IB Biology textbook

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Cambridge University Press’s mission is to advance learning,
knowledge and research worldwide.

Our IB Diploma resources aim to:
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topics that have local and global significance
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for higher education
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critical-thinking skills and forming reasoned answers.

cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi,Tokyo, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521171786

© Cambridge University Press 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-17178-6 Paperback

The publisher would like to thank the following teachers for reviewing the content:
Jennifer Clarke
Impington Village College, Impington
Sarah Jinks
St. Clare’s, Oxford

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

This material has been developed independently by the publisher and the content is in no way
connected with nor endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organisation.

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=dl id jhZ i]^h Wdd` Introduction 130

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& HiVi^hi^XVa VcVanh^h 6.2 The transport system 134

Introduction & 6.3 Defence against infectious disease 140
1.1 Mean and distribution 1
1.2 The t-test 1 6.4 Gas exchange 146
1.3 Correlation and cause 4
8 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis 149

6.6 Reproduction 157

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Introduction 12 Introduction 170
2.1 Cell theory 20 7.1 DNA structure 173
2.2 Prokaryotic cells 22 7.2 DNA replication 175
2.3 Eukaryotic cells 28 7.3 Transcription 177
2.4 Membranes 34 7.4 Translation 182
2.5 Cell division 7.5 Proteins 185
7.6 Enzymes

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Introduction 40 194
3.1 Chemical elements and water 42 Introduction 201
3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins 46
3.3 DNA structure 48 8.1 Cell respiration
3.4 DNA replication 49
3.5 Transcription and translation 53 8.2 Photosynthesis
3.6 Enzymes 58
3.7 Cell respiration 60 . EaVci hX^ZcXZ =A '&)
3.8 Photosynthesis 214
Introduction 214
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67 9.2 Transport in angiospermophytes 228
Introduction 67 9.3 Reproduction in angiospermophytes
4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutation 71
4.2 Meiosis 77 &% <ZcZi^Xh >> =A '(+
4.3 Theoretical genetics 87 236
4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology Introduction 236
10.1 Meiosis 240
10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage 248
10.3 Polygenic inheritance

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Introduction 100 253
5.1 Communities and ecosystems 105 Introduction 260
5.2 The greenhouse effect 111 11.1 Defence against infectious disease 267
5.3 Populations 113 11.2 Muscles and movement 274
5.4 Evolution 119 11.3 The kidney
5.5 Classification 11.4 Reproduction

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Introduction 297 Introduction 442
A1 Components of the human diet 301 F1 Diversity of microbes 448
A2 Energy in human diets F2 Microbes and the environment 452
A3 Special issues in human nutrition F3 Microbes and biotechnology 455
F4 Microbes and food production 457
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B3 Training and the cardiovascular system 322 Introduction 471
B4 Exercise and respiration 325
B5 Fitness and training 328 G1 Community ecology 471
B6 Injuries
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G3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems 490

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Introduction ((( G5 Population ecology (HL) 505
C1 Proteins 333
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C4 Photosynthesis 341 515
348 Introduction 519
H1 Hormonal control 524
Dei^dc 9 :kdaji^dc (+% H2 Digestion 526
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Introduction 360 H4 Functions of the liver 537
D1 Origin of life on Earth 366 H5 The transport system
D2 Species and speciation 377 H6 Gas exchange
D3 Human evolution 383
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E3 Innate and learned behaviour 412 6X`cdlaZY\ZbZcih +%%
E4 Neurotransmitters and synapses 418
E5 The human brain (HL) 422
E6 Further studies of behaviour (HL) 428

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The International Baccalaureate Diploma course is designed to provide a broad education for students who will
become our future citizens. Unlike other courses, the programme of study requires the study of six academic subjects,
one of which must be an experimental science.

Biology has advanced at a rapid rate over recent decades and is truly the science of the 21st century.Advances in
genetics, biochemistry, medicine and cell biology have kept the subject in the forefront of international news.To
keep pace with new developments, the IB Biology course is regularly updated so that IB students can understand
not only the principles of modern science but also the processes and the ethical implications that go with them.
Theory of Knowledge (TOK) provides a cross-curricular link between different subjects and stimulates thought and
consideration of these issues.

Biology may be studied at Standard Level (SL) or Higher Level (HL) and both share a common core of six
compulsory topics, which are covered in Chapters 1–6.At HL the core is extended to include a further five topics,
covered in Chapters 7–11. In addition, at both levels, students then chose two Options to complete their studies.
Options A – C are additional topics for SL only, Options D – G can be studied at either level with extra material
covered at HL, and Option H is for HL only.

All the topics required for the core at both SL and HL, as well as all eight Options, are included in this book.
Throughout, the colour of the page border indicates the level of the material on the page. Standard Level material has
a mid-green page border all the way round, while Higher Level has a darker green at the top of the page and red at
the bottom.

Each chapter is divided into sections which include the syllabus assessment statements as starting and reference
points. Short-answer questions appear throughout the text so students can check their progress and become familiar
with the style and command terms used, and examination style questions appear at the end of each chapter.Answers
to all questions are given at the back of the book.

The study of Biology has a vital part to play in the future of the world. It is crucial to understanding our planet, the
effect human activities have on it and how the organisms which live on it will survive in the future.The IB Biology
course provides opportunities for scientific study in this global context that will both challenge and stimulate students.

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As you read this book you will see that certain features are shown in
different coloured boxes.

At the start of each section you will find a list of Assessment statements,
which form the syllabus for the IB Biology course.They are the objectives
for the section and give you the command terms such as ‘State’,‘Describe’
and ‘Explain’ which will appear in the IB Biology examination papers.
Command terms give an idea of the depth of knowledge that is required
for a given Assessment statement.

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r Define ‘polygenic inheritance’.
r Explain that polygenic inheritance can contribute to continuous variation, using two examples, one of which must be

human skin colour.

Photosynthesis means ‘making Throughout the text, side boxes and definition boxes give additional
things with light’. Glucose is the information on various subjects related to the text.The content of the
molecule most commonly made. boxes is included to broaden your background knowledge of a topic and
to help you remember key information.
Evolution cumulative change in
the heritable characteristics of a Theory of Knowledge (TOK) boxes are also found throughout the
population text.These will provide food for thought and support the TOK you
will be studying in your IB Diploma programme.You will be able to
consider important questions about scientific knowledge, including ethical
considerations and the development of new theories.

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& Consider the shape of Our own perception is a crucial source of knowledge.The
mitochondria in Figure 2.9.Why way we see things depends on the interaction between our sense organs
do some mitochondria appear and our mind, and what we perceive is a selective interpretation.
cylindrical and others circular?
When studying material that has been prepared for microscopic
' Plant cells have a single central examination, we must always bear in mind that staining and cutting cells
vacuole. Examine the plant cell in will alter their appearance. Interpreting images requires care, and what
Figure 2.11. How many vacuoles we perceive in a particular image is likely to be influenced by these
can you see? How can you techniques as well as our own expectations.
explain this?

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the chance to check that you have understood each topic and help you
prepare for your final examinations.

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UJNFT BOE FBDI UJNF UIFSF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO PG UIF UXP TFUT PG TBNQMFT UP TFF JG UIFZ BSF UIF TBNF PS
XBT B EJĄ FSFODF
UIFO PG UIPTF EJĄ FSFOU
EJĄ FSFODFT BSF QSPCBCMZ EVF UP UIF
GBDUPS CFJOH JOWFTUJHBUFE BOE POMZ " WBMVF GPS t JT DBMDVMBUFE VTJOH B TUBUJTUJDBM GPSNVMB 8F UIFO MPPL VQ
BSF QSPCBCMZ EVF UP DIBODF UIJT WBMVF JO B TUBOEBSE UBCMF PG t WBMVFT
MJLF UIF POF JO 5BCMF 1.4 /PUF
UIBU t
VOMJLF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
EPFT OPU IBWF VOJUT :PV EP OPU OFFE UP

)

LOPX UIF GPSNVMB GPS DBMDVMBUJOH t
CVU JG ZPV BSF JOUFSFTUFE ZPV DBO ê OE
JU JO UIF HMPTTBSZ

5IFSF BSF UXP JNQPSUBOU DPMVNO IFBEJOHT JO B UBCMF PG t WBMVFT
Adegrees of freedom BOE Asignificance level or probability

A1SPCBCJMJUZ TIPXT XIFUIFS DIBODF BMPOF DPVME NBLF B EJĄ FSFODF
CFUXFFO UXP TFUT PG EBUB UIBU IBWF CFFO DPMMFDUFE 5IFSF BSF GPVS EJĄ FSFOU
MFWFMT PG QSPCBCJMJUZ TIPXO JO 5BCMF 1.4 5IF NPTU JNQPSUBOU DPMVNO UP
CJPMPHJTUT JT UIF POF IFBEFE A PS *G WBMVFT GBMM JOUP UIJT DBUFHPSZ
JU
NFBOT UIBU PG UIF UJNF UIF EJĄ FSFODFT CFUXFFO UIF UXP TFUT PG WBMVFT
BSF EVF UP TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODFT CFUXFFO UIFN BOE OPU EVF UP DIBODF
5IFTF BSF DBMMFE UIF Acritical values #JPMPHJTUT VTF UIF A PS WBMVF
CFDBVTF MJWJOH UIJOHT IBWF OBUVSBM
JOCVJMU WBSJBUJPO UIBU NVTU CF UBLFO JOUP
BDDPVOU

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l YZXgZVh^c\ h^\c^Ò XVcXZ ^cXgZVh^c\ n

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A%FHSFFT PG GSFFEPN JT DBMDVMBUFE GSPN UIF TVN PG UIF TBNQMF TJ[FT PG
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GPS FBDI TBNQMF BOE UIFZ NVTU GPSN B OPSNBM
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EJTUSJCVUJPO

& HI6I>HI>86A 6C6ANH>H *

Ldg`ZY ZmVbeaZ & >cXgZVhZ ^c ]Z^\]i d[ eaVcih V[iZg (% YVnh$Xb ¥%#*

5XP TFUT PG TPZCFBO QMBOUT XFSF HVbeaZ cjbWZg <gdje & Ä cd [Zgi^a^hZg <gdje ' Ä %#& [Zgi^a^hZg
HSPXO
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EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN
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Step 2 (P EPXO UIF EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN DPMVNO PO UIF t UBCMF JO 5BCMF 1.4 UP UIF WBMVF
Step 3 (P BDSPTT UIF UBCMF BOE ê OE UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF PG t m UIBU JT
UIF OVNCFS JO UIF A PS DPMVNO *O UIJT

FYBNQMF
JU JT
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VTJOH UIF BQQSPQSJBUF TUBUJTUJDBM GPSNVMB JO ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS PS TQSFBETIFFU *O UIJT

DBTF
UIF DBMDVMBUFE WBMVF GPS t JT
Step 5 $PNQBSF UIF DBMDVMBUFE WBMVF GPS t XJUI UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF GSPN UIF UBCMF *G UIF DBMDVMBUFE WBMVF PG t

JT HSFBUFS UIBO UIJT DSJUJDBM WBMVF
UIFO UIFSF JT B TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF TFUT PG EBUB *G UIF
DBMDVMBUFE WBMVF PG t JT MPXFS UIBO UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF
UIFO UIF EJĄ FSFODF JT EVF UP DIBODF
*O UIJT DBTF
JT HSFBUFS UIBO
TP XF DPODMVEF UIBU UIFSF JT B TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF NFBOT
5IJT JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIF GFSUJMJTFS NBZ IBWF DBVTFE UIF JODSFBTF JO HSPXUI

J hZ IVWaZ &#) id ]Zae ndj VchlZg i]ZhZ fjZhi^dch#

( >c Vc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc id XdbeVgZ ild \gdjeh d[ eaVcih \gdlc l^i] Y^[[ZgZci
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kVajZ [dg j lVh )#%'# LVh i]ZgZ V h^\c^Ò XVci Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z ild
hZih d[ YViV4

) >c Vcdi]Zg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc i]Z WdYn bVhh d[ XgVWh a^k^c\ dc V lZhi"[VX^c\
h]dgZ lVh XdbeVgZY l^i] i]Vi d[ XgVWh [gdb Vc ZVhi"[VX^c\ h]dgZ# I]Z
YZ\gZZh d[ [gZZYdb lVh (, VcY i]Z XVaXjaViZY kVajZ [dg j lVh &#-'# LVh
i]ZgZ V h^\c^Ò XVci Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z ild hZih d[ YViV4

*G UIF DBMDVMBUFE WBMVF PG t JT DMPTF UP UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF
UIF DPODMVTJPO JT
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+

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PG MFBWFT XBT DPMMFDUFE GSPN FBDI TJEF PG B XBMM
POF TVOOZ BOE UIF PUIFS TIBEFE 5IF TVSGBDF BSFB GPS FBDI MFBG
XBT GPVOE BOE t XBT DBMDVMBUFE BT

5IF t WBMVF PG JT HSFBUFS UIBO UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF PG GPS EG TIPXO JO 5BCMF 1.4 5IJT JOEJDBUFT UIBU
MJHIU JOUFOTJUZ EPFT BĄ FDU UIF TVSGBDF BSFB PG UIFTF JWZ MFBWFT

5IF WBMVF JT WFSZ DMPTF UP UIF DSJUJDBM WBMVF PG
BOE TP UIJT DPODMVTJPO JT RVJUF XFBL *G UIF DBMDVMBUFE
WBMVF GPS t XFSF NVDI IJHIFS
TBZ
XF DPVME GFFM NVDI TBGFS XJUI UIF DPODMVTJPO
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r PG MVOH DBODFST BSF SFMBUFE UP TNPLJOH
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*O UIF MBTU ZFBST
UIF OVNCFS PG QFPQMF UBLJOH B IPMJEBZ FBDI ZFBS
IBT JODSFBTFE *O UIF MBTU ZFBST
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4JNJMBSMZ
B HSBQI DBO CF QMPUUFE UP TIPX BOOVBM EFBUIT GSPN JOë VFO[B
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negative correlation
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8JUI UIFTF FYBNQMFT
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JOë VFO[B WBDDJOF IBT SFTVMUFE JO GFXFS EFBUIT GSPN JOë VFO[B

)PXFWFS
JU JT JNQPSUBOU UP SFBMJTF UIBU KVTU CFDBVTF UIF HSBQI TIPXT B
trend JU EPFT OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ NFBO UIBU UIFSF JT B DBVTBM SFMBUJPOTIJQ 'PS
FYBNQMF
QMPUUJOH UIF OVNCFS PG QFPQMF VTJOH NPCJMF QIPOFT JO UIF MBTU

&'%CjbWZg d[ ]diZah ^c ]da^YVn gZhdgi

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;^\jgZ &#+ 6 cZ\Vi^kZ XdggZaVi^dc#

ZFBST BHBJOTU UIF BSFB PG "NB[PO SBJOGPSFTU DVU EPXO XPVME TIPX B
QPTJUJWF DPSSFMBUJPO #VU UIJT EPFT OPU NFBO UIBU UIF VTF PG NPCJMF QIPOFT
IBT DBVTFE SBJOGPSFTU UP CF DVU EPXO m OPS EPFT JU NFBO UIBU B SFEVDUJPO
JO SBJOGPSFTU BSFB SFTVMUT JO NPSF NPCJMF QIPOF VTF

0CTFSWBUJPOT XJUIPVU FYQFSJNFOUT DBO TIPX B DPSSFMBUJPO CVU VTVBMMZ
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1 "O FSSPS CBS ESBXO PO B HSBQI PS DIBSU NVTU BMXBZT CF B SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG
" UIF NFBO
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% UIF t WBMVF

2 5IF XJEUI PG MFBWFT XBT NFBTVSFE BOE UIF WBMVFT JO NN XFSF










5IF NFBO JT NN 8IBU JT UIF CFTU FTUJNBUF PG UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO


" NN
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3 .FBTVSFNFOUT PG USVOL EJBNFUFS XFSF UBLFO GPS USFFT JO POF XPPE
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UIF DPODMVTJPO JT

" EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN BSF BOE UIFSF JT B TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF XBMMT
# EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN BSF BOE UIFSF JT OP TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF XBMMT
$ EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN BSF BOE UIFSF JT B TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF XBMMT
% EFHSFFT PG GSFFEPN BSF BOE UIFSF JT OP TJHOJê DBOU EJĄ FSFODF CFUXFFO UIF XBMMT

5 CBOBOBT XFSF DPMMFDUFE GSPN B TJOHMF QMBOUBUJPO BOE XFJHIFE 5IFJS NBTTFT GPSNFE B OPSNBM EJTUSJCVUJPO
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XIBU QFSDFOUBHF PG WBMVFT GBMM XJUIJO ™ TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO PG UIF NFBO BOE

™ TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT PG UIF NFBO

7 5IF MFOHUIT PG UIF MFBWFT PG EBOEFMJPO QMBOUT HSPXJOH PO B MBXO XFSF NFBTVSFE 5IF NFBO MFOHUI XBT

NN BOE UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO XBT NN " TFDPOE TFU PG EBUB PO EBOEFMJPO MFBG MFOHUI XBT DPMMFDUFE
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DBO ZPV TBZ BCPVU UIF EJĄ FSFODFT JO UIF MFOHUIT PG UIF EBOEFMJPO MFBWFT GSPN UIF UXP EJĄ FSFOU IBCJUBUT

8 4BMNPO MJWF BOE SFQSPEVDF JO UXP SJWFST JO /PSXBZ m UIF /BNTFO BOE (BVMB SJWFST %BUB XFSF DPMMFDUFE PO

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UIF NFBO XBT FHHT QFS
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9 0WFS B QFSJPE PG ZFBST
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UIF FOE QSPEVDUT PG EJHFTUJPO
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Summary of the cell cycle >ciZge]VhZ
G1 phase
%VSJOH NPTU PG UIF MJGF PG B DFMM
JU QFSGPSNT UIF UBTL GPS XIJDI JU IBT CFFO
r DFMM HSPXT QSF QSPHSBNNFE EVSJOH EJĄ FSFOUJBUJPO 5IJT QFSJPE JT DBMMFE interphase
r %/" JT USBOTDSJCFE 1BSU PG JOUFSQIBTF JT TQFOU JO QSFQBSBUJPO GPS DFMM EJWJTJPO UIF G2 phase

r QSPUFJO JT TZOUIFTJTFE BOE QBSU PG JU JT UIF QFSJPE JNNFEJBUFMZ BGUFS EJWJTJPO UIF G1 phase

5IF UXP TUBHFT PG DFMM EJWJTJPO BSF UIF TFQBSBUJPO BOE EJWJTJPO PG UIF
S phase DISPNPTPNFT NJUPTJT

BOE UIF EJWJTJPO PG UIF DFMM JOUP UXP EBVHIUFS
DFMMT cytokinesis

r %/" JT SFQMJDBUFE
*G B DFMM JT FYBNJOFE EVSJOH JOUFSQIBTF VTJOH B MJHIU NJDSPTDPQF
WFSZ
G2 phase MJUUMF BDUJWJUZ JT WJTJCMF 5IF DFMM DBSSJFT PVU JUT OPSNBM BDUJWJUJFT
CVU BMTP
QSFQBSFT JUTFMG GPS NJUPTJT 5IF %/" JO UIF DISPNPTPNFT JT SFQMJDBUFE
r DFMM QSFQBSFT GPS EJWJTJPO S phase
TP UIBU BGUFS DFMM EJWJTJPO UIFSF XJMM CF FYBDUMZ UIF TBNF OVNCFS
PG DISPNPTPNFT JO UIF UXP EBVHIUFS DFMMT .BOZ QSPUFJOT OFDFTTBSZ
mitosis GPS UIF EJWJTJPO OFFE UP CF TZOUIFTJTFE 5IF OVNCFS PG NJUPDIPOESJB
JODSFBTFT TP UIBU UIF SFTQJSBUPSZ SBUF DBO CF SBQJE UP QSPWJEF FOFSHZ GPS
r DFMM OVDMFVT EJWJEFT DFMM EJWJTJPO *O UIF DBTF PG QMBOU DFMMT XJUI DIMPSPQMBTUT
UIF OVNCFS PG
DIMPSPQMBTUT JODSFBTFT TP UIFSF BSF TVą DJFOU GPS FBDI EBVHIUFS DFMM
cytokinesis
B^idh^h
r DZUPQMBTN EJWJEFT
5IFSF BSF GPVS EJTUJODU TUBHFT JO NJUPTJT
UIPVHI UIF QSPDFTT JT DPOUJOVPVT

XJUI FBDI TUBHF SVOOJOH JOUP UIF OFYU 5IFSF BSF OP JOUFSWBMT JO CFUXFFO
TUBHFT 'JHVSFT 2.21 BOE 2.22 TIPX JO EFUBJM UIF TUBHFT PG NJUPTJT

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' 8:AAH (*

Egde]VhZ
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BMMPXJOH UIF DFMMVMBS
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UIF DISPNPTPNFT DPJM TFWFSBM UJNFT
UP QSPEVDF B TVQFSDPJM 5IF DISPNPTPNFT BQQFBS TIPSUFS BOE UIJDLFS
BOE
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PG UXP UISFBET PG %/"
UIF UXP JEFOUJDBM DPQJFT UIBU XFSF NBEF EVSJOH
JOUFSQIBTF 5IFTF UXP DPQJFT BSF DBMMFE UIF sister chromatids BOE BSF
BUUBDIFE UP FBDI PUIFS BU B QMBDF DBMMFE UIF centromere "MTP WJTJCMF BU UIJT
UJNF BSF TUSVDUVSFT LOPXO BT centrioles
XIJDI NPWF UP PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG
UIF DFMM BT NJDSPUVCVMFT GPSN CFUXFFO UIFN 5IJT TUSVDUVSF JT DBMMFE UIF
spindle "T QSPQIBTF ESBXT UP B DMPTF
UIF OVDMFBS FOWFMPQF CSFBLT EPXO

BZiVe]VhZ
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BOE NBLF OFX DFMMT UP SFQMBDF
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.BOZ PSHBOJTNT SFQSPEVDF UIFNTFMWFT VTJOH NJUPTJT 0OF FYBNQMF
JT CJOBSZ ê TTJPO JO VOJDFMMVMBS Amoeba
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(+

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3 &YQMBJO IPX UIF QSPQFSUJFT PG QIPTQIPMJQJET IFMQ UP NBJOUBJO UIF TUSVDUVSF PG UIF QMBTNB NFNCSBOF



4 &YQMBJO IPX UIF TVSGBDF BSFB UP WPMVNF SBUJP JOë VFODFT DFMM TJ[F


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