati. Olelit in iafa durerii gi cu ginctrul ]a Moldova,
Stefan poruncelte doctorikir de la curte s5-i ardl ltr fier inrosit
tana vseIchtereJaccaSresiilntlingtluoiaezsnteicep.ePloucn,cdtuelgri uslutr1n'enrainnfel;leinpiaincecsatreactrtei-l

buic
constituic n'tontentul inscdundrii lui Bogda.n. $tefan leuseste s6-1

303

302

Hatmanui Arbore este un credincios slujitor al domnului, pe d) Desfdgurarea subiectr-llui este cleterminatd de iupta pasiun{*
lor personajelor principale.
cEre ii urmeazd luptind vitejegte impotriva clugmaniior. La fel apar
gi celelalte personaje: mog Hriman este indemnat de domn si nu e) In fala spectatorilol sint aclnse si scene violente, de pitd*a
pler'.Dlealarvdrzabnocie, afiinfodlcodse,,qetebdctruin(i(s. cusinti efectele scenice pentru a uciderea lui Ulea.

sublinia frdmintdrile sufletegti ale personajelor. Cind $tefan isi im- f) In unele scene, pelsonajele isi clezvdluie frdmintdrile lor su-
pune voinla si i1 incoroneazi pe Bogd,an, afard se dezlanluise fttrttl- fletegti prin intermediul monologului sau dialogului. A devenit co-
Iebru prin puternicul lirism si arta cu care a fost realizat rrlono*
na. Fiecare frazd cale exprirnd hotdrirea neclintitd a voievodului e Imoagruelalului i$dterafagonscteelplevnlatrleu in ajunul inscaundrii lui
insotitd de fuigerele,gi dtuonmenteealescfdu,rtfuunlgiie.reCliendsi$ttuenfaentepleunsee pe ume- patriei. Bogclan, ardtlnd
intelesc. pdmintul
rii lui Bogdan mantia
Eie se linigtesc cind domnitorul, istovit, se rostogolegte de pe trep- h) Aiegind o temd istoricd, scriitorul a redat atmosfera vreiarl.{
tele tronului in bra{eie Mariei gi ale doctorului.
Piesa urmdregte un plan precis, desfdgulindu-se in patru mo- gi culoarea locald specificS.

mente IdIisDtinecstfeis:uIraHroetadreirxepaelduiliie$iteinfantimdepaulfaccdereoiaexi pseedialiegrainveaPzod- Toate aceste tldsdturi aratd cir piesa Apus de soar.e este o
cu{ia; dramd.

boala; III Hotdrirea domnului, simtind cd i ,se apropie sfirEitul, de Subiec'tul fiind ciesprins clin istorie, Jpus rle .soar.e este o r],ra-
a 15sa pe tron un urmas potrivit gi, in sfirgit, IV Ungerea lui Bog-
md istoricd".

clan ca domn gi moartea iui $tefan. Drctntct este o opefi. drsmsticd" prezentind. un conJlict compl.icaf;
;i puternic,
Toate aceste episoade se petrec intr-uin unic ryoment din viala care, cq in cleterminat de o luptd tncord.atd intre personaje, Sl tw
eroului, moment pe care dl'amaturgul 1*a socotit esen{ial gi l-a aies uiald, accentele se intpletesc cu tele tornice suw
tocmai pentru a reiiefa trlsdturile principale ale caracterului lui tragice

lirice
"

$tefan.
Spre deeosebire de tragediile antice, drama Apus de soare redd
viala unei epoci sub multe aspecte. Oonflictul, degi foarte puternic,
ncuondfluiccteu,lcnauinetsrtaegdeedtiielermainntaicted, elafoprielaireoaaprbreisaondaejeslto-irnpurluini,cicpialdee; COMEDIA
ieluriie personajelor in lupt5, de forlele pe care acestea le r-epre-zin-
td, de sentimentele, raliunea si voinfa lor; reprezentarea piesei nu i 6 SCR1.sC.,ll?E ryIERDL|?A, cie I. L. C,ar:agiaie
stirne;te sentimente de groazi
si miid, ci sentimente ri:rri,ate, ca
admiratie, urd, teami, satisfaclie; scriitoru). nu {ine seamd de re- o scrisoare pierdutd. reprezintd. capodopera crealiei dramat$.ce
gula celor trei unitdli. Locul acliurrit se poate schimba cies. traptele'
se desfdgoard intr-un interrral temporal rnai larg, nereclucinclu-se la a marelui scriitor. Piesa demascd rrirulent strinsa impletire de inte*
rese dintre burghezie Ei mosierime de ia finele secolului trecut.
o sinpgulirpd acliurre, ci la mai multe.
aceste caracteristici drama de tragedia cla- Acliunea piesei se desfdEoars. intr-un orasel de munte, capital&
se depdrteazd rdielejuacrled!,ecinurgperefaSjmrianaiclei guenrilfoerlddeedinecpiuclteaniitep:epnatrruticCrual maeflradt.
sicd. Piesa relevd o serie intreagi de trlsdturi specifice: Alegr-
a) Subiectul este desprins din istoria real6, infd{iqind aspecte ale
tere, Ei reprezentat in iocalitate prin prefectui la pu*

vietii din timpul lui $tefan cel Mare. a piesei se desfdgoard pe mai II proprietarur zaharia Tlahana.che, gi-ar asigura $tefan Tipdtescu Et
b) Acliunea bogatd gi complicatd ca de obicei sucoe-
F su1. Dar in ordEelul de munte in care se pregdtesc alegerile de prk;
multe planuri.
dcolemrcne)utcSl , lcdArrili5itio,turduroiladamednuaacceeMsitanearisaicae-undpsauorntteiamlalaur,iaec$nftiuuenmfaedno;:accmeleleMnpieardsrieon,napbjooepi-eo-rri,, a1BtiBt0dseempraordi,uicneciut nsufcacpets,uml pdarurtnidt uinluiagpuavreenrnfda,minesndtalcuescteonpseucsinfiex
fdrani, oEteni, slujitori domneqti. pericol. zoe Trahanache, sofia gefului organiza{iei locale, pierde *
scrisoare de dragoste primitd de la prefectul ripdtescu. scrisoares

304 20 - Elemente de teorie literari pentru eievj 38$

colnpi omitdtoale cade in miinile avocatului Nae cafar.r.ncu. Acesta iratroneazd fard nici un fel dr: rezervd ,::orup[ia. Intelesele partidu-
ameninfd cu publicarea ei in cazul in care nu i se va sustine: can- Iui, adicd intet'eselc. plopril
ldpdcinuidtdtdpbalduuitiulcicrdseacilluipaisrtraesic.cvf]aeoorlc'lcir'us'cgtmou'enlrerteisinn,ratcrTueislsilpcotcadlao-tcrqemeaesapc.prruloIernmlp;niui{cmt5eaztiltooje.lrot,i:darprcTisneerpadcuhsairaam:rmmnei;nard-tl-t,,ria'grrorrtal.irnsoice1ic,ls:etarrt'eitrsucnodclene-prssiitrce-irt:"crtti'dir.anpirc{ergc'rtuireu1sl-,al-'. fiecare gest, fiecitle AcelcasgpiuinnetereelsiensiIuslei a- giiidehontmdriacsucl
ctcuhareima. reP-enentaid:ute.;iaj-lrtcca'zaaupl'aem-ltliroat.dsTuircagehaacnnntcaalcjraihsteol,andteurslicunoid,peuarl.cdlluicoii,psfoolultini{catiaiigauulislirfoire.paao.htzaai{niceaiei- atitudine.
ceostlxe.ionbcliigsadtlbnautonliruenaraai lseigcrreiinuiunileAlgaapmrieldtefn)alinilcelasnaatceh. ed,acrarn:ctriiidaar tusdl Tipatescu, prefectttl, amantul soliei s;rle. in atituclinea iui Traha-
nilche, aerele lespectabile, cuvintele solemne, tonul grav se imple-
1r'inris d'. la c crrtr'u.
tesc cu cc-a mai profunda josr-ricic.

Cltipul lui Ca,!oz;ent'u. Prctir-rs adt.crsiit' al iclciiol consc't't'tttoai'e.
ar,'ocatul Nae Catavenc:u este tipul den-ragoguh-ri libelal. Pentru ei.
activitatea politica are urr singur !e1: sa-l ajute sa parvind, sd-gi
realizeze-. intereselc. Fireqte, lucrul ac'esta nu-i afirma pc fa{5. Dim-
potrivd., cu olice prilcj Cnilavencu suslinc cd vorbeqte in numele
[6rii, voind sd ftrca impt'esia unui patriot inflacdrat. l)iscur-sul pe
Fc scend apar', dc-alungul celor putlu acte iilt. c,onrtcliei, o sclit' c,,DaloerninIilolitn'!e..1. a intrunirca clin ajunul iilegerilol ii incepe astfel:
intrcagf, rd:leicpnetersldoniai jep'a-rritipdeolloitricbieunrgi,herezpereeztce.nFtaiencliaalci Onorabili t'et(t[eni! Fru ilor!... (Piinsui il inc.acA}
cle stat, acrministraliei eIceluerta(taPlirl-imerr.sd.u. lJsrilouilniinloderua',-rcrcratladscLiiiamsiunactieurtanstirdqe.c)atrt.,i.bd.trut'rttL:t(itot.er.i.nttepoelirunonhne'tudonut,ncud'raLaopsurpiccudeneufsit'osti

iife o l,aloare
t-tp*." pentru categolia sociali cdr&a apar:line. lrrr.sonajele sint in-
prtcriloliurorliild6tCirolc-cnrh":j:ruirdlprgizaiainactrttt_eerlezeraiLcstiretdeiZciecsee,chisnalciitnireatit:orraeercslTleceerufsidlndnimina.tnotuuarrelcitvila'iLmapemelod.nsdPtiiseie'ruri.eismcztmroeiideonaentpunsgrrttiruiun;brioui acnrpglslelrhamc.efciecnzisroiiaroeeaa.altisiRlrietnercdp,csiaudoptfrneriu_inilriie---.
cti {d.rii sctle . . . tn eceste nt,olnerLte solelnnc. . . (de-abia sc mai std-
pincste) tn"d gtndesr' . . . la tdrisoaru tot)
nles . .. (plinsul l-a biruit de
. ".lrt Rorttanitt... (puternice aplauze in pgrrougpt)e.s.t.illutzJ'ie!.r.i.ci(rteLsaemeie!n.c.a.
te.te li comisii, zartat'ia Trairanache este tipul politicianului cu iciei {aceraEi joc de amindoua pdlfite) ...la
crescendo) ...|,a uiitorul ei! (plins cu hohot. rlpllruze zguduitoare).'(
conscrvatoal'e, stilp al regimului in judelu1 sdu. Ei este mindru cle
cillitatea sa de marc proprietar, intocmai ca si jupin Dumitrachr.- l)in accste currintc umflate, insolite cle plins fitarnic, r'Szbate
Prietenilor politici cale-l bdnuiesc de tridarr:ri ir-rtelc:se1or' purticlr.l- viclenia clcnr:rgogului care r,'r'ca si-Si insele :rlegdtorii. In ct,rntinua-
re, Cafavencu afilmS: clos1:rc' cl c'i t'stc ,,ttltla progre'sist qi t'5 r,-rea
lrri ic spune cu ingimfare Ce .s?ntq[i d-uortsl,rd, mit roq? Vw1abonti irrogresul c'Lt orice plet".Pi'i n pmroinscplcrii'ail.aluteian1a5fri'oii,nsailie, 1dierrnlet:rleggocgupl rios-i
rle ztli{ii? rLLL,... Zarzauagii? rlu... ...Cd.uzp"gi! r1,:t1 D-uoastrd, ad,i- pr"ia-i bunastare. Cit privc-stc
::d noi., si.ntern c:etdleni, dontnule, si,mtent onorattili . . . X[ai ct"Ies rtoi
trei sintenz stil,pii pttt<,.,r'ii: proprietari, membrii mIalerlmrtcudarirsceeuEi-ctae:rrsltme- guinrlsce-etcuar llcccdeItds!l;deralaonbunfloti-natidsttulro:rimcnuculr-rsdtnietacir'elecipfrarueltzia{itiniitndsdpiC.cSannctrrlicusloaea.rleinao
nent, ai cotnitetul,ui electortrl, aI comitetului . ..Ca_ni.tpr:etznrt,rlt.rui. -p"Ierarmhau_-

nache. interesele pelsonale ale exploatatorilor sc' confluntd cu in- ctorin{er dc a li alr:s cu oric'e ple! deputat, Cjatar,ettcu se ser-r e;tc'
phteaurnneasacevhleoei{nedtsrati,ri.:sisd'uabrs'eiignauLfSritealit;esaurueccnacslpuuolilipdtiaecri:aotinmduvlguicrielesoadi,unu., sPcoalr'i'rrc'siesltainiessestlld;imr-(9,tioTiarl-alne-- de cele mai muldale mijloace ;i nu dispr-e{uiestc-' nici
de Ca{avencu, e} gdseStt de indata polila falsificetta, arma cu care fraze cle felul ac'estora: Sropul gantajul. Pct"
poate sd-si iirvingd adversarul. in intrigite polltile se mi;cd deci fid, il justificd pr"in
c'ri u:;ulintd, ardfir.irlu-se vt-ednic dc inrredel.ea ce i se acordi de ]a sr:uzd m,ijloct-
cen1.r'u. El vorbeste mereu despre rnor:rli gi sc ariit:i loarte preocu- cele, a spus neltluritorul, Gantbetct, si'iu L;n onL palitic: trebui.e, este
trpe'e;arlirtnte..co.tuiirencLdtpl"ercouaubcrolegelomr-aaevitcecaosotrterenubpsvagpoutieersbrc;iri'ilrecieoofiruugslopouffaiiieel5tsi.a.dtinuena,f,rdvd,iefrardallaazparpfianulrltecbiupiiiccutaedrtriee,r.r(uoa: ahur;norsndsi,aiteecz'snhitczeerit, clator, rnai eles in hn,pre.jut'(tri cn acele pt'in ctn'e trece prd,rio n.oas-
tt'd., itnprejtLrari de natur(t o hotdri tt tni;cctre genartld, rniscrtre- ce,
tlacd. uant lutt in, con.sidera{ie trec'utuL utttti stctt cr-tnstitttfia'na), tntti

al"es urt, stctt ca al nostru . . .

Ca dilecloi' dc ziar qi qef al unei gruirAli politice, vor"bcste cu
fa15r'nicie iu numeic democraliei qi progrcsului. In persoan:r lui
Ca{avencu sr. r:or.rcletizc-azd astfel intreraga coluplie a poiitiliansis-
nrului butghez.

306

3A7

stvvetpfcrenniueoioiest.cisnninotlmiiecsiitfa'sceuaieiIcdtrprh'lrretvelpeicpia'naspizeaeeelttdeuorzvatrs"uedaalctno-ncratoiiendcrunrgne.adaeaiiccil]-ePf.rrrliepnil.iteDpuivr.'omoeiiendtencirefct-itlsetirr'ei.',lesu,iurcssifaecpstuaccahllcaedmunea'.rer.dcraenaasetpfvaravtoiucaeoioect,inlc'hdptrnc'6tea*eeedirictnpn,uirutesaresardceitvaaTazmnscoctliecroa,puuairntivriciriulustcetmaaleto"eponinsoacntssdrct,igr:seniiueur"iTe:,itcia,aczaiu"pledtlo;jpldpm,uipi,tn*rieidimierfncnptsrrerc-oc.cocouea{derui.',.,iutlaa:l.uteutsprnrupiica,c,iisueti"dri.Gl;gdct6ueciec"pad.trjasarurusisautoitrre,ect:ffri;i..r.end:"utizcsr,riitscarnrts;ce,:atiianor.cr;sd-_s.ut-;d.r-; oricit de necinstite ar fi. Polilai'al oragului, el se c'ornportd l'r{a.1r,
Lsd,pgdbpnrPg,iose-Eree^-oua*rae^ateeisirurn.rnrtriseexrqaa-_ndeiptgry,tlrlfettrt?scsrolsiii'riueaa.iandti-_ri.paiarrino,e"tn"acfarisciacelilectnEite,a1rcnectnalladtaaortip)icisd'ji,dc;(f,apcne5-eicf'ttuzipahpiaFtoraurpte:_ieetlnrrti(uaieiaoi.esAteo,biuiisi.erra.acoclo"uftf^ieer.urnuilarineP-uueTneii\ntreccccronlIeii.scaoeuadddsctin;i-cnia,rgdmti,s.etd.ssygeFreccdipazeu,eiselmhqurutiiaiuctcuit{a{iesldfrrc"eadalgrlar9ta,ifprerirrruie1rtecc{anpi;icuiirgsreasua"aodifie1adcic)l.asrczten,,'nntIteltcsrreti.iiaduuecIidmde,ipae".di.anmc'.u.uredaBlee.eciilc-ecliac.gatic"duunas(c,"trootLsetr,tiietlnoagdne^r,ttrasg.uz"ioiima,anccf,-r1ciuloerooecepuicra'iaabarm,nrJetcasaieauneripsnhiaslrtiijpiniiteseeanasiiiiretduirsicsniiamen.,oeasi,cnuzimrui,ea*uetucJeietmr.i{sucte,noucns:"o,ctrnEeiepiitinde*dimsr;ttti.se,.-caie,n,-'aa;irp.lonir,',;T,n.r.in"T_ai',o-tcnutuaitlrrt-cofirnrrniia"i:-ituaipiin"asruirslinsi"t"stoieipraodgsigineX-;n.j,sdrtcriti,,tiJ,trzierrr,,tisr(c"aaie"ritreei'(era.iri'i.ht:cc,t,.arju:iiia.',.ice*ia.ag"mgie-tcterttr"prul,toerseiuidao-zieLrttairi(a_ii-,a:ti.:it"r.t:, seful sau ca o slugd un-rJld, gata sd indeplineasc-'A orice ordine. irl-;',r'
eori.elnaa"rsl1irintcee^pee,j,rfnide:it't.eidrl:cuei-"5l,pbai:ruI1deacieae"ca-,ersseo-icctoarahririztism*i{rcudonibLaenddrleld.c.ue;itu.,-ii,Jirctca'oorouejaurcru]'lLBlrdl.eo,smrigd.pir.ururoee.,n-szorst"en.\p,rin",puem,tn"eudsiiln.cddqdueeiiaTstsrldrieueptcpbsruiiui'n"ttieuer.jlrtcdst;i1"&ei, oraiireiaitg.geu_.a. tt.ttAi_uas.tgruj(ra,atn,mctc':iaiaiie tipul slujbaqului umil. El insusi se caractei'izeazd astfel: {)nztt)
dttnureauoastrd, coane F(rnied, gi al coanei Joi[icu si a Lui can,u 1,t:,
asL,,xc{ia'teIrLiis'artaia-..t.o"s."tcErFiegsertdeeT;, indpPedirsatcpetlseirnecstultiuet,izinludinampleirniog,ubiql,dertni.eefCdlesri6niCdfraieeinzlseqtarivirteuebs{ritceeuuait!azadAlc.;eqpitltueamnCeceaileu!cauioivnlcltct'L-,.l1lr,-e,,ri'1nr,c:rril:'re*l
tlotn.it:iliu! " eI rAspr:nde fdld sir Cttrti't
clipeascd: i.:ict!cn'e tLe tl,tiii.i-
L'iI iit! d,a' umflap:'L-L!
{}!i1tul lui AEcLmipd I)awcl&met./le. ln pcrsoalril :,it, intrurhil_reilzd
plostiri iui lr'arfuridi qi ticSlogia iui Calave,nr-u. Vechi politician,
r':inciidatril tlimis tlc 1a r:entlu este atit de ramolit incit nri I'eu-
qest,! sd cie.osebeastir pe lipirtcscu cle Trahanache; ciar" pentr[ a--si
:(r'siligiui laCcaalan\rdeidncautu. raJllari;;itiuptassdtrefoalrz:isesar-s'rcidso;aalenatapjeurl ittl'iur ,i;risnr
acerla-,i
alegeli lo , ! i-
toirlr.: ,,Mai trebuie s-alt' datd, la un (az iat'.. . pric!. Cc nr..,r.it,r-
ai'e'I];lndanac:he reiese cl.ar ciin arfirmalia pe care o llLcc in tegatil;,i
cu actlvitatea lui politicd: Si eu, t,n (.oate Cam,eret"e., r'tt toate ytt:!i-
dr:le, ta runzdnul irtparfial!
cctd'petinur tttrtnental. in i c:riizalea conflictnlui piesei, inrlrpii-
ne;te un rol in:portant: el gdsegte, pierde si regdseSle scrisoarca,1.'o-
ripetii calc orienteazl clesfhsurare]a conflictului si deznoddmir'iul.
Ilite tiput alegdtoruiui ingelat i;i clezorientat, car-e igi da votui nrr
idl ininccolenarmtirn'gderuen-u-l cici nu are \ireo convingere p-c-lirt,iicpi.cXnltdlumicn.ei
sati altul. Nu atr: constiin{5 .L.rir

to-
tuqi tinstit, pentrtt rd nrt:;e r;r:t'r:cile d,e scrisoai:c, ri o restit,uie,,iir-i-
tilisantr,rluit(.

Zoe Trqh,anucltr;. Singurul pelsonaj feminin diit pies;r lui L-ll-
ragiaie, Zce Trahanache indeplineqte un rol dinamic in desfdsuru-
rea intrigilor politice. Importanfa acestui lo1 este recunoscu L c{r:
toli ceilal!i. Pentm Farfuridi, partidul ineamnd, cle altfel, in pri-
titaennsuccl.ula.riPsneednst,oi,:nurolaiZedosaetmeTtiTo:artahaahnatiantcah"c,eho,emtatumlEecisoataepncoeuiil ceilal{i, iar polifaiul lrris-
pTpeerrestjoouRnctatidninlidtzcaeouten.r.ipeunqteeisrsceeua,?sst.rta.i.idpuT_aiael cqphtere-r!sfeTdrai-iicgpirioeet!olf,leiiia1scicnudtsnfziineetql;,etle.: EpC.esete_aontris*icsuuiltfasdcdieu? Joilicai(cit si aI lui'i'ip5-
abuziv in afacerile politicc:
e:;te un lucru firesc, deoarece aserneni amantului ei, prefectul, pri-
vegte judeful ca pe feuda ei personaii. A;a se explicd de ce nu st[
prea mult pe ginduri atunci cind Calavencu li cere rsustinerea can-
didaturii lui in schimbul scrisorii. Ceea ce o intereseazd in prirnul
lonesOcupg'zi Pilioepeassceumcdanredt-oI aardemoir'dauf6,rdfarledzedreveCpael;aav\eronccaut,uilnc:i;ri,i,im_a*tgoorgi.i rind este inldturarea posibilitdlii de a fi compromisd. Profuncle ei
ipimr-drtoceersaacrlcuitd,aCtneaicsr eigrivtrdiEndienaqsct,eenenaicucidnreu_gm-reaotiedi,nantfdiacpdi tanutel avcodiiuailgtedi reiunlEaia-nsldivrsieloerlaruigzl uc-irri:ofnriru*-
micdI";iq-*uraiatlduicuPvrii,nstteanledac.u,,cI'aatrme eisliei mare, renum,et.a[ie du\tri ltuget,
justificd pristancla toate {apte}e,

308 309

duita. In final, scrisoarea ia dirddualizind eroii, formulele stereotipe constituie gi ele o sursh dc"
ajunginct va umor. Pristanda folose;te pind la grotesc formula cttrat (<:ura1. mLar'-
leg#ura cu Tipdtescu. ,,anclrisant({, e;r cor-rtlnlral
dar!) sarr cu slugdrnigig ftlmelie nrere, renuntera.f,it' clt-t1l(t buget m.i'ri,
secsrtieitcooarpucol-rdeoaaplgeiedrSsciltraacmeliltaeertmricildatuierbxiiuennmcopaplsalotrrc'eie,ddceicnerntaeorda-titaisetoicinenspcce,rtinestloeraurdeaeTprtu-ieenridlee,urietnd.
lunrind ideea cle b:rzd tr comccliei si spre :r cla sat'ilei sale Cea mai Trahanache i;i mascheazd iipsa de spontaneitate 5i prostia prin 1or'^
mula-tic ai pu[intir:(r rdlscl,are, Falfuridi exciamA lituos o1r1, 'n-{iltt.
infdfi;eve, La dousp"e'ce trecttte fi.r tnit duc lgt tribt.Lnul, gingavui
nc.o'u!Stoare viges1". Dand,ana'che ,se acll'eseaz;d ficcdriua r:u puicusolult:, nedisolule t"tr'.
Pentru a cuprinde cit rnai tal'g realitatea pe Limibajui,ca mijlor: cie caracterizaler a personajelor' ;i totodatd tri
sd o zugraveascd, scriitorul a construit o ac{iunc car.e Ei-a p-croiepiufa.,*r sursd de umor ,este utilizat in piesa cu o miiestlit: inegaiabild.
cornplexi,
qt iulot ar't,dppeec_lcd.oauiatapllaannurlai.nePveledlec-doinpacruteiisaesias1teamleplalezperengladntitliejoar'.acloeglito--r Dcsdvirsitii arti a lui Caragiale nu omite r.,ici un clturent ai
doud grupuii aclrrerser. spt-.ctacolului s;ru al textului dlamatic susceptibil cit'a li folodt
pentru sublinierca ridicolului. laAsetflc..lc,lrcaumoatmurirg-ruulfipouzintaetcla(cilallirn' (5it cfi*
teEugln. 1Daunpludi.eparimeepilseo.dcoleuldo.scclernaemaa1tiececoersnteec'leieai,liczairtt'ca cu murt mes-
pun la cu.ent cien!5.-l inci neintiinitd pind un

sistenr de indicalii sr:enice deosebit de cietaliate, de i'i'rarr- foios i-rLil
pentru actor sau rcgizor. clar si pe ntru cititorul t,t-rtr-rhii. Rostul
n,paa,,aplceccllagihsusepentre'o,iiclgiostrcarpartllofi-oisrapo'a(cliuruuleur-amzsi iientscuaeauaz:lal'dfiealvaueohe''caxpuncei.aeapspcPisthloeiooegndnrtaraniulfloid.eipun.ar,fcDocfnreeamocrmateecesaemnizetaipuaxelprim..hrneciot-..mT-uaziepZdnadoiptetnuerc.l.osTeapcrpicaueucrisrtdtual'aae-l acestor detaliate indic:a1:i sccnice il constituie Leerlizaita uneri ul'li-
constituie rlezlSn!uile:r conflictului intrc ei si catavencu. lle aici tdti organice prin fuziunea comicului de limbaj c'ri ctrmicu.l gestu-
lui. Am r.dzut ci discursul pc cale Calartcncu il l.inc la adunelorr
din ajunul alegeriior este la tot pasui presdrat cu numeroasc inr.li .
calii scenice; pentru a ilustra precizia pind la clr:taliu a irrclicafi;lr,r'
sceriice. o reproducem pe aceea care il introduce tot pe Calaven<tu:
inai r-iti', episoadele sacililra-smpa,.it:\icgcteaatmsoeriulsiluuDig. acTenddriaminnaittcre-hruecnra-rcitamcnocnvlisdiutai,ttuupileruoivcolc.,cl.ezinncoIa-l .,CA?riVEllCU (ia pozd, trece cu, importan[d. Ttrintt"e: nitt/fi.nte si se
j.ntelesul i'r'r:scir-rd suie ls tribund; i.si pune pdldria la ct parte, gustd tlin, palvvul r:rr'
ttptiL, scoate un uraf de hirtii qi gazete ;i Ie a;az(t la tribund, apai,'
centru gi alegore:r i.si'truge betista ;i i;i ;terge cu eiegan!(t auocdleascit fruntea. it:;te

ciSmintul.

Comedja O :;t'risoure piercluld slir.neste. r'isu1 sperctatoriloi. in entof.tonctt, tu;e;te si lttptir, ostentatiu cu enzolia care p{\re a-L birtti..
fiecarc scen5, aproape cu fiecare replici. Esenla comicului iui, 'f(tcere catnpletd.. Cu glasul tremurat):"
caragiale cste profund i'ealistd, si decurge din dezr-dluir.ea contra-
dic{iei dintle ceea ce pelsonajeie vor sd pard si ceeit ce sint in re:r- T'o'ate gestulile sttLdiate a1e ot'atorului, faisa lui ernolie conLu-
litate. Tl ahanache estc. r'iclicol pentru cd se cronsick:r'd un reazd figura ciemagogului si ne plcgdiesc pentt'u disculsnl care vil
pute'tii'(, in tinrp ce cle fapt Zoe este a(eoa carL. hotaleste, p,e,ssttielpc-aa-l
pul lui, cc candiclat la susiine in alegct,i. utma.

Comicul este realizat prin proceCee at'tistic'c rnultiple care, Un ait mijloc de caracterizare gi ridiculizare es;le numele lor
inlninuncheate, dau s:rtirci o asculime exc'epfionala. F aptul
contularea atit de i-rcesta Zaharia Trahanache, Agarnild Danclanache, Nae (ialavencu, 1''ar'1u-
iese in evidenla in variati a plofi.h:Jui
rrriial ridi si Brinzovenescu sint intr-adevdr nulne potrivite respectiv crr
viclenia, servilitatea, demagogia, prostia gi cupiditatea persona-
jeior.
al pet'sonajelor. ]riecare iEi define;te caracterur ilr primul rind prin
v:iZ.stnrtreilaiotcecnu,e.ucsalsilueutfegaiuiazsriaPani(inctlalie;sitolinertmpalriuadvndiiceedtllmndDausf,neaaiaandgcudlboeceaagrlu.insziiad6attiarin.c<sihu,?aCoesrrllie,detfct)sisadeuaeilbncermncidalanocnrrrauma,u'.erroileieul,liapncei iuetfc'tcarlsuii'atistdreeenmoednppheija-udrinrmijsia.tna.rtbCiutp$calodual-jim..tsin,ecAtismacugtcujorruiuical:ulr,mirdtlleiaeulaeedtiaauiscsdfClaemtieetcstu.iuekrz{iual:lri,ia-.--li Mdiestri,a cu care Caragiale a qtiut se creeze pt-'rsonajele 9i sd,
conducd fireie acliunii, a asigurat comediei C sc:t"isoare pierclutd
o largi popularit;ite atit la noi cit si pe mai'toate marile meridiane

culturale ale lumii.
Comedia este opa-ra dramnticd. in prozd' sau in uet'suri auind wt'
nate, confuze, sforditoare si pr:in proza patriotardd a pc.rsonajelor. Tr-r- conlinut ;i un deznodamint care stirnesc risul ;i care satiri.zeilzii
realltd[i sociale, slibi,ciuni general-um,ene so.LL prezintd situafii' hnzlii,.

31i

310

i'finertcii;ierozt["iiarzrtc.neet*te.'alI"anidaz(G:didlifsl'fea'afudiidsnrp;e.ellccidill;m{eddbifTgcido.tcuJuridVduaci:eoonu.:Amiur.c;\rtl,olJe.ittr-\nd{raK-.u,fiusniislniiesura"ucfirtotelctiiuenuur{srmidcli.*;iuCs;a!e)ijpui,a.1";e'c;ftn;ce;it.;")siiilfe"r.i;cc'J-,,r;i,.";i;ii-a.rii,ci-iinoo"cemr.n,eief(ciiaci1id'i.itriid',csifiriit.icitid,ep'".i,f,nis,iclipicui"cp*sorbit,rorat;iia'e-"cicfirci-iitaA-eltu,ltcure,plolia_rrsu'rrsitsa'etn."eriuprif.iruecrsricntar.iieetisre'afc,.pNe,';ouricreir.ont_ai.ee_: CURENTELE LITER,ARE

curentele literare sint considerate sinteze istorice. piin culent
artistic, Tudor Vianu infeiege o miqcare literalii care se poate in-
cadla intr-o cronologie, realizatd prin gruparea unor artisti in julul
unui proglam ideologico-estetico stilistic Ei practic comurr, orientat
cel mai adesea polernic, irnpotriva unoi' formulc. altistice antelioale"
l)c."ci curentele se pot caracteriza prin mai multe elemente. Cltlrn-
tele unificd artiEtii apropiali ideologic, estetic si legafi prin laprur'-
de ordin estetic. Un prim element e cle naturd istorica. Ouicn-
turi
tele apar intr-e anumitS perioadd gi clispal ii-i aita. Fiincl r-orb:r ric
procese istorice, nasterea lor nu po:rte fi fcixaalet5ScLui saunbuiinl i;aizzaiuaaf.ilDmaar..-
convenfional, eristd anumite date prin
rea mai neti a unui curent. De exernpiu 1830, ait cind clran-ra jui
Vunictcoor nHfluicgto,viHoelernnatniin,,tarefocslat sreicpiresziernotmatdanlttircimi, amoaarcrhdt-saizai prile:juit
triumful
romantismului in Franla. Alteori,' aparili;r unei reviste, pnblicarea
unui manifest literar sau a unui progr:rm este consider':rtd acL cle
aparitie. Prograrnul Daciei literqre (1840), ca si unele cuvintdri ale
intemeietorului ei, Mihail l(ogdlniceanu (cum a fost 1eclia intro-
ductivd a cursului de istolie ia Academia Mihdileana) au eriirlii-irrt
pr:incipalele otiiective artistice ale acestei irnpor.tante n-riscili ciin li-
atenrualtu1r8a81n,oaanstrc'5.i.ncNl aagptaerreeanucbulriceanttiualuci'aCleonatcc:tln:tptonrucnln-lteL1lee'c'i-lieregn1a.uti1ucii.e

tic. curentele iiterare cuprind scliitori api'opiali icltologir, 1i erite*
Ile exeml:iu, curentul Duciei literere nu poate in
fi inteles afalii
ideologiei progresiste, de pregdtir.e a revoluliei de in 1848. ,,\1.r.,;-

pierea sau inr:udirea ideologica c- completatd cle Lrn pl'ogl'am esteric

comun. De 1a inceputui afirmilii lor, curentele isi afirmi antipatii
si simpatii artistice, se dez'rolta in opozilie cu curentelc. cale 1e"au
ptrinrcea.ctPeerfloiangt.raaemsnaue-nlne!u6amratinitseutliemceiateartupfurfaionllecmipperii.foo;giararitgreni adftiiixvceee,arspzciu. buTlnJicnaepltreeogsirinnamt perxeimsptreui--i
numdr al unei leviste (Dacia literardt(, ,,sdmdnatorul*(), sau se t e-
constituie clin mai multe articole publicate in primul sau in primii
ani de apari!ie {,,Contemporanul((, ,,Viata r.omdneascds etc.) Alte

JIJ

piiiti'ormo estetice se afirma in pi'efele, ala cum c.ste r.azul cit,orvil dciA;".u;.,Ltvoit"iun"iitru"e1"ib,ind3porl0[ari,rvatei'iitnnaoat'lttuiiidclmleiDt;pciaeurcalplir.ealoduirlgctiatreecIaortsmiurnisrrpdelH.l.oAAeainclc|ieaeeildasi<astelttecaR'dacdrerutdaarucrcetli-cnenvsict'icseelutipats.eeteSrci.nuaemr,casaocecinenupsslali-ccmolailneronaurdLc1netlmelracnrdet'
dintre celer mari rdsunitoare mapupp"o"ar.itn,"riiut"iifi.e"ttdasactd6icngr'orie.med1npue8ern4|eoad0zbl,,ieeicpcnioeriaepinrlsrt-eiorinr{ngiiuinta|ea{ciensteitasseettpgeesoiltaeigcttecleieclnceieina,rtc,arPo'-{1rmoiio8au4plaun8dl.e;gailtaev;riaaum"pta.i.toguuDcalaii.ntertitestt'ruteetcd_olu.iiannijtturecu-s-rltastaifolclaeicecisgad-teil--,
formuidri ale cstc.ticii tcru.uerrnieiDcunuttuelptpiuouel'ta.e|leerCnlu'ifocorle;tratnlttlticeurlepaua|ortieeimsr"mlnaoinuccetlui.csiupicarcienasmiCupnaleroaaagrmiealaepr,i|i|S'alpaEvimdiciini,eq.Dsicuiuni.lmiuiauZirlia|cemua--
AndocrirssmtIion)ettee-ilna.sstHaectomali.tleronrnaelierrursaee,t._u-pctcnri.a,eesllic,cirtiipssnro-irgutrrla,tmeclcoppsoiielndttdic,pera,escacirrsr.iuscteotne,,rtinur'orclpmaiinitietimLa-rirontcidcleeer,rr;rlirrrIirx1r1ei1i1
scriitorii celre illrartin unui c'uront ritei'ar" au rinclc' pai.1i.r-.rrla-' firescu, Viahul6 etc. Curentul cle Ia,,eontemporanultt..m:lrcheazb
t'itati stilisticc conrune, nernifesti prcferinle pcntrr.r Lrrr anumr rllocl
fctl:cr'icnuu{anltivpaaeit.rcre'tl.;eurmitmcenin-tLreguinnisiifit,iocpraiectonert,riuflockao'nlonursmictietiture,ieerppxnorcctfiicei erliintee{sa'tar,t.-cosmpeaetctci.cifiiic. dprroe-- mroalII-a3ii"tvorereibrimmndirougLaeaaeDranRistee"etceuiunnb('.lds.ncsra.eieuLoesmpltuaniioaSdundcrnneut.iiui:udu,colLtnlcoi"od;,:rs.rl:gea3imsesi.lemc,uailloig'p-qpt,leiPariulo,picd|ladiultoleo|iureiep:ncssaoiecictcld''laurlao;aXi,niiotriXGoTsbiloamru-uagilcre,,incca{aolGaobce|uiecgsaAttooc'icratrgmndhBnmhttioieva'delagrlcizc:izilrai'ea:sa,i|dlaiieHfieMeni-cosrtucnaira,hit'unrveaeN1antnirnc)lisiccugiiitsoaaopcacrlludiacPeerolc;1l:Seetrvip!n.le-oatteiael'rdot]ngclauou.'ai)tdta,-,,'
iamnacimnsteipsnrrleen'juiullrucdia,rilpittedipliciciienp.clrirne;rinlisfdm{iuglaprereacuoln'}iozer apzeirsoonreacjlcartpipcicitcmsaurripfridineslri,r tr"iumfa noul tlp cle rcalisirl - c-cl al zileiol tloastt el'
Existd gi legdtu'i practice prin care sc manife-ct.i u*itatea con-
ttrccceta'req;zitttddoi rapcueelecnnu',at,rr,ecvulniuatJru{iua,lu,ndnii.imovlu\ee4d.aes((,mccpbsereaniilnaoutcarnlunuue"sliil.mic,tsuebbrroeaulnirsretdmstu(occrroautrsoli(arrnna\bp{nrareeilrsurucri'cdseEctrc-uue.)gv,leiasfrntee}cLJ(#uo,e,cLvnuii---,
nescu etc.).
lzlpnoaeligaanlisjiattteEliiacqrnxaei taia,tusolrirttntaSeiit.l,eeo_vE.iczamixiruitasaenltu'ldeeeaccrsorliairasesrutsioinecpretioisaclncmtd-celseeidnnttieclienl.ictlIieeuJnror:semaaontrcauttieeinra.ilt,eqiUs,ii,mnncreauurdlmlne,eusdneazcail.cl,aaflss.i,€lclittimnslseteootfnoerreiaearatdd,e,upneac^urtptimnterrueulae---i
curentele au apdrut rclativ'tirzir*r in
rioada der niatulizarc a concepliei despre istoria iiter-attirii, in pe-
sine a lite.aturii.
scrlrieeaexlxieiissi,ttaepruc-rncbinltiacdatitcliiii,iiedcee'monlaaoctgeluirbriaidl,eeetcsr.etesptiecci,tiiveegl dotucriirpcrualactliiccem, aaui peniru

trebuit CLAS!CISM U L
largd a

c;:lilp[.acraesrrdta:L''ciiasc:lr-irhtlet,i'iencenipIcPPlcraicr'nsaif-deicrot'ibiaieeainieaislinntnairtrrctilr.ptd,aucrudui-suuiarlf]eo,iLamcfemsilcpraat;dalo:i,iraramcremdnsearalcoc-idaexgetcuaeiitiscnundsalcdro,a_teietuatureirjoun-uretlpaiurecpnamlrsaoiinaeutttlaraeeitivdbdtltdnarnoedmlaitdaitlcienuermro.piainn"erlna'ialiaoaaoidriprx(raiibcarnfriablrimrliiiapodteamlu,ecuadarilrJegcacecratuiihurluonfetjarnieuruleaafuseozrmdr,tiiosnoceeueascdri-tnsncideulorttmetaoreeltXecoddnmtruieV'siaelipsao,dIefauarsIccaetso-eblrulletsaalspemeirt'etsnrailcsieilicicluuet)leenihcosr">ccg.n-rlci'a?uz-aealiiriile)nsurlirtpereireiiiitl,{uuui'iddi;*oniiaubieebailfltcir*tiolcscamruivre'cXcaicicaloibiaiih,,IeriiaXuli:ieztsclleeaie,r-t-(,.!: Clasicismul este un cttt'ent litclal cal'c s-a alilmat cu mai rriuli'il
apArut iir seclr:lii.tl
r.igoare iri Franta. El a al X\rll-lea, in tirrrl;rt1 r'i

itpniocec.cotTiienceddoo.irfAilaitltcelieecaadiasrcsn5ztu.a'rrl,oaccltrtriSuaopras'riiiii'ccnia.csblmCeseuopaLiluuiirt-i:irnsclrmai';pltunaimrliu.ctpeiiezonlr;'ottrran'l6naostt'sdhi1ti<.o'R"rploi ciellldcsateiuit.iscpcitoeicisltcLiti'.c;'\1rt'a'rl.c::'il--

lismului flrnccz. apar{in ircestlti curctrt silt acimillrtoli i;ir':i i "-
Scliirorii cat'et
zerve'ai antichita{ii grcc'o-iatir-io. [).iecind dc l:l printripillc rLi tt,ri 'ln-
ltsciicccelerrpeiittgte,orlBeerirocqciellililentl|aes(uFge.{cuoLomliallueclrF'a,aolEln't)ste(acVihinIiiILle-,nlcS-t'iaocefo-'s.ccAiercmi,ucEi'LsouitpyaceilpeLriesdl|ccCc,naoAtrt'enillitseeaitlrloll:e't;tu',eraIiIl)ticzao'tcs'Litnszctze'Lnr,'iuepllm:oc'li--tl'
314

315

)

"iii4un:':i'lit'dii,.:',s.iiiti-(rail'riCr^'1:srd'u1.,oe'.iir*aru.zirlcii*Ir,n;ipnosinaglitcrsdJcpiia:rislaitsidplicais;ci1rrtaior,sniili.cerr'j'.,ai(kimacr,atr.oeitiorcrneat,lu,i-lant"ra-lpicrr,.t,'re'iio,,sa.io.-irri,oj'rf',rCpulo.uilil.eorts.retac."suo;ei'scpillnreunocc.tapihir*treioirerairbi'.ptrcetar.opittnelaag,rs.tir{iin-niilnnlp-cfir.rsa-,rp\..,oa,i,mtrrririil*ulr,t--i:* compozi{ia sgotiilcsuotimuiliuposl zionilptie:epe'erceihcliiiltzibeia'raa,trcre,laasrrietmaboteunaicc,udsr,doobdrrdeieotnoaatectdlaeo9ssiiecbalairti-i

;:l';:q:ct'i'lhia;a]ti;liu"-'"],ot.air:rraTcrire.,rrlrinc#'rli'!€lJrtttice,t1l;ueaab?-'trl:"'.,ds"uutaP."iljiitaPr.uluanrtn,fpji.e,^py1'_ite'ctct;f,igsrrur:e"#i"n,ellJ's.aeeaeeejtan,icacio.unr.g?lfdie]rs,l'ieansolt-lierp:oaeo'teru1g.iacac',dmttsnn,cic1iacfiui'up-imar{eenai-nrg-err_niueel:rbircP'uieau'p,a.,emimcai;au.im.lr',ntitesocigt,eapioadsctelc"atzoccsriitrepuua..sc!ii:e.{u.drclre;-,tieca'i..a;ircuuriniueaerntr'ta.t..sucntlte"cnduc,ceo1meluip^atoociiu"us-cuea"lp'neocrrtanuurc,naeiea.ssi'sotrcatsi-serrjtriapret(dzernerptirpL"t;ieiur^.drocfceeee,;u;eucgii;rfitpgi"clo:"e"iri:e'l,uctideitdue*aersiilr1ract\crrriit,zl?oa"niue,rrcpt;pidii.uim.tearil;u-re*.an,i";rrrjotlallcii-"i-i"a;ii*trib"tttutaae,;lueraiier*a,c"tste,gr]re,ozauferteiruui:rautxaaM_.g,nerd),ppatrivmi,tsuddio"t_uurgapid..utn-ieeinlmeiitpr,et_ilgmenu,eaeeciao"}jriaiirit,riiaisrpic.aiiaoocatli',_;icu,tras,idc.;-'i;.tidaliuir-igc;.isaar*,ornniae;itenslj.,dcss;r-r"rui;ip,''e;irrai-.crtntdtcli.r;"tuiizoaol-'r-rJri'euiA{roptm,epta.u.nierei;ge.a.ad"o!erJarraa'rlfrIetrcir,ru"i,tirs,iniictu,umaucni.ufic,traarairnciuee6lu,ci"_aprlc'oranzecssnlgpa,iimite_dta,'.l9r,aabri,.seeu_fsoiienriirtmcn,iimici,tt*eransjrrd:t_ezn,a-__r,ee,t-e-iti arit.enTfieri.sSdetucrielere
tnt'tiuriliLo;miaiid.l;er.iPlenuia-e-nupirlrt''.zr'.hf;coo.e{ila7'iprantsnuuiei.uurittam.liepec€arnl}eazrezedsaeinc,ttzfriia:sr.d,iee'.,Is,"bid\nttItrcrnuiihueraeittjaasngticai'?e,u':iianr,ir.triiiirrenn-'upoae.utscfitneotsyrn.uul-::i;;c"1cntL(,u.iDisrr.'idaCp,nir'u."toiiririncr-,i-utnai-"irrlr.Jia:tltruimnr'ngctrrpirri,,e;t,"ot'x.s1,e;rr,.rmt,";t_i.f,
rnonia.
i;l;;;i"' ;ilffi,:i:I;i,,vi..i:::,i,'i::i,gy:uXft?:tl'm,:"rj11l.t1?d"l:t]i:r.:.:.i5,:"n:t,j-dt,:ti:l,?.^":lc:j"::,e:1ql:.e?1^tgal*l,dtrcItr*pe'.i19"rae:i.i.ois.1irtt3ee:e.i'*rtr*aoua*ir.ctrse"ier'lm,a'.rscu1?nirlc;tuio.i:ns."m.|si"a9ctieii"n-irn'*;3;";"lu"ui*;lp";";"taiai"i;*r"'d-ia;;i;"ni't;_tr;r,;e,i','His,i;ie".;inTi*".t:'i"i.iml,;ii:,ije".,li,r'r.;:rTir:lTs:]i grclmnudreituisrnnmlGttIieocnurer.ldualAseinit.ecluesrlT,xioeioatcrrogtnotuuridrnirns.rateeieAsdnicncsioiurflfalefal,eusstil,ei,ruc,Sfdnifiz,a,lieAabnoullludoealetg1isusleieeiial'eicnpl'dl.udoaeiras1itiuAucee;ii.rstCeveDmioo.eosruvbtntdalruiidcicsihdei,dseseetceuNuprroineisi'brgtrpocrsururueerezrnrrlezeoevniri.noqtsaiaiinansis\tleai{eo.eteipirKea.eelsoelliea---

! *","'g:ie.ie.b:a, I.,putC*Ao,"ru-eaa]rlrrie:mel:onzoo.et.urrrd-i.lreeiseczo-,icis;atsedsocbitbciatDrgisa1ie,p_tdaiiimrattieutrp,,scrmtgiirmituraici,air,t$iadetldeiextesteigtoe;reo.i.ae.n;,e;t,;itbu;td_eirt:drIiiig,,peeo8o!r".;d"d't;ri.n;"r"iei'"t,a;,t;'ci_;rlai- rfii:rili"otia*inrtue"ulu,,lrel,c,ch_ei-- ILUMINISMUL

J-II) flFpLpsoiLrleue-orrrcs],sznnloceeSoiilnunucfu-ili,llti.onullcolu-urrarlm.uaaamrllnceiieVnc!aii,nlri-eilsrisipsn.nl-copt\ePia\,il;cn"iiielleidsdeJaapaeo,er-|ieslcsilcleazp-uc.abeerml]inlurtulitirompmaneanleinosiidfnncismacaiatcldeurir<goezieii,uvtposimsoii;penilesedtaelaiaedcsisr;meteiteti.i've.llaaooSdtBrrss:."apiuinAfzoltsnreIcaauolleiersnnnatapdetusiceiiltnueetdnsiramuiqfidsmramuetiedrniiaseieicpgliuaencaeii,unerurccnvidlolEoueoiastsulioetdet'aoirpds.linnpr-i|;auelcrsrs.ua.-,ci.i
-lRioovuinsssieGAae.ur,Nrnl.)aiRcnlaicaill;ios,to\.'cIcI\l-tea*lsr-,teaistniiuols,l,Guesolicalc.;leoLtnce.i,ssAinlfgie, Hrie-r*deinr,'sltcahliiiale;rN, ,GIo.eNthie-
Trdsdturile clisiincte aic icleotrogiei iluministe: r'a{ionalism. spi-
rit laic, matt'r'iaiisin mecanicisi, loieranfii religioasi, emancipare si
ameliorare a fiinfei un.rane piin eclucafie gi cuitura. Deci ilurninisir,ul
:r evoluat intr'-un climat cle gindire social-politicd antiftuclald si cie

filozofie empiric mateliaiistd. pr-. baza critiiii r.alion;Liiste alrar corl-
cepte noi, ca: egatritatea si il.eptul natural, sr,n'eranitater popor:ulii
pt'intr-un si:t.,nr i,leal de gLl\ ern.r;.e (rnonarlria luminatd. aj.,oi r,,-

prrblic'a).

ggm:riilcinaoetdsIulfueuolru:mr,asimi{iiin-ednaii"sdslti$uimeicpobaeeaaulriibsaaneiical9rilailuiitorsoeenruc.alsnu1Apc6:ciaLr(liiprimtamuoaars,ttiieasnlurrtn-pdrdcbte)oasntscapsrunciedbl.i"aen.iiiinntare-ftucleuioieonupnrrign{coaalbcon.lmlcerizlemeoapngatiimeuaaclclliesotiiucrrp-'ot,rr.'l.ldii.mile{odlsair--i

n eeesitate.

Pentru realizarea arcestci: iidnealiltuerriadtuerSd,reaprttadt.efigioi.ziiokfrieertagtiestaiiirrlna-
di.'.idului, iluministii au gdsit

)t.'

mijioacc imprlrtante de irrfluenlarc si luptd,;i le-au folosit ('a
atare.
srziaa[eJtiircPop,eedtresipr.ueairacttetrn(u1(llr,iotdpemecrttaa"icdnrLeb-eoip,lai,rsa:ftopaotabnlauuerldcfoaria.rImE]sueaxiteinn}mlocIo:ip(,nri,tisfepicsclcrqiumcumiiietpnLuro)ib,ni,ucrcolgrip"hl#e.nre.o"ez-ndlce,i,ramsciilsuelrrglodo.mjs'riirluir,iit,--- pg{DoLuiLsntasuuevl!1{laln.iapml,cdio.br-"'pruioiten,1nToaattrnlrutJainueidnesaci,uie1eppyfru,virrstanulaTul cllelh,dpiircointcLtbfeisoiiiiartu'aotnrumceiiltttGniimehcol.esl$oipignDeicctiraa.:iulrolsqilwiimsapaiebornri-i'Lu;rtirioluniL!:i{aneicnrr:Leeir-.-,
rrele lui Voltai,r'e (Bruttts, Zuira, Mcth,otnet, Zadiq, Cttncl.id), r'omanelc c-liunoprtic:tra-rRcreIioe,i_prscrcdeuoezleaiiol.gutastL"clclirinle]lmslcecnndoeted.lieaiisuaitdots'ercciiclleicscleeosnpiceelforilevsoeildnodeget sic{ccirnacoul,atcaduoritnsiititutiiindiinnuin}inieafcic&piutrio-vdigiltopraesctseeibstaittld.ors.i-l
cqdi -luesgeiturriitJae, lui Diderot (Cuget(tri f:loza.fic:e, Eseuri despt.c pi:tttrd, t-ricani, doved,:au lirtinitatea limbii si a poporului rornan, c,oritinuita-
Nepotul lui Rsmeau, JcrcltLes JuttLlistul.), cbmeciiile lui ltturcrpaotpantreip'iunelturn,ietr|louumputa5nnai.nrIvoiu5mmfia'minniiilsnomrt npua"l f-iro.'c-n.lmia"ola,gnpreresrniclters.uvee.cmchaaiinraDcciaptecairriiezgaeiaupznol,iltitapictrcaina,
lJeaumar:r:hais (Bitrbierul din Seuil|ct si Nuntcr ltti !'iguo). ln Anglia, it"ss'm.tocu'ocopiiraotpDidtnrrsr6tl;iaiS-niasntruuitps.c^iutinjrnrin-'nfrrj-.ltict'tnraul'ellrcoaapzlellrt'a.inovrnraleiutel-arcmdptleugio:earripleiioilosoasc.tsruuuiehdflateriusiuu,ci.nldnoupv.llieil,reinfissanttigrmoouiiiarriidnneleaetbgiusaausifluriiitildnoiai.ie{mtmeialne'Araboenignaiidndc.rniooadsebm-rrdue.aaugupnili.uteeusilt,.nic.ilua,isntrpccnle.t.e,unozs---tt
Daniel lfefoe publicA lomanul posibilc l-ior,iit.son Crisoe, n'reroase abececlarlc. glamatici si alte' tipur.i de manuale. ,!'coalrr or.-
cle arrentur-i fantirstic,e cdldr:oriile lzti delearud. are un mar.e merrit in clezvoltarea lirnbii romAne.
ial Ionathan swift romanul avcnlur-i lgsIDpmtnnilodguirea.oacdsaslii-ertnuna.tticPaaLtsIllaaddTiclnmc"et.herRuebisqeei,,ciiqcilbiauaec_ll"jiou,brureruoenrrssLt.rernot;nii'n)reurmaii.ltcnintnaqaclhLiiilc^stcoxeiaal,dtuppniaeuilerreiGrei'srmBaia-sacocrpisieapnriloalearncita.:lisr]roui{ntiiRcionecfioruniuiac.crrlaitli,iln-Lae(lcrsdotr-,i"st)naierr,tacGcsLreuciueielcr'cenaam.pzcilrbeho'rnplgiauelp.dodelipaiturte-tetiieLeJz-irosaou-3-i.iiazts,llaceedrptrpe'tTiico'[c,rnliiuopicfuasnGltnlo,-lt.uetahitlnTtrfuot.ilriuooiableamAurdnunti{si.eeooii{ctali.ilritalcmucctcshninfalteci-uv,tb-lnr<ldi..iiii:-iufp"crieIt"naooares,cr'n.e.iitlaiiiib"r,spifcr,lcJirci,rli.rueAct.,cipirilL.ili.aor:,csr-t,--,i-ii
Guliuer. In Germani:r, de
Lessing.scrie stuclii cle ostetica vliitceoralapu{bLinicor-i ROMANTISMUL
toon), clrame (Ernilirt
clolotti).'in Itaiia Gianbatt,istar LBdallizMaare's,'teoscdcoariluictloleuaicra'er:l'ax{GieIXeol-itIreegleaa.sdeasnctedlocmftd'iancae'o^at*adraei'notsiiceitdeb'i.a'e-iat"ulr.al-,pi'.'iimi..crtirjn*nrdiu-
opera sa filozoficd stiin{a noud.. carlo Goldoni sclic comeclii ca Bc- cipo'eurpenezdlreaeancgstiaaul!er'riegooaanmtrsda(utn-lc\,tiaiecu;adited;c.inuPdcneirtniamlialaausmetcrcaarlriesiet[rfoiit,-urie-iliuaplorsdoli'ezmloabtrtaonnzread|uneaotaiiacrliosicmtdl:e"aeDren-uartaLirsniouirnnnxoefeuadiml.uuf.ia"pi;'aullai"isiptctuli:r..rsor-i*.
cld,ranii, Flangi;a, Euantctiul etc. In Rusia Radiscev tipdreste un jur-
nal de,. cdlStorie, Citldtorie d"e. la Petersburq lcL illlost'outt elc:. 319
Literatura iluministd are c.t tematicS ce.r-rtt al6 erfirmalea clr.a-
gostei cle libertate gi lupta impotriva tiranici si ar clespotisrnului fcr,r-
clal. 1a un mare avint poezia liricd, practic neglijiltd tle clasicism.
in i, cloua jumdtate a secolului ai XVIII-len ii inceputul seco-
iulr-ri al XiX-lea filozofia gi ideologia iluministi prtluncie si in tr-
l'ile romAne. in lara noastri, iluminisrnul i:r fot'me specifirc legiite
dc' realitdtile sociale. Replezentantii ilun-rinismuiui transilvanean
inifiaz5 o migcare icleologrici, politicd, iitelari si social-cultur:ald,
cttnoscut5 sub numele de Scoa.la cn'cleleantt.
xtuvl'liltliS-dluedbac,c.slemfdni;usumcla:irrtldeeaipncalteArio$rdtciecoadullddinear"ecaLliebr!l,cteialuani,irlresjuennai-nlridfoetnaleatgeldr:ilsmisiss,cocc:a,oiraleuriarlr,rcidueal--I

tcrminatd de lupta pe care masele. populare au clus-o pi.ntru clesfiin-

Fpt,arpa.r"eleiir\iacfilliieeoiop'brrIde,ogzrLieeriis,-Brttpuoaccrnilncfaiteira,uDifeiaSllofecirlaoomngleiiuiuc.r'eterSadiselduilerin:lnietdepeutrsu-asirnicrlteoprSeenaiamplooiuugzinliltlMiniiiltirelc.eousrp,ncoAGpnnohed.r.zupuSlriuinninilc,ecalieini-,

ii ('€- stLl i a.

Celo nrai importante lucr'iri i.ilc acestor i'cpl'ezcl-rtan!i sint: /s-
tarict", lucrurilp si irttint,pldt"il.e rornAnilor a lui Samuil Micu, 1/ro-
ttltu rotttc.nilar si u ntui mul,tor nearn.uri luPictGrthr .l\$Iainio,cra' i-,,iIsltiogta'ia-
Dentru inc'epzftul r(ttttanilor in Da,cltin tt .-t
rti.ntln, epopeea lui Ioan Budai l)eieanr_r.
ltti

Lucrdrile cle cdpdtii care rrddesc pi'corrupb.rile lol filoiogice sint
|t)irrtm7vd11to1iliir1e''s.l(atritcuar(rtterocnltearrtocgetsLtt'('iLonini aliltueiresalcmttuinile"l(\f1icTr-Zr,gs),crEieleretnecahrteo
este

lin-

']lQ

tf-nilcclIemn-iSroeroi]rgaaae:n'irieinnlE.aealigetsatliiieicnpnsnecidei,meuatreatcrui{oautsiotanadoetlornupuiearccniatiszirleria"sirree,.,joraecoe'dbsoSctdjlltnuiutemieenaaltiimlrdnlcaSpeosaSono,adnpr"nvatcgz'uieltieftcuiiieemienttiicorseanani_c{apctr{aprleacirerreaooieecdiarmrtcienaelosailstanoeurapac.mtstiiuiepenovaFidnneo,tcearreafaiuvide]ntcapisiltecbidudcoeEe,el{cfaraaioirriirze,aot*eicaclsrriucdleuntueaarencamf;r"tauriaienco,'re.it-(tcueninad,nuselmntuaeomledtnipladlioitueizlrlnnruilasonc6acsdncllcdaaa-rsaiatdevrrtrpraeiiedeaatlaiaasdacdmirildntmetz6aiecpt.i.ua,rrlveieemegrnsi.zciaadndcaiilttatxiraiatv-,caaigiaa*acntriscclec"icpe]aoodid.s.----, piiemrocIAtcrslm'isiieprtuaeninpcodireplnuotli'el:firni.ri]o;ntun-b.r.eeaiceatiEelne'ita?aao,.iicila,darlpucnr,eepcaisroraea'oillcAstueieesauetcev,pasrcmenA.runnaaoa_nlnlalpieuuteesc;suuiirmrlcnhzinlt"vcnlirAiieiioeeAna'-h,elanortanzlnzpileIArsRrdtsuJutreluiaeeltetotusteo'r'unaldeosdiucr1daZc.srusbi8tc-eeoIraeolar4lrt"aesoe.aapnpiPt_anmo,etAldo,IgrRtucqiaMpuarrLer.rrieidugaenilteerca,cxdectiicrte,iia.filIslcitir.eel-nr.tasrer'tecitaor.ei;tcalbreeoa.xezilddrric.s[edpeaiwlgecl.euiimeucesial,ronueatvLpeeracc.Aclaepdrlaa]J.seNacerls"poeisre._ridav,susmribixnt.peoListcoata"aeeeoanerapnrn[dngise"alrirdadtideed"eaLoiiier,nnazj.,rne"dsi.'pliLu.iEs"_Aleccli,erinc,gaha"ea-du;fit'"riiln;elee,zdCarpsis-'idretc:c;co-ci"tevtjd'xhnt-u.oi.iWneirp"rbl,ii'i"gatil"iwcrr-oi"eiiea,tiets"ccmtl,girgtutlt;aueir."udirlaBcuosriruledaiadaszmezirpidlszpcnncnuzaaaauittee,.mrinnet,nsocr'ptpB*rtiRicuiapneircru:*aruoerrreu-_iet_--r"i,r_--

caractere excep{ionale. 1.t i, r1,j51n.

lesrionu;'mbdisiaeoteacnrttotia,ivic.lc.ietdixnAtcursteartdpcfnefsdsioldu,pnttuauiannurlid.eosrepdeseadereeninls{eicartiiidnreesaocpbuirriatoetmcaetiavdunniftneiesrimtorlmeuuclreununiiteueildelsetiessatcolc'iczariiaarcalt,eecs,tcecazrrurdieir}trcilianisili-il glvireizriimc'iidRr-aeanfovdset,cpniltioinarridltiicuaIdaanliPi,vtoiateeis-izniiligioe,lmep,zaAadrpnesceuisslaactinrl.eecvr'eui nlaeitmriia'nnteimmpnoipcl"du;bl-oritca,a;drdee*vad'ivrlan*tr'dumircaaunrlcuteei r,daclee,
ce{riarspeerodeaceRziri6ileo. mrS^ienincagnrro.ievtipittisoeidtmroraEiur,irlsoicademie.nsnaatdeelin,zcvtepeiicaassizusit6eap],itrsneolttuigrcortieciEnaoscrnneiiqstssrtfiiaesoztariimncusedirfrraoeiiccisattetpivavtBitderc)ut,isirnriiop,icenrirenp,sarcVLonrlgiiniiiftretoeotsrrstreuiisncllt.teddrinutgalir61o-l:re-e,- pggteairratasr'eii"osuetpcricoaec.nfcaficlfairdc,eoiltliiaezngteaeeaanzEc|irreoibnmaisioaatpncoelt.aiirs.emadeduseriiuniipsptp'aloeirrmrtarer6tuinefreinispncuotprsi-ueeel.asesrtuxer,prtiircmisdmae-dudiiiiirinna"atisparprt.seorrzciraeieisi-Iaeij-*
vEneernasinin'Lrue-ssreectucuai.t,ifmiMrmaa.c.deetcsaiiopnassck'ari,iirteoJer.i'p$criiae'rfeAei nlen"rr.xai,att-u*'ncr.i"irttud".rroindauorbr-oer"msio,,au,'i',rtn?is.omFgu.,iu,H,i a'sosacmrce6iou.-*"
l,ermontorr. vloo'oltaaLrseidtae,rd"liateeturaraaptau'o'rtiemi Auon'r.iairg-ei.ncr"alsirra-itleaa.ctecas;itasppeercioifai"d,dpaudiutic"e6oi".c]o""r:.tirii.b,urlaiecrveaz--

nttoaenilnrte.tIm.nccitcsir'ledfeirs.cfsoaiiipntt',eelarreoraeanal-usiapei,nei-tnoisccgmalrllieenuadlrpieentr5sd:o.telcuiii-trnireocupniraavorhi,fsduL.unliozlainenao-irrrreirnciericntr.iigcauelliarsii.niczasruiloirtglcotreirdaauvlele.,;leiut"exptiitsis.a-i REALISMIJL
pdrrLerpcNetasalsectoesmloepcailaeilxiSt.eEEraiatpuceroiniintncrouidaesitnrcceluemptreourdipdeieia.nnfefoars'l-enaiaoffdriocpnurat"ot1gi.n.elncs,iaslctiethe'upraleutnuntriuuai
ftaodpatar;;:lacec1lriane:jaalslr€ij:rurncs-msi'iittldulaaimtl.riatgiaat:e,lltap-'fris"adien.etc:ilos-6eltuiacalul'iiis,rtear,'aiesXraei)tIiXdsinlm_iliie'eulolaet,gsieeti.nrcrt.Fiacvirlleaaccc.nttalecaLfa.i.z'eeam-a-,-zi*osYagc'-lap'i^nr'loci'.lri'ietucarr.,mairnaa_-
noastr5. chiar de ]a inceput, elernentele r-onranticc s-au impletit c,ri
lruternice elemente lealiste, asa cu?r'l cele pr.erorniintice erau stril-rs 2l - E:elir:nte (le ieorl(,litcrdr,i G(;rlru orf,!. Dq i

ir-nbinate cu elemente cllasice.

ihcnscru:atru-ir;liie-i,ne.eiettLri,dr':xittueicrcsirncleltiil.tiistire5ttdeneil.ceuailencpaqteuiAiriaoeruisna1mncd8cdae'3oor,pn0:erlD,enatxirnassipesidnmeczteddi.esuin.onmlifnfaunaadi.upeaflolAolleerricmnxrmen-i6ssecenttnaeheataruiseurflicaurras:mrriueiaplraooidtaciemnuGti,racpai.oelinr.nacittmiidssioiummainppieeticpsanriecutfelplue6rve.,casnccdct.erltrrurauiirepittsio,rrdcercctti\oiouiuo'.nomrr_d-ir
cn:riz[.i]_lirilieli'oinsrg:':rhioepiiei,Ariosiiaal ccclhaliepz.lori:aoIotltednrf-iHii eipljuiraesdtsreeaitRdqdipclruteilneastceruufotrirnutni.rcilploeomueenlnioiucl,lasmcVoraicistleo;lrer-i

32ri

a) ar"e in r.'cclere obsc.rvalea sociald si Psihologica a r.ealiti{ii, Ilrsio-tecardglticeaitaroevrraa.usoltseruetgisxcattdiln'naiaegzedaarrcit.ieiaslaautucsrlciuusplit,oucrnlaicntin,c,timre'-irolruecloieaprueer,rifrie'erfdse(er,imnscenlulief-isccetaintliadvdifna. dpNitveiicdloeulaaien-
. In aceeasi direclie amintin-r ;i intelvenliile teoretice ale lui Ga-
pe care
b) o reda cu obiectivitate labt.1 J briilcirnu.

c) folosincl tipizarea ca mijk.rc de redare il esenlei fenomeneror nieI'tsBbctorrorri--teelruirumri.cr:aapicicen.l$,aelleo-l,tcolaePtin,ltlceusunleeeaei;aolfudrlluiraeuerd"rAeisfuair'lnarigerralnliItiae'aus!d5.clroirl.ei_ia:XlulcAbcccu,aGroriXdusaursllmDn:ia.rcc-set.ucllrersltrmaaeBraetieiilsianiaanr'tmtuG'ou'lorn.Suip'iipnf'a,urnrdirIt(eeicalieeDi-Ruaarangcsaadiozdvccrn;cnc.dureestr.u:tilacl(oriiaIeo.i-toenoo,ivn\aucttlriinetteIutoair(esa)i.arLbiscu.etn,acloji,e-uimunrirertarlaeipumigeiieil.uutdiatrasiicai)clarAcctc.-(Zlt.radesutralie:agAr.anrhaepto:reiemo.t,orm,aoom,pirLIncf,^v''eiriar.uensaoog.rp.enmpeclhnts.nLecosilt"eeicmni.cssepc.ceclz\ailuiltccieRoutpi6Li,)eaa(rnlt,e-uuHpaurrAldaaeeapotllaupreuiigpoliri,igli.iesbeitippadviam:mrczre.l.lgurlcile.aoeuelutlanL,Xhieidllalprrec,iu.esIenvroalXt.lfunansaoiduduuau-leibv/eli,t-l,ts)vileecoeec,Rcmcecnremsa.epiete.,tnt,eaiolldGbceiipticiivameisrocrptcpaeaitg,qiniodsaonilstiaee--i--i--i

vietii t ornanuiui realist t-ste continuatd. si cle Horter-isia papatlat-Bengescu,
d) surprii-rc1e personajul in tt'ansfor.merre, cu toat5 complexi- Camil Petrescu, Gib L{ihdescu etc.
lartea acesteia
e) vddeste r,aracter critic in redarea ver:iclica a nspc-.ctelot' so- gtcPciudduoose.prnloaietnPiLsslneuociuslraspeicdr,]o,ruacvuAar(itncuecsuioigtc'.niaruvrcEi.islntncutaoooiugntpnlioctclnnB.eoremeumcBgzaprarau:lmoeLlnrb'aa.icrsulln.iirss,edptiBreFeiatditiei-inrnnteitduisu.scpslcl,ziurNlllaca:etrt(a'ea(i'nngJi*irndrrclp.ie.lnoru)e_nlgn,dt\isolaei6sun,rueaatz,nraavershfhidia.roaum.t,drdaiIstdanripreautsrasprnt;ial,aLde;,ntldn,l,,cc,iteu"'u1ooi,lr.ir.Tl-gio,i;,,aoiii-'--
ciale.
occeubixiriperatlLcorltetiaeitvctidncrsraudioviti,cuv.iindeildattceamltsecsaiaacglsiopesoguptcdinioaeectaapicia,toiercrl,lcceiteelfiiicnteeeticl.erptimaiic;tr'uellausrnasptueptleaanpcroacteeltii:rnltictoirnna"teiespgtmgelrtri.tmmuivapbeufuiaailcnrilietensercoinsslcsomiriacleiulciefellaetsrecitetttircAiui.i.
ti.picePear_ies' ounnaejeiiecaotpeegroeriii listeocraiarlee. 'celraasliestseausinptdtdueli.r,Peegrusolanaejiulpi oreneanlistct
este redat cu obiectivitate. in toatd compierltiitea lurninilor si

umblelor sale.
-"tI-iwv- iaeiLIlnieniimedaltbceimta.veiirnnqatiimtmuviojll'ocapaaecbuiunB.rliaavolrezburailsecaca,tluidsr,,t'ueizcnualidtnerhtoaldelle,csiDceccoircrsickietiecobntiretsiri,iinzlGuerlaoietlgeissoraitli,ttuiipreroiazptasrerrteeoza.eil,insLttAlt-.
lir)uliunihiAciiinlluecclG]istueoailrneaAdstcrnuiu,tl,iaimnint'olsrm,'ci,rfrdeiizsnaiodoatlr-osiuleegl,iiisinluoatiiiuilnIrie.unsiGcmchc.ei.clmeNam,oeeIgrnriranutleuznzluricdv.aceslliaiscsut5teilcidnaitngcitcu.ioiieiminaIelld.Dili1plie-.i
Iflrsdeu etc.

sitri-Ilscanliacneeltucsiaricoprcccilto:ieaarpuct{iacgr.Ri.diainss'a9recltdduiati2ittutcecurjt0eorcsuri..dier1psuzrarADier(iictg,aa,souu,utzrnt'bnlto'fdciiecreeriabl,ors.oli{icc,pgncpui'Br-cdeloras{s.ipisfaaen1toiPjpnsnruct'iteu.da1marmucecxi"rGeit1uIitefoatesioehclansatpa.reodttrnbi,crcevde'eaiidoueaai:lrpd'ilrt.eecsooiei,esaTsnns-scoteliiisapiiri.mtsicecnurlmfoitrefmoiie(crlrM,,i,urareirpeaaldsiarucoaitpiuil.ieeoccrrLiotr,rhaarelepslltilccinadsucnci-gltcrclitlxaesidudsnldIotapdotxtainuirsra-p-ueauo.srlcicutjsdrdree",acrt,,.uiiitcrnne,lcenstcueod"oiccsau3rrrlnnspiaiai.Teeioiouat'.iaoltn"burirrmtll{er-aiie.liersanrasrctctolMaei"iiuts,rout',iratat'ucedeerl"lilcel(no*anaeat-sf-.--t-i SIMBOLISMUL

reacSfieimibmoplisomtriuviaepstaelnoasmiainsicsamrucluliit.cr{.:lrrr-divinatpuldarutl.ioisnt Fran!;r, cil o
ciatd cie 1-rot-tul ft'.-ince.z Jc.an Mort as, in ItliJ6. lolosit prirna

buie sd reprezitrte ,,permanen{c umane( (Literatt-Li'a rontd.nit si strdi- saocaiarlpn'e;arrLmubJlulio)u{reciileeuslceaiiilg-efsasdugiirrmtf,euratnblsbciiooeeunllsriitLisstnoermtotmusluuccnlriuujill.cioep_.icuioTlaurne.nulrns'rufIinmonstfstiiebacmti:ozebIsal',toootfllrpoc(i-tr,l'irs'iee.teitttfletcircgllf:ukilrr.'r:'eirscn.p-iihEnunoem.cerjplbziin-toiiebedlatsoreclc)clueuidrr,,atmttuo,disiutneieclspt.,eiensixcnngleuuautmlrtinrinur:pe_dtel,mrrcaraii.ti
srti[ttduetesac,riei8tr]e2a).litLaatearinpdeucl asrdeuo, Ccr.-rDnooabqrtoeg, epaenucaGr"ehearetardcite-ore,
ar.tistului
cu preci-
zarea c5. arta nu cste o copie fotogralicS. Potrivit pelsonalititrii sa1e,

.tqo

.t L:

. :-..rJi:-,

1-,ini Lr el. simbolisr'ii opeiriizA nu <'u r;liiuni:ri, ci plin intuilii gi qi a progresului in art5. Densugianu cere o literatr,rrd nott, afirmd
r cveialii, opereazi prin stabiiir"i-.a urlol' coresporrdenle estetice si ci specificul nalional apare in orice opeli scrisd de romAni. Ple-
plefe,r'infa pentlu.'luvintele de nrare sugestie muzicald. au

efeisnxtpietracecisotciemvavduaa)n,r,ttcrap5alaesrelate,tstbaia.aisnesiampxl,epfipcr;iiofmcircuneelitniscvdoirmrrrceeblesaoplloiassnimmcdouebnlnoucleile:uleplurt'euiinsl(pictniran{egepelecore{seiafzeciaaraiteeimcsleetaeeg*aedinleceee-- deazd penl,rq riclicarea maselor pt'in intermediul arte1or. in Is-
George CSlinescu definegte clar simbolismul romAnesc
torial,iteraturii rorndne de La origini pittd in prezent (1941) la capi-
tolul consacrat Iui Din-ritrie Anghel: ,,Punctul funciamentzrl al sim-
boiismului . . . era inlStiilarct tabloului, a picturalului, adicd a uni-
ntente adlreeputnrirnreijlrosculupioe(tnicatduerie-xplismeanrteimaenctoereusmpoannceli:)n;{efo1loors, iraealegsdu-- versului obiectiv qi deli t'elativ ce alcltuia materia obi;nuitI a
gestiei ascunse clintle lucruri, prin cultivarea senzaliilor. coioristile, parnasianismului. Urmdrind muzicalul, simbolismul tincle'a pe
urmele lui Baudelaire sa intrc in metafizic (. . .) adicd sd faci poe-
turilor

cttnilmiuszppicoazEleili,iesopplfaeacnlituitvr;eu;mriuenzcvilecinaraileilti,aatpcsaepnrientltu,setdpriroliolreiizeascrt-ldiraf.leitfnei{nsetaile,naenscAelecfclineaiftiens,iel6pnzleain-- zie de cunoaqterc. Un instrument cle sugerare a absclutului, dever-rit
si;:nbolul, aga cum altddatd {usesc mitul . . " Simbolismul oscileazi
intr:e descrj.ere si alegolic, ciutind sd le evitc' pe aminclou5, 9i,
N_n1iliaccliilanmrtmearieiom, aiuai'5lrt.pn,o,iPceoit,umelzaiMaianpcuueclielnoncdskek-.icciis,ttpamuruntazeiacm:du,,zpaircritinia{,.veeExrcuseguleernnilo{ld-ro..vnianufeirsmmctuae Iucrul cel n-rai noroces pentru clinsul e si nu cadd in cea de-a doua.
Simboiismui infdliqeaz6 intiia incercare sistematicd de hermetism,
care constd in a vorbi de ordinea terestrS, gindinci totodatd pe cea
coobnsestriveantcpdri,n,siemxbporilmisamreual r'eprezintd adincirea ririsn-ruiui in sub-
pe cale mai rnult de sugestie a cosmicS.'(.
fonclului
pp-moeunnztdtiirrceuganulfaeianlopIurmr)souic'tfiealnecttseuiiamiudleeicsoa;cimheimeclcnioemctriserec,a.(nc(tfaq(ai!iu6libeicizr1meoeatmd-lcroiait,rinvpn,oraaetlitifviuelerrdiaenfol-arremvsaeiiomlreicebo,(aflonilsleocmvoi;ruirorelezis-a5l-i Simbolismul aduce o viziune poeticd noud, gi o tehnicd innoi-r
versului liber). toare, constitttind, la rinclul sdu, punct de plecat'e Ei de negare
pentru multiti;dinea de curente Ei orientiri manifestate dupd ince-
putttl sccoirilui nostru gi cunoscute sub n'.tmele de cltrente de avan-
gardd: impiesionismul, onirismui, expresilismrtl, constructivismul

ccaonptcrraooddnitscsil-di.ilegoriractsaoceciixiierptrpaeelsiriiseceaappeistcattldiivsratiei scoclelceisalpal-iirss-tifotirrgqiceitinu,elsrs:iametcdboodluleilsumai*gaurtal vaxapi,ra-e<l'ae- ctc. etc.
ilpreneean.ll,iVtAeRfamricalkienteudti,ornanI-{sraukcpin,ikliir$ir.n,etas.r,sdPaBielndltati:crke-d. ,Are'lcV)pi.eyrer:\Elzanenignndhetraee,nlR,etiGitimcd..l,eiaBiausaerdca,oirnnvMAialiat,aeliIiaroasrnimimuMieb'ao,inl\irsuicomllerhn,s;:a1crneurid-i.

La noi" cel ca.e deschicie calea noii o.ientdr.i e:;te Macedo'shi.
El. sus-line cd poetul nu este clecit un insirunri:nt al senzaliilor pri-
pamrm7uotlueitteclr.zur,zci::csiivadduai6ernii(ild'.loaecral,nacpneiita'tarelr-tmeurai'-re-cfidui'lare,zmaricporrddaetirlciectccoavdadtlireircp(pasDooaleepeerrreszzotpiirazaaaroenaedssrpsieecmotndeeito.timemmIddmuea.e)znup,eitzocuaridi.cliuoidrngil.irinifneDoiemtiaerumacrpiigoinuiianla1iprer9doi',9f,ei0i,nc,z,fpeiaoiuonrcremeulittiAed,.iistr'-ott-gta:-i
eseaainrnsndi;iacusgimetalile-. poezia trebuind sd clestepte cugetarea, fard a fi

esumsiinauensnuc.iaaPnltritgneiotaleeotsirceiiamandsnagdiitasorr-aislstmiftiunuidliuoiinr, eoarpduseniricnnobdmourb-irsaemtepurelruiniaceiseptpeiuigclovrnbiidsemrDtuaelul'ii-i

324 325

CUPRINS ltiperbola l3B

ARGUMENT 5 O4r:matol.rcca 139
11
SI,ITTIEINRTAATULRrTAtr,riAATriUrNRrr,r.RCAUxV4TUNRTi,Li]It,-LrTliTl.. nrucri,ai.E 17 .SlN'l'A"1iA I)()ll'l'lt' r\ 14:1
rI{'A9SUGLpiTatIeeNr"cirtlEaic.fiittAcncuurrtuaA_lc}n?cepaaTnotrIpirtSoreuunIpl'lIaalCeortzApaaeernl-rtehaliltroteeerrlaltaiittpeiuiiircrraiiiiLrie;a;",;v;l;o;iii lnversiilil,:;i
t? I{epetitia l'lJ
Caracterul partrnic al literaturii . . lnteroga!iri rcl,rrrica 1{'l
25 Paralelisrrrul sillactic
STRUCTURA OPtrREI I,ITERARE lnvocillirl rttoricd ili
.f1 Antltezii
TCeommapo$ziit.iiadeoepa"or"pielriet"i rlrit.e.rare 14ti
4l vERSrFlCAf iA
Subiectul opcrei literare 141.)
42 Ititmul
-MP_oedrrsrolnaqjei lemiojlpoeareeeilelitedracrecaracteriru." n pcrsona3elo. Misura 14u
4t
}{ODUL DE EXPL]NERE I}J oPEt?A Lr.fnttAIlA Cezura 150
47
Nara!iunea 52 Versul liber 151
Descrierea 59 'Iipufi de versuri tt'arli!ioun1.e 15c
Djalogul ht) Rima
Monologui 75 Strofe tradi!ionaie .L5B

B2 Pctezia cu form.d frxd 1b8
84 15B
92 159
95 163
166
9B
103 C]'NURILE LITIIRARE r72

1r2 fl Genul Liric tjrisituril.r gunu.ot* aie folcloluir'ri . 174
172 Lirica popularA. "o..i"te.jntice
t 1:l .*-*l)orne qi cintece 17.1
so:iale (Cirr,tecul doittei; Mul,t nti-i tlor)
1 1,1 l)oirre 1diecidntoecre1i de jaic (fiuJLu uintul cLe pe lnulllti; Ce te r79
Doire 180
lll)
117 legeni
110
120 plapule) TB2

122 Drrine gi cintece-' de drzrgoste (inu $tLu) 184
723
724 Cintectii satiric. Strigaturile {}:irula Lui Grigoraq) 185
t2B
129 Bc;cetul (Scoalal-l:?. mdicu,La drag(t.) IB7
t30
LINIBA SI ,STILUL OPEIItrLOR Lr.rEItAR-E 734 POl]zIA L].RICA CUI,TA 189
136
Calitdtile sensrale ate btitutui 137 Lirica cetol.eneusc1 rorndni., cle Vasile Alecsarrdli; Vrerni inalte, cle 189
AYr:n,ta]gls.m*"elerle e.xprimare 9i perfectionare
Oda fCr.ki ostasilor 189
Virgil leodorescLl; l''ertidul, cle Al{r'c'cl Nlerrgul-Spelber) 194
a stilului Imnul 195

Neologismele . Satira (soli i'rz.' t;t-liiului lieu,' cle 200
POromvionnciiamli esmleeie. '. 203
Pamfletrtl ( 1907, t,Lirt y.tritn{i otn'(t 204
204
SAinnotnoimniem)ee.le ciale) 207
Epigrama 209
. Llrica inti?nd 270
. 2LT
Sensul propriu 5i iensul iisurut al ciuvintujri . Mihai 2L3
,**Jiegia (Nltti a"nl urt siLigur dor, dc Brrinescu)
Cintecul (Ci.rtt'ec, Octavian Goga) .'
TROPII r{e

Epitetul Il,omanla
Compara{ia
Metafora na"Jrtiiil lin p'estird, cle Panait il",ou;
Personificarea
Alegoria PasteLul (larnuo de Vasile Aiecsandri)
Simbolul ldita (Pristori[a, d{: George Coibuc)
Metonimia
GENUL EPIC 2Ib
Sinecdoca
Oreafia ePicd PoPularri ;i corbul; Mdorifal 2L7
iJirlacia popularS (NQuac 217
l,cgcncla popuiar'i ( Ivl dndstirea Arg eluLui )
22!

326 327

*

.-/

Cintece ritnaic 236
Ilasrnul iPrislerr'
L.)t)
l,ITT,RATTIRA ]JFlC,'\ .SCRIS;\ tIn t;11r;, t' ;iil"Y.tf 24.0

Sti",l" cr,rltd (Pa;a 'l.fnsstt.rr' 244
ii'e;DiRRu:'i;-ili-;lit)pcoioLi'l(li',ui""mii';ir";#or,]i:la#"r".,,'"rn(t,'f'ai;t\tu'vc':i.ac,ltlu:ii-uj;iWllci;;'llitlti"'itoi("t,triPieoiue?"tor';ni"a;+'rt;ii.iriii,r''":tlt:l(..n.ra"C,si",.ioii:;n.c"atiillrrlarl"eene"iilurllil,iloIlirr""('c'nri)'rcr:inlr.ciasLt.'trriu'ci]uc'l'u.'cutrtl:trp"''t"ti.'lfs'rcorAtr{.:lliL.ec+".lciib-:'hCr:lL'cili').Il'lusdc{li'i'trTrocla:laltuitt:tlnIfi:lo):Ilas;1.-nS'aa:;La:nNaC:dd1e)olrgryT:iaer)lrua.rrnzgti'il);) ,Lk
*--?a
GENUL DRATTATIC 26,t,
cc ; i suild i I'i zi:rtri.it: irjenLlIll.t 269
Trdsdturilc caractet'i-cti 't7 0
STDCoiro"ue^etc"n"iJi,alleiir^(i'.gt'(eltlo''ut'lrsusttciidugriciosorrl'tt:anr":r'tretrrtt^1:Pr'r"iic(e$ler'ed.lfuJr'itla'rr'i)rrute ^)7 t
Stef iiucscru Dcl av ranc{-'a) :IO

ion l,nca Calagiale) JO-r

CURtrNTELE LITERARE 286
:ot
Clasicismul '),i 1
Iluminismul 300
Romantismul 305

Realismul J LJ
Simbolismul
315

trt

319
JLL
323

Lector: VIR'GIL BULAT
Tehnoredactor: CONSTANTIN RUSU

,\rrarul: jg86 Bun de tipar: U1 1? 1930' ( cnrndd n.t' 210'l' I
ii:';,: ii;"";, zbls. lirrii '.r'na Forriit: i ixBGrjc'
lo-oltn' l

r Ti'rintiairtiluFl,.er:tre'irlLsltilrlli':tubp cclotlcnatrD'r'1rat nr' !c8LCLr'-t
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MrBrn-idcuiPl iLuel nCi:lruin-Nra' iroca
146

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