BORNEO NATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|130 supports the need for alternative methods, such as a young coconut dryer, to expedite the drying process efficiently, while maintaining the desired color changes and preventing potential pollution associated with prolonged natural aging. V. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that the drying process using this project can significantly reduce the time taken to dry the disposed young coconuts. Thus, this approach contributes to better waste management in the future with an eco-green concept[10]. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to express their gratitude to all individuals who were directly or indirectly involved in the completion of this study. REFERENCES [1]S. W. Adkins, J. Biddle, Q. T. Nguyen, and M. Foale, “ Cocos nucifera coconut. ,” Biotechnol. fruit nut Crop., no. April, pp. 79– 91, 2020, doi: 10.1079/9781780648279.0079. [2]G. Das Soni, “Advantages of Green Technology,” Int. J. Res. - GRANTHAALAYAH, vol. 3, no. 9SE, pp. 1–5, 2015, doi: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3121. [3]S. Shan, S. Y. Genç, H. W. Kamran, and G. Dinca, “Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 294, no. March, p. 113004, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113004. [4]A. O. M. Maka and J. M. Alabid, “Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development,” Clean Energy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 476–483, 2022, doi: 10.1093/ce/zkac023. [5]W. A. Mohammed Al-Dulaimi and S. H. Hassan Al-Taai, “Pollution and its Impact on Sustainable Development,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 790, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/790/1/012025. [6]S. H. Fauziah and P. Agamuthu, “Sustainable household organic waste management via vermicomposting,” Malaysian J. Sci., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 135–142, 2009, doi: 10.22452/mjs.vol28no2.3. [7]G. Y. Obeng, D. Y. Amoah, R. Opoku, C. K. K. Sekyere, E. A. Adjei, and E. Mensah, “Coconut wastes as bioresource for sustainable energy: Quantifying wastes, calorific values and emissions in Ghana,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 9, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13092178. [8]A. Inventor, R. Systems, A. I. Simulation, A. I. Tooling, and A. I. Professional, “Technical What ’ s New Autodesk Inventor,” 2010. [9]M. M. Gatchalian, S. Y. De Leon, and T. Yano, “Measurement of young coconut (Cocos nucifera, L.) maturity by sound waves,” J. Food Eng., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 253– 276, 1994, doi: 10.1016/0260- 8774(94)90053-1. [10] I. Baizura Bahar, F. A. Razak, and R. Talif, “Green Concept: A New Concept in Malaysia?,” Natl. Res. Innov. Conf., no. December, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32 4438043

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|131 IMPROVEMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) USING GOLDEN POTHOS PLANT AS BIOFILTER GREEN WALL Saiful Razwan Ismail1 , Khirwizam Md Hkhir2 , Azrul Afandi Eliah3 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The idea of green wall air circulation is introduced to the people as a result for the extreme air pollution that happened in this decade. The project aimed for building the casing and bio-filter of a prototype that able to give oxygen while neutralizing fresh indoor air and employing a plant as a bio-filter. It also evaluated the efficacy of lowering the quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) for indoor air circulation. As a result, the plant can be a factor as well as a significant part of the system because the roots are pure filter which is good for the development of the bio-filter and natural at the same time. According to the findings of the previous study, one of the appropriate plants to be used in this experiment is the Golden Pothos. As a result, the Golden Pothos plant was selected for this study's bio-filter green wall. The carbon dioxide (CO2) reading will be used to measure the carbon dioxide (CO2) content in three different scenarios: an environment without air conditioning, an environment with air conditioning, but no bio-filter green wall, as well as an environment with air conditioning, but employing a bio-filter green wall. According to the results, there is an 11.63% reduction in CO2 when compared to the environment and the air conditioning that is being used, but this percentage rose to nearly 20.50% when bio-filter green walls were applied. So, we may conclude that this bio-filter green wall was effectively of lowering carbon dioxide (CO2). Due to the process, it can capture 99% of the particles which enter the system, a special air conditioner which uses a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter which is expensive. Keywords— bio-filter green wall, carbon dioxide (CO2) content, Golden Pothos plant, high efficiency particulate air (HEPA), indoor air quality (IAQ) I. INTRODUCTION Air pollution has increased significantly aligned to environmental development progression. Some of the harmful gases released including Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The modern sickness such as respiratory system, cancer, liver, and kidneys all suffer long-term effects from exposure to these substances. When air pollutants are present indoors, they are readily absorbed and mixed with other indoor pollutants (Samet, J., & Krewski, 2007). Generally known, the outdoor vegetation contribute to the production of urban air pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM). Additionally, laboratory studies have demonstrated that potted plants are efficient at minimizing forms for indoor air pollution (Yang, D.S. et al., 2009). Moreover, there has not been much research on using plants to enhance Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), and some writers have claimed that in order to have positive results, one would need to employ a lot of impractical sand plants. But according to numerous studies (Wood, R. A. et al., 2002), potted plants have positive impact on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). In addition, indoor green walls have become increasingly popular in public and commercial structures during the past 20 years for aesthetic reasons. According to estimates, the green wall may remove 80% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the space, compared to the air conditioning's

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|132 anticipated 60% reduction. Buildings' indoor air quality can be improved by creating a complementing bio-filtration system that can reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and airborne particles while also enhancing Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) (Manso, M. & Castro-Gomes, J., 2015). Premeditating indoor air pollution is not known technique, however, relevant horticulture biotechnology can be develop for its use in promoting good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). The respectives sources mentioned above can be the justification of the idea of improving the indoor air quality by using special plant, which is Golden Pothos. II. PROBLEM STATEMENT The increase in asthmatic patients, respiratory issues, and chronic diseases brought on by our environment are the current issues in the third world. Today, every house in Malaysia is constructed with an airtight seal that prevents fresh air from entering and circulates the same air, which contains carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from human activity. As a result, a person will nod off quickly due to a lack of oxygen. As a result, each home need at least one air conditioner to provide comfortableness. As the device is compact, air conditioners are frequently installed in homes. As it can capture 99% of the particles that enter the system, specialize air conditioner which use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are typically expensive. An air conditioner cannot create fresh air or oxygen (O2). Consequently, primary objective of the product is reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air and to create an air purifier that is low-cost, natural, and capable of eradicating all forms of indoor air pollution. The project's objectives: - (i) to plan a bio-filter green wall for indoor usage (ii) to make up a bio-filter green wall for indoor usage (iii) to recognize and investigate the effect of bio-filter green wall to reduce air that containing Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Typically, plants can survive in the pots with fertilizers. However, the product makes use of unique plants that can survive by utilize water as medium. Finally, the effort may as well result in artwork because the plant can be able to complement other interior decorating. As a result, using bio filtration systems with green walls can help to lessen the issue. The golden pothos plant was selected for use as a bio-filter in this study because it has been demonstrated experimentally to absorb carbon dioxide content when given enough nutrients (fertilizer), proper soil, and activated carbon. The indoor air quality (in buildings, offices, and homes) could be enhanced along with an improvement in the health of building inhabitants when the content of carbon dioxide is decreased. A staff room at the Mechanical Department's workshop at Politeknik Ungku Omar was the focus of this study because it was a hotspot for carbon dioxide emission as well as deployment and it suited for the study. III. SCOPE OF STUDY The study is carried out according to the pertinent scope: i. Fitting two units of plants resembling Golden Pothos into nine holes drilled in the "acrylic board". ii. Using acrylic glue, a hole is drilled into an acrylic board, and the plant is then inserted inside. iii. An 'axial propeller' fan type with a 20 meter per second rotational speed (100 millimeter fan radius, 30 millimeter width, and 1 kilogram in weight).

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|133 iv. The water pump motor's maximum flow rate equal to 2000 L/H (AC 220V/50HZ), and maximum water flow height is 2 meter. v. The irrigation pipes are constructed of the black PVC (5/8 inches in internal diameter) and adequate to evenly disperse the supply of water. vi. To measure content of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide (CO2) reading is utilized. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW A building's indoor air quality (IAQ) is a crucial factor in ensuring the comfortableness of its resident. The issue is due to the possibility that interruptions in work productivity could result from a dirty environment or poor indoor air quality. Both of these issues have the potential to result in low physical and mental health, and ultimately, poor work performance. Air pollution has increased significantly as environmental development has progressed. Some of the harmful gases released are Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The respiratory system, cancer, liver, and kidneys will all suffer longterm effects from exposure to these substances. When air pollutants are present indoors, they are readily absorbed and mixed with other indoor pollutants (Samet, J., & Krewski, 2007). In actuality, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a part of the indoor air contamination as well. Most of the time, CO2 is resulted by human breathing during their respiration process. When CO2 concentrations exceed the threshold limit, IAQ issues arise. As of right now, the building's CO2 limitations are lower than 1000 ppm. Heart and respiratory issues are two of CO2's effects on people (S. A. Rice, 2004). Plants require CO2 gas to develop, endure, and reproduce. In other words, the effectiveness of plant development increases with CO2. During the process of photosynthesis, which requires CO2, plants also react with light and water to create glucose (the plant's own nourishment) and releasing oxygen (D. Whiting, 2014). Humans cannot live without plants because they are the only suppliers of oxygen. Humans need to bring plants with them in order to preserve their health, particularly indoors. There are several research on how indoor plants may enhance people's IAQ. It is one of the alternative approaches that uses non-mechanical or cutting-edge technologies to maintain IAQ while minimizing expenses. Building sustainability would be significantly increased by creating a supplementary biofiltration system that might help to enhance IAQ while decreasing loads on such systems. Potted plants can purify the air by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) through the photosynthesis process, degrading ventilation and air conditioning (VAC) through the metabolic action of rhizosphere microbes, and sequestering particulate matter through the variety of physical mechanisms, according to numerous researchers and decades of research. Despite these advantages, there are practical obstacles that lessen the utility of the potted plants as independent purifiers (D. Whiting, 2014). The active botanical bio-filters, also known as practical green walls, are recent progress that grows more effective and may one day be used to mitigate the concentration of indoor air pollutants (S. A. Rice, 2004). V. METHODOLOGY Tools and test materials are in Politeknik Ungku Omar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration workshop. To complete this project, five pieces of acrylic board in the sizes (1 meter x 1 meter), (1 meter x 1 meter), (1 meter x 0.2 meter), (1 meter x 0.2 meter),

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|134 and (1.2 meter x 0.2 meter) needed. Nine holes with a 180 millimeter diameter are drilled using a hand drill to prepare the area for the plant container. Acrylic glue was used to adhere the five pieces of acrylic board. To wrap it, sandpaper is utilized.Two pieces of the golden pothos plant were purchased, and nine containers total were dispersed in plastic pots. Each container has one-half of black steel soil, one-fourth stone, and one-fourth of active carbon in it. The plant then evenly distributed into each container. The holes that had been bored in "acrylic board" covered with glue to secure these containers. This device has the ability to change soil air into clean air. An essential component of this project is the fan that distributes filtered air to the environment. The roots of plants, and the soil-less growth medium absorb through indoor air. The air cleared of dangerous substances such as microbes in the roots. The fan circulates the cleaned and re-naturalized air back into the space. There is a low, continuous blow that is the sound of the air moving. Since distributing filtered air into the environment with this idea is less expensive, we use a conventional fan blade. The illustrations that go with the innovation show what it looks like. In order to make sure that all of the clean air is delivered, we supply a lot of fans. The dimensions of the fan are 100 millimeter x 30 millimeter x 1 kilogram, with an air velocity of 20 meter per second and a radius of 100 millimeter. Both the fan and the water pump are powered straight from the outlet. A redistribute system consists of water tank in order to store water, pump to move water, control system to set timing, tubing for supplying water at the top of the living wall, and drain tray to gather moisturizes and return back to the tank. The water pump is in charge of pumping water and nutrients upward in the green wall hydroponics system. The required water flow depends on the type, amount, and volume of water that the plant needs, as well as the surrounding environment's temperature. For interior green walls, water normally rode twice daily for seven to ten minutes. Figure 1 : Acrylic board with 9 holes Figure 2 : Axial propeller fan Figure 3: Water pump motor Figure 4 : Golden pothos plant Figure 5 : Final design VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The carbon dioxide (CO2) content as measured by a (CO2) metre in three separate situations is presented in Table 1.0 below:

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|135 i. Surrounding (room without air conditioning unit), ii. Air conditioning (room with air conditioning unit), iii. Green wall (room with air conditioning unit and bio-filter system). The measurement took place in 3 separate ranges of time, which include 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes time interval. Table 1: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in CO2/Parts per Million measured in three situation and times studied. (*Indicator of PPM calculation: 412 ppm - in one million particles of air, there are 412 particles of carbon dioxide). Figure 6: Graph shown above indicates the content of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in CO2/PPM measured by CO2 meter in in three situation and times studied. Based on the data and findings, it is clear that throughout the 30-minute period, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration at the air conditioning area was at its lowest, around 430 CO2/PPM. Due to over the course of 60 and 90 minutes, the efficiency of utilizing bio filters to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were demonstrated. The percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) content had reduced to utilize a bio-filter green wall and without using an environment with air conditioning was compared in Table 2 of the report. The average CO2 reduction between the environment and an air conditioning unit was 11.63%, however, this percentage increased by an average of 20.50% when a bio-filter green wall was installed in the air conditioning unit. Table 2: The comparison between situation in term of percentage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) reduction. VII. CONCLUSION According to the findings shown in Table 2 above, a bio-filter green wall can help lower the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a room's air circulation. Throughout the 60 to and 90 minute intervals, the drop was noticeable. We may argue that the effectiveness of the bio-filter green wall had increased as the amount of time increased. The conclusion can be simplified that the addition of the Golden Pothos can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)in the air. Times 30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes Surrounding 554 CO2/PPM 566 CO2/PPM 671 CO2/PPM Air Conditioning 430 CO2/PPM 545 CO2/PPM 612 CO2/PPM Green wall with bio-filter 493 CO2/PPM 390 CO2/PPM 320 CO2/PPM Situation Times (minutes ) Percentag e CO2 of reduction (%) Average s (%) Comparison between surrounding and air conditionin g room without bio-filter green wall 30 22.38 11.63 60 3.71 90 8.79 Comparison between air conditionin g with and without bio-filter green wall 30 -14.65 20.50 60 28.44 90 47.71 Situation

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|136 VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS According to the study, the following are a few variables that could be taken into account or added in a subsequent study on how to improve indoor air quality and lower CO2 levels: i. Involving the use of a particle counter, a device with a high-precision sensor, to quantify particulate matter (particle pollution). ii. Changing up the assortment of plants used in the study by using plants besides the Golden Pothos. iii. Extending the location or circumstance beyond the CO2-exposed air-conditioning room close to the workplace to other, more general air-conditioning rooms found in residential and commercial structures. REFERENCES [1] Samet,J. & Krewski, D.(2007). Health effects associated with exposure to ambient air pollution.J Toxicol Environ Health ; 70: 227-42. [2] Yang,D.S., Pennisi, S.V., Son, K.C. & Kays, S.J.(2009). Screening indoor plants for volatile organic pollutant removal efficiency.HortScience, 44(5),pp.1377-1381. [3] Wood, R. A., Orwell, R. L., Tarran, J., Torpy, F., & Burchett, M.(2002). Pottedplant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77(1), 120–129. [4] Manso, M. & Castro-Gomes, J.(2015). Green wall systems: A review of their characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 863–871. [5] S. A. Rice ,.(2004). Human health risk assessment of CO2: survivors of acute highlevel exposure and population sensitive to prolonged low-level exposure, Third Annu. Conf. Carbon Sequestration, Grass Valley, USA. [6] D. Whiting,.(2014). Plant Physiology : Photosynthesis , Respiration , and Transpiration, Colorado Master Gardener, Colorado State University, Colorado State, USA. [7] Kaur, A., & Misra, A. (2014). Impact of indoor surface materials and environment on perceived air quality. J. Environ. Hum, 2014, 25-35. [8] Ibrahim, I. Z., Chong, W. T., Yusoff, S., Wang, C. T., Xiang, X., & Muzammil, W. K. (2021). Evaluation of common indoor air pollutant reduction by a botanical indoor air biofilter system. Indoor and Built Environment, 30(1), 7-21. [9] Ball, C. (2021). Living walls and their effect on indoor environmental quality and occupant satisfaction in the workplace. [10] West, C. (2018). Improving building energy efficiency through implementation of an active indoor rhizospheric microbe air processing system (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona). [11] Kim, K. J., Khalekuzzaman, M., Suh, J. N., Kim, H. J., Shagol, C., Kim, H. H., & Kim, H. J. (2018). Phytoremediation of volatile organic compounds by indoor plants: a review. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 59, 143-157. [12] Fleck, R., Pettit, T. J., & Douglas, A. N. (2020). Peter J. Irga and Fraser R. Torpy Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia. Bio-Based Materials and Biotechnologies for Eco-Efficient Construction, 305. [13] Fleck, R., Pettit, T. J., Douglas, A. N., Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. (2020). Botanical biofiltration for reducing indoor air pollution. In Bio-Based Materials and

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|137 Biotechnologies for Eco-Efficient Construction (pp. 305-327). Woodhead Publishing. [14] Aydogan, A., & Cerone, R. (2021). Review of the effects of plants on indoor environments. Indoor and Built Environment, 30(4), 442-460.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|138 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST AID BOX USING PELTIER THERMOELECTRIC COOLING DEVICE Saiful Razwan Ismail1 , Rawaida binti Muhammad2 , Sivasan Karan A/L Krishna Nair3 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The development of a First Aid Box utilizing a Peltier Thermoelectric Cooling Device is the goal of this research. The majority of medications should be kept between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. So, it was studied to create a storage utilizing a Peltier module to consolidate the storage of medications at a temperature of 15 to 20 degrees Celsius. Many drug labels advise room temperature storage and caution against exposure to temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius. For instance, both lorazepam and diazepam lose 25% and 75% of their potency when kept above 36 degrees Celsius, respectively. Even at relatively high temperatures, albuterol inhalers for asthma, provide less of the chemical than when kept at room temperature. Asthma inhalers containing albuterol have a risk of exploding when stored at temperatures higher than 41 degrees Celsius. Any medication that is packaged as an aerosol can actually explode at temperatures higher than 43 degrees Celsius. Thyroid hormones and insulin are both heat-sensitive, and high temperatures can reduce their efficacy. Cycle heating (repeated heating and cooling) can reduce the potency of concentrated epinephrine by as much as 64%. Making a storage unit utilizing a Peltier module with a temperature range of 15 to 20 degrees Celsius is thus a possible solution. The project's primary guiding notion is to provide an electrical supply voltage to the application in order to provide a cooling effect on the opposite side while also delivering a positive and negative temperature effect on either junction. Because it is more insulating, polystyrene is also employed in this project to line the interior of the storage. Keywords— Albuterol, Diazepam, First Aid Box, Lorazepam, Peltier, Thermoelectric, Cooling Device I. INTRODUCTION One of the most recent technological developments, thermoelectric refrigerators are best used for moving small objects from one location to another. Our idea is to employ energy or DC voltage generated by a battery source to directly transfer the DC voltage applied to the thermoelectric refrigerator into a refrigeration effect on the other side based on the Peltier effect and thermoelectric cooling. Our project's fundamental operating principle is to apply an electrical supply voltage to one of its junctions to produce a cooling impact on the other side while simultaneously producing a positive and negative temperature effect on both junctions. This application is considered as a possible method to maintain the cooling temperature needed in the moving or portable first aid box. II. PROBLEM STATEMENT Sickness is an issue we are currently facing, that can be dangerous to the the entire globe. Consuming medication in accordance with the dose the doctor has prescribed is the simplest way to recover from a disease. Some patients may even need to take many types of medication. People frequently have trouble finding a location to store their medications. Some people are unaware of the best practices for preventing medication damage. Others mistakenly believe that keeping medications in the same refrigerator as their food will keep them from going bad, even though this is not true. After some time, the medication can even turn the meal rotten. In order to keep the medication in

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|139 good condition for future use, we decided to develop the first aid box using peltier thermoletric cooling device in order to maintain the sufficient cooling temperature needed, ensuring the freshness and effectiveness of the medications, thus solving the problems concerning the method of maintaning the right temperature in the first aid box. III. SCOPE OF STUDY The study is carried out according to the pertinent scope: i. CPU cooler as a condenser ii. Peltier module TEC-12706 as a heat exchanger. iii. Polystyrene is also used in the project to line the interior of the storage iv. power supply of 12V DC 10A capacity. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW The storage of medications and solarpowered cooling equipment is done in industries with thermoelectric refrigerators. The thermoelectric effect is defined as the direct conversion of temperature fluctuations to electric voltage and vice versa. A thermoelectric device generates a voltage when the temperatures on each side differ. However, when a voltage is applied to it, it produces a different temperature. Charge carriers in an object at the atomic scale diffuse from the hot side to the cold side as an outcome of an applied temperature, resulting in thermal current. This method is frequently used in refrigeration rather than vapour compression. In comparison to a vapour compression refrigerator, a thermoelectric cooler's key benefits include its small size, adaptable design, and lack of moving parts or flowing liquid. Its fundamental drawback is that it cannot be both inexpensive and very energy efficient. Numerous studies and businesses are working to create affordable, effective thermoelectric coolers. A thermoelectric generator can also function as a thermoelectric cooler. When the device is used as a cooler, a voltage is supplied across it, which causes a rise in the temperature between the two sides. One side of the devices is heated to a higher temperature when used as a generator, and as a result, a voltage differential between the two sides will develop (the Seebeck effect). However, due to different design and packaging requirements, a well-designed thermoelectric cooler will be a poor thermoelectric generator, and vice versa. V. METHODOLOGY In order to accelerate heat rejection from storage, this project uses the CPU heat sink or CPU cooler as a condenser, fin and the Peltier module TEC-12706 as a heat exchanger.Thermal paste is used as a layer to utilize the compound of the items mentioned above. Polystyrene is also used in the project to line the interior of the storage since it is more insulating. All of the wires from the storage are connected to the power supply's 12V DC 10A supply. The fan used in the project is an axial fan, while the thermostat used is XY-T01digital thermostat temperature controller. 1) Heat Sink Heat sink is a passive part used in electronic components that free heat into the surrounding air to cool a device. Electronic parts including high-power semiconductor devices and optoelectric devices like more potent lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are cooled using heat sinks. Heat sinks are heat exchangers, such the radiator in a car or those found in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. A heat sink's purpose is to broaden the surface area that comes into contact with the air or other cooling medium that surrounds it. Thermal

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|140 performance of heat sink influenced by number of variables, including approach air velocity, material selection, fin (or other protrusion) design, and surface treatment. Heat sinks are used to chill the graphic or central processing units of computers. The final cast iron temperature of the integrated circuit is influenced by the ways heat sinks are attached and the materials used at the thermal interface. In order to enhance the device's thermal performance, seal the airspace gap between heat sink and device with thermal grease. Thermal efficiency of a heat sink can be assessed using theoretical, experimental, and numerical methods. Figure 1: CPU Heat Sink 2) Fin Efficiency One of the factors that makes material with better thermal conductivity significant is fin efficiency. The heat flowing into one end of a heat sink’s fin is dispersed into the surrounding fluid as it moves to the other end, giving the fin the appearance of a flat plate. The heat sink's thermal resistance, heat loss by convection, and the fin's temperature all contribute to the fin's ability to conduct heat. As a result, from the fin's base to its tip, the heat transmission to the fluid will be reduced. Dividing heat transfer that occur if the fin isothermal (if it had infinite thermal conductivity), fin efficiency can be defined as actual heat that is transferred by fin. Broadening resistance is another variable that affects the material's thermal conductivity. When a material with limited thermal conductivity transfers thermal energy from small area to a broader area, spreading resistance develops. This implies that heat cannot flow evenly through heat sink base in a heat sink. The spread of heat from the heat source location that resulted significant temperature difference. As opposed to the case when the heat source was distributed evenly across heat sink base. The process is lowering the temperature of the fins. There are three different kinds of fins: pin, straight and flared sink types. A heat sink with pin fins is one with pins extending from the base. Square, elliptical, or cylindrical pins are all acceptable. Heat sink is covered in these the entire way around. Cross cut heat sinks are an alternative to straight fin heat sinks. Regular cuts are made to a heat sink with straight fins. Generally, a heat sink performs better the greater surface area it has. But this isn't always the case. Furthermore, it functions effectively in any direction. The heat sink with flared fins is another design. The fins on it are not parallel to one another. In order to increase the amount of air passing through the heat sink fin channel and reduce flow resistance, the fins must be flared. Figure 2: Simple Fin 3) Thermal Paste Compared to most liquids or solids, air is a poor conductor of heat. A particular substance called heat sink compound must be utilized to enhance the thermal interaction between the CPU and heat sink. This is placed between the two in a thin layer, considerably enhancing heat transfer and processor cooling. They could appear flat. They might be polished like a mirror. Without thermal transfer compound, a very small air gap exists anywhere the heat sink metal does not

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|141 matched with the material of the appliance. A good thermal insulator is air. Figure 3: Thermal Paste 4) Peltier Peltier element is an easy-to-use tool that can be used to heat, cool, or produce energy and has no moving parts. These tools are very practical for long-term survival due to their tremendous adaptability. They do not perform a lot of labour individually, which is one of their limits, but their simplicity makes up for it. Since they are solid state electronics, they have an extremely long lifespan. A man by the name of Peltier discovered the Peltier effect in the early 19th century. Anytime electrical current moves through two conductors with different properties, the Peltier effect takes place. One side becomes heated and the other becomes chilly as a result of the electrical flow. The type of metal used determines, in large part, how much heating or cooling you determined. A Peltier element metal that is used frequently is Bismuth Telluride. The device can only withstand a particular temperature when heat is added to the system. If you heat it above that point, the device will melt and stop working altogether. Temperature limits of 150 degrees Celsius are fairly popular. The drink coolers that keep your soda can cold for you or the 12- volt portable coolers that you may be familiar with common uses for these gadgets. These tools are frequently used in computers to keep the CPU cool. Between the CPU and the heat sink, they would be mounted. However, not all computers use them. The likelihood of having one decreases with age. These have a variety of industrial applications as well, including in some lasers. Figure 4: Peltier a) Peltier Construction Two distinct semi-conductors are used to create TERs, one of which is N-type and Ptype (they must be different because the effect requires different electron concentrations). The electrons at one connection absorb energy when current is subsequently pumped through the device in an effort to preserve the new equilibrium, while the electrons at the other connection release energy. Figure 5: Peltier Effect Construction 5) Polystyrene A number of consumer goods are made from the adaptable plastic known as polystyrene. It is frequently used as a hard, solid plastic in items that need to be clear, like food packaging and lab equipment. Appliances, electronics, car parts, toys, gardening tools, and more are all made from polystyrene when coupled with different colourants, additives, or other plastics. Foam can also be produced from polystyrene. More than 95% of foam polystyrene can be air, and it is frequently used to manufacture insulation for homes and appliances, lightweight protective packaging, surfboards, food service and food packaging, vehicle

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|142 parts, and other things. By linking together, or polymerizing, chemical building blocks needed in the production of various items, polystyrene is created. Figure 6: Polystyrene Box 6) Power Supply Power supply is an electrical equipment used to supply electricity to an electrical load. Power supply's main purpose is to transform electrical current from a source into proper voltage, current, and frequency. Power supply is an independent isolated pieces of equipment. Figure 7: Power Supply 7) Fan A fan is a powered machine used to create float inside a fluid, commonly a fuel consisting of air. A fan includes a rotating association of vanes or blades which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is called an impeller, rotor, or runner. Figure 8: Axial Fan 8) XY-T01 Digital Thermostat Temperature Controller The XY-T01 digital thermostat temperature controller is an electronic device used to maintain the temperature of an item at a certain constant level. The microprocessorbased technology records electronic temperature levels through the use of a sensor in it and checks them against the desired set point. Figure 9: XY-T01Digital Thermostat Temperature Controller The Steps of Constructing The Project: Build the hole at the body for heatsink and peltier Measure the size of the heatsink and cut a hole at the body of the project. Make sure the heatsink is fit in the hole and there is no gap between heatsink and the body so the air from the outside cannot enter the body. Build the base Measure the size of the project including the power supply, make sure all the equipment fit into the base. Cut the black plate and hot glue gun the body of the project to the plate. Install all the electrical components Combine the peltier module with heat sink using thermal paste and place the inside fan to the heatsink to reject heat from the inside of the storage. After that, connect all the electrical equipment to the power supply.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|143 Install the heat sink to the body of the project Install heat sink to the body through the hole that has been made. Make sure the hole is nicely fit and no outside air go through inside the main body. Use hot glue gun to close the gap between the heatsink and the body. Install the thermostat Connect the thermostat to the power supply and test run. After the thermostat well function, put the temperature bulb inside the body of the project to read the temperature inside the storage. After that, glue the thermostat at the side of the body. Placement of the component Place all the equipment neatly at the base, place the power supply beside the body and manage all the wire using cable tight. Use hot glue gun to glue the body to the base. Test run and data collecting After the project is completed, test run the project. If there is no problem occurs, run the project again to collect data. And the project is completed. Figure 10: Top View of The Project Figure 11: Rear View (Right Side) of The Project Figure 12: Rear View (Left Side) of The Project VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Datas were gathered for the study in three separate items which is presented in Table 1.0. i. time in minutes (min), ii. temperature in degree Celcius (◦c), iii. and indication of temperature readings throughout time. The measurement took place every 5 minutes until 60 minutes or 1 hour.The expectation from Table 1.0 is to conclude, thus making proof that aligned to the effectiveness of the project.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|144 Table 1: Time vs Temperature vs Indication Time (minutes) Temperature (◦c) Indication 0 30.6 High temperature 5 22.0 Room temperature 10 17.6 Room temperature 15 16.2 Room temperature 20 15.5 Cool temperature 25 15.2 Cool temperature 30 14.9 Cool temperature 35 14.8 Cool temperature 40 14.7 Cool temperature 45 14.7 Cool temperature 50 14.6 Cool temperature 55 14.6 Cool temperature 60 14.5 Cool temperature According to Table 1.0, it is obvious that the temperature is decreasing every 5 minutes in the 60 minutes interval study. The components used in the project are performing according to plan as expected, which means that the temperature is decreasing as time increased. The expected result is sufficient enough to proof that the project manage to reduce the temperature in the first aid box as time goes by. The situation is required as existing first aid box cannot maintain the low temperature needed like the project does. REFERENCES [1] Tatiana Morosuk and Muhammad Sultan, Low-Temperature Technologies, IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom, 2020. [2] Lidong Chen, Ruiheng Liu and Xui Shi, Thermoelctric Materials and Devices, Science Press Beijing, 2020. [3] S.P Venkateshan, Mechanical Measurements, Second Edition, Springer, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021. [4] Zhiqun Lin and Ming He, Organic Thermoelectric Materials, Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, 2019. [5] Ryoji Funahashi. Thermoelectric Energy Conversion: Theories and Mechanism, Elsevier Science, United Kingdom, 2021. [6] Zaferani, S. H., Sams, M. W., Ghomashchi, R., & Chen, Z. G. (2021). Thermoelectric coolers as thermal management systems for medical applications: Design, optimization, and advancement. Nano energy, 90, 106572. [7] Rahman, M. A., Widyatama, A., Majid, A. I., & Suhanan, S. (2019, July). Peltier Thermoelectric Refrigeration system as the future cold storage System for Indonesia: A Review. In 2019 5th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST) (Vol. 1, pp. 1-6). IEEE. [8] Ab Rahman, R., Mohamad, M. A. H., Kaamin, M., Batcha, M. F. M., Mazlan, M. D. A., Rosli, M. L., & Aziz, M. A. A. C. (2022). Development of a Low-Cost Cooling Box Based on Thermoelectric Effect. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 98(1), 171-176.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|145 [9] Awasthi, M., & Mali, K. V. (2012). Design and development of thermoelectric refrigerator. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 1(3), 5418-5421. [10] Rawat, M. K., Chattopadhyay, H., & Neogi, S. (2013). A review on developments of thermoelectric refrigeration and air conditioning systems: a novel potential green refrigeration and air conditioning technology. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3), 362-367. [11] İSLAMOĞLU, İ., İSLAMOĞLU, Y., YAYLACI, S., & PARMAKSIOĞLU, F. M. (2019) Medical Applications of Thermoelectric Coolers. [12] Sharma, S., Dwivedi, V. K., & Pandit, S. N. (2018). A review of thermoelectric devices for cooling applications. International journal of green energy, 11(9), 899-90

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|146 ONLINE PARKING SYSTEM APPLICATION (OPSA) Lt. Khairul Akmal bin Nusi1, Lt. M. Zazlina binti Zulkefli2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2Department of Civil Engineering Politeknik Ungku Omar , Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. [email protected] , [email protected] Abstract - The online parking system application (OPSA) can provide real-time information about available parking spots at AEON mall Ipoh, Perak study as study case survey. This feature has been a game-changer in the parking industry, as users can now plan their parking in advance. The OPSA provides users with information about available parking spots in their desire location, allowing them to choose the most convenient spot for them. The application could be downloaded from mobile Play Store (Android). The OPSA using Arduino involves using IR sensors to detect available parking spaces and transmitting this information to an online database. The sensors are placed at the entrance of each parking spot and are connected to the Arduino board, which is responsible for collecting the data. The board then processes the data and sends it to an OPSA database, where it is displayed in real time for users to see. By receiving signal from OPSA, the Arduino board using the Wi-Fi network or Bluetooth will confirm the booking spot and vehicle park recognition through LED/LCD display. If the user is not applicable to park on that space, the buzzer will sound repeatedly to notify AEON safety and security department. Therefore, this product will provide convenient for both users and organization of the parking system by reduce the traffic in the parking area and user time management. Keywords: Arduino, user application, parking spot, sensor I. INTRODUCTION Several large cities in Malaysia have rapidly increased infrastructure due to strong society needs, particularly in public spaces and public buildings, in the last few decades. As a result of the limited occupancy, the number of designated parking places in public facilities such as malls has increased. This contributes to an unhealthy and busy environment, which leads to crowded traffic in the surrounding neighbourhood. By solving this predicament for Smart Cities, reducing emissions and operational costs, improving energy distribution, increasing air quality, and decreasing traffic congestion, which may contribute to a sustainable environment by building smart parking spots with synchronizing an individual handphone application [1]. Thus, a case study was undertaken in AEON malls in Ipoh, Perak, in order to overcome the difficulties of lowering the searching times for the availability of parking spots, unnecessary travel period, and a lack in handling the current parking system management. By addressing these concerns, the online parking system has been used on several continents and will be transformed into a prototype product by enhancing the online parking system application (OPSA). II. PROBLEM STATEMENT Insufficient parking spots in urban context especially, can be challenging due the high demands during the festive seasons and long holidays, limitation of parking availability, poorly designed layout and lack of organization lead in managing the parking system. For this paper, the studies had taken in AEON malls in Ipoh, Perak which can relate to these current issues. Due to this, traffic congestion within the mall area and the mall multiple parking spaces have given negative impacts to the users which make the users necessarily spend more time seeking for a specific spot and contributing to a poor management system.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|147 III. LITERATURE REVIEW By introducing the online parking system application in modern society has revolutionized the parking sector which benefits the users and parking operators. Thus, by implementing the Internet of Things (IOT) technology, it can refer to interconnection and exchange of data among devices or sensors that entails specific needs such as long-reach, low data rate, low energy consumption as well profits [2]. Based on real-time cloud based IoT technologies in [3], it operates without image processing which enhances the security in the system and is detected by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which sends to wireless routers. This system updates through WSN nodes and in parking slot selection. Hence, an IoT based Car Parking System is to display the vacant or available parking slot by integrating a node MCU as a microcontroller unit with IR sensor and LCD screen which the data is continuously updated to reduce minimum costing, effectiveness and efficiency [4]. Through an online parking system application, it is for the users to reserve parking space which reduces time consuming in searching the spot and traveling distance within the area. As for the parking management administration, this online application will effectively enable them to notify the users on the availability of the particular space as well as to control the vehicle circulation in the compound and at key entrances [5]. Whereas, by using this system application also, the implementation of daily operations is more efficient and flexible which is made possible by the increasing use of intelligent technologies widely [6]. By using Arduino, it is known as an opensource microcontroller that is built into it must first respond and work [7]. It may be quickly programmed, erased, and reprogrammed. It is also capable of taking input and controlling the outputs on a variety of electronic devices. It is known as an open source hardware and software platform that is designed to construct the programming concept to electronics that sends and receives the information to the device using the internet or Bluetooth. The Bluetooth module is an interface that transmits or receives the signals to or from an android smartphone as wireless communication [8]. These built in modules can also be available separately which can then be interfaced (mounted) to it. By using the user's input, the smartphone android application can collect the data on the space availability and parking locations. The user must register individually using this application by providing the details related – user name, phone number, email address and vehicle plate number, which later will be stored in the server which will authenticate the user on the available location of the parking selected [9]. With Arduino and an android application, it can create a program that can synchronize with the online parking application in performing the booking process. This feature is to prevent malfunction in the android application. According to [10], only authorised users of the car with knowledge on the vehicle and details can confirm whether the parking lot is empty by using this application system's Arduino control. A web application is developed to monitor and manipulate the sensor data using the information given. The Arduino will notify the post barrier's sensor to lift up by presenting the spot that had been reserved after getting the data from the application interface. By utilising the Quick Response Code (QR Code) to verify the information, it will be decided whether or not the specific car can park there and then. The post barrier won't be raised appropriately if the Arduino's verification of the QR Code isn't accurate. Thus, it allows the users to enter and exit in multi-storey parking that display the free slot on each floor. The database for the user entry and exit is based on a system that uses Infrared (IR) sensors that sense any obstacle and vehicles.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|148 An Infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic instrument object detection utilised for proximity sensing and object detection based on specific environmental variables. By sensing variations in the energy radiated from the moving vehicles or items, it can identify the occupancy status of a parking space [11]. An IR sensor in smart parking space detects the presence of an object using infrared light, a servo motor for direct or angular motion, acceleration, and speed, input and output gates, and LCD used to display the number of spaces if available. The sensors are connected to an Arduino that sends signals when any vehicles are approaching the entrance gate which is connected to an LED lights receiver. Thus, LED light glows red when it receives a signal of occupied spaces and if its glow in green is to inform there are no vehicles parked at the designated space [12]. IV. METHODOLOGY This prototype project is centred in AEON malls in Ipoh, Perak and it aims to address the issue brought on by the current condition. The method that had been proposed is to simplify the usage for the users to register in an online interface application. From Figure 1, this project is the innovative of the idea to show the combination of the project flow of OPSA application and Arduino coding which leads later to the design prototype. The user can then utilise the webservice interface to retrieve parking information. Next, the parking server then makes a database query and returns the user's parking information via a web service interface. To ensure the veracity and authenticity of the transient information, the user must change the time status. The design system for this project, which utilises an Arduino UNO, must include specific code from the Arduino programme as a reference, which can operate the other elements in the parking sensors. With this method, the parking spot sync will be adapted to the Arduino programming, which will be receiving data periodically through an application interface. Figure 1. Project flow This product is to measure the respond of the interface application and Arduino programming by testing the system to indicate the availability of the parking spots for the individual usage before arriving at the particular space. Figure 2. Flow of the interface In Figure 2, this is to show the flow of access the information to application by collecting individual data and options for the users in finding the availability parking spot for the users’ convenience.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|149 Figure 3. Flow process for coding program Figure 3 is the process flow of Arduino to synchronize with the build the application in detecting to the availability of the parking spot for the user to enter. Figure 4. Flow chart for working sensor Figure 4 is to show the flow of the sensor in availability of the designation spot to inform individual applications on the permitted parking for the user to enter their vehicle by transmitting the booking application to an online database. V. RESULT The online parking system application (OPSA) was created as a prototype which are divided into two parts which are through booking application and model. Parking booking system application interface required an online booking through smartphone which can be seen in Figure 5.1 whereas in Figure 5.2, is to show the wireless connection through Bluetooth device must be activated to consume the parking space information. As for visual handmade model parking spot, as shown in Figure 5.3, it indicates that the LED lights had receive the data from the smartphone application that turns on the green light to inform a free parking slot is available in the current circumstance. As for Figure 5.4, it is to shows the OPSA has been logging by the user in to the application interface that has been set up before they may apply for the specific parking slot. The recognition of the red light by LED/LCD display is to show the unavailable parking spot that an individual has already reserved by utilising the OPSA for their car space. Figure 5.1 Parking booking system application interface

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|150 Figure 5.2 Parking booking system after the user trying to apply through the online application Figure 5.1. The green light is to show the available parking spot Figure 5.2. Select the OPSA app name Figure 5.3. Log in using user email and Password Figure 5.4. Select the available parking slo Figure 5.5. Parking already booked Parking slot 1 Parking slot 2 Parking slot 3

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|151 Figure 5.6. After the parking booked, the LCD display will show ‘BOOKED’ Figure 5.7. The yellow light indicates the booked parking spot Figure 5.8. When the right user arrived and enter the parking, the yellow LED change to red LED, and the LCD display ‘NOT AVAILABLE’ VI. DISCUSSION Prior to the launch of the OPSA prototype, the current parking availability and management system resulted in high traffic jams within the mall area, which has yet to be resolved during peak seasons. By constructing this prototype, the user interface may match the programme in which the signal can react and receive efficiently to 90% in regular and booked situations without any conflict in the Arduino UNO and HC05 as signal receiver, whereas the MIT software creates user friendly web applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to express our gratitude to Politeknik Ungku Omar for providing us with the opportunity and permission to present this presentation. Hopefully, this article will be useful to people who will need it in the future. Thank you. REFERENCES [1] Suvarna Nandyal, Sabiya Sultana and Sadaf Anjum, Smart Car Parking System using Arduino UNO, International Journal of Computer Applications vol. 169, July 2017. [2] Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Chaxel, F. and Meyer, F., A Comparative Study of LPWAN Technologies for Large-scale IoT deployment. ICT Express 2019, 5, 1–7 [3] F. Mohammadi, G.-A. Nazri, and M. Saif, A Real-time Cloud-Based Intelligent Car Parking System for Smart Cities, 2nd International Conference on Information Communication and Signal Processing (ICICSP), 2019. [4] K. A. S. Muhamad Muzhafar Abd Kadir, Mohd Nizam Osman, Nor Arzami Othman, “IoT based Car Parking Management System using IR Sensor,” J. Comput. Res. Innov., no. October 2020, 2021 [5] Kapil Gajbhiye, Nikhil Dhoke and Bhushan Hiwase, Online Vehicle Parking

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|152 Android Application: Smart Park. International Journal of Innovative Research Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.7, Issue 3, March 2018. [6] M. Samir Abou El-Seoud, Hosam F. El-Sofany and Islam Taj-Eddin, Towards the Development of Smart parking System using Mobile and Web Technologies, 10th International Conference on Interactive mobile Communication Technologies and Learning, San Diego, CA, USA, Oct 2016. [7] S. I. Shaheblal et al., “Arduino Based Automatic Car Parking Empty Slots Detection,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Electr. Electron. Instrum. Eng., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 2242–2246, 2020. [8] Amit Shinde, Nilima Shinde and Saqlain Shaikh, Smart Car parking Using IoT, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), vol. 6, April 2018. [9] Supriya Gatalwar, Radhika Agnihotri, Nitest Gujarathi and Atmesh Behere, Park Smart: Android Application for Parking System, International Journal of Computer Science and Network (IJCSN), Volume 5, Issue 1, February 2016. [10] H. Chaudhary, P. Bansal, and B. Valarmathi, Advanced CAR Parking System Using Arduino, 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). IEEE, 2017 [11] V.R. Sarma Dhulipala, Smart Parking Systems and Sensors; A Survey, International Conference on Computing, Communication and Applications (ICCCA), 2012 [12] Amit Kumar, Prachi Sinha, Suryansh Agrawal and Debraj Biswas, Smart Car Parking Using Arduino UNO and Mobile Application, International Conference on Recent and Future Trends in Smart Electronics System and Manufacturing, March 2023. [13] P. Dhanabalraj, L. Gopinath, G. M. Gowthaman, J. Jashva Sherin, and K. Kumar, “Car Parking Allocation System using Arduino,” Proc. - Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Smart Syst. ICAIS 2021. [14] Y. Agarwal, P. Ratnani, U. Shah, and P. Jain, “IoT based smart parking system,” Proc. - 5th Int. Conf. Intell. Comput. Control Syst. ICICCS 2021, no. Iciccs, pp. 464–470, 2021. [15] Y. Chaurasia, S. Chaurasiya, and P. S. M. Vaidya, “Arduino Based Smart Car Parking,” Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev., no. 2, pp. 721–724, 2021.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|153 VEHICLE BLINDSPOT SYSTEM WITH DOOR LOCKING SYSTEM ASSIST (BSM-DLSA) Lt. Khairul Akmal bin Nusi1, Lt. M. Zazlina Maslinda Zulkefli2, Mohd Fakrul Razi bin Jamaluddin3 1,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2Department of Civil Engineering Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract - The BSM-DLSA is an innovative system that aims to increase the safety and security of vehicles. The system consists of sensors that detect the approaching vehicle in the driver's blind spot and a door locking mechanism that prevents the driver from accidentally opening the door when another vehicle approaches from behind or side of the car, thereby eliminating possible collisions, avoiding, and ensuring the safety of all on the car Passenger's driving conditions. In the development of BSM-DLSA, the selection of components plays the most important role in designing a cost-effective blind spot detection system. Therefore, the Arduino UNO R3 model, BS300 Microwave Radar Sensor and HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor are all developed with BSM-DLSA module system, which are integrated into the vehicle's main control unit and sensor part. The Blindspot Sensor (BSM) is designed to detect any incoming vehicles in the blind spot of the driver, activating when the signal turns on. On the other hand, the Door Locking System (DLSA) is activated when the parking brake is pulled up, which provides an additional layer of security to your vehicle. The BSM-DLSA was designed as a compact microelectronic device and installed in the trial vehicle (Proton Saga BLM) as testing prototype. The goal of this project is to develop and implement a device that will warn the driver of an approaching vehicle in the blind spot by flashing and beeping. Door Locking System (DLSA) integrated a servomotor that locks the door to prevent possible accidents while notifying the driver with flashing lights and beeps. The device also features a radar sensor that programmed to detects the presence of approaching vehicle within 3 to 5 meters from behind and sends signals to a microcontroller which triggers the servomotor and activates the warning system. In developing this product, we went through some processes such as brainstorming, market analysis, customer survey, design thinking, fabrication, and product testing. Keywords – Arduino Uno R3, Blindspot, Microwave Radar sensor, Ultrasonic sensor I. INTRODUCTION In Malaysia, there are many cases of fatal accidents due to this blind spot occurring when the vehicle changes lanes, makes a Uturn, exits the parking, or enters and exits the intersection. As often hear, the accidents commonly involved between the heavy vehicles and light vehicles. Due to this incidence of these vehicles, the driver of the trailers did not notice the presence of motorcycles in the blind spot zone and collide with motorcyclists which affected the motorcycle to capsize and caused the accidents. Fig. 1 shows the blind spot is the area on the side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see through the rear-view mirror, side mirror or camera device of the vehicle being driven. This blind spot results from vehicle design limitations, where in certain positions, the driver will not be able to see the activities around the vehicle without moving from the normal driving position [4]. Fig. 1. Red-Color representing Vehicle Driver Blindspot Area (High Risk Side Collision Area)

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|154 Fig.2. Red-Circle shows the high-risk area of accidents involving motorcyclists with vehicles which parked on the side of the road. Fig. 2 shows about one of the causes of fatal accident cases involving back collisions between motorcyclist toward vehicle doors that open suddenly on the side of the road are the most frequent causes of accidents in Malaysia. The risk of accidents like this is highest involving motorcyclists (victims) who usually use the route on the left side of the road [2]. Fig. 3. Shows the number of road accident in Malaysia is increased during last ten years. Based on the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) Statistical Report (RMP, 2020) [1], the number of side-impact crashes, at 29%, is the highest type of crash configuration. The percentage distribution of crashes by crash configurations is illustrated in Fig. 4. below. Fig. 3. Statistical Malaysia Road Accident 2010-2019 Fig. 4. Percentage distribution of crashes by crash configurations (RMP, 2020) The surveys also included items to measure perception related to a blind spot. Responses were recorded using a 10-point Likert scale (from strongly disagree to strongly agree). Fig. 5. display the results. All respondents scored positively with more than 60% and the highest mean score was recorded for item ‘Always cautious about blind spot while driving’. Fig. 5. Perception of Blind Spot Result by Respondent Survey. The respondents were also asked about their experience involving in crashes with motorcyclists. Out of 50 respondents, 22 of them reported having been involved in accidents between motorcyclists toward vehicle doors that open suddenly on the side road. II. PROBLEM STATEMENT A. The problem statement is related to the vehicle door opening collision and its connection to the blind spot issue.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|155 Fig. 6. Accident occurring due to cars As previously stated, Fig. 6. shows the accidents can occur while the vehicle is moving or parked, but additional safety measures are only taken when the vehicle is moving. As a result, the focus of this project is on the accident that took place on the parked vehicle [6]. The accident taken into the consideration was car door accidents. Car door accident is one of the accidents occurring in the parked condition. A car door accident occurs when a passenger or driver opens the door carelessly without thinking about the vehicle or other objects in the doorway [6]. Fig. 7. Dooring accident rate Fig. 7. Shows the accidental opening of door due to carelessness leads to such an accident [6]. Even the well-developed countries which are providing door zone in the road also have considerable amount of accident due to opening doors. In developing countries these accidents are increasing now due to the number of usages of cars in recent days, the absence of door zone and the less awareness about the car door accidents. Instead of reducing the number of accidents like this one, control measures are needed to prevent them. The motorist and cyclist met the highest number of accidents in the car [1]. Fig. 8, below shows the situation of car temporarily stops at the side road. Fig. 9, shows the driver did not notice the presence of incoming motorcycles while in the blind spot zone. Fig.10, shows the collisions happen between motorcyclists toward vehicle doors that open suddenly. Fig. 8. Situation 1 Fig. 9. Situation 2 Fig. 10. Situation 3 Based on the (Fig.8.- Fig.10) shows the sequences

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|156 of events of the accident due to the sudden opening of the car door. When it comes to vehicle door locking systems in blind spot areas, there are several considerations to keep in mind. The blind spot in a vehicle refers to an area around the vehicle that is not directly visible to the driver, either through the rearview or side mirrors or by turning their head. This blind spot can create potential hazards, especially when changing lanes or opening the vehicles doors [3]. When a driver opens a vehicle door, it is crucial to ensure that there are no approaching vehicles, cyclists, or pedestrians in the blind spot. Failing to check the blind spot before opening the door can result in accidents, such as collisions or "dooring" incidents, where a cyclist or pedestrian is struck by the opening door [4]. Most of the time, when a car dooring occurs, it does not immediately cause fatal accidents but instead falls into a nearby moving vehicle and is hit by it after being hit by the car doors as shown in Fig. 2 [5]. To mitigate this problem (Fig. 4.), vehicle manufacturers and researchers have been developing various technologies and systems that can assist drivers in detecting potential dangers in their blind spots before opening the doors. These systems typically rely on sensors, cameras, or radar technology to monitor the surrounding area and provide visual or audible warnings to the driver if there is a risk present [2]. B. Objective of the system a) This project purpose is to bring intelligence into vehicles by providing the ability of obstacles or objects detection in the blind spot area of the vehicle. Thus, an ultrasonic ranging module with microelectronics will be designed and prototyped into vehicles (Proton Saga BLM). b) To improve the safety and driver alertness due to blind spot issue by assist door locking system in blind spot system monitoring system (BSM). c) To develop a side collision warning system by using Arduino as microcontroller system. III. RELATED WORK All vehicles manufactured in 2018 or after must be equipped with rearview blind-spot monitoring systems or cameras. These systems can warn the user of approaching cars while focusing on the road. If the older version vehicle comes without this technology, the owner can purchase and install an aftermarket blind spot monitor (BSM). Here are a few aspects to consider: a) Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM): This system uses sensors or cameras mounted on the vehicle's side mirrors or rear bumper to monitor the adjacent lanes. It alerts the driver with visual or audible warnings if a vehicle is detected in the blind spot. b) The warning system with the indication of LED and buzzer are not effective since it cannot be effectively perceived by the drivers during extreme circumstances. These technologies aim to enhance driver awareness and reduce the risk of accidents caused by blind spots. However, it is important to note that these systems may have limitations, such as false alerts or incomplete coverage, and they should not replace the driver's responsibility to manually check the blind spot before opening the vehicle door. It is important to note that while door locking systems can contribute to overall vehicle security, blind spot monitoring and awareness primarily rely on the driver's attention and vigilance. It is always recommended to follow proper driving practices and use mirrors, cameras, and other technologies as aids to increase awareness in blind spot areas [4]. IV. METHODOLOGY The blind spot monitoring system with Door Locking System Assist (BSM-DLSA) is an advanced technology that combines the features of a blind spot monitoring system and a door locking system assist. Here are the scopes and functionalities of this system: C. BS300 Microwave Radar Sensor: Blind Spot Detector

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|157 The system uses BS300 Microwave Radar sensors, such as cameras or radar, to detect vehicles or objects in the blind spots of the vehicle. It provides visual or audible warnings to the driver when a vehicle is detected in the blind spot. The BSM helps the driver make safer lane changes by alerting them to the presence of vehicles that may not be visible in the side mirrors. An improvised version of Blind Spot monitoring is been used in the Blind spot information system development and implemented in PROTON Saga BLM. Once obstacle detected it is sent to the processing unit and then alerted the system. The system is imposed with Arduino UNO R3 as microcontroller board. Fig. 11. Blind spot circuit diagram Fig. 12. Blind spot installation diagram Fig. 11.- Fig.12. shows the electrical wiring and installation diagram of BSM which is when the driver turns on the signal, microwave sensor device will active to identify the moving vehicles along blind spot area. When the vehicle was detected, the information will be transfer directly to the alert device (LED and buzzer) through the cable harness. The LED will blink and the buzzer will beep. When the blind spot area is clear, the alert device will stop working. These Microwave radar blind spot detection system that warns you of any obstacles and other cars in the blind spots. Door Locking System Assist: D. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor: Door Locking System Assist Fig. 13. shows the system enhances the security and convenience of the door locking system in the vehicle. When the hand brake is pulled, the ultrasonic sensor will active automatically to detect the other vehicle came from back side. When the vehicle detected, the buzzer will be beeping until the back side area is clear. This system has manual switch button to off the sensor when another object is detected such as the other vehicle that parked around our car. Fig. 13. Door locking system mechanism The system begins with object detection in the blind spot limit which depending on distance of sensor propagation, in this case, the ultrasonic sensors. At this instant, the data signal is sent to the control unit to be processed. The Arduino controller takes over the process of identifying the hazard and decides. If the hazard is confirmed, a warning signal will be blinked to alert the driver about the incoming object. The ultrasonic sensor is programmed to detect any object within 2 to 4 meters radius. It is programmed to not detect any object or obstacles within 1 meter radius to avoid door being blocked while there are no hazards (e.g., car parks side to side, parking

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|158 beside wall). LED and Buzzer are used as an indicator to warn the driver. Fig. 14. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor Door locking system diagram Fig. 15. Layout overview of BSM-DLSA in the Proton SAGA BLM Fig. 14. representing about additional function in BSM-DLSA called as Incoming vehicle detector (IVD) while the handbrake is pulled, the ultrasonic sensor will be activated automatically to detect the other vehicle came from back side. When the ultrasonic sensor captures the incoming vehicle, the buzzer will be beeping and off while the backside area is safely to open the door. The static condition of blind spot use when the driver stop the car in danger situation such as at the side of highway road, sometimes when they are not alert the coming vehicles from behind while intended to open the door and due to this, the stopper mechanism was created as shown as Fig. 14. to lock the door if the sensor detects the incoming vehicle. The range detection of dynamic situation is 0m ~ 15m and for static situation is 1m ~ 3.5m. E. Integration and Assist Functionality: The BSM and Door Locking System Assist are integrated to provide enhanced safety and convenience. When the BSM detects a vehicle in the blind spot while the driver turn signal to change lanes. The Door Locking System Assist activated once the hand brake pulledup. The system automatically locks the doors if it determines that it is unsafe to open the door due to the presence of a vehicle in the blind spot. It acts as an additional safety measure to prevent accidental collisions when the driver is unaware of the vehicle in the blind spot. Fig. 13. representing Door Locking Mechanisms: that utilize sensors to determine the door's position and state. If the vehicle detects a potential collision due to an open door in the blind spot area, it can automatically lock the doors to prevent them from being fully opened or provide a warning to the driver. Fig. 16. Arduino Uno R3 Microcontrolle Fig. 16. shows Arduino as the Control Unit to control unit manages the operation of the locking device. It receives input signals, processes them, and sends commands to the servomotor actuator. It can be a dedicated module or integrated into the vehicle's central locking system.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|159 V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Overall, the BSM-DLSA combine’s blind spot monitoring technology with an advanced door locking system are able to improve safety and security while driving. It helps drivers make informed decisions when changing lanes and provides an additional layer of protection by automatically locking the doors when necessary. Table 1: BSM-DLSA data observation Effect Sensor Distance Detected Action Car or obstacle when the car door open Ultrasonic <4 meter Door locked Car or obstacle in blind spot area Microwave Radar >7 meter Buzzer and LED will be activated to alert driver Table 1 represent the results of the BSMDLSA respond testing. BSM-DLSA are designed with the combination of microwave radar sensor and ultrasonic sensor with the aided of LED and buzzer to improve the safe driving experience. Microwave radar sensor is used to detect an incoming vehicle from B pillar of a vehicle while moving in a certain speed and during route changing. A change is applied to ultrasonic sensor where the function is to block the door from being open when the door latch is pulled while the car is in a static position with the handbrake is pulled (e.g., parking, stop at road side). VI. CONCLUSION BSM-DLSA systems have the potential to significantly reduce accidents caused by open doors. Existing technologies, such as proximity sensors and door angle sensors, along with advancements in camera systems and communication technologies, provide a range of options for implementing effective warning systems. Further research is needed to address challenges related to false alarms, standardization, pedestrian and cyclist detection, and cost-effective implementation. The continuous development of door locking systems will contribute to enhancing road safety and minimizing dooring accidents rate. REFERENCES [1] Royal Malaysia Police. (2020). Statistical report of road accidents Malaysia 2020. Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur: Traffic Branch. [2] Abu Kassim, K.A., Laili, M.S.A., Johari, M.H., Ahmad, Y., & Jawi, Z.M. (2019). ASEAN NCAP’s study on the effectiveness of passenger car Blind Spot Technology (BST) to detect motorcycles. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia, 3(2), 123-138. [3] Cicchino, J.B. (2018). Effects of blind spot monitoring systems on police-reported lane-change crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention, 19(4), 615-622. [4] "Learn about the dangers of blind spots". Farms.com. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021. [5] "Avante Grade Crossing Visibility and Blind Spot Visibility Systems". Avante International Technology. Retrieved 12 January 2022. [6] Venkatesh PL and Vivek C.” Safety Locking System of Car Door Using Sensors”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), (2019).

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|160 DESIGN OF CONVEYOR SYSTEM BETWEEN SLICING MACHINE AND PACKAGING MACHINE TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION OUTPUT Mohd Nazri bin Mohd Sabri1, Mohd Tareeq Muzaffar bin Mohd Fazal Khan2 Department of Mechanical Engineering Ungku Omar Polytechnic, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The workstation must be designed to increase teamwork and to create a safe and pleasant atmosphere. Employee productivity is influenced by the design of their workstation. Making the most of space through the appropriate equipment placement, incorporating the human component into workplace design, and properly aligning the workplace with the surrounding environment are all examples of ergonomics. The problem occurs when a worker does not have enough space to work, which impacts the ergonomics of the workplace. The space to put racking takes a huge space. It uses more manpower to finish the process of packing the bread. The objective of this project is to design a new conveyor system to replace the racking and reduce the space that is being used. Then, it can minimize the time to pack the bread and also can reduce the number of manpower used. The production line for cream bread on the slicing machine and packaging machine must be improved to help workers do their work effectively. The design of this conveyor was done using the Inventor software, and there were two designs to be choose from. The chosen method being used is SWOT analysis. The project was successfully done, and it archived the objective. The production output increased from 3300 bread to nearly 4000 bread. The manpower also decreases when using this conveyor, from 6 manpower to 4 manpower only. The space taken to put the racking has been cleared by using a conveyor and giving the workers more space to do the work. The time taken to pack also decreases from before that always need to do overtime work to finish the work. The company also a made profit by using the conveyor, which reduced the cost of manpower, and when production increased, the gross income also increased, which gave a huge benefit to the company. Keywords—conveyor system; ergonomic; SWOT analysis; production Output; decrease Cost. I. INTRODUCTION The bakery industry in Malaysia has seen many changes in recent years. The bakery industry in Malaysia is growing rapidly and bakery products are becoming increasingly popular. In fact, roti has been labeled as the most popular substitute for rice, the staple diet of Malaysians. The bakery products industry in Malaysia where baked goods dominate a large share of 62%, recorded a value of almost RM 2 billion a year in 2003 with a strong growth of 65 million compared to the previous year (Anon., 2003). The market for bread and bakery products is predicted to experience stable growth of approximately 4% per year in the coming years reaching RM 2.9 billion by 2006 (Anon., 2002). So, it is more than just a loaf of bread. There are various types of bread that have been produced in Malaysia. At XYZ company, we prepare several types of cakes and breads. Among the best selling products is cream bread. Once the bread is ready to be baked and cooled, the bread will go through the process of slicing and creaming. After that, the bread will be packaged. 1.1 Problem Statement The major problem in this company is the production of cream bread partially uses machine majority of it using the traditional style. The slice and cream use two manpower to operate. The first person put the bread at the start of the machine on second person picks up the cream bread put it on the tray

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|161 then put on the rack packaging machine also has 2 manpower. One manpower put the bread on the conveyor and one manpower controls the machine. The total usage of the whole process is 6 manpower. The problem is the space taken up to place the racking is quite large. So, by reducing the rack to put bread in the packaging line will also reduce the use of manpower. The second, workspace is a bit cramped and uncomfortable. The third, problem is the time taken to pack the bun is quite long. 1.2 Objectives The aim of this project is to increase production output. The aim achieved by the objective below: 1.2.1 To design a conveyor system between the slicing machine and the packaging machine to minimize the space used. 1.2.2 To reduce the time taken to pack the bread and increase up to 10 percent of the production output. 1.2.3 To reduce the manpower from 6 to 5 workers per day to save costs. 1.3 Project scope The scope of this project focuses on the packaging line. The size of the conveyor must not exceed 3 meters in length, its height not exceeding 1.50 meters and its width not exceeding 1 meter. Only for cream bread. 1.4 Outcomes The outcomes of this project are to solve several issues which can be divided into two main issues which is; 1.4.1 Company can increase production from 4000 pcs cream bread to more than that. 1.4.2 Company can save the budget for manpower payment. II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conveyor A mechanical handling device that automatically moves loads and goods throughout a room is a conveyor system. This method, among other things, cuts labour expenses, workplace risks, and human mistakes. They are handy for moving large or heavy goods from one place to another. A conveyor system can move objects using wheels, rollers, chains, or belts. In the majority of conveyor systems, a belt is stretched over two or more pulleys. The belt may rotate because it creates a closed loop around the pulleys. By driving or towing the belt, the drive pulley transports products from one location to another. (Monroy, C., 2021) A conveyor system's primary function is to transport objects from one place to another. The design makes it possible to transport items that are huge or heavy for people to manage manually. Conveyor systems decrease the duration needed to move things moving from one place to another. Because they might make to cover multiples level, which is a task that requires physical effort when performed manually by humans, they facilitate the movement of products up and down floors. Material can be automatically unloaded by inclined belts, negating the need for a recipient. (Monroy, C., 2021) 2.1.1 Belt Conveyor In a variety of applications, systems using belt conveyors are used to transport bulk goods. According to Clenet, more than 2.5 million belt conveyor systems are in use worldwide. Belt conveyors use a significant quantity of energy. In a typical dry bulk terminal, between 50 and 70 percent of all electricity is used by belt conveyors, according to Hiltermann. (He, D., Liu, X., & Zhong, B., 2020)

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|162 There are many industrial settings and purposes where conveyor belts are used. Conveyor belt systems' effectiveness helps to boost productivity, reduce labour costs, and shorten lead times. Conveyor belts are used to convey, assemble, or store huge amounts of things rapidly and reliably. The main reasons for the widespread usage of conveyor systems are labour cost reductions, efficient goods transportation, and the capacity to protect items and materials from damage. They offer the greatest service at the most affordable price. (Industrial Quick Search. ,2020) 2.1.1.1 Roller Bed Conveyor Belt A roller bed conveyor surface is a set of rollers that match the product's weight and speed requirements. The length of the roller bed conveyor belt will determine how many rollers will be used. The roller bed conveyor is utilised for loading items by gravity. They are a great option when items need to be transported across long distances because they are made to minimise friction. (Industrial Quick Search., 2020) 2.1.1.2 Flat Belt Conveyor Belt A flat belt conveyor belt moves goods and supplies through a system of pulleys. Its belt is composed of natural or synthetic materials, making it adaptable to a wide range of situations and purposes. A flat belt conveyor belt may feature a center drive and nose bars in some cases. (Industrial Quick Search. ,2020) 2.1.1.3 Incline Conveyor Belt Incline conveyor belts have a rough, uneven surface that helps to keep goods from slipping or falling back. The underside of the belts is smooth, making it glide smoothly across the bed. Timing belts and modular belt conveyors can be used for this. Cleats may be included for increased slippage prevention, due to the materials to be transported. (Industrial Quick Search, 2020) 2.1.2 Roller Conveyor Indeed, a type of belt conveyor known as a roller conveyor uses cylinder spaced revolving cylinders that allow things to slide on their surface. They usually rely on gravitation or little engines to move items from one place to the other. The material being carried requires a stable riding surface supported with at least two or three rollers. They work well as conveyors after highspeed sorting machines because they can accumulate objects and the rollers can lessen product inertia at higher speeds. (Cavallo, C., 2021) Due to their simple design, many advances were made to enable roller conveyors to stay up with industry changes. The most important development is the drive or active roller conveyor, which increases controllability by connecting each roller to a motor through a belt, chain, or shaft. This equalizes the flow of goods down the path and enables the operation of these conveyors backward, in other words from a low to a high altitude, to a limited extent. They can be used in applications in both directions since by switching the motor direction and the rollers may transport material in either direction. We will look at the many types of motorized roller conveyors in the next part, as there are a lot of them that can handle a wide range of materials. (Cavallo, C., 2021)

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|163 2.2 Belt Materials They need to be durable, strong, and resistant to various temperatures, moisture, and chemicals. The five materials used to make conveyor belts are thermoplastics, metal, rubber, fabric, and leather. Plastics include substances like silicone, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene. The metals are made of carbon and stainless steel, and the fabric is made of cotton or canvas. Due to their flexibility, resistance, smoothness, and seamless nature, rubber composites are the material of choice. (ConBelt., 2019) There are no holes or openings in it either. Many belt materials, such as fabric, steel, polyester, or fibreglass, incorporate additives to boost strength. Many flat belts are made up of two materials: a core and a covering. Even though they are excluded from the chain, pneumatic, and screw conveyors, conveyor belts can be found in many different designs, such as troughed, inclined, flat, food-grade, and overhead conveyors. The most crucial criterion for conveyor systems is selecting the right belting type because the improper material could endanger safety regulations or performance. (ConBelt., 2019) 2.3 Ergonomic A career that uses theory, ideas, data, and design methods to improve people's wellbeing and system performance, in general, is called ergonomics (also known as human factors). Ergonomics analyses the interactions between people and other system components. The Greek words "ergon" (labor) and "nomos" are the origin of the word ergonomics (rules). The "work laws" or "work science" are essentially what it is. The optimal working environment is created by ergonomic design, which removes incompatibilities between the work and the worker. In order to maximize the relationship between both the workplace and the employee, ergonomics incorporates a variety of disciplines. (Middlesworth, M., 2019) III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Problem explanation Fig. 1. The Working Space of the Workers. Fig. 1. shown a common issue with the space between the slicing machine and the packaging machine that is not comfortable doing the job and consumes a lot of time to fill the rack before packing it. When the worker does the job on the packaging takes a long time to pack it will the rack full and will delay the process. 3.2 Ideas for Conveyor Design

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|164 3.3 SWOT Analysis 1. First Design Strength • Will perfectly fit between the machine. • New machine. • No need to worry about maintenance costs. Weakness • High starting cost. • Need a new conveyor to build. • Need new electrical wiring. Opportunity • Offer more efficiency for the production line. • Can adjust the speed of the conveyor when needed to increase the speed of production. Threat • Need a huge budget to install it. Fig. 2. SWOT Analysis for Design 1. 2. Second Design Strength • The conveyor is already in the factory. • Low cost. • No need for extra electrical wiring. Weakness • Need maintenance. • 5 years old of the conveyor. Opportunity • Can save the cost for the company. • Easy to handle because the worker used to use it. • Can increase production output. Threat • Easy to break down because the conveyor is old. Fig. 3. SWOT Analysis for Design 2. IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Result and Discussion Overall, the project has been implemented, and the following problem has been successfully solved with a good outcome. 4.1.1 The newly installed conveyor between the slicing machine and the packaging machine. The conveyor has been installed to increase ergonomics and space for the workers. The addition of this conveyor can reduce the use of previously large racks in the processing area. In terms of ergonomics, with the addition of this conveyor, the cycle time has been reduced when using an ergonomically optimized workstation, especially for the task of packing with varying height, weight and BMI of workers. Employees are able to complete tasks more efficiently leading to increased output and better process efficiency. Ergonomic workstations also improve the lean process. Nonoptimized workstations are forced to make more non-value-added moves, which are non-value-adding moves. Movement without added value leads to increased cycle times and reduced efficiency. Ergonomic workstations, however, can reduce cycle times by increasing worker productivity. Ergonomic workstations reduce ergonomic risks. By having an optimized workstation, the number of accesses employees have to make outside of their access zone is significantly reduced. Overall, the addition of this conveyor provides benefits, including shorter cycle times, less non-value-added motion and less opportunity for worker injury. 4.1.2 Decrease the time taken of the whole process and increase the production output. The whole process time decreased and no need for overtime. The production output also increases from 3300 cream bread per day to 3800 cream bread per day which is more than 10 percent increased depending on the order and sometime can reach about 4400 cream bread per day.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|165 4.1.3 Decrease manpower used. By implementing this conveyor, the use of manpower has decreased from 6 person day to 5 person per day. Fig. 4. New Conveyor System. Fig. 5. The Whole Process of the Packaging. 4.2 Whole production process data TABLE 2. WHOLE PRODUCTION PROCESS DATA. Before apply conveyor After apply conveyor Slicing 2.9 hours 2.5 hours Packing 2.25 hours 2.5 hours Manpower 6 manpower 5 manpower Time Production 14:30 PM – 17:30 PM 14:30 PM – 17:30 PM Fig. 6. Whole Production Time Taken. Fig.6. shown the whole daily production data taken from 14:30 pm to 17:30 pm. 4.3 Manpower Cost 1 manpower = RM 57 per day TABLE 3. MANPOWER COST Before apply conveyor After apply conveyor Manpower 6 manpower 5 manpower Cost per day RM 342 RM 285 Cost per week (4 day production) RM 1368 RM 1140 Cost per month RM 5472 RM 4560 Fig. 7. Manpower Cost. A total company can save cost for manpower, = RM 5472 – RM 4560 = RM 912 per month.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|166 The company can save up to RM 912 per month on manpower cost 4.4 Company gross income excludes manpower cost 1 cream bread = RM 0.60 TABLE 4: COMPANY GROSS INCOME Before apply conveyor After apply conveyor Bread per Day 3300 pcs 3800 pcs Bread per week (4 day production) 13200 pcs 15200 pcs Bread per month 52800 pcs 60800 pcs Gross Income RM 31680 RM 36480 Income without manpower cost (including other cost) RM 26208 RM 31920 Fig. 8. Bread Production Output. Fig. 9. Company Gross Income. Total different = RM 31920 – RM 26208 = RM 5712 per month The company gross income can increase up to RM 5712 per month. IV. CONCLUSION The conveyor system project was successful and gave the best results when the output plan could be achieved as planned. Despite the fact that the project was initially challenging to implement, it was completed within the schedule. The research was carried out using the methodology developed. It begins with observation and feedback from production workers, followed by a discussion with the mentor, idea generation, and selection of the best concept. Create a technical drawing utilising inventor software based on the chosen idea to turn it into a desired design. The design has then turned into a physical conveyor, which is then installed at the workplace. However, in the future, this conveyor could be improved by implementing more methods or designing more convenient applications to ensure that the production output is always can be improved from time to time. When the production output consistently increases, the company will have more income which also can benefit the workers.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|167 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is fully supported by Polytechnic Ungku Omar and XYZ Company. The authors fully acknowledge XYZ Company and Polytechnic Ungku Omar for the approved fund which makes this important research viable and effective. REFERENCES [1] Monroy, C. What is a Conveyor System? Definition, Types, Design, and Uses. 6 River Systems. December 2021. www.6river.com/what-is-a-conveyorsystem/ [2] He, D., Liu, X., & Zhong, B. Sustainable belt conveyor operation by active speed control, Measurement, 154, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019. 107458 [3] Industrial Quick Search. Conveyor Belts. December 2021. www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/conveyorbelts.html [4] Cavallo, C. All about Roller Conveyors - Types, Design, and Uses. Thomas Xometry Company. December 2021. www.thomasnet.com/articles/materialshandling/all-about-roller-conveyors-typesdesign-and-uses/ [5] ConBelt. Conveyor Belt Materials, October 2019. www.conbelt.com/conveyorbelt-materials/ [6] Middlesworth, M. Ergonomics 101: The Definition, Domains, and Applications of Ergonomics. ErgoPlus. March 2019. https://ergo-plus.com/ergonomics-definitiondomains-applications/ [7] Canny, R. Food Conveyors and Wash down Conveyors. Ultimation. February 2021. www.ultimationinc.com/products-conveyorsystems/food-conveyors/. [8] Anonymous. Bakery and Cereals in Malaysia 2006 in Bakery, 2002, Market Analysis Report Series 2002. Datamonitor Report Series. www.datamonitor.com [9] Anonymous. Bakery Products in Malaysia in Euromonitor, October 2003. www.researchandmarket.com

6 PENGAJIAN PENDIDIKAN Sub- tema

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|168 SIKAP DAN MINAT PELAJAR KOLEJ KOMUNITI KOTA MELAKA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN NON-FORMAL (AKTIVITI LUAR KELAS) Nooraziana binti Anua1 , Rohaida Hani binti Sabarem2 Unit Terapi Kecantikan dan Spa Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. [email protected] , [email protected] Abstract— Keikhlasan dan kesediaan pelajar untuk memenuhi komitmen mereka untuk belajar banyak dipengaruhi oleh sikap dan bidang yang mereka minati. Sebaliknya, dalam era pendidikan moden, pendekatan pembelajaran yang tertumpu kepada aktiviti ekstrakurikuler adalah kaedah pendidikan bukan formal. Strategi ini dikatakan mampu meningkatkan tahap pencapaian dan memberi kesan terhadap pembelajaran pelajar. Jadi, tujuan artikel kajian ini dilaksanakan adalah untuk menilai sikap dan tahap minat pelajar khususnya berkaitan pembelajaran tidak formal (aktiviti di luar kelas) di Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif yang menjadi asas kepada kajian ini menggunakan borang soal selidik iaitu penggunaan Google Form dengan lima skala Likert. Seramai 100 pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka sesi semasa yang mengikuti kursus Sijil Terapi Kecantikan dan Spa dan Sijil dan Diploma Dandanan Rambut merupakan sampel kajian keberangkalian secara rawak. Kajian ini menggunakan statistik deskriptif, seperti taburan kekerapan, peratusan, min, dan sisihan piawai, serta analisis inferensi dengan menggunakan ujian-t bebas untuk menganalisis keputusan bagi melihat sama ada terdapat perbezaan berdasarkan jantina dalam sikap dan minat terhadap pembelajaran tidak formal. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa tahap sikap dan semangat pelajar terhadap pembelajaran tidak formal (aktiviti luar kelas) berada pada tahap tinggi (Min = 4.0594, Sisihan Piawai = 0.6594). Keywords-Non-Formal, Aktiviti Luar Kelas, Minat dan Sikap, Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka, Dandanan Rambut I. PENGENALAN Institut Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) ialah organisasi yang bertanggungjawab mewujudkan masyarakat berpendidikan tinggi dengan pengetahuan dan tenaga kerja yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Ini ditunjukkan dengan pertambahan bilangan pelajar yang berjaya menyelesaikan pengajian mereka di peringkat IPT serta permintaan dan penerimaan majikan yang tinggi terhadap pelajar dalam sektor pekerjaan. Pendidikan merujuk kepada proses seseorang mempelajari sesuatu atau pembelajaran seseorang, dan pendidikan ini boleh menjadi formal, tidak formal, atau tidak rasmi. Sebaliknya, pengajaran adalah pengajaran yang diberikan oleh guru kepada murid-murid untuk meningkatkan aktiviti pembelajaran. Dengan kata lain, prosedur pendidikan guru yang memastikan pelajar mempelajari bahan yang dimaksudkan supaya penyampaian mudah difahami, seorang guru mesti memutuskan strategi pengajaran terbaik untuk kelas. 1.1 Pendidikan Formal Pendidikan formal ialah pengajaran yang diberikan kepada pelajar dalam persekitaran pendidikan seperti IPT, Sekolah, Kolej, dan Politeknik. Ia mengambil bentuk kurikulum yang telah difikirkan dan disusun dengan teliti, serta rancangan pengajaran dan rangka kerja kajian. Pendidikan formal ini biasanya dianjurkan dengan objektif yang berbeza dan proses untuk penilaian yang dinilai mengikut piawaian yang telah ditetapkan dan menghasilkan penganugerahan anugerah yang diiktiraf seperti Sijil, Diploma, Ijazah, dan sebagainya.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|169 1.2 Pendidikan non-formal (Bukan Formal) Pendidikan non-formal, menurut Schugurensky (2000), adalah sejenis pengajaran yang disediakan di luar sistem pendidikan konvensional dan lazimnya ringkas dan sukarela. Ini meliputi pelbagai inisiatif seperti aktiviti kokurikulum, lawatan belajar ke luar negara, acara sukan, kelab, dan aktiviti beruniform di institusi pendidikan serta sesi latihan dan bengkel di sektor awam atau swasta. Latihan ini bertujuan antara lain untuk memberi peserta kemahiran yang akan meningkatkan produktiviti pekerja. Pelengkap pendidikan formal ialah pendidikan non-formal. Pendidikan nonformal diberi kepentingan dan tumpuan yang ketara oleh orang ramai, organisasi, dan juga kerajaan kerana idea pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (lifelong learning). Untuk mewujudkan pekerja berpengetahuan dan masyarakat yang lebih maju dari segi teknologi, pendidikan bukan formal mesti menyokong pendidikan formal. 1.3 Pendidikan informal (Tidak Formal/tidak rasmi) Pendidikan informal merupakan pembelajaran berdasarkan pengalaman yang diperolehi daripada pelbagai aktiviti harian, seperti memerhatikan persekitaran kita, berinteraksi dengan keluarga, rakan-rakan, dan masyarakat setempat, dan mengambil bahagian dalam acara sosial. Konsep pembelajaran informal amat penting kerana proses pembelajaran informal tidak wujud di institusi pendidikan. 1.4 Pendidikan atau pengajaran berasaskan aktiviti luar kelas Satu kaedah pendidikan non-formal yang membolehkan pelajar memperoleh pengetahuan dan pengalaman tulen ialah melalui pendidikan atau pengajaran berasaskan aktiviti kokurikulum atau luar kelas. Gaya pembelajaran di luar kelas ini akan menggalakkan pembelajaran kendiri serta aktiviti penerokaan dan pencarian ilmu oleh pelajar. Jika dibandingkan dengan aktiviti dewan atau kelas, aktiviti ekstrakurikuler membantu pelajar yang cenderung dalam program kemahiran untuk mendapatkan pengalaman dunia sebenar secara "hands-on". Secara tidak langsung, pendidikan atau pengajaran yang menggabungkan aktiviti ekstrakurikuler dapat membantu pelajar mengembangkan keupayaan mereka untuk membuat cadangan praktikal dan jawapan kepada masalah yang dikemukakan dalam persekitaran pembelajaran. Kaedah ini memberi kebebasan kepada pelajar untuk menyiasat cabaran pembelajaran dalam konteks isu dunia sebenar (Mispuah, 2014). II. PENYATAAN MASALAH Pendidikan non-formal mempunyai kelebihan tersendiri berbanding kaedah pembelajaran tradisional, antaranya melatih pelajar dalam organisasi, pengurusan masa, dan meningkatkan tanggungjawab pelajar dalam melaksanakan tugasan. Faedah ini bagaimanapun tidak dapat direalisasikan sekiranya murid tidak mempunyai sikap positif dan menunjukkan minat yang mendalam terhadap aktiviti pembelajaran yang dijalankan. Prestasi dan pencapaian pelajar akan mengalami sikap buruk dan tidak berfikiran baik terhadap pembelajaran (Nor Erma Binti Abu, & Leong Kwan Eu. (2014)). Kecenderungan seseorang terhadap sesuatu, sama ada dia suka atau tidak, serta kesanggupan dan kesediaan mereka untuk melakukan sebarang tindakan adalah semua contoh sikap. Istilah "minat" merujuk kepada keinginan seseorang untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang sesuatu. Malah, minat dilihat sebagai faktor dalam proses pembelajaran dan pencapaian. Hidi (1990) menegaskan bahawa mempunyai minat dalam apa-apa perkara

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|170 memberikan otak sumber yang boleh digunakan untuk menggalakkan pembelajaran, yang seterusnya akan meningkatkan prestasi dan pencapaian. Minat individu dalam apa sahaja menggalakkan perhatian, kecekalan, dan usaha, menurut banyak kajian (Ainley, Hidi, & Berndorff, 2002; Hidi & Renninger, 2006). Oleh itu, satu tinjauan telah dijalankan di Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka bagi meninjau pencapaian pelajar termasuk minat, sikap, gaya pembelajaran, dan strategi pengajaran pelajar jurusan Terapi Kecantikan Dan Spa serta pelajar jurusan Sijil Dandanan Rambut dan Diploma Dandanan Rambut yang menyertai aktiviti kokurikulum untuk proses pembelajaran non-formal sebagai permasalahan kajian ini. III. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memastikan sikap dan minat pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka terhadap pembelajaran non-formal berdasarkan aktiviti luar sekolah khususnya aktiviti “hands-on”. Objektif kajian adalah seperti berikut secara terperinci: i. Mengenal pasti tahap sikap dalam kalangan pelajar terhadap pembelajaran secara non-formal berasaskan aktiviti di luar kelas ii. Mengenal pasti tahap minat dalam kalangan pelajar terhadap pembelajaran secara non-formal berasaskan aktiviti di luar kelas iii. Mengenal pasti perbezaan signifikan terhadap pembelajaran secara non-formal berdasarkan jantina pelajar 3.1 Kepentingan Kajian Hasil tinjauan ini dijangkakan: i. Memberi maklumat yang tepat tentang kepercayaan dan keutamaan pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka, khususnya berkaitan pembelajaran ekstrakurikuler atau luar kelas. ii. Menjadi panduan kepada pensyarah dan pelajar untuk menambah baik proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. iii. Memberi gambaran yang jelas tentang kejayaan aktiviti kokurikulum. IV. KAJIAN LITERATUR Tahap sikap dan minat pelajar terhadap pembelajaran telah menjadi subjek beberapa kajian, menurut tinjauan literatur. Antaranya, Nik Mohd Rahimi et al. Kajian (2012) mendapati sikap dan minat yang sangat positif terhadap pendidikan Islam dapat melahirkan insan yang berdisiplin dan cemerlang kerana sikap dibentuk secara signifikan dengan kepentingan tanggungjawab seseorang terhadap ilmu. Menurut Mispuah (2014), pelajar akan komited untuk menghadiri kelas dan bekerja keras dalam pelajaran. Mereka juga akan mempunyai semangat inkuiri yang kuat (Nor Erma Binti Abu, & Leong Kwan Eu. (2014)). Menurut Hassan et al. (2018), pelajar yang belajar dengan penuh minat akan berasa puas dan terinspirasi untuk bekerja lebih lagi bagi mencapai objektif pembelajaran mereka. Sikap pelajar terhadap pembelajaran boleh mengubah cara mereka melihat sesuatu subjek. (Rosernberg dan Hovland, 1960) membangunkan hipotesis yang menerangkan bagaimana seseorang akan bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan apabila berhadapan dengan sesuatu keadaan. Kajian tentang sikap juga menggalakkan penyertaan pelajar yang bersemangat dalam proses pendidikan. Pelajar dapat menunjukkan kegembiraan dan kesediaan mereka untuk mengikuti pelajaran seterusnya menggunakan pendekatan yang

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|171 sama, menjadikan pembelajaran berasaskan aktiviti di luar kelas sebagai strategi yang menarik (Mohd Azli dan Abdul Latif 2012). Kaedah ini, adalah untuk meningkatkan motivasi pelajar dan memastikan mereka tertumpu pada kerja akademik mereka. Pelajar boleh membentuk hubungan yang kukuh melalui idea pembelajaran penyelesaian masalah daripada pengalaman dunia sebenar, yang boleh memupuk rasa tanggungjawab terhadap kumpulan dan tugasan yang diberikan (Shui-Fong et al. 2008). Proses pembelajaran pengalaman dalam pendidikan luar juga tersendiri kerana ia kaya dengan ideologi, metafora, tindakan, dan matlamat peserta yang berbeza-beza, menurut kajian terdahulu (Neill, 2004). Teknik pembelajaran ini telah terbukti berkesan dalam mencapai matlamat persekitaran, matlamat pendidikan, matlamat sosial, dan matlamat terapeutik (Neill, 2004). Gaya bimbingan yang difikirkan dengan teliti oleh fasilitator, yang menggalakkan peserta untuk mengembangkan idea dan maklumat baharu, memberikan pengalaman pembelajaran (Beard & Wilson, 2002). Teori konstruktivisme (Piaget 1953), Bandura (1977), pembelajaran melalui pengalaman (Dewey 1938), serta teori konstruktivisme (Mispuah & Kamisah 2014) berfungsi sebagai asas untuk penyelidikan pendekatan pembelajaran berasaskan projek (PBP). Menurut teori ini, pelajar memperoleh pengetahuan baru dengan membina pengetahuan yang diperoleh sebelum ini melalui proses pembelajaran dan penaakulan secara beransur-ansur, serta melalui interaksi sosial dengan orang lain. V. KAEDAH METODOLOGI KAJIAN Metodologi kajian ini adalah tinjauan kuantitatif yang melibatkan penyerahan borang soal selidik menggunakan Google Form kepada pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka. 3.1 Sampel keberangkalian rawak Dengan menggunakan teknik persampelan kebarangkalian rawak, seramai 100 pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka semasa menjadi sampel kajian. Sampel yang terdiri daripada pelajar Dandanan Rambut dan pelajar Terapi Kecantikan dan Spa telah dikenal pasti lebih awal. Dengan menyerahkan borang soal selidik melalui Google Form kepada setiap kumpulan kelas pelajar, responden dipilih untuk kajian mengikut budi bicara penyelidik. 3.2 Reka bentuk persoalan kajian Soal selidik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini telah diubah suai daripada Gardner's (2004) Attitude / Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). Tiga kategori item yang dibina adalah seperti berikut: i.Bahagian A: Maklumat demografi seperti jantina, umur, bidang pengajian, dan bangsa ii.Bahagian B: tahap sikap pelajar pelajar terhadap pembelajaran non-formal (aktiviti luar kelas) iii.Bahagian C: tahap minat pelajar pelajar terhadap pembelajaran non-formal (aktiviti luar kelas) 3.3 Kaedah pungutan data Kaedah pungutan data melalui soalan soal selidik telah diperolehi melalui skala seperti berikut: Skala (1) Sangat Tidak Setuju, (2) Tidak Setuju, (3) Kurang Setuju, (4) Setuju, dan (5) Sangat Setuju digunakan untuk menilai item instrumen.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|172 3.4 Kaedah Analisis data Perisian Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 26.0 digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpul. Min dan sisihan piawai dipaparkan dalam bentuk jadual menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan inferens. Skala Interpretasi Skor digunakan dalam kajian dan dipaparkan dalam jadual 1. JADUAL 1: SKALA INTERPRETASI SKOR MIN VI. ANALISIS DAPATAN KAJIAN 6.1 Profil Responden Seramai 100 pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka, termasuk yang mengikuti sijil dalam bidang Kecantikan dan Terapi Spa, Dandanan Rambut, dan Diploma Dandanan Rambut, menyertai kajian ini. Data demografi responden, yang telah dipendekkan ke dalam Jadual 2 di bawah, diperincikan dalam maklumat yang berikut. JADUAL 2: DEMOGRAFI RESPONDEN 6.2 Analisis Deskriptif Analisis Deskriptif terhadap Sikap Pelajar Terhadap Pembelajaran Secara Non-Formal Perspektif pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka tentang pembelajaran non-formal menunjukkan bahawa mereka secara amnya mempunyai sikap positif terhadap pembelajaran non-formal, dengan skor keseluruhan 4.0359 mereka pada item konstruk sikap. Item “Aktiviti luar kurikulum yang diguna pakai dapat mengukuhkan kemahiran pengurusan saya” mempunyai skor min tertinggi bagi konstruk sikap, dengan nilai skor min 4.37. Item “Saya berasa putus asa apabila menghadapi halangan dalam menjalankan aktiviti kokurikulum” mempunyai skor min yang paling rendah iaitu dengan nilai skor min 3.36. Berdasarkan data ini, terbukti bahawa aktiviti pembelajaran non-formal (aktiviti di luar kelas) yang digunakan diterima dengan sikap yang positif.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|173 6.2.2 Analisis Deskriptif terhadap Minat Pelajar Terhadap Pembelajaran Secara Non-Formal Seterusnya, Penemuan untuk minat pelajar Kolej Kolej Komuniti Melaka dalam pendidikan non-formal adalah seperti berikut. Tujuan dapatan ini adalah untuk menentukan sama ada pelajar mempunyai minat yang mendalam terhadap pembelajaran non-formal atau tidak. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa nilai min kedua-dua objektif kajian berada pada tahap tinggi (Min = 4.0594, Sisihan Piawai = 0.68016). Mengikut Jadual 4 di bawah, item C09, "Aktiviti di luar kelas boleh membantu saya dengan kemahiran berkongsi idea," mencatatkan peratusan kedua tertinggi sebanyak 90% (Setuju = 43 dan Sangat Setuju = 47%), manakala item C10, "Aktiviti di luar kelas boleh meningkatkan rasa ingin tahu saya," mencatat peratusan tertinggi sebanyak 93% (Setuju = 47% dan Sangat Setuju = 46%). Berikutan itu, item C05, "Melaksanakan aktiviti ekstrakurikuler ialah pendekatan pembelajaran yang meningkatkan pengalaman pembelajaran," dan item C06, "Melaksanakan aktiviti ekstrakurikuler ialah pendekatan pembelajaran yang meningkatkan kemahiran "hands on" saya," kedua-duanya mempunyai skor min 4.29 dan nilai peratusan masingmasing 89% (item C05). dan 91% (item C06). Keputusan bagi soalan C10, C09, C06, dan C05 menyokong dapatan daripada kajian oleh Wan Hanim Nadrah et al. (2017) yang mengatakan bahawa faktor minat mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap pencapaian pelajar. Nilai skor min adalah sederhana bagi item "Saya sukar untuk mengingati arahan yang diberikan oleh pengajar berhubung dengan aktiviti kokurikulum" (Min = 3.55 dan Sisihan Piawai = 1.112). Item "Saya lebih suka menyertai aktiviti kokurikulum yang pensyarah berikan pada saat-saat akhir," dapatan ini mempunyai skor min pada tahap sederhana (Min = 3.65 dan Sisihan Piawai = 1.009). Keputusan pada tahap sederhana ini menunjukkan bahawa pelajar benar-benar berminat untuk menyertai aktiviti kokurikulum kerana mereka tidak menghadapi masalah mengingati arahan pensyarah untuk aktiviti kokurikulum. Namun begitu, pelajar juga boleh dikatakan sangat bersemangat untuk menyertai aktiviti kokurikulum walau bagaimanapun mereka tidak seronok apabila disuruh berbuat demikian pada saat-saat akhir. Ini disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa pelajar ingin menawarkan segala-galanya dan teliti dalam persediaan mereka untuk aktiviti kokurikulum.

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|174 JADUAL 4: MINAT PELAJAR TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN SECARA NON-FORMAL

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|175 6.2.3 Analisis Ujian-T terhadap tahap sikap dan minat dalam kalangan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum (di luar kelas) berdasarkan jantina. Jadual 5 di bawah pula memaparkan dapatan analisis ujian-T bebas untuk memastikan tahap sikap dan minat dalam kalangan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum (di luar kelas) berdasarkan jantina. Mencari nilai t untuk sikap bagi perbandingan pelajar lelaki dan perempuan menghasilkan keputusan t = 1.387 - 1.371 dengan aras signifikan p = 0.169 - 01.74. Tahap keertian ini didapati lebih tinggi daripada 0.05. Didapati pelajar lelaki dan perempuan mempunyai pandangan yang sama terhadap aktiviti kokurikulum, oleh itu tiada perbezaan yang ketara dalam hal ini. Begitu juga, tiada perbezaan yang ketara antara lelaki dan perempuan dari segi tahap minat mereka dalam aktiviti kokurikulum. JADUAL 5: DAPATAN HASIL ANALISIS UJIAN T UNTUK MEMASTIKAN TAHAP SIKAP DAN MINAT DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR DALAM AKTIVITI KOKURIKULUM (DI LUAR KELAS) BERDASARKAN JANTINA. VII. KESIMPULAN Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka mempunyai tahap sikap dan minat yang tinggi terhadap pembelajaran nonformal (aktiviti di luar kelas), dengan skor min bagi tahap sikap ialah 4.0359 dan skor min bagi tahap minat ialah 4.0594. Keputusan ini penting kerana ia menunjukkan betapa bersemangatnya pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka terhadap pendidikan non-formal. Selain itu, ia menunjukkan sikap positif pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Melaka mendekati pendidikan tidak formal ini. Keputusan ini juga telah dijangka memandangkan kurikulum untuk pelajar – pelajar ini lebih praktikal, memerlukan tumpuan yang berterusan pada aplikasi agar pelajar dapat maju dalam penguasaan bidang mereka. Sehubungan dengan dapatan ini, adalah dicadangkan agar selepas ini pihak yang berkenaan dapat memperbanyakkan

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|176 aktiviti diluar kelas dan boleh dimasukkan dalam penilaian berterusan pelajar. REFERENCES Ainley, M., Hidi, S. & Berndorff, D (2002). Interest, learning, and the psychological processes that mediate their relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94,545-561. AB Saim, SB Talib, RB Zakaria (2017). Kajian Terhadap Kesedaran Dan Kesediaan Pelajar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Dalam Penggunaan Cidos Di Politeknik Sultan Salahudin Abdul Aziz Shah. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Journal of Techno Sosial, Vol 9. No 1 Beard,C. & Wilson, J.P.(2002). The power of experiential learning: A handbook for trainers and educators: London:Kogan Pge Limited. Hassan, S. H. B., & Azali, S. F. B. M. (2018). Hubungan Faktor Sikap, Minat, Kaedah Pembelajaran, Persekitaran Dan Pengajaran Pensyarah Terhadap Pencapaian Pelajar Kursus Prinsip Pemasaran (Dpm1013) Di Polimas. Journal on Technical and Vocational Education, 3 Hairul Nizam Ismail & Baharuddin Abdul Rahman (2012) Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (Siri 1/No.8). Unit Penyelidikan Pendidikan Asas, Pusat Pengajian Ilmu Pendidikan Universiti Sains Malaysia Hidi,S(1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Rewiew of Educational Research, 60,549-571. Julaiha, S., & Abdul Halim, A.,(2019). Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Kursus Matematik Kejuruteraan 1 Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Politeknik di Johor. Prosiding Isu-isu Pendidikan Kontemporari Sem 11 Sesi 2017- 2018,209-224. Jerie anak Peter Langan dan Zamri Mahamod (2011) Sikap dan motivasi murid Iban dalam mempelajari bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kedua. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu. Mispuah dan Kamisah (2014) Kesan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek Terhadap Kemahiran Abad ke-21 Dalam Topik Mitosis. Prosiding International Seminar On Technical and Vocational Education (TVEIS 2014).hlm 591-600. Mohd Azli Yeop; Abdul Latif Haji Gapor (2012) Kesan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek Berteraskan Teknologi Terhadap Pencapaian dan Penerimaan Pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI Volume 5 Nasyimah Ismail dan Zamri Mahamod (2015) Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Kesediaan Pelajar Terhadap Kemahir Berfikir Aras Tinggi Dalam Pembelajaran Komponen Sastera Bahasa Melayu. Seminar Pascasiswazah Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu & Pendidikan Kesusasteraan Melayu Kali Keempat. Fakulti Pendidikan. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Nichola Harmer and Alison Stokes (2014) The Benefits And Challenges Of Project-Based Nik Mohd Rahimi Nik Yusoff, Noraini Omar, Nur Hanani Hussin & Wan Yonsharlinawati Wan Jaafar (2012) Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Pelajar Dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Islam Tingkatan Lima. Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Perguruan & Pendidikan Islam, 405-414. Nor Erma Binti Abu, & Leong Kwan Eu. (2014). Hubungan antara sikap, minat, pengajaran guru dan pengaruh rakan sebaya

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|177 terhadap pencapaian matametik tambahan tingkatan 4. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 1-10. Nor Hamidah Abdul Malek & Zanaton Ikhsan (2014) Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek Dan Hubungannya Dengan Sikap Pelajar Terhadap Sains. International Seminar on Global Education 11 24 – 25 Februari 2014, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Nur Raihana Binti Sukri, Intan Liyana Binti Ramli, Noor Azrina Binti Ahmad (2019). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pelajar Terhadap Kursus Kejuruteraan Mekanik Di Politeknik Banting Selangor, 9th National Conference in Education-Technical & Vocational Education and Training (CiETvet) 2019. Neill,J.T.(2004). What is outdoor education definition? http://www.wilderdom.com/definition Piaget, Jean. & Cook, Margaret. 1953, The origin of intelligence in the child / by Jean Piaget ; translated from the French by Margaret Cook Routledge & Kegan Paul London. Rahil Mahyuddin et,al Al (1997). Pedagogi 2. Selangor Longman Rosenberg, M.J. Hovland, C.I. (1960) Attitude Organisation and Change. New Haven, Conni. Yale University Press. Rosenberg, M.J. Hovland, C.I. (1960) Attitude Organisation and Change. New Haven, Conni. Yale University Press. Schugurensky, D. (2000). The forms of informal learning: Towards a conceptualization of the field. Retrieved fromhttps://webcache.googleusercontent.co m/search?q=cache:ZFJuFUdXrbsJ:https://ts pace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/273 3/2/19formsofinformal.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en& ct=clnk&gl+my Shui-fong Lam, Rebecca Wing-yi Cheng & William Y. K. Ma. (2008). Teacher and student intrinsic motivation in projectbased learning. Journal Instructional Science 3(6), 565-578 Wan Hani Nadrah & Muhd Azuanafzah Bin Azmi (2017). Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Pelajar Dalam Matematik Di FPTV UTHM. In book: Penyelidikan Multidisiplin Dalam Pendidikan (pp.131-145). Publisher UTHM

Prosiding 3rd Borneo National Conference (BorNCe’23) Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Malaysia | 10 – 11 Ogos 2023 BorNCe’23|178 KAJIAN ANALISIS PASARAN PROGRAM SIJIL TEKNOLOGI ELEKTRIK DI KOLEJ KOMUNITI BEAUFORT, SABAH Christoper bin Asok1, Siti Wahidah binti Arris2, Felani Stefanzie Choe3 Program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected] Abstrak— Kajian analisis pasaran program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik (SKE) di Kolej Komuniti Beaufort dijalankan untuk memastikan program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik yang ditawarkan adalah sentiasa relevan dengan kehendak guna tenaga negara sejajar dengan Rancangan Malaysia Kedua Belas (RMKe-12). Pada masa ini hanya Kolej Komuniti Beaufort yang menawarkan program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik bagi kolej komuniti di kawasan pantai barat negeri Sabah. Kajian ini dilaksanakan bagi mengenalpasti keperluan dan maklum balas pasaran terkini program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik daripada pihak industri berdasarkan perspektif daripada 32 majikan yang meliputi responden daripada tiga daerah iaitu Beaufort, Papar dan Kota Kinabalu serta satu Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan. Kajian yang dijalankan berbentuk deskriptif di mana survey dijalankan secara dalam talian bagi memaksimumkan jumlah responden melalui instrumen kaedah soal selidik. Dapatan kajian adalah berdasarkan analisis deskriptif frekuensi dan peratusan hasil daripada maklum balas responden melibatkan kandungan program SKE dan kesesuaian dengan keperluan organisasi, peluang kerjaya dan aspek lain-lain. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan program SKE yang ditawrkan di Kolej Komuniti Beaufort masih memenuhi permintaan industri masa kini. Hal ini dapat disokong melalui dapatan peratusan majoriti sebanyak 75% bersetuju memenuhi asas-asas teori dan praktikal tentang kandungan program SKE. Manakala jika dilihat dalam aspek peluang kerjaya didapati majoriti 75.3% majikan menawarkan 1 hingga 3 jawatan yang mana 42% adalah majoriti jawatan bagi juruelektrik kepada graduan program SKE dengan tawaran julat pendapatan yang ditawarkan sebanyak RM1001 sehingga RM1500. Konklusinya, penawaran program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik di Kolej Komuniti Beaufort telah dibuktikan masih tetap berdaya saing, relevan dan mempunyai peluang untuk komuniti setempat. Diharapkan kajian analisis pasaran ini akan dapat membantu pihak pengurusan Kolej Komuniti Beaufort untuk mengambil kira aspek-aspek yang diperlu ditambahbaik bagi mengekalkan keberhasilan yang cemerlang dan berterusan selaras dengan permintaan industri masa kini. Kata kunci — kajian pasaran; Sijil Teknologi Elektrik; industri; pengurusan Kolej Komuniti Beaufort 1. PENGENALAN Kolej Komuniti Beaufort merupakan institusi di bawah Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi yang merupakan kolej pertama berstatus kampus serta kolej komuniti yang kelima ditubuhkan di negeri Sabah. Kolej Komuniti Beaufort telah mula beroperasi pada bulan Januari tahun 2013 dan telah menawarkan kursus-kursus sepenuh masa termasuk Sijil Pemasangan Elektrik yang bermula pada Julai 2013 seterusnya ditambahbaik menjadi Sijil Teknologi Elektrik pada tahun 2019. Program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik yang ditawarkan di Kolej Komuniti Beaufort merupakan kolej komunti yang terletak di kawasan pantai barat negeri Sabah yang mengambil tempoh 2 tahun dan mengandungi 4 semester termasuk Latihan Industri (LI). Bagi memenuhi keperluan semasa, program bidang sijil teknologi elektrik dan elektronik telah diakreditasi daripada Lembaga Teknologis Malaysia (MBOT) bermula tahun 2021. Selain mempelajari pengetahuan dan kemahiran dalam bidang teknikal yang diambil oleh pelajar di Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, pelajar juga berpeluang untuk meningkatkan bakat dan kemahiran yang mereka miliki seperti dalam aspek sukan,