BORNEO NATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|33 in search of a unique or interesting dining experience [72]. Uniqueness in dining experiences that represent novelty and emotion, on the other hand, has indicated a positive sensory and dining experience overall. Gratefulness and pleasure are two of the signature feelings to be included. During the tourist's actual sensory and dining experience, he or she has feelings and emotions that may eventually lead to strong and clear connections with the destination's identity. Other foodies said they had eaten three bowls of Sarawak Laksa in a row to get the most out of it. They then praised the dish's overall flavor. Each dining experience is different, and in this study, one of those differences was that it was personal. Personality has a lot to do with how a person feels about their dining experience [73]. Some people may want a thrilling experience, whereas others may want an emotional one [74]. In fact, the theme of this study for personal dining experiences has been found to be something new and something emotional. Most foodies had never tried Sarawak Laksa before, so it was new to them . Another study ([75]) found that some find the experience novel and others routine. This study uses "novelty" to mean unique, oncein-a-lifetime experiences [61]. Some want to try something new, while others want to eat traditional local food. Dining is subjective. Although consuming Sarawak Laksa was a once-in-a-lifetime experience, this study found that all foodies expressed and demonstrated their satisfaction with frequent references to the dish's goodness and wonderfulness. Furthermore, when it comes to capturing a meaningful experience, emotions and feelings are always involved. A previous study by [77] found that a valuable dining experience involves the person's perception of time changing, being spiritually relocated, the procedure being unique to the person and having value on its own, and having an impression of having authority over the circumstances. These statements show that the hidden content of the study is mostly about the emotional moment. After consuming the ancient flavor of Sarawak Laksa, the majority of them express a sentimental recollection of a childhood moment. This is how the power of local food consumption manifests in terms of sensory experience. Authenticity, originality, and a sense of place characterize tourist food experiences [78]. In this investigation, this means that the information can be utilized for setting up a theory. In conclusion, the most important thing about dining in Sarawak is how different it is from other places. This study has confirmed that Sarawak Laksa might develop into an iconic dish that combines the food dining experiences with the gastronomy image of Sarawak. (see Figure 3). The two major themes from findings are finally identified, recognized as tasting experience and uniqueness experience. The combination of such tasting and uniqueness experiences forms the images of the gastronomy destination as well. Hence, the insight theory of describing the Sarawak Laksa's distinct food experience from the findings relates to tasting experience– namely, tasting genuine food and, authentic food experience. Meanwhile, uniqueness experience that present novelty and emotion is referred to images of gastronomic. FIG. 3. GASTRONOMY DINING EXPERIENCES OF SARAWAK LAKSA (SOURCE: AUTHORS)

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3 KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK & ELEKTRONIK Sub- tema

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|39 EFFECTIVE USE OF KNX TRAINER KIT IN ENHANCING STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM COURSE (SEE30093) AT SANTUBONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE Azreen bin Jaafar1, Saidi Khairul Alimi bin Othmman2, Adi Amin bin Sarkawi Sarie3 1,2 Electrical Technology Unit, 3 General Studies Unit Santubong Community College, Kuching,Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Practical learning is an effective method of acquiring new knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the use of KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids in assisting students of Semester 3 Certificate of Electrical Technology for Session II 2022/2023 in improving their level of understanding in the Building Automation System course (SEE30093). Three objectives of this study are to examine the effectiveness of the use of KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids in improving students' understanding, identify students' perception of the use of deafness KNX Trainer Kit in helping to improve students' understanding and identify students' level of interest in SEE30093 courses with the use of KNX Trainer Kit. The respondents were 14 students from the Certificate in Electrical Technology program at Santubong Community College. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Independent sample t-test analysis of the test results between the control group and the treatment group showed that the use of KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids was found that there was a significant difference between the test scores which improved students' understanding of the SEE30093 course. In addition, this study also showed that students' perception of the use of KNX Trainer Kit in helping to improve students' understanding of SEE30093 courses was found to be at a high level and students' interest in the course increased as lecturers adopted diverse approaches in teaching and learning. However, the use of KNX eCampus e-learning tools can also be studied in support of the teaching and learning of the course. Keywords—KNX Trainer Kit; Building Automation System; Electrical Technology I. INTRODUCTION The effectiveness of education depends not only on the infrastructure and layout of the classroom alone. The teaching methods and learning activities used by lecturers play an important role in achieving learning objectives. Outcome-based Education (OBE) applied in the curriculum must be mastered by everyone in achieving the success of a course. Diverse teaching strategies are an important element in the face of the challenge of educating the younger generation of students today [1]. Educators need to master a variety of teaching and learning skills so that the goals of delivery and the process of teaching and learning are achieved to provide the skills, knowledge of a course taught [9]. The Building Automation System Course (SEE 30093) was applied by the Curriculum Division, Department of Polytechnic and Community College Education (JPPKK) in the Certificate in Electrical Technology (SKE) curriculum version I in Session I 2021/2022 and the first group to study the course was in Session I 2022/2023 which is in the third semester (SKE 3). Therefore, some of the constraints of learning and teaching (T&L) facilities and tools faced by lecturers and students to achieve the learning objectives set. Some of the approaches taken by lecturers include introducing facilities such as the KNX Trainer Kit and KNX ETS eCampus in teaching and learning. The KNX Trainer kit is a compact panel for carrying out certain practices and the KNX ETS eCampus is also an e-learning tool as a basic training tool for building automation with KNX.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|40 II. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVE A. Problem Statement KNX (Konnex) is a global standard used in the building automation industry to operate and integrate various electronic systems and devices in a building. In line with Malaysia's goal towards adopting the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0), higher learning institutions play a role in educating students to cultivate IR4.0 understanding including being able to operate automation technology, analyze big data, simulation, cloud, and the Internet of Thing (IoT) in their daily lives [9]. Santubong Community College (KKSant) is a Community College that offers a Certificate in Electrical Technology (SKE) program in line with the country's needs towards a developed country. All SKE 3 students at KKSant are required to register for the SEE30093 course. This course is one of the challenging courses for students to understand as it involves software that handles the input and output of ETS software. This is supported by the results of the Session 1 2022/2023 test results. The survey results found that students failed to solve configuration problems in the medium used. Preliminary surveys also found that students lacked understanding and lacked confidence in the topics in the SEE30093 course without the guidance of lecturers, and this contributed to a decrease in students' interest and motivation to study outside of lecture hours. Therefore, an improvement action was carried out by the researchers to enhance the students' understanding in topics such as Topic 1.0 Introduction to Building Automation Systems, Topic 2.0 Building Automation System Design and Topic 3.0 Building Automation System Programming The results of Test 1 for Session 1 2022/2023 can be seen in Table 1. Table 1: Session 1 2022/2023 test results GRADE A + A A - B + B B - C + C C - D + D F NO. OF STUDEN TS 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Based on the analysis of the theoretical test results for the SEE30093 course, the students were less encouraged by achieving C+ and C grades alone, the students' understanding at a moderate level. Therefore, the determination to improve the grade percentage in the future has given the course lecturers the space and opportunity to produce KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids and further study the effectiveness of the use of KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids in improving students' understanding of SEE30093 courses. B. Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are: i. Study the effectiveness of the use of KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids in improving students' understanding of SEE30093 courses. ii. Identify students' perceptions of the use of the KNX Trainer Kit interactive device to help improve understanding. iii. Identify students' level of interest in SEE30093 courses with the use of KNX Trainer Kit. The following are the questions of this study: i. Is there a significant difference in achievement between students exposed to KNX Trainer Kit (control group) teaching aids and students who are taught using conventional methods (treatment groups)? ii. What is the student's perception of using the KNX Trainer Kit interactive device to

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|41 help improve student understanding of the SEE30093 course? iii. How high is the level of interest students have in SEE30093 courses when using KNX Trainer Kit? III. LITERATURE REVIEW Although the conventional T&L method is dominant in the education system, gamebased learning methods are now increasingly becoming an option among instructors. The game is one of the changes in the teaching approach used by lecturers by changing the concept of a lot of listening to many [14]. According to [16] and [2], learning using multimedia elements that involve learning processes that use words and pictures for example can facilitate teaching activities as there are various models and simulations in the courses taught [15]. Study after study has been done and discussed the effects of using game methods in the learning and teaching process as done by [9], which states that the game method can create an interesting and entertaining learning environment. Gamification is the process of combining learning and teaching elements with game elements into a particular field to increase the motivational interest of an individual [17]. In addition, gamification also refers to the development of a points collection system, the awarding of badges, increased levels of difficulties and challenges that vary for each topic or title built [20]. The features inherent in this gamification have transformed conventional educational scenarios into more engaging and interactive teaching and learning activities [19]. Gamification will provide a new environment for students to interact more during the teaching and learning process. IV. METHODOLOGY Researchers used the independent sample ttest to analyze test results for two different study sessions to answer study question 1. Samples for Session I 2022/2023 are samples that do not use the KNX Trainer Kit device. The 2022/2023 session II sample is also a treatment sample using the KNX Trainer Kit device in the SEE30093 course teaching and learning session. Survey study design is a procedure in quantitative research in which researchers conduct a survey of a sample or the entire [4]. Therefore, the question of studies 2 and 3 is to use quantitative approach survey methods. C. Study samples and instruments This quantitative study was conducted at Santubong Community College considering the study population consisting of students of Semester 3 Session I 2022/2023 who took the SEE30093 course. Based on [15] for a population of 14 people, it is recommended that all respondents be taken as a sample of the study. Since 14 students of Santubong Community College attended the SEE30093 course for Session II 2022/2023, their whole was taken as a sample of the study. The sampling method used is a stratified method in which the selection of respondents is based on students taking the SEE30093 course. The data were analyzed through the test results for the SEE30093 course in Session II 2022/2023 which included from the treatment group that students using the KNX Trainer Kit teaching aid and the comparison was done with the control group that students who followed the T&L conventionally students who took the SEE30093 course in Session I 2022/2023. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS D. Review Question 1 Is there a significant difference in achievement between students exposed to KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids and students who are taught using conventional methods? Table 2(a): Basic Statistical Results Mean N Standard Deviation Control group 53.43 14 2.652

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|42 Treatment group 67.00 14 9.34 From Table 2(a), the basic statistics show the mean and standard deviation of student achievement on the control group test is 53.43 and 2.652. While the mean and standard deviation of student achievement in the treatment group was 67.00 and 9.34. The mean difference between the postal test and the pre-test is -13.571 (Refer to Table 2 (b)). Based on Table 2(b) the statistics of the test t is significant (t = -5.230; DF = 26; p < 0.000) with a negative value t indicates that there is sufficient evidence rejecting the null hypothesis that states there is no significant difference between the two groups. This means that innovative treatments or programs carried out by researchers have resulted in better student achievement. In other words, the innovations carried out by lecturers significantly managed to produce better achievements. The T&L method using the KNX Trainer Kit device seeks to create a more fun and effective learning atmosphere, while increasing students' focus on activities in the classroom. This can also improve student achievement in the SEE30093 course. The impact of using the KNX Trainer Kit device can be proven by the test results for the assessment in that semester. The results show an increase in exam grade after the KNX Trainer Kit is used. Therefore, the results of using the KNX Trainer Kit device have produced results as expected. These findings are consistent and in line with the findings reported by [19] and [14] which prove that the learning method by adapting the game method successfully improves students' academic achievement in the courses learned. This is since the game method has opened opportunities for students to learn more creatively and stimulate more critical and creative thinking and even fun and increase their focus on learning. As a result of the above data findings, it can also be concluded that there is a significant difference in achievement between the students of the 2022/2023 Session II semester exposed to the KNX Trainer Kit teaching aid and the previous semester students i.e., the semester I 2022/2023. which is taught using conventional methods. This is because the percentage of grade achievement for the test has increased. Table 2(b): Independent sample t-test analysis results Levene’s test t df Sig. Difference F Sig. Mean Mark (equal variance s assumed ) 15.14 4 0.00 1 - 5.23 0 2 6 .00 0 -13.571 E. Review Question 2 "What is the student's perception of using the KNX Trainer Kit interactive device to help improve student understanding of the SEE30093 course?" A scale of 1 to 5 was given to respondents to express students' Perception of the Use of KNX Trainer Kit Interactive Devices in Helping to Improve Students' Understanding of SEE30093 Courses. The perception scale is divided into 3 sections as per the table below: Table 3: Student perception scale Acceptance scale Mean High 4.00 - 5.00 Moderate 2.01-3.99 Low 0 - 2.00 Sources: Ahmad Mustafa & Sariff (2017) From the studies done, the results obtained on students' perception in using KNX Trainer Kit are as follows:

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|43 Table 4: Student's Perception of the Use of KNX Trainer Kit in Helping to Improve Student Understanding for SEE30093 Course No. item Item statement Mean Standard deviation S1 I enjoy it when lecturers use KNX Trainer Kit during the teaching and learning process. 4.57 0.514 S2 The use of KNX Trainer Kit is very interesting and not boring. 4.43 0.514 S3 I am very excited to use this KNX Trainer Kit. 4.36 0.497 S4 The KNX Trainer Kit display is very interesting, creative and interactive. 4.43 0.514 S5 The KNX Trainer Kit is an effective teaching aid in the classroom. 4.14 0.663 S6 This KNX Trainer Kit makes me recall the topics taught 4.36 0.633 Overall average 4.38 0.556 Referring to Table 4 above, the overall average shows the mean values and high standard deviations of 4.38 and 0.556. Item S1 "I enjoy it when lecturers use KNX Trainer Kit during the teaching and learning process" recorded the highest mean of 4.57 while the second highest item (4.43) is "The use of KNX Trainer Kit is very interesting and not boring" and "The KNX Trainer Kit display is very interesting, creative and interactive”. This is because the KNX Trainer Kit delivery method consists of an interface that uses interesting graphics and students can actively interact while using this innovation. The findings of this study are supported by [17] and [9] who said the multimedia media elements found in teaching and learning such as the use of colour, music, animation and images can make learning more real whether in training, practice, or simulation. This is because multimedia elements can be used in making difficult teaching more understandable. In conclusion, from the analysis of questionnaire data on students' perception of the use of KNX Trainer Kit in helping to improve students' understanding of the SEE30093 course, it was found to be at a high level of KNX Trainer Kit in learning sessions. F. Review Question 3 "To what extent is the student's level of interest in the SEE30093 course when using the KNX Trainer Kit?" Table 5: Student's Interest Level to Course SEE30093 After Using KNX Trainer Kit No. item Penyataan item Mean Standard deviation S1 I can understand the SEE30093 course more clearly. 4.07 0.616 S2 I am more excited to learn SEE30093 course. 4.36 0.745 S3 I like to explore every problem in the SEE30093 course. 4.21 0.699 S4 I like to do training for SEE30093 courses because it can improve my skills. 4.29 0.611 S5 For me the SEE30093 course is very easy if it comes to understanding the concept. 4.43 0.756 S6 I think it's nice to be able to answer the SEE30093 course questions correctly. 4.21 0.699 S7 I don't like to skip classes for SEE30093 courses. 4.57 0.646 S8 I made enough preparation for the exams and quizzes for the SEE30093 course. 4.36 0.633 S9 I always ask lecturers when I don't understand for SEE30093 courses. 4.21 0.699 S10 I am determined to get excellent results for the SEE30093 course. 4.50 0.519 Overall average 4.32 0.662 Table 5 shows that the average of the total mean and standard deviation is 4.32 and 0.662. The item that recorded the highest mean value was "I don't like to skip classes for SEE30093 courses". Meanwhile, for the item "I am determined to get excellent results for the SEE30093 course" recorded the second highest mean value of 4.50. The findings of this study are in line with several past studies such as the studies conducted by [12] which emphasized that the use of innovation in teaching and learning can have a huge impact in the process of teaching and

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|44 learning in the classroom. In addition, the use of multimedia can not only create a sense of interest and fun to learn but they are also able to produce students who are good at thinking, creative and critical [17]. The conclusion of the above data analysis shows that when lecturers use a diverse approach in teaching and learning, it will affect the student's interest in the course. In addition, it will provide meaningful teaching and learning experiences to the students and even increase their motivation to learn. CONCLUSION The positive impact can be seen from the findings of the study, especially on student achievement. This more interactive learning can increase students' interest in difficult technical courses. The effect of using KNX Trainer Kit teaching aids as an alternative to conventional methods in the T&L process of the SEE30093 course at Santubong Community College showed that there was a significant difference in test results between the control group and the treatment group. Students will better understand and remember the topics taught in this course such as remembering and understanding each term used in the SEE30093 course. Therefore, community colleges are advised to look at the potential of device methods to improve the effectiveness of the SEE30093 course T&L process and adapt and develop digital learning to difficult courses in improving students' results in the course. REFERENCES [1] Abdul Rashid M. H. & Narowi M. (2021). Keberkesanan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Terhadap Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Islam Secara Dalam Talian: Perspektif Guru Di Sekolah Maahad Hafiz, Klang. Journal o/Ma'alim al-Quran wa alSunnah Vol. 17, Special Issue, (2021), pp. 114-128. elSSN: 2637-0328. [2] Ahmad Mustafa N. H. & Sariff S. A. (2017). Persepsi Pelajar Mengenai Penerapan Kaedah Permainan Dalam Proses Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Bagi Pelajar Sijil Pengoperasian Perniagaan Kolej Komuniti Selandar, Melaka. Prosiding Seminar Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat Kolej Komuniti Melaka & Negeri Sembilan (Jilid 1). https://doi.org/1079294 [3] Cordova, D. I., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 715-730. [4] Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. [5] Emaliana I., (2017) Teacher-centered or Student-Centered Learning Approach To Promote Learning. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora [2017], Volume 10, Ed 2. ISSN Online: 2443-3527ISSN Print: 1979- 5521. [6] Hanan, A. et al (2017). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 892, The 6th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Mathematics (ICCSCM 2017) 4-5 Mei 2017, Langkawi, Malaysia. [7] Harun, J. dan Tasir, Z. (2003). Multimedia Dalam Pendidikan.Kuala Lumpur. PTS Publication & Distributor Sdn. Bhd. [8] Hassan, R., & Poopak, M. (2012). The effect of card games and computer games on learning of chemistry concepts. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 597601. [9] Hermizul, N., Nasrul, A.M dan Asnidatul, A. I. (Oct 2022). Keberkesanan penggunaan IoT trainer smart kit dalam meningkatkan pemahaman pelajar terhadap kursus embedded IoT (DFN 40242) di Politeknik Balik Pulau. 2nd International Multidisciplinary Academic Conference

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|45 (IMAC'2022) embracing technology in teaching and learning in new norm education. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36 4773008 [10] Ibrahim J. (2006). Gaya pengajaran guru bahasa Daerah Hulu Langat: Satu kajian Tinjauan. Kertas Projek Sarjana Pendidikan, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(1) (2009): 67-92. [11] Ishak, H., Mat Nor, dan Z. Ahmad, A. (2017). Kajian Pembelajaran Interaktif Berasaskan Peranti Kahoot dalam Pengajaran Abad ke -21, Jabatan Pendidikan Khas, Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Darulaman Jitra, Kedah. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan Serantau ke-VII, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia & Fakultas Keguruan & Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Riau, 7 September 2017. [12] Jaafar H. H. dan Mat Said M. H. (2019). lnovasi Pengajaran Untuk Menarik Minat Pelajar Menguasai Ilmu Tajwid. International Journal of Humanjties Technology and Civilization (IJHTC) Copyright © Universiti Malaysia Pahang PressISSN: 2289-7216. e-ISSN: 2600-8815 (ONLINE) IJHTC Issue 6, Vol 1 Disem ber 2019. pp 8-17. [13] Jaijairam, P. (2012). Engaging accounting students: how to teach principles of accounting in creative and exciting ways. American Journal of Business Education, 5(1), 75-78. [14] Jamaluddin, J. et. al., (2016). Keberkesanan Kaedah Permainan dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Prinsip Perakaunan di Sekolah Menengah. Konferensi Akademik KONAKA 2016: UiTM Pahang Volume: 2016. [15] Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities.Educational and Psychological Measurement [16] Mayer, R. E. (2014). Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 171-173. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003. [17] Saleh, S. M., & Sulaiman, H. (2019). Gamification in T&L of mathematics: Teacher's willingness in using Quizizz as an additional assessment tool. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2184. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5136373. [18] Shangguan C, Wang Z, Gong S, Guo Y and Xu S (2020) More Attractive or More Interactive? The Effects of Multi-Leveled Emotional Design on Middle School Students' Multimedia Learning. Front. Psycho!. 10:3065. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03065. [19] Tangkui R. Dan Tan C. K. (2020). Pembelajaran Berasaskan Permainan Digital Menggunakan Minecraft: Peningkatan Pencapaian Murid Dalam Pecahan. e-Jumal Penyelidikan Dan Inovasi. e-issn 2289-7909. Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor. Vol.7 Edisi Khas (Disember 2020): Pp 75-90 [20] Wahid R., (2020). Keberkesanan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Permainan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi. Journal ofEducation and Social Sciences, Vol. 16, lsu 1, (Oktober). ISSN 2289-9855

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|46 BOOST POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CONTROL USING OPTIMUM PID CONTROLLER Ts Karminah binti Abdul Kadir Kolej Komuniti Sandakan [email protected] Abstract—Due to nonlinear characteristics, electronic switching devices will absorb highly distorted input currents in a short period of time. This will cause interference with other electrical equipment, increase total harmonic distortion, THD, and a decrease in power factor, PF, resulting in poor power factor. This research analyses the procedural method of boosting power factor correction using the optimum PID controller. In order to improve the PFC, active power factor correction techniques are applied based on the current in the same phase as the input current. MATLAB will simulate the active power factor correction model, and the proposed method is expected to reduce THD and adjust the output voltage. Keywords— Power Factor, PID, PFC, THD I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) Power systems have become more complex with the penetration of switchgear, and DG components improved control technology, etc. Because of this, the power system has a large number of harmonics, which generally affect the power system. In the power system, low power factor loads consume more current than high power factor loads transfer. Linear loads with low power factors can be corrected by a passive capacitor or inductor network. Nonlinear loads(rectifiers) distort the current capacitor keeps the DC voltage at a constant value but the draws non-sinusoidal current from the power supply. The capacitor draws current from the power supply during line voltage spikes. Therefore, the input current becomes pulsating, resulting in poor power factor and high THD. The current control technique can control the input current to follow the sinusoidal reference. There are different technologies of current control modes. Power factor correction is used to improve power quality to eliminate harmonic sources from the rectifier device. The original is a sine wave through the input current waveform and the network input voltage waveform, which is in phase with the voltage waveform. The harmonic current almost usually damages the power factor correction capacitor and raises the electric wire insulation or power transformer bushing [8]. The fundamental problem with power electronic devices is that the current harmonic created during the charge and discharge operation of the capacitor filter in an ac-dc rectifier circuit causes the input current to become non-sinusoidal. The ability to do work in a circuit in a specific time is real power, and the apparent power can be obtained from the current and voltage product [7]. The formula for determining the power factor can be used; drawn from the system. Next, many appliances today require a power supply in DC. An interface must be provided between the AC line and the DC load to obtain DC power. Therefore, this = () () (1) conversion is done through a diode rectifier. AC-DC converters are used for variable speed drives, switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), etc. Most = = 2 (2) power electronic systems connected to AC utilities use diode rectifiers. These converters rectify the AC line voltage to get a DC output = =2 (3) voltage, but the DC voltage oscillates between zero and the peak. The nonlinear characteristics of the diode rectifier will cause the generation of a large number of line current harmonics, thereby reducing the quality, increasing losses, and malfunctioning of certain key medical equipment. Therefore, to reduce the output ripple of this DC voltage filter, a capacitor is used, which is where the power factor problem occurs. The This thesis analyzes the procedural method of boosting power factor correction using the optimum PID controller. In order to improve the PFC, the active power factor correction technique is applied based on the current in the same phase as the input current. Figure 1.1 shows the Boost Converter circuit diagram [1].

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|47 controller parameters are identified for various operating situations using an auto-tuning technique before creating a schedule. To replace the gain schedule indicated earlier, other strategies have been tried. Its application in self-tuning is also addressed in the discussion of various strategies Figure 1.1: Boost Converter circuit diagram [1] The PID controller comprises three different terms: proportional, integral, and derivative. The error value e between the input and the output determines these terms. [27] II. PROBLEM STATEMENT Power factor correction (PFC) circuits are increasingly used to alleviate problems related to poor power factor. Active Power Factor Correction (APFC) technology using a forward voltage power supply and a voltage feedback loop relies on current waveform technology to make the source current and the input voltage in phase. The current waveform is obtained by implementing a voltage control loop and a current control loopMaintaining the Integrity of the Specifications. × () + × ∫ () + × (4) 0 Proportional term: This term speeds up the response by lowering the closed- loop time constant, but it does not affect the system's order because the output is proportional to the input. The proportionate term reduces the steady-state inaccuracy or offsets but does not eliminate it. Integral term: This term eliminates the offset by increasing the system's type and order by one. This term significantly speeds up the system's response time, even at the expense of long-term oscillations. The derivative term primarily reduces the system's oscillatory response. It does not affect the offset and does not change the type or the order of the system. The type of reaction of the system changes when the proportionality constants of these factors change. PID tuning, or the modification of the PID proportionality constants, is critical in this situation. PID tuning has been done in various ways, with the Ziegler Nichols technique being one of the first. Classical and computational or optimization techniques are two major categories for these procedures. These techniques have been employed in PID tuning and are often used for data modelling and cost function optimization. Neural networks (computational models for simulating complex systems), genetic algorithms, and differential evolution are just a few examples. The optimization strategies necessitate a cost function that they attempt to reduce. There are four different types of cost functions that are regularly employed: Integral Absolute Error, Integral Square Error, Integral Time Absolute Error, and Integral Time Square Error. PID controllers are self-tuning or auto-tuning using computational models. PID controller self-tuning essentially sets the PID parameters and models the process using a computational model, comparing the outputs to determine if there are any process differences, in which case the PID parameters are reset to achieve the desired response. The sorts of adaptive approaches that exist are classified based on the fact that if the process dynamics change, the controller should accommodate these changes by adjusting its settings. Process dynamics changes can be classified into two categories: predictable and unpredictable [19-25]. Nonlinearities usually cause the predictable ones. They can be dealt with using the gain schedule, which implies that the Poor power factor is caused by two main factors, which is Displacement: This happens when the voltage and current waves in a circuit are out of phase, which is commonly caused by the presence of reactive devices such as inductors or capacitors. Distortions, such as rectifiers, create distortion, defined as a change in the wave's original shape. The harmonic content of these nonlinear waves is high, causing voltage distortion in the grid. The energy used to resistive power loads is transformed directly into heat or light. Because the voltage is constant, the true power (kW) and perceived power (kVA) delivered by the utility supplier are similar. As a result, the power factor is one. The current and voltage sinewave peaks occur simultaneously in these fully resistive circuits, which are considered in phase. The power used for inductive loads is divided into work producing power and magnetizing power, which is used to maintain the magnetic field. As a result, the current flowing in an inductive circuit is usually larger than the nameplate specifies to produce the same amount of work. As a result, there is reactive power and a power factor of less than one. Low power factor means reduced operational efficiency, which necessitates larger conductors (wires) and more equipment capacity and voltage decreases due to increasing power losses. This means a rise in capital expenditures, increased expenses, and poor distribution system performance. Power factor correction does not save much energy (typically less than 1% of load requirements). Even that savings depends on how low the power factor is in the first place and how highly loaded inductive devices are in the distribution system. Even if the energy savings are minor, adjusting the power factor can result in large energy bill reductions if the utility has a low power factor penalty in its rate structure, as most do for industrial users. When calculating the payback potential of various power factor correction methods, all of these considerations should be considered. The usage of the nonlinear load haslowered the PF value, which can affect the power quality. Hence, a power factor correction and its controller need to be designed. Therefore, to reduce THD and adjust the output voltage, archive PF nearly unity and protect the equipment/component instead.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|48 III. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this project are: • To design boost power factor correction, the PFC circuit and itsPIDController achieve nearly unity powerfactor. • To design optimum PID Controller using control design tools fromMATLAB- Simulink software. • To analyze the design circuit to provide the voltage and current are in phase IV. LITERATURE REVIEW In this part of the project, the literature review was done by some researchers on the boost power factor correction and the study of PID controller as the active power factor is applied AC to DC boost converter. First journal: M. Paul Jeyaraj, M. Senthil Kumar, T. Arun Prasath, S. Muthulakshmi, S. Aiswariya proposed power factor correction and THD minimization for boost with PID controller as generally to analyzes the power factor correction and harmonic distortion in the AC-DC Boost converter. The Active Power Correction strategy is used here to increase the capacity issue and manage the voltage in one-part AC to DC Boost PID. The small operating modes for complete single-phase bridge converters are addressed also the internal voltage loop is operated by the PID controller and by the external current loop the sliding mode is controlled. The overall comparison takes place through various input voltages and load resistance. Monitoring of output voltage is also analyzed. The simulation is donewith MATLAB [2]. Second Journal: Mr.B.Sai Sreenivas, Dr.Ch.Sai Babu , Mr.D. Lenine proposed Designand Analysis of Predictive control by using PI controller for Boost Converter with Active Power Factor Correction where is the power factor and input current distortion are analyzed using with control and without control techniques. Simulation results in the research paper show that the power factor is higher than 0.99, and current total harmonics distortion (THD)is smaller than 20% under full load condition and the predictive control algorithm is presented based on this algorithm all of the duty cycles required to achieve unity power factorin one half line period are calculated in advance by proportional Integral (PI) controller [3]. Methods that the researcher applied show that predictive current control gives better power factor correction for different input voltages and load than that of without control technique [3]. (a) (b) (c) Figure 2.1: Simulated Waveform without control technique (a) input IV (b) output V (c) linecurrent harmonics spectra [3] (a) (b)

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|49 (c) Figure 2.2: Simulated Waveform with control technique (a) input IV (b) output V (c) linecurrent harmonics spectra [3] Third Journal: Sujata Powniker and Sachin Shelar paper is shows they are proposed on the Development of Active Power Factor Correction Controller Using Boost Converter which is in general an Active Power Factor Correction (APFC) technique being discussed by using voltage feed forward and voltage feedback loop. It explains the development of boost converter as a power factor correction controller, operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The boost converter is also designed to regulate the output voltage. Also, the prototype of boost active PFC has been developed for single-phase rectifier, supplying load of 80W at 400V DC. Analysis has been carried out for different load conditions which prove that the PF can be improved from 0.6 to 0.98~0.99 with THD reduction [4]. Figure 2.3: Result table of observation by researcher using MATLAB simulation [4] Based on those related work, the researchers make a great effort to propose the good to method, idea being proposed to analyse the power factor correction and total harmonic distortion. The boost device acts as an active boost device where the handles a continuous DC bus voltage at its output and always tries to draw a current at the same frequency and section for the line-toline voltage. Another switch-mode device in the proposal produces a specified DC bus output voltage of. This approach also requires semiconductor switches and management physics, but the 's inexpensive and small passive components are possible. Often used in observations. For example, a passive greenhouse gas SMPS can run up to power issues from 0.7 to 0.75, while an active greenhouse gas SMPS can run up to 0.99, whereas a non-storm power calibrated SMPS only contains a power issue from 0.55 to 0.65 [1] Harmonic current can be controlled in the simplest way using a filter that allows current to pass only at the line frequency (50 or 60Hz), harmonic current is suppressed andthe nonlinear device is a linear load. Looks like. The power factor can be improved using capacitors and inductors (e.g. manual equipment). These filters with manual equipment are called passive filters. Disadvantages of this circuit topology its expensive, bulky, high capacity, high current inductors required. The passive PFC circuit requires only a few components for efficiency, but operates at lines and power frequencies, which increases its size [1]. Figure 2.4: Passive Power Factor Correction Circuit [2][1] As we know, today the conventional AC-DC converters are being used widely in various applications due to their high efficiency. This converter draws a non- sinusoidal input AC current, lowering the power factor, and injecting harmonics into the utility line. The harmonic currents generated by the converter distort the AC line voltage and cause power disturbances. Active filters and passive filters are used to reduce harmonics. Passive filters involve the use of resistor, inductor and capacitor elements on the load side. However, they have the disadvantages of low efficiency and high cost. Therefore, active technologies, including the use of power electronics switches such as IGBTs, MOSFETs and GTOs, are becoming even more important. High RMS line currents put high stress on bridge rectifiers and energy storage capacitors. As the demand for more power and better quality increased, power factor correction became an integral part of switching power supplies. Therefore, the power factor correction circuit has become popular and the range of adjusted power has been lowered [3].

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|50 From Konstantinos G. Papadopoulos, ‘PID Controller Tuning Using the Magnitude Optimum Criterion’ such a control loop, the path connecting the reference input r(t) and the output of the control loop y(t) is called the forward path. This path contains (1) process (2) actuator or power component unit (3) controller and (4) comparator [5]. Figure 2.5: General form of a closed-loop control system with negative feedback [5] V. METHODOLOGY VI. Theoretically, there are few things to consider when designing and perform the power factor correction, and the design can be too simple or too complicated. To meet some of the requirements, the purpose of this project is to address certain aspects of the application. This project consists of three basic parts: input, process, and output. Meanwhile, a schematic of theMATLAB software in a simulation for the output. Finally, a nearly unity power factor can be achieved. A flow has been created for implementing this project to ensure an estimated timeframe to complete this project. Proper planning and effective operation management can make this project effective. • AFFC Techniique APFC technique are refer to method that increase PF by using active electronic circuits with feedback that control the shape of the drawn current. This is the conceptual schematic method of PFC boost converter. The inductor, L is controlled by a soled state switch that driven ON and OFF at a frequency much higher than the mains frequency. A basic APFC circuits consists of a control circuit that measures the input voltage and current then adjusts the switching time and duty cycle to ensure that the input voltage and current are in phase. This provides an automatic correction of the input AC voltage, resulting to a theoretical PF of over 0.95. unlike the passive PFC, this technique operates over a wide range of input voltages. • Research Approach In this project, Qualitative approach are implemented. TABLE I. RESEARCH APPROACH TABLE II. RESEARCH APPROACH Figure 3.4: Project Flow Chart DataCollection / Resources Simulations Purpose Using APFC technique Time 12 months Facilities / Tools MATLAB software Technical Support Assoc. Prof Ts Dr Shahrin Md Ayob Data Collection Method Algorithms analysis and Simulation Approach Quantitative Type Applied Data Secondary Attributes Action Objective To design and perform PFC Tuning controller gain (using PIDcontroller) le To obtain the optimal PID gains forcurrent and voltage loop Tune inner loop and outer loop.Frequency response estimation Data Collection structured Analysis real data using review Data Analys is statistical Analysis data Simulink Outcomes PF nearly unity. Voltage and current in the same phase Recommended final actions

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|51 First flow was the literature study that consists over fourthly journals and paper that has been review. Which the most related projects are discussed at chapter 3. These journals are based on boost power factor correction and some with the PID control technique used. Next flow was the designing boost PFC part based ok APFC technique using MATLAB. Firstly, design boost PFC without PID controller to computes the value of inductance, L and capacitance, C using theoretically equations. Once the value has been computed, PID controller are design based on technique that has been reviews. From PID, the value of kp and ki are tuning at the inner current and outer voltage loop. All models are tested using MATLAB Simulink and the result is analysed and has been recorded as documentation report consist combination of theoretically and simulation result. Some problems occur when the model is tested, which related with the circuit of the model and the value that has been used at the simulation. Figure 3.5: Controller Block Diagram Block 1: used to generate the sinusoidal reference for the current controller. Block 2: voltage controller block that used to regulate the output voltage. Block 3: current controller block that control the inductor current and also to maintain the sinusoidal waveshape. Table 3.1 shows the project milestone which included all the activities to performed and achieve the objective of the project. Consists of two parts, part 1 and part 2. In part 1 the literature study is done on week xx, followed by the simulation on the open loop circuit and it is stated 'b' as the completion of scenario testing, and part 2 is conducted where is involved the process on designing the PID controller then it followed on the analysis and documentation. Milestone: a : completion of analysis: interim paper b: completion of scenario testing: c: interim report: completion of designing: interim report d : completion of project : Final Report Figure 3.6: Gantt Chart of the Project VII. RESULT AND ANALYSIS This simulation result are focuses on the input and output of the AC-DC boost power converter that consist of current-voltage, IV. Figure 4.1 below show the design of APFC includes diode bridge rectifier and boost converter circuit using MATLAB. Figure 4.1: The Design of APFC Boost Converter Using MATLAB The design consists AC input voltage source, a bridge rectifier, the Boost power factor correction with load. MOSFET are connected to pulse width modulation which digitally controlled by PWM generator from PID, inner current loop. Figure 4.2: The Design of PID Controller Using MATLAB

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|52 PID controller block getting input by inductor current, IL, source voltage, Vs and the output voltage form the load. Figure 4.6: The Circuit of PWM Generator at Inner Current Loop Figure 4.3: Simulink Model of digitally Control Boost PFC Figure 4.4: The Circuit of PLL at Outer Voltage Loop The PLL circuit was a Phase Lock Loop block models, which is contains a closed loop system that tracks the frequency and phase of sinusoidal signal by using the souse voltage as an input. PI output waveform shows the Vo Reff versus Vomeasured, which the tuning P value as 0.115 and I value as 21.75 at the outer voltage loop. Figure 4.5: Result of PI output (Vo Reff VS Vomeasured) The control algorithm computes a PWM signal that drives the MOSFET of the boost converter. The parameter value of L and C are defined at this model. First, tuning the inner loop to obtain the PID gainsfor the current loop. Followed by the outer voltage loop to computes gains for voltage loop PI controller. The process is repeated to tune the inner and outer loop. The input and output linearization point are the signal from the tuning. Figure 4.7: Result of PI output (IL Reff VS ILmeasured) PI output waveform at Figure 4.7 shows the IL Reff versus ILmeasured, which the tuning P value as 0.09309 and I value as 1318 at the inner current loop. Figure 4.7: Result (top) V-I line input, (middle) Output Voltage, (bottom) Inductor Current As a result, the inductor current and output voltage profiles show good reference tracking which the line current drawn from the AC grid resembles as a sinusoidal with less harmonics and much better than the current profile before the controller tuning. Its prove that this result providing a better power factor. From MATLAB, power factor value are 0.89.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|53 Table 4.1: Specification and design parameters 1 DC line voltage for AC sweep VL 120V 2 Peak-peak Input voltage (full bridge rectifier) VL(P-P) 169.7 1 V 3 frequency f 50Hz 4 oltage (desire) VO(reff) 240V 5 Power Max steady state P 1KW 6 Resistive load R 200Ω 7 Peak-peak output voltage ripple VP-P (ripple) 10V 8 Inductor current ripple IL (ripple) 8A 9 Nominal efficiency ƞ 92% 10 Min hold-up time (min Vout) t 16.6m s 11 Switching frequency (MOSFET) fsw 50KH z 12 Kp – i = 0.09327 , ki-i = 1301.53 13 Kp-v = 0.1150 , ki-v = 21.75 Converter Design: - Filter Inductance: - Filter Capacitance: - Control Panel: - Figure 4.8: Line Voltage and current, Output Voltage Waveform VIII.CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION This project analyses the procedural method of boosting power factor correction using the optimum PID controller. In order to improve the PFC, active power factor correction technique is applied based on the current in the same phase as the input current. MATLAB are used to simulate the active PFC model, and the proposed method is expected to reduce THD and achieve nearly unity PF. For future work purposes, this project can be done using LABVIEW software and built a hardware, so that the comparison can be made and tested in all respects. Or else, the observations using hardware testing result also can be used to compare with this MATLAB simulation result. Therefore, new research and development in control technique solid state devices will further increase transient response, very high reliability and power factor quality. REFERENCES [1] Salamiyah Binti Mohamad, Development of a Power Factor Correection Boost Converter in Single Phase Rectifier Using Fuzzy, July 2013. [2] M. Paul Jeyaraj, M. Senthil Kumar, T. Arun Prasath, S. Muthulakshmi, S. Aiswariya ‘Power Factor Correction and THD Minimization in Boost Converter with PIDController’.Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, India. 11 March 2021. [3] Mr.B.Sai Sreenivas, Dr.Ch.Sai Babu , Mr.D. Lenine, ‘Design and Analysis of Predictive control using PI controller for Boost Converter with Active Power FactorCorrection’. ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012. [4] Sajuta Powniker and Sachin Shelar, ‘Development of Active Power Factor Correction Controller Using Boost Converter’. 19-21 December 2016, AISSMS, Pune, India. [5] Konstantinos G. Papadopoulos, ‘PID Controller Tuning Using the Magnitude Optimum Criterion’. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07263-0 [6] Zhiguo Pan, Fang Z. Peng, and Suilin Wang,’ Power Factor Correction

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|54 Using a Series Active Filter’. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2005 [7] M. W. B. Mahmud, A. Z. Alam and D. A. Rahman, "Improvement of Active Power Factor Correction Circuit for Switch Mode Power Supply Using Fly Back and Boost Topology," 2018 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2018, pp. 437-440, doi: 10.1109/ICCCE.2018.8539335 [8] S. Rittijun and N. Boonpirom, "Power Factor Correction of Single-Phase Rectifier using Fuzzy Controller," 2020 International Conference on Power, Energy and Innovations (ICPEI), 2020, pp. 153-156, doi: 10.1109/ICPEI49860.2020.9431421 [9] A. Vadde, S. Sachin and V. V. S. N. SitaramGupta, "Real implementation of synchronous boost converter with controller for power factor correction," 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 2017, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/TENCONSpring.2017.8070061 [10] C. P. Mehta and Balamurugan P., "Buck-Boost converter as power factor correction controller for plug-in electric vehicles and battery charging application," 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICPES.2016.7584111 [11] Wanfeng Zhang, Guang Feng, Yan-Fei Liu and Bin Wu, "New digital control method for power factor correction," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 987-990, June 2006, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2006.874255 [12] O. Garcia, J. A. Cobos, R. Prieto, P. Alou and J. Uceda, "Power factor correction: a survey," 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230), 2001, pp. 8-13 vol. 1, doi: 10.1109/PESC.2001.953987 [13] Fang Zheng Peng, "Application issues of active power filters," in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 21-30, Sept.-Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1109/2943.715502 [14] Amar Bouafassa, Lazhar Rahmani, Saad Mekhilef, Design and real time implementation of single-phase boost power factor correction converter, ISA Transactions, Volume 55, 2015, Pages 267-274, ISSN 0019-0578 [15] Marty Brown, Chapter 9 - Power Factor Correction, Power Sources and Supplies, Newnes, 2008, Pages 279-293, ISBN 9780750686266 [16] Meloni L.F.J, Tofoli F.L, Rezek A.J.J, Rebeiro E.R,”Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Single-Phase Series Active Power Filter for Harmonic Voltage Reduction”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. Volume 7, 2019, ISSN: 21693536 [17] Seo, S.-W., Choi, H.H, Digital implementation of fractional order PIDType controller for boost DC-DC converter, (2019) IEEE Access, 7, art. no. 8854776, pp. 142652-142662 [18] Viswanatha, V., Reddy, R.V.S. & Rajeswari Characterization of analog and digital control loops for bidirectional buck–boost converter using PID/PIDN algorithms. Journal of Electrical Systems and Inf Technol 7, 6 (2020) [19] Karaarslan, A., Iskender, I. A DSP based powerfactor correction converter to reduce total harmonic distortion o+f input current for improvement of power org.ezproxy.utm.my/10.1007/s00202-011-0215-5. [20] De Belie, F.M.L.L., Van de Sype, D.M., De Gussemé, K. et al. Digitally Controlled Boost PFC Converter with Improved Output Voltage Controller. Electr Eng 89, 363–370 (2007) [21] F. Zheng and W. Zhang, "Long term effect of power factor correction on the industrial load: A case study," 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017. 8282382 [22] Fang Lin Luo, "Single-stage power factor correction AC/DC converter," 2005 International Power Engineering Conference, 2005, pp. 974-979 Vol. 2, doi: 10.1109/IPEC.2005. 207049 [23] M. W. B. Mahmud, A. Z. Alam and D. A. Rahman, "Improvement of Active Power Factor Correction Circuit for Switch Mode Power Supply Using Fly Back and Boost Topology," 2018 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2018, pp. 437-440, doi: 10.1109/ICCCE.2018. 8539335 [24] Kumar, S. Sarath, and Manoj Samal. "A new power factor correction technique by using PFC Boost Converter." SSRG International Journal of Communication and Media Science (SSRG-IJCMS) 4.4 (2017): 1-3 [25] Rossetto, L., G. Spiazzi, and P. Tenti. "Control techniques for power factor correction converters." Proc. of Power Electronics, Motion Control (PEMC) (1994): 1310-1318 [26] A. Vadde, S. Sachin and V. V. S. N. SitaramGupta, "Real implementation of synchronous boost converter with controller for power factor correction," 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 2017, pp. 1- 4, doi: 10.1109/TENCONSpring.2017.8070061 [27] Bansal, Hari Om, Rajamayyoor Sharma, and P. R. Shreeraman. "PID controller tuning techniques: a review." Journal of control engineering and technology 2, no. 4 (2012): 168-176 [28] Carlos Alfano Neto, Marcelo Embiruçu, Tuning of PID Controllers: An Optimization-Based Method, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Volume 33, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 367-372, ISSN 1474-6670 [29] Hiten Pahilwani, Power Factor Correction Using Boost Converter, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering Management,Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2015, ISSN 2319 [30] K. S. H. Babu, R. Holde, B. K. Singh and V. S. 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Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|55 PENGURUSAN PENYELENGGARAAN ASET PEMBELAJARAN DAN PENGAJARAN PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI ELEKTRIK DI KOLEJ KOMUNITI TAWAU Ts. Joenel Jekli Lipong1, Ts. Sabrina binti Jumadi2 Unit Teknologi Elektrik Kolej Komuniti Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak— Pendidikan latihan teknik dan vokasional (TVET) mempersiapkan pelajar dengan teori dan kemahiran praktikal dalam bidang teknikal seperti bidang Teknologi Elektrik. Pengurusan aset pembelajaran dan pengajaran penting agar dapatmemberikan pengalaman pembelajaran yang terbaik. Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti status aset dan mengenalpasti langkah penyelenggaraan lain yang berkesan dan efisein kerana kadar penggunaan yang tinggi dengan kadar pembaikan yang rendah melalui suatu tempoh masa panjang . metiodlogi kajian adalah menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian dengan mengaplikasikan Borang senarai semak pelbagai titik dan kajian kes sebagai sumber mendapatkan data. Dapatan kajian ini adalah 41.45% aset memerlukan penyelenggaraan. Justeru, peranan Teknologis Profesional (Ts.) dan Juruteknik Bertauliah (Tc.) dalam menyumbang kepakaran selaras Akta Teknologis dan Juruteknik 2015 adalah memartabatkan profesion TVET di Institusi. Keywords—TVET; Teknologi Elektrik; Pengurusan fasiliti;Teknologis; Penyelenggaraan aset. I. PENGENALAN Pendidikan dan latihan teknik dan vokasional (TVET) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam mempersiapkan pelajar dengan kemahiran praktikal yang relevan dalam bidang teknikal seperti bidang Teknologi Elektrik. Salah satu faktor kritikal yang menyumbang kepada kelancaran proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah penyelenggaraan aset ditempat kerja (bengkel). Oleh itu, setiap aset perlu diurus dengan cekap dan berkesan bagi memastikan penggunaan wang yang dibelanjakan adalah berkesan, adalah penting untuk menjalankan kerja penyelenggaraan aset sedia ada secara optimum. Ini akan membantu mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga dan mengurangkan perbelanjaan pada masa depan [1]. Pengurusan aset yang berterusan, penyelenggaraan dan pembaikan yang tepat dan penggunaan sumber yang efisien adalah faktor utama dalam memastikan aset berfungsi dengan lancar dan memberikan pengalaman pembelajaran yang berkualiti kepada pelajar. Objektif kajian adalah: 1. Mengenalpasti status kondisi aset Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran Program Teknologi Elektrik. 2. Mengenalpasti langkah penyelenggaraan lain yang berkesan dan efisien bagi aset Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran Program Teknologi Elektrik. Pengurusan aset merupakan salah satu komponen dalam pengurusan kewangan [2]. Pengurusan aset di Kolej Komuniti menggunapakai Sistem Pengurusan Aset (SPA) yang dibangunkan untuk kawalan dan pemantauan aset bagi semua Kementerian

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|56 dan Jabatan Persekutuan. Di Kolej Komuniti Tawau, tatacara pengurusan aset berjalan dengan lancar selaras dengan pekeliling yang telah dikeluarkan namum dari segi pengurusan aset perlunya ada penambahbaikan berterusan dilaksanakan. II. LATAR BELAKANG A. Pengurusan Fasiliti Pengurusan fasiliti adalah gabungan tindakan teknikal, pentadbiran, dan penyeliaan. Objektifnya adalah untuk menjaga aset dalam keadaan yang baik atau memulihkannya supaya dapat menjalankan fungsi yang diperlukan dengan baik. Selain itu, dalam mencapai objektif serta strategi organisasi, pengurusan fasiliti menyumbang dalam memastikan bangunan, dan peralatan dapat berfungsi dengan baik dan berkesan dimana ianya merangkumi integrasi manusia, tempat, proses, dan teknologi [3] seperti di rajah 1. Operasi dan penyelenggaraan fasiliti merupakan asas penting dalam pengurusan fasiliti [5]. Kepentingan tenaga kerja mahir dan profesional yang seiring dengan matlamat organisasi tidak dapat diabaikan dalam mencapai fungsi pengurusan fasiliti [6]. Rajah 1: Pengurusan fasiliti (FM) - Manusia, Proses, Teknologi Dan Tempat B. Teknologis Profesional dan Juruteknik Bertauliah Perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan yang rendah salah satunya disumbang oleh kurangnya kompetensi dan kelemahan dalam pengurusan penyelenggaraan (Salleh, 2022). Ini disokong dengan suatu penyataan [7] yang menyatakan organisasi yang mempunyai pendekatan dan objektif serta matlamat penyelenggaraan yang tidak jelas berisiko mengakibatkan pertindihan tanggungjawab dan skop kerja yang akan mempengaruhi kecekapan pengurusan penyelenggaraan. Namun, dengan adanya Teknologis dan Juruteknik Bertauliah dibawah Lembaga Teknologis Malaysia (MBOT) ia akan penjadikan penyelenggaraan yang berkualiti berdasarkan perkhidmatan teknikal dan perkhidmatan teknologi selaras dengan peruntukan Akta Teknologis dan Juruteknik 2015. Berikut adalah punca kuasa perkhidmatan [8]: 1. Seksyen 16 Lembaga hendaklah menentukan – (a) Perkhidmatan teknikal dengan mana – mana operasi yang berhubung dengan pengujian produk, pentauliahan produk dan penyenggaran produk; dan (b) Perkhidmatan teknologi berkenaan dengan mana – mana operasi yang berhubung dengan pembangunan produk, pembuatan produk, pengujian produk, pentauliahan produk dan penyenggaraan produk[8], 2. Seksyen 19 Seseorang Teknologis Profesional berhak untuk –

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|57 a. Meluluskan dan mengesahkan cara atau perjalananan perkhidmatan teknologi yang hendak dijalankan[8]; 3. Seksyen 20 Seseorang Juruteknik bertauliah berhak untuk – a. Meluluskan dan mengesahkan cara atau perjalanan perkhidmatan teknikal yang hendak dijalankan[8]; C. Pengurusan Aset Kerajaan Aset kerajaan merujuk kepada harta benda yang dimiliki, dikawal, dan tergolong dalam kepunyaan kerajaan. Ia boleh terdiri daripada harta yang dibina, dibeli, disewa beli, disewa, atau dipajak menggunakan dana kerajaan, serta diterima melalui sumber liar, pembiakan, penyelidikan, atau warisan. Definisi aset: i.Aset Aset ialah sumber yang dikawal oleh entiti, hasil daripada peristiwa lampau dan memberi manfaat ekonomi masa hadapan atau potensi perkhidmatannya dijangka mengalir ke dalam entiti[8]. ii.Aset Alih Aset Alih bermaksud aset atau peralatan yang boleh dipindahkan atau dialihkan dari satu tempat ke tempat lain secara mudah termasuk Aset Alih yang dibekalkan bersekali dengan penyediaan bangunan atau infrastruktur lain[9]. Merujukan kepada tata amalan pengurusan penyelenggaraan aset kerajaan, terdapat dua jenis penyelenggaran iaitu: i.Penyelenggaraan Pencegahan (Preventive Maintenance) merupakan tindakan penyelenggaraan yang dijalankan mengikut jadual atau program tertentu untuk memastikan setiap komponen aset berfungsi dengan baik dan mencegah kemungkinan berlakunya kerosakan besar[9]. ii.Penyelenggaraan Pembaikan (Corrective Maintenance) pula merangkumi tindakan pembaikan atau penggantian komponen yang diperlukan apabila terdapat kerosakan atau kegagalan dalam aset. Penyelenggaraan ini bertujuan untuk memulihkan fungsi aset mengikut piawaian yang ditetapkan[9]. Jenis penyelenggaraan pula dapat diklasifikasikan kepada dua kategori utama, iaitu penyelenggaraan dirancang dan penyelenggaraan tidak dirancang seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2 [10]. Rajah 2: Pengurusan fasiliti (FM) - manusia, proses, teknologi dan tempat Sumber: BS3811 (1984), Seeley (2003) dan Leong (2004), Zakaria et. al. (2010)

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|58 III. PENYATAAN MASALAH A. Kadar penggunaan yang tinggi dengan kadar pembaikan yang rendah melalui suatu tempoh masa yang panjang menyebabkan keadaan aset yang tidak optimal: Aset pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) merupakan aset yang digunakan oleh pelajar dalam proses PdP sepanjang pengajian. Kadar penggunaan aset PdP adalah bergantung kepada bilangan pelajar dan juga kekerapan penggunaan dalam amali pelajar. Aset PdP menjadi tidak optimal apabila aset ini kerap digunakan namun kurang diselenggara. Penggunaan bagi tempoh masa yang lama tanpa penyelenggaraan yang sistematik juga menyebabkan penurunan kualiti fungsi aset. Kegagalan untuk memelihara dan memperbaiki fasiliti dan peralatan secara berkala akan menyebabkan masalah operasi, penurunan kualiti pembelajaran, dan bahaya keselamatan bagi pengguna samada pelajar mahupun pensyarah. B. Srategi penyelenggaraan alternatif yang inovatif masih rendah: Umum mengetahui bahawa proses penyelenggaraan aset kerajaan memerlukan sokongan kewangan dari pihak pengurusan. Kekangan untuk memperolehi sumber kewangan bagi tujuan penyelenggaraan ini menyebabkan wujudnya inisiatif alternatif yang inovatif untuk memudahkan pengurusan proses penyelenggaraan agar aktiviti penyelenggaraan ini dapat dipertingkatkan selari dengan keperluan yang mendesak terhadap penggunaan aset PdP pada masa kini. Tanpa pemikiran kreatif dan solusi alternatif yang efektif, institusi mungkin terjebak dalam rutin penyelenggaraan yang kurang efisien dan tidak mampu menghadapi perubahan dan keperluan semasa. IV. METODOLOGI Metodologi kajian yang akan digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini adalah keadah kajian pemerhatian dengan meletakkan kajian kes dan borang semak pelbagai titik dibawahnya bagi mengumpul data secara sistematik dan menyeluruh mendalam terhadap kajian ini. Rajah 3: Carta alir Pengurusan Penyelenggaraan Aset Pembelajaran Dan Pengajaran Program Teknologi Elektrik Di Kolej Komuniti Tawau A. Pelantikan Pemeriksa Aset Dalaman Program Teknologi Elektrik. Pemilihan pemeriksa adalah daripada pegawai yang diiktiraf oleh Akta Teknologi dan Juruteknik 2015 bagi menjalankan pemeriksaan penyelenggaran selaras dengan seksyen 19 dan 20 akta. B. Kajian kes Data diperoleh adalah dari sumber seperti minit mesyuarat, laporan penyelenggaran, laporan dan aduan penyelaras bengkel memberikan matlamat mendalam tentang praktik terbaik dan isu-isu yang dihadapi.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|59 C. Borang semak pelbagai titik Borang ini digunakan untuk mengumpul data secara sistematik dan menyeluruh terhadap aset yang diperiksa melalui titik – titik yang perlu diperiksa berdasarkan fungsinya. Pemilihan item dalam senarai semak adalah dikeluarkan dan diwujudkan berpandukan kepada manual produk itu sebagai panduan kepada pemeriksa dan penyelenggara aset. Sampel borang adalah seperti di Rajah 4, borang ini mengklasifikasikan pemasalahan dialami dengan jenis tindakan perlu diambil seperti Check OK at this time (Kod warna Hijau), May need further action (Kod warna Kuning), Required immediate action (Kod warna Merah) dan not inspected this time (Kod warna kelabu). Rajah 4; Sampel Borang Semak Pelbagai Titik bagi Oscilloscope V. DAPATAN KAJIAN Dalam dapatan kajian seperti di jadual 1, terdapat beberapa punca yang berkaitan dengan keperluan penyelenggaraan aset di Bengkel Pemasangan Elektrik A, B, dan C, Bengkel Elektrik Elektronik (BEE), serta Bengkel Teknologi Elektrik (BTE). Bil. Bengkel Jumlah Aset diperiksa Jumlah aset memerlukan penyelenggaraan 1. Pemasangan Elektrik A (BPA) 14 10 2. Pemasangan Elektrik B (BPB), 8 7 3. Pemasangan Elektrik C (BPC) 68 16 4. Elektrik Elektronik (BEE) 45 16 5. Bengkel Teknologi Elektrik (BTE) 58 31 193 80 Jadual 1: Dapatan status aset Program Teknologi Elektrik Bagi Bengkel Pemasangan Elektrik A (BPA), bengkel ini dilengkapi dengan Cutting Machine, Granding Machine, Pipe Bender, dan Bench Vice masing – masing adalah sebanyak 1, 2, 3, dan 3 yang memerlukan penyelenggaraan apabila didapati keadaan aset yang tidak dapat berfungsi dengan lancar. Punca utama penurunan fungsi aset adalah disebabkan oleh usia peralatan yang sudah terlalu lama iaitu kira-kira 15 tahun. Peralatan tersebut sudah mencapai had umur teknikalnya, yang mengakibatkan penurunan prestasi dan kebolehpercayaan. Selain itu, rekod penyelenggaraan menunjukkan ketidakkonsistenan dan ketidakjelasan dalam pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan berkala. Kelemahan ini menyebabkan kurangnya pemeliharaan aset dan peningkatan risiko kerosakan.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|60 Bagi Bengkel Pemasangan Elektrik B (BPB), Bengkel ini dilengkapi dengan 4 Unit Alarm System Trainer yang telah diperiksa di titik mendapati bahagian Azia Bizzer + Siren + Warning light dan Axia Emergency Switch + Key Switch memerlukan tindakan selanjutnya terhadap kompenen tersebut apabila pemeriksaan penglihatan (Visual) dan kefungisan operasi mendapati ketidakfungsian bahagian tersebut. Manakala, bagi titik pemeriksaan lain mendapati komponen aset tersebut dalam keadaan baik. Selain itu, bengkel ini dilengkapi dengan 3 unit CCTV Security System Trainer yang telah diperiksa dan didapati wireless WIFI IP CCTV Camera dan Transceiver and Receiver Module memerlukan tindakan segera. Bagi Bengkel Pemasangan Elektrik C (BPC) pula, sebahagian besar peralatan masih dalam keadaan baik dan sedia digunakan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa peralatan yang telah usang (melebihi 15 tahun) dan tidak ekonomik untuk dibaiki. Ini adalah peralatan Oscilloscope telah diperiksa adalah 12 unit dan 5 unit perlu diselenggara dengan didapati paparan gelombang (waveform) tidak menunjukkan selari dengan nilai Volt peak – peak pada 1kHz fekuensi yang ditetapkan sekaligus memerlukan tindakan segera untuk mengembalikan kefungsiannya. Bengkel Elektrik Elektronik (BEE) menunjukkan keadaan aset yang baik dan sedia digunakan bagi kebanyakan peralatan. Namun begitu, Digital Tester Trainer memerlukan penukaran beberapa bahagian komponen untuk memastikan kelancaran penggunaannya. Melalui borang semak pelbagai titik mendapati permasalah seperti pin kaki komponen yang tidak dapat digunakan dan terdapat tiga unit tidak dapat dihidupkan. Hasil dapatan pada Bengkel Teknologi Elektrik (BTE) menunjukkan keperluan penyelenggaraan khusus untuk beberapa peralatan. Antara aset yang memerlukan penyelenggaraan adalah Three Phase Bench Power Supply Unit yang memerlukan kalibrasi dan penukaran komponen. Selain itu, drilling machine juga memerlukan penyelenggaraan pembersihan dan greasing. Manakala, 14 unit motor elektrik pelbagai jenis didapati memerlukan penyelenggaraan pembersihan dan greasing bagi meningkatkan fungsi ke tahap optimum. Dapatan kajian ini adalah 41.45% aset memerlukan penyelenggaraan oleh itu keperluan yang jelas untuk melaksanakan penyelenggaraan aset secara berkala dan memastikan kecukupan peralatan pelatih di semua bengkel tersebut. Tindakan pembaikan, penggantian, dan pemeliharaan yang sesuai perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan kebolehpercayaan, prestasi, dan keselamatan aset dalam aktiviti pembelajaran dan pengajaran adalah ditahap terbaik. VI. CADANGAN Dalam konteks menganalisis status kefungsian aset secara berterusan dan selamat digunakan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat beberapa masalah yang menyumbang kepada penurunan prestasi dan kebolehpercayaan aset di bengkel-bengkel Program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik, Kolej

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|61 Komuniti Tawau. Isu seperti usia peralatan yang telah mencapai had umur teknikalnya, ketidakkonsistenan dalam penyelenggaraan berkala, kekurangan peralatan pelatih, dan peralatan yang telah usang dan tidak ekonomik untuk dibaiki, semuanya menyumbang kepada ketidakberkesanan dan risiko kerosakan aset. Untuk mencapai objektif kajian, cadangan alternatif penyelenggaraan yang lebih efisien dan berkesan perlu dilakukan. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian, beberapa cadangan telah diambil seperti pemulihan atau penggantian aset yang sudah mencapai umur ekonominya, pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan berkala yang teratur dan sistematik, peningkatan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan aset, dan pemeliharaan berkala yang melibatkan ujian dan penilaian prestasi aset. Antara alternatifnya adalah: i.Melantik Teknologis Professional dan Juruteknik Bertauliah sebagai pemeriksa aset selaras dengan fungsi dan peranan selaras dengan Akta Teknologis dan Juruteknik 2015. ii.Memperluaskan penggunaan Borang Semak Pelbagai Titik. iii.Pemeriksaan dilaksanakan bersekali dengan aktviti penyelenggaraan berkala supaya status aset diketahui kefungsiannya. Melalui pelaksanaan cadangan-cadangan tersebut, diharapkan kebolehpercayaan, prestasi, dan keselamatan aset dalam aktiviti pembelajaran dan pengajaran dapat ditingkatkan. Melalui penyelenggaraan aset yang berkala dan penyediaan peralatan pelatih yang mencukupi juga, bengkelbengkel akan menjadi lebih efisien dalam menjalankan aktiviti PdP. VII. KESIMPULAN Sebagai kesimpulan, dapatan kajian ini memberikan maklumat penting dalam menganalisis status kefungsian aset secara berterusan agar selamat digunakan, serta mencadangkan alternatif penyelenggaraan yang lebih efisien dan berkesan. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian juga, diharap tindakan yang diambil dapat memberi implikasi yang positif dalam memastikan kecukupan, kebolehpercayaan, prestasi, dan keselamatan aset dapat ditingkatkan dalam konteks aktiviti pembelajaran dan pengajaran di bengkelbengkel yang dikaji. Selain itu, ia dapat meningkatkan peranan Teknologis Profesional dan Juruteknik Bertauliah dalam menyumbang kepada kepakaran selaras dengan memartabatkan profesion TVET di Institusi. PENGHARGAAN Penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Kolej Komuniti Tawau. RUJUKAN [1] Borhan Abu Samah dan Abdul Halim Hadi. (2006). Kesan kerosakan - PM arah JKR sedia garis panduan senggara elak pembaziran. Utusan Malaysia. 20 Februari. [2] Abdul Halim Ahmad (2021). Kecekapan Pengurusan Aset Di Politeknik Kuala

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|62 Terengganu. International Journal of Supply Chain, Operation Management and Logistics, 2 (3), 23- 31. [3] Hamilton, B. dan Norizan Ahmad. 2001. Facilities management development. Dlm: Facilities Management Seminar. Kuala Lumpur, 7 April 2001. [4] International Facility Management Association. (2004). Definition of facility management. Available at: http://www.ifma.org/what_is_fm/index.cfm (accessed 9 April 2008). [5] Payant, R.P. dan Lewis, B.T. (1999). Operations plans. Dlm: Lewis, B.T. (Pnyt.). Facility Manager’s Operation and Maintenance Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 3.3-3.61. [6] Zakaria, H., Arifin, K., Ahmad, S., Aiyub, K., & Fisal, Z. (2010). Pengurusan fasiliti dalam penyelenggaraan bangunan: Amalan kualiti, keselamatan dan kesihatan. Journal of Techno-Social, 2(1). [7] Mong, S., Misnan, M., & Mohamed, S. (2019). Current issues and barriers of maintenance management practices for public facilities in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(5C), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e1017.0585c19 [8] Akta Teknologis dan Juruteknik (2015). Pp. 18 – 21. [9] Tataamalan pengurusan aset kerajaan peyelenggaraan (Penyelenggaraan). [10] Leong, K.C. (2004). The essence of good facility management – A guide for maximization of facility assets’ economic life and asset optimisation for reliable services and user satisfaction. Buletin Ingenieur. Vol. 24. pp. 7-19. [11] Ali, A., Chua, S., & Awang Ali, D. (2016). Issues And Challenges Faced By Government Office Buildings In Performing Maintenance Work. Science and Engineering, Vol 78 No 11, 11-23. Jamrin, J. dan Adzwanshah, B. (2020). Kesan Pelaksananaan Penyelenggaraan Pencegahan Terhadap Kos. eISBN 978-967-18897-0-1 [12] Sr Ts. Puan Rohaizana Binti Ramli & Nur Fatin Azarinah Binti Mohamad Nazri (2021). Kajian Terhadap Keberkesanan Penggunaan Sistem Pengurusan Aset (ASIS) di Hospital. http://repository.psa.edu.my/handle/1234567 89/3235.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|63 ANALYSIS OF POWER WINDOW VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT COMPARED TO RPM Ahmad Fariz Fauzi1 , Abd. Halim bin Mahat2 , Mohd Nordin Mohd Jani3 Politeknik Melaka,Malacca Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—A power window motor is one of the systems widely used in vehicles, and now this kind of motor is usually used for mobile robotics or any mechatronic system. A common problem that occurs when using this motor is the undervoltage of the power supply. To unveil the situation regarding power supply, this study measures the voltage and current of Proton Wira power windows without load compared to RPM. Based on the experimental result, it shows that the value of RPM is proportional to the voltage value. But the value of current shows slight decreases when RPM increases. It is true that low voltage is the reason motors become slower. Undervoltage is the reason motors become underpowered and malfunction. This study greatly impacts users because now we know the minimum requirement for the motor to start rotating by itself must equal or be above 0.7 Volt and 0.57A. Even when the voltage is 0.6V and the current is 1.25A, the motor needs an external force to start rotating. The value of current is slightly inverse to RPM. In the future, more specific studies need to be conducted regarding this kind of motor on the mechanical and electrical sides. TABLE I. POWER WINDOW SPECIFICATION Keywords— current, power window motor, RPM, voltage Introduction A power window motor is a system widely used in today’s vehicles [1]. Nowadays, technology students, hobbyists dan educators who love making robots use the power window as one of the robotic mechanisms in mechatronics [2]. Even though it has a robust design, the power window still faces a lot of problems based on mechanical [3] and problems based on electrical systems [4]. Most of the electrical problems are caused by the power supply such as input below voltage [5]. Based on fact, thisstudy will only focus on measuring the exact value of voltage and current compared to RPM. A. Power Window Criteria There are many power windows for any car in the market [6] [7]. For this research purpose, the Proton Wira power window geared motor is used. There is no difference between left-side or right-side motor. So, both can be used based on what condition N o Power Window Proton Wira – Type Right Specification Rating Value Unit 1 Voltage in DC Volt 12 V 2 Current without Load ≤ 5 A 3 Speed without Load 7-100 RPM 4 Torque 2.94 30 N.m kg.cm 5 Stall Torque 9.8 100 N.m kg.cm a. Astana Digital.com

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|64 the user wants to put the motor in. The specification is in Table I: Power Window Specification. Based on Table 1, this motor is one of the most popular for those who want to build a robot or an electro-mechanical system using a robust motor [8]. Maybe the shape of a power window is not symmetric, but it is just nice to use for a small project within the specification. The motor is shown in Picture 1: Power Window Motor. Picture 1: Power Window Motor B. Revolution Per Minutes (RPM), DC Voltage and DC Current RPM is a unit measurement for describing the speed of motor based on the full-cycle shaft rotation per minute [9]. DC Voltage is a constant electrical pressure to drive a one way current [10]. The speed of a DC motor is proportional to the input voltage [11]. As a result, whenever the DC volt increases, so does the RPM. The value of current is slightly inverse to RPM [12]. Based on Table I: Power Window Specification, the range of the power window RPM is between 7 to 100 RPM. It is supposed to be at a value of 1V, the RPM equivalent of 7 RPM, and at a value of 12V, the maximum RPM for this motor is 100 RPM. The objective of this study is to unveil the situation regarding power supply by measuring the voltage, current, and RPM of Proton Wira power windows geared motor without load. Q1- Is it true that undervoltage will cause the power window motor to malfunction or become slower? Q2- What will happen to the motor when the voltage value is below 1V? Q3-What is the minimum voltage to give tension to the motor to start rotating? Q4- What is the relationship between current and RPM? II. METHOD A. Measuring Tools Throughout this study implementation, the measuring tools used as in Table II: Measuring Tools. TABLE II. MEASURING TOOLS N o The measuring tools used in this study Tools Measuring Value Reason 1 Dual Tracking DC Power Supply 6302D (Topward) Supply Source: 220VAC 0-30V, 0-5A To regulate voltage and to measure current 2 Digital Tachometer DT2234C+ Supply Source: 9V battery 2.5 – 99,999 RPM To measure RPM a. Measuring tools Both measuring tools have already passed the calibration test with another measuring tool. So, the reliability data collected during this study is highly trusted [13]. The dual tracking DC power supply is a regulated power supply and is purposely used to regulate the voltage value from zero to the power window rated voltage [14]. This tool also has overload protection to protect the machine and the motor [15]. To operate this tool, connect a wire to the master terminals and set the variable to “independent”. After that, turn ON the Power Button and rotate the regulating knob clockwise to increase the voltage. At

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|65 the same time, measure the current. The power supply is shown in Picture 2: Dual Tracking DC Power Supply. Picture 2: Dual Tracking DC Power Supply To measure RPM, a digital tachometer is used [16]. The procedure is applying a reflective marking sticker to the rotation object [17]. Then, press the TEST button and the display shows the measure’s value. The tachometer is shown in Picture 3: Digital Tachometer. Picture 3: Digital Tachometer B. Wiring Connection Before starting the dual power supply, all the termination must be in place. Make sure all the copper wire is unexposed for safety purposes [18]. this motor is a right type, so to rotate it counterclockwise, blue wire from the motor must connect to the negative terminal and red wire connect to the positive terminal. Wiring a power window can be done in many ways. The basic wiring system doesn’t need any kind of additional item [19]. There is no need to insert any kind of power regulator or power controller because the dual tracking power supply is just enough to use based of safety to measuring tools and to the motor itself. After the power button is turned “ON”, adjust the current and voltage knob until a reading display on the screen. When the motor starts to rotate, it means that the motor gets enough power to rotate by itself. Then take the reading respectively using the form. The connection is shown based on Picture 4: Wiring Connection and Picture 5: Wiring Diagram. Picture 4: Connection Picture 5: Wiring Diagram

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|66 C. Experiment There are two experiments that were conducted to measure the data and reveal the answers to all the questions from Q1 to Q4. Experiment 1 is based on measuring voltage and current values. Meanwhile, experiment 2 is based on measuring RPM. Both experiments raw data were collected and inserted into the form in Picture 6: Experiment Form. Picture 6: Experiment Form In the Experiment Form, there are five empty columns to fill in based on the data collected during the experiment. The first empty column is for the voltage value. The second empty column is based on the minimum current value and the third empty column is based on the maximum current value. If the current value states only one value, then fill both columns with the same value. The fourth column is the RPM value data collected using the tachometer. The last column is for any related findings or any kind of note regarding the data collection. All the processes are shown based on the flowchart in Picture 6: Process Flowchart. Picture 6: Flowchart

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|67 III. RESULT Based on the experiment data collected in Table III: Data Collection, the result shows a new finding that has priority to be considered for this research. c.data collection There is no current value gathered when the Dual Tracking DC Power Supply is set to 0V to 0.4V. The electrical current begin to flow at 0.5V. Row number 1 shows a typical condition: the value of voltage is 0.5V, and the value of current is quite high in the range of 1.06A to 1.07A. The motor can’t rotate, and at the same time, the gear is too heavy to rotate by hand. Even with an external force being applied to the motor, the gear still doesn’t rotate. Meanwhile, row number 2 shows a new finding for the motor. Based on the data, the motor can’t rotate by itself in normal conditions. But when an external force is applied to the motor, the gear starts rotating within 2 RPM and at the same time, the current’s value drops from 1.25A - 1.26A to 0.59A – 1.02A. Row number 3 shows that 3.0 RPM is the minimum RPM required for the motor to rotate by itself without any external force applied to it. The data collected for row number 3 is the baseline for the motor to start rotating by itself. The voltage value is 0.7V, and the range of the current’s value is from 0.57 – 0.91A. Row numbers 4 to 16 show the nominal RPM for the motor rotating normally. The value of RPM rises uniformly based on the voltage increase. And the last row, row number 17, shows the current’srange and maximum RPM for 12V are 0.66-0.78A and 96.5 RPM. TABLE III. DATA COLLECTION No Data Collection Voltage (V) Min Current (Amin) Max Current (Amax) RPM (RPM) 1 0.5 1.06 1.07 0.0 2 0.6 1.25 1.26 0.0 3 0.7 0.57 0.91 3.0 4 0.8 0.58 0.90 5.5 5 0.9 0.59 0.88 5.7 6 1.0 0.59 0.82 6 7 2.0 0.59 0.82 14.5 8 3.0 0.59 0.80 23.5 9 4.0 0.6 0.80 31.5 10 5.0 0.62 0.81 40.0 11 6.0 0.62 0.81 48.5 12 7.0 0.64 0.81 57.0 13 8.0 0.66 0.79 65.0 14 9.0 0.64 0.79 74.0 15 10.0 0.65 0.79 82.0 16 11.0 0.65 0.78 90.0 17 12.0 0.66 0.78 96.5

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|68 IV. ANALYSIS After the data is gathered and filled out in the experiment form, here is the analysis for the objective: Q1- isit true that undervoltage will cause the power window motor to malfunction or become slower? The data in Table III proves that undervoltage causes the power window motor’s RPM to become slow and malfunction. Even though the current is high during 0.5V and 0.6V, the motor still won’t rotate. If the motor is in this condition for a long time, high current will reduce the motor coil’s lifespan. Based on all rows, the voltage’s value is proportional to RPM. The higher the voltage, the higher the RPM. Q2- What will happen to the motor when the voltage value is below 1V? The data in Table III also proves that the motor doesn’t act normally when the voltage is below 1V. This statement is supported by the graph in Fig. 1 showing the current increase from 1.06A-1.07A at 0.5V to 1.25-1.26A at 0.6V and then suddenly decreasing to 0.57A-0.91A at 0.7V. It means something triggers the current to fluctuate. The rise in current shows that this motor tries to start rotating, but with the low tension, it doesn’t have enough power to do it. FIGURE 1 MIN MAX CURRENT VS VOLTAGE GRAPH Q3 -What is the minimum voltage to give tension to start rotating? Based on the data in Table III and supported by the graph in Fig. 2, it shows that the minimum voltage to give the tension to the motor to start rotating by itself is 0.7V. FIGURE 2 VOLTAGE VS RPM GRAPH Q4- What is the relationship between current and RPM? Fig. 3 shows that the minimum and maximum current fluctuate at zero RPM. After the motor starts rotating, the current decreases and becomes more stable. The current values are slightly decreasing with the rise of the voltage’s value. FIGURE 3 CURRENT VS RPM GRAPH

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|69 V. CONCLUSION This study has had a lot of impact on users because now we know the minimum voltage for the motor to start rotating by itself must equal or be above 0.7V. It is also true that undervoltage causes the motor to be underpowered and malfunction. Because this motor is a DC geared motor, it needs a slightly high current at a certain voltage to start rotating from a stall condition. But if this motor stays within that kind of voltage’s value for a long time, it will decrease the lifespan of the motor’s coil because of the high current. In the future, more specific studies need to be conducted regarding this kind of motor on the mechanical and electrical sides, such as power usage using different loads, the maximum voltage the motor can handle, the maximum load it can lift, forward and reverse, wireless control, and actual torque with or without load. REFERENCES [1] Y. S. Chan, "How to Test a Power Window Switch with a Multimeter," 7 September 2022. [Online]. Available: https://kaiweets.com/blogs/news/how-totest-a-power-window-switch-with-amultimeter. [2] Mybotics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mybotic.com.my/po wer-window-motor-wira-right. [3] Y. Prawoto, "Failure analysis of automotive power window mechanism," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/2770258/Failur e_analysis_of_automotive_power_ window_mechanism [4] Cowasjeep, 14 December 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cowasjeegroup.com/2020/12/14/3 -common-electric-problems-withpower-windows/. [5] R. Stull, "Understanding and Addressing 5 Key Power Supply Issues," 5 November 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/industryarticles/understanding-and- addressing-5- key-power-supplyissues/#:~:text=The%20five%20common% 20power%20supply,issues%2C%2 0and%20missing%20external%20compone nts. [6] U. BHARDWAJ, "GO MECHANIC," 1 12 2020. [Online]. Available: https://gomechanic.in/blog/history-behindpower-windows/. [7] TECHNAVIO, Automotive Power Window Motor Market by Application and Geography - Forecast and Analysis 2022-2026, TECHNAVIO, 2022. [8] A. DIGITAL, "Power Window Motor (Wira) - Left," ASTANA DIGITAL, 2014. [Online]. Available: Power Window Motor (Wira) - Left. [9] C. E. A. Electronics, "CS Electrical And Electronics," 15 August 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cselectricalandelectronics.com/ho w-to- calculate-rpm-of-dc-and-ac-motorformula-to-calculate-rpm/. [Accessed May 2023]. [10] John, "DC Voltage: A Detailed Overview on How DC Works," OurPCB, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ourpcb.com/dcvoltage.html#:~:text=The%20DC%20in% 20voltage%20and,it%20can%20var y%20in%20time.. [Accessed May 2023]. [11] K. Centre, "eMotorsDirect," eMotorsDirect, 6 April 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.emotorsdirect.ca/knowledgecenter/article/dc-motor-rpm-vsvoltage#:~:text=A%20DC%20motor's%20 speed%20is%20directly%20propor

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 0.43 BorNCe’23|70 tional%20to%20the%20input,a%20DC%2 0motor%20control%20unit.. [Accessed 7 May 2023]. [12] P. P. Electronics, "Speed Vs Torque," PE Power Electronics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.powerelectric.com/motorresources/motors101/speed-vs-torque. [13] G. H. R., "Choosing an Appropriate Data Collection Instrument and Checking for the Calibration, Validity, and Reliability of Data Collection Instrument Before Collecting the Data During Ph.D. Program in India," RESEARCH GATE, NOVEMBER 2022. [Online]. Available: [14] https://www.researchgate.net/pu blication/365322061_Choosing_an_App ropriate_Data_Collection_Instrument_a nd_Checking_for_the_Calibration_Vali dity_and_Reliability_of_Data_Collectio n_Instrument_Before_Collecting_the_D at a_During_PhD_Program_in_India. [15] M. Instruments, "What is DC Regulated Power Supply?," METRAVI, 1 MARCH 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/14316277/Imp ortant_Terms_Regulated_Power_Su pply_Types_of_Voltage_Regulators_Zene r_Diode_Voltage_Regulator_Condi tions_for_Proper_Operation_of. [16] C. ANALYSIS, Benchtop Power Supply Teardown (Topward 6306D 5V + Dual 30V at 6A), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dBj0V NB73Q, 2021 [17] M. DEPOT, "What is a Tachometer and How Does it Work?," MEGA DEPOT, 3 AUGUST 2022. [Online]. Available: https://megadepot.com/resource/what-is-atachometer-and-how-does-it-work. [18] A. S. Morris, "Rotational motion transducers," in MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION, Elsevier , 2020.. [19] "The Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health (eLCOSH.org)," ELCOSH, JANUARY 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.elcosh.org/document/1624/8 92/d000543/section6.html. [20] K. Nice, "How Power Windows Work," how stuff work, 9 February 2021. [Online]. Available: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/powerwindow2.htm.

4 KEJURUTERAAN AWAM & SENIBINA Sub- tema

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |71 PERFORMANCE OF WASTE CLAY BRICKS AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE MIXTURE Nuraziyati binti Sukardi1 , Mohamad Pazlin bin Saion2 1 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, 2Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal 1Politeknik Melaka (PMK) Melaka, Politeknik Banting (PBS) Banting, Selangor [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of waste clay bricks as fine aggregate in concrete mixtures. Waste clay bricks are crushed into small particle and mixed with sand to perform an innovative constituent as fine aggregate. A total of 36 concrete mixture specimens were cast at various percentages. The sand replacement ratios are 30%, 60% and 90% will be compared to the preliminary mix ratio as a control sample. To determine the workability of the components, a slump test is done. The compressive test of specimens (0, 30%, 60% and 90%) was conducted after every 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing process to examine the strength performance of concrete cubes. The experimental results showed a decreasing value of workability by additional percentage of crushed clay bricks. Based on the results, the absorption capacity would demand high amounts of water due to the small particle size and porous surface of crushed clay brick. The compressive strength of the control mixture and other ratios increase with age. After 28 days, all of the specimens had reached the predicted strength. The strength of 90% crushed clay bricks after 28 days shows a rapid increase after 7 days. In addition, the strength of the 30% and 60% ratios fluctuates from 7 days to 28 days for. The combination of both crushed clay bricks and sand as fine aggregate complements each other. The existence of crushed brick aggregate in mixtures depends on the ratio and strength of the brick. It can be concluded that the use of clay brick’s waste as fine aggregate is a convenient replacement and can be considered in concrete mixture. Keywords—crushed clay bricks, concrete, fine aggregate, performance I. INTRODUCTION The construction sector is one of the industries that contribute to Malaysia’s growth. The Earth consumes millions of tonnes of solid rubbish created globally as a consequence of waste building materials. In the first quarter of 2019, building activity was allegedly worth RM37.4 billion [1]. Construction and demolition work basically produce a lot of waste which causes environmental issues. Since the industry has expanded over the past several decades, demands for raw materials are increasing as a result of the continued quarrying activity [2]. Based on data from the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), there were 5.7 million tonnes of construction trash in total for year 2019 [3]. The surplus material can be substituted into the concrete mix if it is used appropriately. Quality materials are required for the production of excellent concrete [4]. II. BACKGROUND OF STUDY [5] has mentioned that construction trash production was estimated to reach over 26,000 tonnes per day in Malaysia. Recycled brick, which includes ceramic manufacturing waste, construction demolition waste and building construction trash are recognised as an environmentally friendly aggregate [6]. Brick waste is commonly highlighted among the most common wastes in construction or demolition process after concrete waste [7]. As a sustainable waste management approach, numerous studies have been done on the reuse of clay bricks as replacement for fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in concrete due to characteristics of the bricks which are weaker and porous than normal aggregate. Since strength is the most crucial factor in design process, studies of several factors affecting this concrete constituent

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |72 have to be done. Despite this, by adding 10% recycled brick as aggregate in the production of concrete, it improves the mechanical characteristic of durability [8]. A number of experiments have been done to decrease brick waste by using recycled brick elements in concrete. Partial coarse and fine aggregate replacements, as well as partial cement replacements, are examples of conceivable uses in concrete. According to the researchers, the strength of the concrete might be enhanced by substituting some of the cement with brick dust, which is created by crushing and milling brick particles. This is due to the chemical composition of the brick dust as well as its fineness, which may include pozzolanic activity and a filler effect [7]. As an alternative material, different particle sizes of old clay bricks have been created in recent years. Clay bricks went through a process of sorting, screening, and crushing procedure that included coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and extra cementitious material. The sizes of particles were larger than 5mm in diameter for coarse aggregate [9,10], lower than 5mm in diameter for fine aggregate [11,12] and lower than 0.125mm in diameter for supplementary cementitious material [13,14]. According to [15], the reduced hardness of discarded clay bricks resulted in a drop in recycled clay brick strength. Due to the significant flaw in the waste clay bricks' coarse aggregate, which made it unsuitable for the manufacture of concrete [16]. The compressive strength of the specimen was not significantly influenced by replacement levels of 25% and 50% bricks and blocks, but was dramatically decreased by replacement levels of 100% and higher. According to a claim made in [17], watercement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate its capacity to absorb water, and replacement ratio all had a significant influence on how much compressive strength recycled concrete lost. [18] discovered that the water cement ratio needed to be adjusted, the strength of concrete containing recycled coarse aggregate and natural aggregate was equal even after complete replacement. Although the use of brick waste as aggregate may somewhat lower the mechanical and durability qualities of concrete, it has been discovered that there is an ideal amount that may be added while still guaranteeing that the finished concrete can meet standard standards [7]. Additionally, since no chemicals are used in brick production, it is thought of as a sturdy and safe construction material [7]. This study emphasizes the performance of clay bricks as fine aggregate in terms of workability and strength of the mixture. Recycling clay bricks to produce concrete is seen as an environmentally friendly replacement. The issue of disposing trash will be lessened by this method, which also reduces the usage of natural resources. III. METHODOLOGY The findings from this study are important in verifying the exact amount of clay bricks needed to obtain the best strength. From this study, a better understanding of the characteristics of concrete in determining its workability and strength can be achieved. In this experimental study, a few steps were taken to determine the results of the concrete mixtures. Initially, the specimens were manufactured in a laboratory. The fresh concrete samples were verified to determine the workability of the mixture. Next, the curing process took place with certain ages, and finally all the hardened samples were tested to determine the strength of the mixture.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |73 A. Materials The waste clay bricks (Fig. 1) are used as the fine aggregate are taken from completed construction site around Bandar Melaka. Waste clay bricks with size of 215 mm × 96 mm × 70 mm were used in this study. The crushing process of clay bricks is done using a standard hammer due to small scale experiments. [19] mentions that the strength of the aggregate comes from the lower impact value during crushing. By lowering the impact, it produces tougher and stronger aggregate. The crushed clay bricks are shown in Fig. 2. The maximum permitted impact values for concrete aggregates are as follows, according to [20]: - 20%: aggregates for heavy-duty concrete flooring - 30%: aggregates for persistent wear surfaces - 40%: aggregates used in different types of concrete Sand is a type of fine aggregate derived from natural or artificial sand. To obtain the sample size for fine aggregate, [21] was referred to and sieve analysis was carried out according to [20]. All fine aggregate has to fulfill [20] for fine aggregate. The crushed clay bricks should exceed the size range between 0.5mm to 5mm since particle sizes that are larger than 5mm considered as coarse aggregate (Fig. 3). All mixtures are made with ordinary Portland cement (Fig. 4) with selected water to cement ratio. B. Design of Mix Ratio and Slump Test The concrete mixture of grade M10 was arranged using ordinary Portland cement, combination of sand (fine and clay brick) and coarse aggregate with clean tap water. TABLE I shows a preliminary concrete mix ratio to be compared to specimens that have crushed clay bricks combined. The crushed bricks mixed consist of three types of percentages: 30%, 60% and 90%. The concrete mix ratio that is usually utilised in concrete is 1:3:6 (cement: sand: aggregate). The water to cement ratio significantly affects the workability of concrete. To satisfy the workability requirements, the slump test is done for fresh concrete according to [22]. Based on the different ratios and consistency of crushed clay brick, each batch of slump was measured. Workability is graded into four levels according to [23], with the lowest category ranging from 10 to 40 mm slump. C. Productions and Curing Process The mixes are cast into a mould of sizes 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. Total samples are 36 specimens, with 9 specimens for each batch (0%, 30%, 60% and 90%) as shown in TABLE II. The cubes were cured in a conventional water tank (chamber) at room temperature for 28 days after 24 hours of casting (Fig. 5 & Fig. 6). Compressive strength tests were performed for 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days to determine the strength of the cubes. 12 moulds are taken out for each stage. D. Strength Test The specimens' failure stress was determined using a compressive strength test in accordance to [24] and [25] (Fig. 7). A total of 3 cube samples (Fig. 8) were prepared and tested for every 7, 14 and 28 days of age. The specimens were clear from any excess of water before testing was conducted. All specimens were monitored and recorded. The strength of each cube should not be more than 15% of average strength value. The minimum compressive strength for grade 10 is 10 N/mm² and 30 N/mm² at 7 days and 28 days respectively.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |74 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Workability TABLE III and Fig. 9 exhibit the workability findings of various batches of mixtures. Slump tests were performed on all batch of cast concrete mixture (0%, 30%, 60% and 90%). The results reveal a strong association between control sample with the rest of combination mixtures. The average slump displacement for the control mix was 27cm, whereas the slump displacement for the 30% and 60% mixtures was 27.70cm and 27.40cm, respectively. The mixture of 90% crushed clay brick was recorded to have the lowest slump which is 26.03cm but is still the nearest range of average control sample. It can be observed that the slump decreases as the ratio of crushed clay brick increases with aging. As shown in TABLE I, the amount of 90% crushed clay brick tends to absorb more water due to the fine particle. The difference between the control sample and the other combinations that affect the porosity and absorption of the mixture is not significant. B. Compressive Strength Test Fig. 10 presents the result of compressive strength test for all batches obtained from the specimen cubes with ageing. Each set of data showed the average of three cubes samples for every batch. According to an experimental investigation, the average of all cube compressive strength increases gradually from 7 days to 28 days. It is possible to deduce that the addition of crushed clay brick is efficient because of the pozzolanic activity provided by the fine particles of the brick. The strength trend was prominent of 90% crushed clay brick with age compared to other combinations. It was discovered that it may be that the fine crushed clay bricks (fine aggregate) fill the pores in the concrete and had no influence on its strength [26]. Besides, the fine crushed clay bricks have a smaller particle size, they have a larger overall surface area. This structure enhances the contact area between crushed clay bricks and cement mortar, resulting in an increase in concrete compressive strength. Despite that, there was an inconsistent result in compressive strength in all batch mixtures at 7 and 14 days. It depends on the original brick's strength. This compressive strength prediction might be useful when recycled bricks from building debris are used as aggregate in fresh concrete. In a certain situation, the brick type is acceptable for use as the aggregate for new concrete with the required strength. Crushed brick aggregate may be used to effectively generate air-entrained concrete. Generally, concrete with recycled brick as a coarse aggregate has a relatively lower strength than normal aggregate concrete. Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. This characteristic can be attributed to the higher water absorption of waste bricks aggregate compared to natural aggregate [27]. However, it could be different for waste clay bricks that act as part of sand (fine aggregate). The graphs from Fig. 11, 12 and 13 portray the compressive strength test results for four different mixtures at 7, 14 and 28 days from the same water cement ratio. According to the mix design calculations, the control mix's design strength was 10 N/mm². From the studies, it can be concluded that all of the mixtures met the required design strength after 28 days. The compressive strength of control sample demonstrated a growing tendency with curing age. At day 7, the graph depicts that the control sample is not reaching the mix design strength but slowly improved and achieved the design strength at day 14 and day 28. Because of the possible pozzolanic reactivity

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |75 of the brick dust particles, it was revealed that the most feasible use of recycled brick is as brick dust, where up to 20% cement substitution might increase the strength and certain durability aspects of the concrete [7]. However, due to the inherent porous character of the aggregate, the inclusion of reclaimed brick as aggregate does not considerably enhance the qualities of concrete. As seen in Fig. 11, 12 and 13, the strength of 30% crushed clay brick is illustrated below the line of control sample for 7, 14 and 28 days. Crushed brick aggregates, for example, are derived from brick with greater beginning strength. The strength of the concrete containing crushed clay brick as an aggregate may develop at this point. On the other hand, the prediction of debris reactions starting to blend and attempt to function as aggregate in fresh concrete. It would then be feasible to detect whether or not. As a result, 30% of crushed clay brick strength is lowered. The sample of 60% crushed clay brick produced a higher pattern than control sample and other mixtures at 7 days but then gradually dropped as day 14 and day 28. When additional constituents are involved, the compressive strength is reduced due to the absorption of free water from the interior concrete, lowering the effective water cement ratio which has both a porous structure and a micro-crack due to mechanical compression, which justifies the large increase in total pore volume and porosity. The impact of 90% crushed clay brick is progressively enhanced from day 7 to day 28. Initially the sample had the lowest impact than the control sample and other mixtures. However, the addition of crushed clay brick as a fine aggregate may provide pozzolanic activity, resulting in more stable and uniform hydration products. When the mixes are compared, it can be seen that the values of all mixtures are close to each other which confirms that brick aggregate does not reduce strength at the amounts utilised. According to [7], the usage of recycled brick as a partial aggregate substitute is confined to low volumes replacement levels and where environmental reasons necessitate its use. C. Figures and Tables Fig. 1 Waste clay brick Fig. 2 Crushed clay brick Fig. 3 Sieving of crushed clay brick Fig. 4 Portland cement bag Fig. 5 Water tank as a chamber Fig. 6 Curing process

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |76 Fig. 7 Compressive strength test machine Fig. 8 Example of cube sample TABLE I. CONCRETE MIX RATIO Concrete mixture (kg) Ratio 1 3 6 Cement Fine aggregate Crushed clay brick Coarse aggregate Control sample 3 9 0 18 30% 3 6.3 2.7 18 60% 3 3.6 5.4 18 90% 3 0.9 8.1 18 TABLE II. BATCH OF SPECIMEN 7 days 14 days 28 days Total Control sample 3 3 3 9 30% 3 3 3 9 60% 3 3 3 9 90% 3 3 3 9 Total specimen 12 12 12 36 TABLE III. RESULT OF SLUMP TEST FOR ALL BATCH MIXTURE 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Average (cm) Control sample 26.50 27.00 27.50 27.00 30% 28.50 27.20 27.40 27.70 60% 29.00 26.70 26.50 27.40 90% 25.00 27.10 26.00 26.03 Fig. 9 Workability slump for control sample, 30%, 60% and 90% Fig. 10 Average result of compressive strength with ages

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |77 Fig. 11 Effect of crushed clay brick on compressive strength for 7 days Fig. 12 Effect of crushed clay brick on compressive strength for 14 days Fig. 13 Effect of crushed clay brick on compressive strength for 28 days V. CONCLUSION The use of waste clay brick as a coarse aggregate in concrete can have a negative impact on compressive strength. This is because recycled brick has a higher water absorption than natural aggregate, which can dilute the cement paste and lead to a decrease in strength. Nevertheless, the impact of recycled bricks on compressive strength can be minimised by using the right amount of recycled brick and by taking steps to reduce the water absorption of the brick. That lead to the use of crushed clay brick as fine aggregate. This paper studied the influence of waste clay brick as a part of sand in a concrete mixture. The research found that the use of crushed clay bricks in concrete mixtures produced great results. According to experimental data, the average mixture of 30% and 60% crushed clay brick describes fluctuating results but not far from the control sample. The average compressive strength of 90% crushed clay brick is lower than the control sample for curing periods of 7 and 14 days. However, after 28 days of curing, the mixture with a 1:3:6 cement mortar ratio and a 90% substitution of fine aggregate with crushed clay brick had a greater compressive strength than the control sample. It shows that replacing sand with 90% crushed clay brick as a fine aggregate produces stronger mixture than conventional mixture without waste brick. Overall, the use of crushed clay brick as a fine aggregate in concrete can be a viable alternative to natural sand. The study found that concrete mixtures containing crushed clay brick had similar compressive strengths to those made with natural sand, and that the strength of the concrete increased with the curing time. The study also found that the workability of the concrete mixture decreased with the addition of crushed clay brick, but that this could be mitigated by using a higher water-cement ratio. It can be an alternative to replace sand to create a sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete product. REFERENCES [1] K. Narimah, Pemain Industri Pembinaan Kena Manfaat Teknologi. Berita Harian, 26th June 2020. [2] M. S. Ishak, The Potential of Brick Waste as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete Production. Faculty of Civil

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |78 Engineering and Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang, 2014. [3] S. A. Suhaila, Peraturan Urus Sisa Binaan, Industri Dikuatkuasa Tahun Depan. Berita Harian, 19th December 2019. [4] R. Manisah. “Sifat kebolehlenturan rasuk konkrit bertetulang yang menggunakan kaca terpakai sebagai bahan ganti kepada agregat halus dan simen dalam bancuhan konkrit.” (2017). [5] F. F. Zulzaha, New plan to manage solid waste systematically. The Star, 21st August 2014. [6] Rosca, Bogdan. "Comparative aspects regarding concrete of structural grade made with recycled brick aggregate with/without fine particles from crushing." Materials Today: Proceedings 60 (2022): 982-987. [7] Wong, Chee Lum, Kim Hung Mo, Soon Poh Yap, U. Johnson Alengaram, and Tung-Chai Ling. "Potential use of brick waste as alternate concrete-making materials: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 195 (2018): 226-239. [8] Abbas, Zena K., and Sohair Kadhem Abd. "Study of using of recycled brick waste (RBW) to produce environmental friendly concrete: A review." Journal of Engineering 27.11 (2021): 1-14. [9] Nepomuceno, Miguel CS, Rui AS Isidoro, and José PG Catarino. "Mechanical performance evaluation of concrete made with recycled ceramic coarse aggregates from industrial brick waste." Construction and Building Materials 165 (2018): 284-294. [10] Zhang, Zhiquan, Yufen Zhang, Changgen Yan, and Yunxiao Liu. "Influence of crushing index on properties of recycled aggregates pervious concrete." Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017): 112-118. [11] González, Jesús Suárez, Fernando López Gayarre, Carlos López-Colina Pérez, Pedro Serna Ros, and Miguel A. Serrano López. "Influence of recycled brick aggregates on properties of structural concrete for manufacturing precast prestressed beams." Construction and building materials 149 (2017): 507-514. [12] Baradaran-Nasiri, Ardalan, and Mahdi Nematzadeh. "The effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of concrete with fine recycled refractory brick aggregate and aluminate cement." Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017): 865-875. [13] Ge, Zhi, Zhili Gao, Renjuan Sun, and Li Zheng. "Mix design of concrete with recycled clay-brick-powder using the orthogonal design method." Construction and Building Materials 31 (2012): 289-293. [14] Subaşı, Serkan, Hakan Öztürk, and Mehmet Emiroğlu. "Utilizing of waste ceramic powders as filler material in selfconsolidating concrete." Construction and Building Materials 149 (2017): 567-574. [15] Zong, Lan, Zhengyue Fei, and Shiping Zhang. "Permeability of recycled aggregate concrete containing fly ash and clay brick waste." Journal of Cleaner Production 70 (2014): 175-182. [16] Dang, Juntao, and Jun Zhao. "Influence of waste clay bricks as fine aggregate on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete." Construction and Building Materials 228 (2019): 116757. [17] Ajdukiewicz, Andrzej, and Alina Kliszczewicz. "Influence of recycled aggregates on mechanical properties of HS/HPC." Cement and concrete composites 24.2 (2002): 269-279. [18] Rao, Akash, Kumar N. Jha, and Sudhir Misra. "Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete." Resources, conservation and Recycling 50.1 (2007): 71-81.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23 |79 [19] Otoko, George Rowland. "Use of crushed clay bricks as aggregate in concrete." International journal of engineering and technology research 2, no. 4 (2014): 1-9. [20] British Standards Institution (BSI), BS 882, Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete, London, 1992. [21] British Standards Institution (BSI), BS 812: Part 102, Testing aggregates: Methods for sampling, London, 1989. [22] British Standards Institution (BSI), BS EN 12350-2, Testing concrete: Method for determination of slump, London, 2000. [23] European Standard, ENV 206, Workability, 1992. [24] British Standards Institution (BSI), BS EN 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete compressive strength of test specimens, London, 2019. [25] British Standards Institution (BSI), BS EN 12390-1, Testing hardened concrete – shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds, London, 2021. [26] Chang, Jin, Shi-lin Luo, Aierken Ailifeila, Lin-lin Chong, and Jian-qing Jiang. "Effects of Coarse and Fine Crushed Clay Brick Content on the Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Microscopic Mechanism." Geofluids 2022 (2022). [27] Kesegić, Ivana, Ivanka Netinger, and Dubravka Bjegović. "Recycled Clay Brick as an aggregate for concrete." Tehnički vjesnik 15, no. 3 (2008): 35-40.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|80 KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN DAN KEBERKESANAN RAWATAN TERTIER FILTER AIR SISA Ruslawati Abdul Wahab1 , Fahrurrazi Mahyun2 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Politeknik Port Dickson, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak—Air sisa atau efluen daripada sinki yang tidak dirawat dengan baik dan disalir terus ke dalam longkang boleh menyebabkan alirannya tersumbat, berbau hanyir dan hilang nilai estetika. Efluen yang tercemar di dalam longkang boleh mengganggu keselesaan, kebersihan dan kesihatan awam. Justeru, kualiti efluen tersebut perlu mencapai tahap piawaian yang dibenarkan sebelum dialir keluar ke longkang perbandaran, ke kolam takungan demi memelihara sumber semulajadi seperti resipan dalam tanah persekitaran, terusan atau sungai berdekatan. Terdapat beberapa peringkat proses rawatan bagi air sisa. Kajian ini akan menggunakan salah satu proses iaitu rawatan tertier bagi menambahbaik rawatan saringan sedia ada. Untuk merawat efluen tersebut, filter FiTAS telah dibangunkan dengan rekabentuk mengikut dimensi dan lokasi yang sebenar. Pembinaannya menggunakan plastik polivinil klorida (PVC) yang ringan dan mudahalih serta media tapisan tempatan. Sampel efluen diambil di lokasi kajian, sebuah kedai makan di Port Dickson bagi mengenalpasti tahap pencemaran fizikal air. Sampel selepas tapisan diambil selepas FiTAS diaplikasi di longkang kedai makan tersebut. Pengukuran parameter menunjukkan keputusan air sisa selepas ditapis mempunyai nilai estetika yang lebih baik dan mematuhi spesifikasi yang ditetapkan Jabatan Alam Sekitar. Keputusan paling ketara ialah nilai kekeruhan dapat dikurangkan dengan peratus perbezaan sebanyak 23% iaitu daripada 216.075 NTU ke 171.56 NTU dan nilai sisa pepejal terlarut daripada 162.5 ppm ke 128.165 ppm dengan peratus perbezaan sebanyak 23.6%. Dengan adanya kajian projek penapis air sisa seperti FiTAS, diharap air sisa yang terhasil dapat dikawal dan ditingkatkan kualiti mengikut piwaian yang telah ditetapkan dan seterusnya mengurangkan pencemaran air dan bau di sekitar kedai makan tersebut. Katakunci— Air Sisa, Filter FiTAS, Penapisan, Rawatan Tertier I. PENGENALAN Air meliputi lebih 70% permukaan bumi dan kepentingan air tidak boleh dinafikan seperti mana udara. Jika air menjadi tercemar, ia akan hilang kualiti dari segi ekonomi dan estetika, dan semestinya menjadi ancaman kepada kesihatan seluruh alam. Pencemaran sungai dengan bahan cemar kimia merupakan masalah alam sekitar pada masa sekarang. Bahan kimia yang terhasil daripada sumber domestik atau industri yang tidak dikawal akan memasuki sungai dan menyebabkan kemusnahan yang sangat besar. Terdapat beberapa jenis pencemaran air boleh berlaku melalui proses semulajadi dan kebanyakannya adalah hasil daripada aktiviti manusia. Penggunaan air di rumah dan industri sektor pemakanan di kawasan perumahan adalah fenomena yang berlaku setiap hari. Tanpa kesedaran dan rawatan yang efektif air yang digunakan atau air sisa akan mengalir semula ke sungai atau tasik atau ke bawah tanah menjadi air bawah tanah. Air sisa ini dikategorikan tercemar jika ia bercampur dengan cecair atau sisa bukan organik atau bahan kimia yang melebihi had kualiti yang dibenarkan. Ia mengandungi sedimen, sebatian toksik yang tinggi bahan kimia dan mineral organik dan bukan organik, agen patogen atau penyebab penyakit.