Naskah Akademik-1

relationship with the treatment and maintenance of health by certain communities
(Waluyo, B, 2009, Manar, P.A., 2018).

A learning model concerning the bioactivity of the Taxus' secondary
metabolite compounds has not been developed so far, and so for the scientific
explanation of the plant as anticancer. For that reason, this study intends to
provide answers to these two problems. In doing so, a series of lab experiments
were carried out including isolation, phytochemical test, and structure test.

Local wisdom about tropical forest plants as a cancer drug in Indonesia is
well-believed. For instance, Minang people who convince that yew (Taxus
sumatrana) tea is good to treat cancer. They usually dry the bark or leaves then
brew it (Moch Khory, 2019). At a certain level, this belief might be a true, yet
scientific explanation, as well as the preservation of the plants, should be
informed to them and this is the concern of this study.

The need to reconstruct people's indigenous knowledge is known as the
reconstruction of scientific knowledge (Sudarmin, 2019). Other studies on this
matter have generated evidence of the truth of a certain plant's medicinal benefits,
which become the basis of massive production by the pharmaceutical industry.
The examples of drugs circulating in the community which were derived
originally from indigenous knowledge are (1) quinine as a malaria remedy; (2)
reserpine from Indian Rauwolfia serpentine as a blood pressure medication.

Another arising problem is a gap between public knowledge about
traditional medicine with scientific knowledge in the academic community.
Therefore, this research was divided into two parts; the first was to reconstruct
and explain why Taxus can hinder cancer cells. The second part carried out
isolation and extraction process, phytochemical test, and structure test of Taxus
sumatrana’s to hypothesize the association of secondary metabolite compounds
with their bioactivity as inhibitors of cancer cells. As for this research, scientific
explanation referred to the conceptual framework developed by Hempel (2014).

2. RESEARCH METHODS
2.1 Type of Research

This research belongs to a qualitative study followed by experiments. The
ethnoscience approach, developed by Sudarmin et al. (2017, 2020), was used to
reconstruct and explain the scientific knowledge based on the indigenous belief
about Taxus sumatrana as a cancer drug. The performed experiments consisted
of isolation and extraction, phytochemical test, and structure test.
2.2 Research Procedure
1. The isolation of Taxus sumatrana bark and leaves

The powder of the bark sample was divided into two, one for the extraction

process and the other for the isolation process. The sample was extracted through

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the maceration method by soaking the sample in water. The stirring and water
replacement was done every 24 hours then the mixture was filtered using filter
paper. Next, the maceration result was evaporated using the 121OBV-W Rotary
Evaporator at 100°C. The remaining filtrate was evaporated in Waterbath, so
thick extract of Taxus sumatrana was obtained. As for the isolation, the
soxhletation method was used with ethanol, ethanol + benzene, and ethanol +
hexane solvent. The soxhletation lasted for about 48 hours, and the result was put
into the rotary evaporator at 100 °C. The extractant obtained as a result of
evaporation was subjected to phytochemical test and structure test.

2. The Phytochemical Test

The phytochemical test consisted of several stages. First, alkaloids
identification using Mayer and Dragendorf reagent. The Mayer reagent was
added to the isolate, if a foggy white deposition is formed then it is alkaloids-
positive. On the other hand, the isolate is declared alkaloids-positive if orangey-
red sediment is formed when the Dragendorf reagent is put on. Second, steroids
and terpenoids identification using Liberman Buchard's Test. At the end of the
test, if the isolate is red or purplish red, then it contains terpenoids. If the isolate
is green or bluish-green, then it contains steroids. Third, the flavonoids test by
putting several drops of the isolate fraction water in a reaction tube. Mg powder
and several drops of potent HCl are also added in it. If the mixture is pink to red
(except for isoflavones), then it is declared flavonoids-positive. Fourth, phenolics
identification by putting several drops of the isolate fraction water in a reaction
tube, then FeCl3 is added. If the mixture turns blue or purplish-blue, then it is
phenolics-positive. Fifth, saponins identification in which 1mL of water fraction
is put into a reaction tube then shaken for 1-2 minutes. If the permanent foam is
formed (which lasts for about 5 minutes), then it is declared saponins-positive.

3. The Structure Test Using Perkin Elmer 100 FTIR Spectroscopy

FTIR is a tool to analyze chemical compounds that shows the existence of
a functional group of the organic molecule, which in this case, is the metabolite
compounds (Dachriyanus, 2004). The sample of Taxus sumatrana was prepared
in a NaCl specimen. The specimen was put in a sample stage and the measure
button was clicked. After a while, the spectra description could be seen in the
monitor.

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4. Data Analysis
The qualitative data are described qualitatively while the lab work results

are explained and analyzed scientifically to provide proper elucidation of the
research problems

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The design of Ethnoscience-based Inquiry Learning

The researchers studied various inquiry and integrated models referring
to Fogarty (1991) and resulted in the following model as presented in Figure 1
which integrates inquiry with ethnoscience.

The scientific field of Ethnoscience in the
secondary context of
indigenous
metabolite, isolation,
identification, and knowledge about
bioactivity test Taxus sumatrana

Integrated Inquiry-- Ethnoscience -

Figure 1. The Integrated Model for Inquiry and Ethnoscience

The scientific field discusses the secondary metabolite compounds and
their classification, isolation, extraction, phytochemical identification, and
structure test. Besides, the health benefits and paper related to Taxus sumatrana
are also discussed. On the other hand (the right bubble), the people’s indigenous
knowledge is talked about deeply. The questions proposed followed Hakim’s
(2014) ethnobotanical research procedure concerning local name, plant
characteristics, health benefits, ways to consume, and the reason underlying the
health benefits.

The middle part depicts the integration of inquiry (left bubble) and
ethnoscience (right bubble) in which students are asked to carry out scientific lab
work primarily in preparing the tools and materials for the isolation and
extraction process, as well as phytochemical and structure test. These
preparations follow Supartono et al.’s (2016) and Sudarmin et al.’s (2020)
procedures.

The Ethnoscience-based inquiry model has seven stages, which consist of
(1) problem orientation; (2) problem formulation; (3) hypothesis formulation; (4)
data collection; (5) hypothesis testing; (6) concluding; (7) communicating

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research results. The seventh stage is the supplementary phase based on the
National Research Council (2011).
3. 2. The reconstruction of scientific knowledge based on people's indigenous

belief
Upon using the ethnomedicine approach, observation and interviews were
carried out. The source person is Agustinus H (45) from Padang and Karyanto
(25) from Jambi. The observation pictures are collated in the following Figure 2.

(1) (2)

(4) (3)
Figure 2. Foto (1) the research team; (2) Taxus sumatrana; and (3) Taxus tea

by the locals
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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

The interview results with the two source persons are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The interview results from observation

Answe

r

Refi Agustinur H (45 Karyanto (25 tahun)

No Question thn) Location: Sungai Penuh

01. Local name Location : Luhung tanjung, Gunung Kerinci Jambi
02. Characteristics
Pandai Sikek, Kec. X Koto
(leaf, wood,
flower, seed, etc.) Tanah Datar, Pemancar

03. Benefits RCTI Gunung. Singgalang,

04. Parts of plant Sumatran yew (Taxus Sumatran yew
having sumatrana ) (Taxus)
medicinal
advantages Small leaves growing to the Leaves: jagged like
left and right. They are light cycad leaves
05. The way people to dark green in color. Bark: scaly. Flowers
consume it Hard, woody, and scaly and seeds: never
stem. The bark is reddish- seen before Leaf
06. The recipe of brown color: dark green
Taxus as Seeds are outside and inside
medicine the fruit.

As a cancer drug and Trusted as a cancer
tumors, especially breast drug
and prostate cancer.
Bark and leaves
Bark and leaves

Wash the leaves and bark, Taxus bark is
dry them under direct consumed as a tea.
sunlight. Once dried, grind
using blender or brew with Boil + 10 cm of Taxus
hot water to result in Taxus bark in 2 glass of water
tea. and drink it.

1. Puree the leaves using a
blender

2. Every 1 tablespoon of
leaves, add 4-6 liters of
water.

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07. The reason 3. Heat until the color of No idea
behind its water resembles the
medicinal color of tea.
advantages
4. The herbal extract is
ready to serve.

Taxus contains a chemical
compound named Taxol.

The two speakers conveyed the similarity of knowledge, namely the local
name of the Taxus and the way people consume it. The process of boiling Taxus
bark/leaves, in the context of scientific knowledge, is called the maceration
process (Sudarmin et al, 2020). The change in color of the Taxus water indicates
the presence of secondary metabolite compounds that are dissolved in water.

Taxus sumatrana belongs to the Plantae Kingdom, Pinophyta Division,
Pinopsida Class, Pinales order, Taxacease Family, Taxus Genus, and Taxat
Sumatrana Species (Monday, A.N, 2019). Based on literary and reference
sources, it is known that Taxus sumatrana or Sumatran yew grows in humid
subtropical forests and mountain rain forests at an altitude of 1,400-2,800 m
above sea level (Spjut, 2003; Earle, 2013a; Huang et al., 2007). This type of
natural distribution is reported in the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, China, and
Indonesia (de Laubenfels, 1988). In Indonesia, T. sumatrana grows naturally as
a sub-canopy in mountain forests or mountain ridges on the islands of Sumatra
and Sulawesi (Spjut, 2007). The results of a direct field survey conducted by
Rachmat (2008) show that the natural habitat of Sumatran fir in Indonesia
currently exists in the Mount Kerinci region, Jambi. This species grows naturally
as a sub-canopy in mountain forests on ridges, steep slopes, and cliff edges at an
altitude of 1,700-2,200 m above sea level. The spreading pattern of Taxus
sumatrana growing on Mount Kerinci has a similarity of those in Taiwan
(Rachmat, 2008). Its leaves are elliptical-shaped, olive green in color with a
length of 1.8-3.0 cm, a width of 2.0-2.5 mm, and a thickness of 200-275 µm. The
color of the bark is grayish red with a thickness of 0.5–0.8 cm. The male
coneflower is usually not seen, whereas female coneflowers are subcylindrical
with a length of 2 mm and a width of 1 mm. The bark, leaves, branches, twigs,
and roots of the Taxus species, including T. sumatrana, are a source of Taxane,
namely paclitaxel extracted as a very successful drug used in chemotherapy for
various types of cancer. Hidayat & Tachibana (2013) reported that T. sumatrana
bark derived from Mount Kerinci contained 10-deacetylbaccatin III and baccatin

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III. Both of these compounds are intermediate products (precursors) of the
Taxol® biosynthesis. 10-deacetylbaccatin III and baccatin III are also found in
young leaves and stems of T. sumatrana (Kitagawa et al., 1995; Shen et al.,
2005).

Figure 3. The Molecular Structure of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (A), baccatin
III (B), and paclitaxel (C)

The results of other literature searches revealed that Taxus contains
bioactive compounds as anticancer which are put up in Table 2.

Table 2. Bioactive Compounds in Taxus sumatrana

No Part of Plant Active compound Reference
Kitagawa et al.,
01. Leaf Paclitaxel (0,006%) 1995;
Shen et al., 2005
Baccatin III (0,02%)
Hidayat &
Taxane diterpenes ester Tachibana, 2013

group

02 Bark Baccatin II dan 10-

deacetylbaccatin III (10-

DAB

Table 2 shows that one of the secondary metabolite compounds potential

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as anticancer is paclitaxel, a very complex group of diterpene compounds
obtained from the extraction of part of the Taxus. The chemical nomenclature for
paclitaxel is 5β, 20-epoxy-1,2 α, 4.7 β, 13 α - hexahydroxytax-11-en-9one-4, 10-
diacetate-2-benzoate 13 esters with (2R, 3S) -N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine

(Panchagnula, 1998, Hidayat, A. et al, 2014).

3.3 The Scientific Explanation of the People's Indigenous Belief through
Laboratory Research
A series of laboratory work was performed to provide a scientific

explanation to the people's indigenous beliefs regarding Taxus sumatrana as
anticancer medication. The lab work consisted of isolation, phytochemical
identification, and structure test of the Taxus' secondary metabolite compounds.
The isolation process was done through the soxhletation method with an organic
solvent and maceration process. After the soxhletation and maceration were done,
the evaporation process was carried out to vaporize the water and organic solvent,
leaving the extract of Taxus sumatrana as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The Characteristics of Substances from Taxus sumatrana Extract

No Sample Treatment Characteristics of substances
. (organoleptic)

1. Bark Soxhletation using ethanol as Light orange liquid
solvent

Soxhletation using ethanol + n- Dark orange liquid
hexane as solvent

Maceration using water as the Light yellow liquid
solvent

Soxhletation using ethanol + Yellow liquid
benzene as solvent

2 Leaf Soxhletation using ethanol as Light orange liquid
solvent

After having organoleptic testing of the studied sample, phytochemical
tests were carried out and the results are presented in Table 4.

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Table 4. Phytochemical Test Results of Taxus sumatrana Bark and Leaf
Extracts

Alkaloids Ster Terpe Phen Sapo-

No Sample Solvent May Dragen oids noids olics nin
extract
Water er dorft
1 Bark Ethanol
2 Bark Ethanol -- -+ ++ ++
3 Bark and
hexane ++ -+ +++ +++
4 Bark Ethanol
and -- + ++ -
5 Leaf Benzene
Ethanol -- +- +-

-- +- +-

The phytochemical test results revealed that both in the bark and leaves
of Taxus sumatrana extract contains phenolics. Alkaloids are only found in the
bark-ethanol mixture. Further, other compounds found include steroids,
terpenoids, and saponins. The existence of these metabolites, which explains
scientifically why Taxus extracts could be an anticancer agent, this following the
findings of Shen Y-C et al (2005) and Khosroushahi et al (2011). Based on the
displayed data, the main ingredients in Taxus Sumatrana as an anticancer
compound are terpenes and phenolics. Matsjeh, S (2009), and the medical team
of Lambung Mangkurat University (2018) stated that phenolics are very potential
as an anti-cancer.

To strengthen the phytochemical test results, the structure test was done
using Perkin Eileen 100 FTIR Spectroscopy and showed the absorption of
hydroxyl and carbonyl group, aromatic rings, as well as methyl and methylene
group. The FTIR spectra results are presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The
Spectra Results of Taxus sumatrana Leaf Extract with Ethanol Solvents

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Figure 4. The Spectra Results of Taxus sumatrana Wood Extract with Ethanol%T
+ Hexane Solvents%T

Figure 5. The Spectra Results of Taxus sumatrana Wood Extract with Ethanol
+ Benzene Solvents

Based on the FTIR Spectra data from Figure 4 to 6, the functional group
in Taxus sumatrana can be summarized in Table 5.

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Table 5. The Absorption of Functional Groups from Taxus sumatrana
Extract Samples

No Wave Number Functional Group Absorption Type

Absorption (Cm-1)

1. 3354 - 3500 Absorbance for hydrosol functional groups (-
OH)

2. 2972-2975 Absorbance for alkane group vibrations for -
CH3, -CH2- from alkanes/aromatics

3. 1734 - 1740 Typical absorption for carbonyl groups (C = O)

4. 1217 - 1225 Vibration from the presence of a carbonyl
group (= CO) of an ester, carboxylate, or acid

5. 1000 - 1040 anhydride
The presence of C = C – H, and aromatic H-H

from phenolic compounds

The findings of the FTIR test data have strengthened the results of this
research and people's indigenous belief about the Taxus as anticancer. Secondary
metabolite compounds act as anticancer due to the presence of oxygenated
functional groups as bioactive groups inhibiting the growth of cancer cells
(Artanti, N et al, 2002, Medical Research Team of Lambung Mangkurat
University, 2018).

5. CONCLUSION
The analysis concluded that (1) the resulted learning design is the

ethnoscience-based inquiry learning; (2) the secondary metabolite compounds
found in the bark and leaf of Taxus sumatrana include terpenoids, alkaloids,
terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, and saponins; (3) the structure test unveiled the
presence of secondary metabolite compounds and is strengthened by absorption
bands of hydroxyl groups, carbonyl, C-O stretches, and aromatic rings on FTIR
spectra. These findings indicate that Taxus sumatrana can act as an anticancer,
because terpenoids, phenolics, and other oxygenated metabolites have potential
as anticancer.

Acknowledgments
Thank you to the Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesian for

providing the budget through the Higher Education Primary Research scheme
year 2021-2023.

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Lampiran 4 : Artikel dipresentasikan di EASE di Jepang tanggal 20 Juni 2021

DEVELOPING STUDENT'S LIFE SKILLS WITH THE
MAKINGOF BATIK METABOLITE FROM TAXUS
SUMATRANA WITH ETHNO-STEM PROJECT
LEARNING

Sudarmin1), W. Sumarni12), S. Diliarosta3), E. Pratiwi4), and H. Pancawardhani 5)
1)2)4)5) Masters in Chemical Education at Postgraduate , UNNES Indonesia

3) Department of Science, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNP Padang, Indonesia
Abstract

This research aims to equip students with life skills by producing chemical
batik products from the secondary metabolite structure of the taxus sumatrana plant
as one of Indonesia's tropical forest plants. The learning design applied to the
research is the thno- STEM integrated ProjectLearning Model with the "Sudarmin"
stage. This research is applied research with as many as 22 research subjects of
Chemical Education UNNES taking Natural Products courses in 2020. In this
research, before students are given the task of designing a chemical batik motif
design project with secondary metabolite structures in the Taxus Sumatrana plant,
students are given lectures. The results of the research can conclude that the
implementation of the Ethno-STEM integrated learning project with the "Sudarmin"
stage can run well and produce chemical batik design products from Taxus
Sumatrana with very good categories and are worthy of being used as life skills
based on the batik expert's assessment.

Keywords: Project learning, life skills, Ethno-STEM, and Chemical Batik

1. INTRODUCTION

In this era of disruption, entrepreneurial character is very important in an
effort to create an independent, intelligent, creative, innovative, hard work and
responsible society. However, at this time, university graduates are not ready to
develop entrepreneurial products as a form of life skills. This study aims to provide
the basics of entrepreneurship for Chemistry Education students of Semarang State
University (UNNES) through integrated project learning of Ethnoscience and STEM
(Ethno-STEM).

The Ethno-STEM approach was chosen because the innovative approach
developed by Sudarmin et al. (2019, 2021) showed that it was able to equip students
with competence and life skills in the global era. In this lesson, students are provided
with life skills and the ability to understand secondary metabolite science, batik
technology, coloring, engineering in producing good and highly competitive batik
products, so that they are economically profitable.

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The importance of this riser, because the rapid development in science and
technology in the 21st century is a challenge for the Indonesian nation to make new
breakthroughs in order to produce quality graduate output. Indonesia has made a
significant overhaul of the current national education system (Musnidar, 2018,
Sudarmin et al, 2020). The government is developing Merdeka and Merdeka
Learning Campuses to prepare university graduates as Indonesian human resources
who areready to face the 21st century. In this century, life skills and entrepreneurial
character are important for the younger generation (Permanasari A, et al., 2016,
Sudarmin, 2019, Wells, 2019). This is in linewith Prasetyo's (2019) statement that
developing the potential for life skills and entrepreneurial character is one of the
main keys in producing quality and quality human resources.

In the research that has been done, the character of entrepreneurship as a
form of life skill is developed through Natural Products lectures, with the project
being developed from designing motifsto producing batik based on secondary
metabolites, taxus sumatrana. It is hoped that this life skillwill become a student's
expertise as a provision to live independently or be an entrepreneur.

2. METHOD

This research is applied research with 22 research subjects participating in
natural product lectures. Student project assignments are related to the study of
secondary metabolites of Indonesian Tropical Forest Plants. This research stage began
with theoretical lectures in class for four meetings regarding secondary metabolites
related to types, methods of isolation, phytochemical tests of secondary metabolite
compounds of Indonesian tropical forest plants including Taxus Sumatrana. In this
lecture, students are given a project assignment to design batik motifs from the
chemicalstructure of secondary metabolites from the taxus sumatrana plant as an
example of Indonesian tropical forest plants, which is followed by the production of
batik with motifs designed by students.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this research, the Ethno-STEM integrated project learning developed is the
Ethno-STEM integrated project learning with the Sudarmin model. The Sudarmin
stages include the activities of Present, Performance, Design and Submit project
assignments,

Design and Strengthen the batik project, and Implement and Value the results of the
batik project. In this research, the results of the project activities produced the Taxus
sumatrana batik motif as presented in Figure 6. taxus plant is proven by the public as a
cancer drug.

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Figure 6. Chemical Batik Motif Products fromTaxus Sumatrana

This batik motif has a chain taxol structure with leaf, stem, taxus flower motifs,
and the UNNES logo which formsa lurik motif with dark blue lataer doiminan as a
symbol of the spirit of life. With the presence of this batik motif can bean alternative
choice of batik motifs for the community. This motif can be a developer of
entrepreneurial character and also become a characteristic of Indonesian batik

4. CONCLUSIONS
The results of the research can conclude that the implementation of the Ethno-

STEM integrated learning project with the "Sudarmin" stage can run well and produce
chemical batik design products from Taxus Sumatrana with very good categories and
are worthy of being used as life skills based on the batik expert's assessment. The main
structure of the secondary metabolites in this batik is the Taxol compound of the
paclitaxel type as a taxol essential oil compound and is contained in Taxus sumatrana.
Paclitaxel compound is asecondary metabolite that is used as an anti- tumor and anti-
cancer drug, and the motifs. The price for each piece of this batik is IDR 200,000 / piece
with a size of 200 cm x 115 cm. The results of the assessment from batik experts show
thatthis student batik product is in the verygood category and is feasible to produce.
Acknowledgment

Thank you to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology for
funding thisresearch for the years 2021-2023. .

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Musnidar, Lia.(2018). Pengaruh Penerapan Pembelajaran STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering, Mathematics) terhadap Keterampilan Creatif Problem Solving dan
Komunikasi Siswa. Prosiding Seminar Nasional MIPA IV. Banda Aceh:
Universitas Syiah Kuala.

Permanasari, A. (2016). STEM Educatiion Inovasi dalam Pembelajaran Sains.
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Sains (SNPS). Bandung: Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia.

Prasetyo, P. Eko.( 2019). Membangun Karakter Budaya Entrepreneurship Profesional
Kunci Sukses SDM Menuju Generasi Emas dan Daya Saing. Prosiding Seminar
Nasional Sains dan Entrepreneurship VI Tahun 2019. Semarang: Universitas
Negeri Semarang.

Sudarmin, S., W. Sumarni., Rr. S. Endang P, & Sri Susilogati S. (2019). Implementing
the model of project-based learning: integrated wih ETHNO-STEM to develop
students’ entrepreneurial characters. Jurnal of Physics: Conferense Series.
1317(1).

Sudarmin, W. Sumarni, and S. Diliarosta. (2021). Desain Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri
Terintegrasi Etnosains Pada Bahan Kajian Uji Bioaktivitas Metabolit Sekunder
dari Tanaman Hutan tropis Indonesia seabagai Akselerasi Karakter Konservasi
Mahasiswa. Lapran Kemajuan Riset, UNNES.

Wells, J. G. (2019). STEM Education: The Potential of Technology Education. Council
on Technology and Engineering Teacher Education.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

A GLOSSARIUM
Antibakteri
: Zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan atau bahkan
Antioksidan mematikan bakteri dengan cara mengganggu
Antikanker metabolisme mikrob yang merugikan.
Antivirus
Akar Kuning : Molekul yang mampu memperlambat atau mencegah
proses oksidasi molekul lain.
B
Bajakah : Suatu obat yang digunakan untuk membunuh atau
menghambat mekanisme proliferasi sel kanker.
Bioaktivitas
: Salah satu penggolongan obat yang secara spesifik
Biosintesis digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi virus.

: Suatu tanaman yang dapat dibuat ramuan herbal yang
digunakan oleh penduduk Kalimantan untuk mengobati
berbagai penyakit.

: Tanaman dari pedalaman Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah
yang telah lama digunakan suku Dayak untuk mengobati
berbagai macam penyakit.

: Senyawa kimia seperti vitamin, mineral, atau metabolit
sekunder dari suatu tanaman yang menghasilkan
aktivitas biologi dalam tubuh.

: Suatu proses banyak-tahap, yang dikatalisis-enzim di
mana substrat diubah menjadi produk yang lebih
kompleks dalam organisme hidup.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

C : Suatu penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS
Covid-19 CoV-2.
Cinta Tanah Air
D : Sikap dan karakter kebangsaan dan semangat mencintai
negara Indonesia.
Distilasi
Disiplin : Metode pemisahan bahan kimia berdasarkan perbedaan
E kecepatan atau kemudahan menguap bahan.
Ekstraksi
: Perasaan atau karakter taat dan patuh terhadap nilai-nilai
Etnosains yang dipercaya merupakan tanggung jawabnya.
Etnobotani
: Suatu proses pemisahan suatu zat berdasarkan
Etnobiologi perbedaan kelarutannya terhadap dua cairan tidak saling
larut yang berbeda, biasanya air dan yang lainnya pelarut
Etnofarmakalogi organik.

Etnografi : Pengetahuan yang khas dimiliki oleh suatu bangsa dan
terkandung konsep – konsep sains.
Etnopedagogi
: Suatu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang tumbuhan dan
interaksi antara manusia dan sumber daya tumbuhan
yang biasa digunakan oleh manusia

: Suatu disiplin ilmu yang dianggap mampu menjelaskan
pengetahuan lokal dan praktik konservasi tradisional
beserta dinamikanya.

: Suatu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang kegunaan tanaman
yang memiliki efek farmakologi yang memiliki hungan
dengan pengobatan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan oleh
masyarakat sekitar (suku).

: Suatu ilmu yang mengkaji tulisan atau laporan tentang
suatu suku bangsa, yang ditulis oleh seorang antropolog
atas hasil kerja lapangan (field work) selama sekian bulan
atau sekian tahun.

: Sutau aktualisasi pembelajaran yang berorientasi pada
penanaman nilai-nilai kearifan lokal.

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Etnomedisin : Sutau vabang antropologi medis yang membahas tentang
asal mula penyakit, sebab-sebab, dan cara pengobatan
menurut kelompok masyarakat tertentu.

F : Senyawa yang terdiri dari 15 atom karbon yang umumnya
Flavonoid tersebar di dunia tumbuhan.

Fenilpropanoid : Senyawa fenol alam yang mempunyai cincin aromatik
dengan rantai samping terdiri dari 3 atom karbon.

H : Sutau Bioma berupa hutan yang selalu basah atau lembap,
Hutan Tropis yang dapat ditemui di wilayah sekitar khatulistiwa; yakni
kurang lebih pada lintang 0°–10° ke utara dan ke selatan
garis khatulistiwa.

I

Indegenous Science : Sebutan pengetahuan sains asli masyarakat

Inkuiri : Suatu strategi pengajaran yang berpusat pada siswa, yang
Inovatif mendorong siswa untuk menyelidiki masalah dan
menemukan informasi.
J
: Suatu usaha seseorang dengan mendayagunakan
pemikiran, kemampuan imajinasi, berbagai stimulan, dan
individu yang mengelilinginya dalam menghasilkan
produk baru, baik bagi dirinya sendiri ataupun
lingkungannya.

Jujur : Suatu sikap atau karakter yang lurus hati, menyatakan
K yang sebenar– benarnya, tidak berbohong, atau
mengatakan hal – hal yang menyalahi apa yang
terjadi/fakta.

Kanker : Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan sel
abnormal yang tidak terkendali di dalam tubuh.

Konservasi : Suatu proses pengelolaan suatu tempat agar makna
kultural yang dikandungnya terpelihara dengan baik.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Komunikatif : Mampu menyampaikan pesan dengan baik, artinya
pesan yang diterima oleh penerima (receiver) sama
Kolaboratif dengan maksud pesan yang disampaikan oleh pengirim
Kritis pesan (sender).
Kreatif
: Situasi dimana terdapat dua atau lebih orang belajar atau
L berusaha untuk belajar sesuatu secara bersama-sama.
Level Inkuiri
: Kemampuan untuk memecahkan permasalahan,
mempersoalkan atau mempertanyakan sesuatu hal.

: Kemampuan menciptakan sesuatu yang berbeda dari yang
lain, atau menghubungkan hal-hal yang tadinya tidak
berhubungan.

: Keefektifan tingkatan pembelajaran inkuiri

M : Proses perendaman sampel menggunakan pelarut organik
Maserasi pada temperatur ruangan.

Metabolit Primer : Senyawa yang dihasilkan oleh makhluk hidup dan
bersifat essensial bagi proses metabolisme sel tersebut.

Metabolit sekunder : Senyawa metabolit yang tidak esensial bagi pertumbuhan
organisme dan ditemukan dalam bentuk yang unik atau
berbeda-beda antara spesies yang satu dan lainnya.

O

Organoleptis : Pengujian terhadap bahan makanan berdasarkan
P kesukaan dan kemauan untuk mempegunakan suatu
produk.

Pengetahuan Ilmiah : Segenap hasil pemahaman manusia yang diperolehd
dengan menggunakan metode-metode ilmiah.

Pengetahuan Faktual : Pengetahuan yang harus dimiliki peserta didik jika mereka
akan dikenalkan dengan suatu disiplin ilmu atau untuk
memecahkan masalah apapun di dalamnya yang
berkaitan dengan pernyataan yang benar karena sesuai
dengan kenyataan sehari-hari.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Pengetahuan Prosedural : Pengetahuan bagaimana seseorang melakukan
sesuatu, pengetahuan bagaimana performans
seseorang dalam menjalankan langkah-langkah
dalam suatu proses.

Peduli Lingkungan : Suatu bentuk perilaku atau karakter peduli terhadap
lingkungan sekitar.

R

Reagen Mayer : Pereaksi pengendali alkaloid yang digunakan untuk
mendeteksi alkaloid dalam produk alami

S

Saponin : Suatu jenis senyawa kimia metabnolit sekunder yang
berlimpah dalam berbagai spesies tumbuhan.

Saintifik : Proses pembelajaran yang dirancang sedemikian rupa
agar siswa secara aktif mengkonstruksi konsep, hukum
atau prinsip melalaui tahapan mengamati kerja ilmiah.

Sintaks : Tahapan atau Langkah Langkah dari sutau pembelajaran.

Sokletasi : Sejenis ekstraksi dengan pelarut cair organik yang
dilakukan secara berulang-ulang pada suhu tertentu
dengan jumlah pelarut tertentu.

Steroid : Senyawa organik lemak sterol tidak terhidrolisis yang
didapat dari hasil reaksi penurunan dari terpena atau
skualena

T

Tanin : Suatu senyawa polifenol yang berasal dari tumbuhan,
berasa pahit dan kelat, yang bereaksi dengan dan
menggumpalkan protein, atau berbagai senyawa organik
lainnya termasuk asam amino dan alkaloid.

Taxus Sumatrana : Semak cemara dan salah satu dari delapan spesies yew.

Taxol : Senyawa kimia diterpenoid tipe taksan yang berasal dari
tumbuhan Taxus brevifolia Nutt

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Terpenoid : Produk senyawa alami yang strukturnya dibagi menjadi
beberapa unit isoprene, karena itu senyawa ini disebut
juga isoprenoid (C5H8).

U

Uji Fitokimia : Cara untuk mengidentifikasi bioaktif yang belum tampak
melalui suatu tes atau pemeriksaan yang dapat dengan
cepat memisahkan antara bahan alam yang memiliki
kandungan fitokimia tertentu dengan bahan alam yang
tidak memiliki kandungan fitokimia tertentu.

Uji Struktur Mikro : Suatu uji struktur untuk mengetahui isi unsur kandungan
yang terdapat didalam spesimen baja karbon rendah yang
akan diuji.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

A KATA KUNCI

Alkaloid 21, 57, 58
Antibakteri 19, 28, 30
Antikanker 24, 33, 38
Antioksidan 55, 60, 64
Akar kuning 63, 65, 82
Antivirus 155
Aktivitas 17, 27 , 30

B 59, 62, 63
Bajakah 1, 30, 42
Bioaktivitas 90, 92, 93
Biosintesis
156
C 32, 39, 73
Covid-19
Cinta Tanah Air 156
8, 10, 12
D
Distilasi 18, 31, 75
Disiplin 75, 85, 97
82, 94, 96
E 156
Ekstraksi 156
Etnosains 53, 157
Etnobotani 38, 41
Etnobiologi 17, 33 ,42
Etnofarmakalogi
Etnomgrafi 57, 58, 60
Etnopedagogis 93
Etnomedisin 98, 109, 110

F
Flavonoid
Fenilpropanoid 28
FTIR

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

H 113, 115, 117
Hutan Tropis
33, 34
I 119, 126
Indegenous Science 15, 37 ,71
Inkuiri
Inovatif 73, 115, 120

J
Jujur

K

Kanker 18, 21, 29

Keanekaragaman Hayati 44, 46, 106

Kimia Organik Bahan Alam 42,71,91

Konservasi 31, 32, 35

Kromatografi Gas 109

Komunikatif 71, 115, 119

Kolaboratif 15, 31, 71

Kritis 14, 31, 71

Kreatif 14, 26, 31

L 19, 28, 30
Level Inkuiri

M 20, 59, 62
Mangrove 18, 85, 97
Maserasi 17, 18, 20
Metabolit 57, 58, 92
Metabolit Primer 24, 29, 30
Metabolit sekunder
13, 42, 57
O 19, 28, 30

Organik
Organoleptis

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

P 35, 71, 103
Pengetahuan Ilmiah 15, 98, 109
Pengetahuan Faktual 72, 98, 107
Pengetahuan Prosedural 73, 115, 120
Peduli Lingkungan 106, 121
Pereaksi
107
R
Reagen Mayer 57, 64, 92
1, 4, 13
S 19, 71, 74
Saponin 161
Saintifik 98, 110
Sintaks 21, 57, 92
Sokletasi
Spektroskopi FTIR
Steroid

T 57, 64, 93
Tanin 19, 22, 24
Taxus Sumatrana 18, 24 ,65
Taxol 21, 57, 60
Terpenoid 18, 19, 30
Tumor
64, 75, 76
U 30, 75, 79

Uji Fitokimia
Uji Struktur

W 158
Wagner

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Profil Penulis I

Prof. Dr. Sudarmin, M.Si. adalah Profesor Bidang Ilmu
Pendidikan Kimia, lahir di Boyolali, Jawa Tengah.
Perjalanan pendidikan dimulai dengan belajar di SD
Negeri I Tanjungsari (lulus 1979), SMP Negeri I
Banyudono (lulus 1982), dan SMA Negeri I Boyolali
(lulus 1985). Pendidikan Sarjana dari Pendidikan Kimia
di IKIP Semarang [lulus 1990], progran S-2 di Ilmu
Kimia Program Pasca Sarjana UGM Yogyakarta [lulus
1994]. Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman di Goethe Institut
tahun 1998-199, kemudian kuliah S-3 di prodi
pendidikan IPA di SPs UPI Bandung [lulus 2007].
Pada saat ini penulis sebagai dosen Kimia Organik Bahan Alam (KOBA) sejak
tahun 1994 di Jurusan Kimia. Penulis sebagai dosen S1, S2 untuk Prodi IPA dan Pend
Kimia, serta dosen Prodi S-3 IPA di PPs UNNES. Karier Jabatan yang pernah diemban
adalah kaprodi S-1 prodi pendidikan IPAdan Kajur IPA terpadu FMIPA UNNES, dan Wakil
Dekan Bidang Kemahasiswaan, dan Dekan FMIPA UNNES. Pada saat ini sebagai
koordinator program magister pendidikan Kimia Pascasarjana UNNES. Pada tahun
2014meraihjabatanfungsional ProfesorbidangIlmu PendidikanKimia.Tugas tambahan
yang pernah diemban adalah (a) pengurus KPRI Handayani, (b) Instruktur nasional
pembelajaran aktif AUSAID DBE II dan III, (c) Instruktur pelatihan manajemen
Laboratorium IPA, (d) instruktur sosialisasi kurikulum 2013, (e) Detaser di tahun 2020
dan 2021, (f) reviuwer jurnal. Pada saat ini (2021) telah menulis 18 buku bahan ajar
(teks books) dan 27 artikel terindeks scopus dalam prosiding dan jurnal, serta memiliki
49 HAKI dari karya buku, motif batik kimia tek, dan media. Penulis memiliki ID Google
scholar Keg9DIQAAAA, Sinta ID 5978471, Scopus ID 57193226009. Alamat penulis
adalah Kantor Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNNES Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati Semarang
Jawa Tengah-Indonesia. Pada tahun 2020, Sudarmin sebagai penulis artikel Etnosains
top dunia

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Profil Penulis II

Dr. SKUNDADILIAROSTA, M.Pd. adalah

dosen pada Program Sarjana, Program Doktor
Pendidikan IPA dan Program Magister Ilmu Lingkungan
di Universitas Negeri Padang, mengampu mata kuliah
Model Pembelajaran Kontemporer di Program Doktor,
Dasar Lingkungan Hidup, Etnosains, Interpreneur Sains,
Biologi Terapan, Bioteknologi, Kapita Selekta dan
Microteaching di Program sarjana Pendidikan IPA. Pada
program Megister mengampu mata kuliah Ekologi dan
Lingkungan. Aktif dalam berbagai organisasi masyarakat
diantaranya sekretaris
BKOW Sumatera Barat tahun 2000 – 2005, Ketua I BKOW Sumatera Barat sejak tahun 2005,
Sekretaris YayasanJantung Sumatera Barat periode 2004 sampai sekarang. Ketua 1 Forum Paud
Sumatera Barat dan Ketua 1 Dharmawanita Persatuan Kopertis th 2004 – 2017 Telah banyak
memberi pelatihan dan ceramah diberbagai organisasi wanita Dharmawanita, GOW, PKK,
OrganisasiMasyarakatdandiPerguruanTinggi di Sumatera Barat tentang Kepemimpinan, Etika
dan Kepribadian serta artikel lingkungan, etika dan kepribadian diberbagai media cetak dan
elektronik. Penulis Buku tentang Mengkritisi Banjir, Longsor, Kekeringan dan Lingkungan dalam
Era Perubahan Iklim Global. Sebagai fasilitator pada pelatihan Pekerti dan AA dan Tim Evaluasi
Kinerja Akademik (EKA) LLDIKTI wilayah X. Melakukan studibanding akademik, kemahasiswaan
dan manajemen organisasi wanita bersama Kopertis Wilayah X dan Dharmawanita Unand di
Perguruan Tinggi dalam dan Luar Negeri diantaranya UPM, USM, UKM, UTM, Univ Utara
Malaysia,UNSingapure, PrincsSongklaUniversitytahun1991,AITThailanddanAlAzharUniversity,
Cairo University Mesir tahun 1996, Kegiatan Konferensi Internasional PerempuandiThailandth
2014. Mengunjungi Laboratorium dan Conference di Slovak University Slovakia dan
Wangeningen University Belanda tahun 2014, Menjalin kerjasama perguruan tinggi antara 12
perguruan tinggi di wilayah Kopertis X dengan 10 PTN dan PTS di Taiwan th 2016. Tugas
tambahan yang pernah diemban adalah ketua 1 KPRI Kopertis X.

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Profil Penulis III

Dr. Woro Sumarni. M.Si. adalah dosen pada Program
Sarjana, Magister Pendidikan Kimia, Magister Pendidikan
Dasar serta Program Magister dan Program Doktor
Pendidikan IPA di Universitas Negeri Semarang. Sejak 1993
berdinas di Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNNES, mengampu mata
kuliah Kimia Dasar 1 & 2, Kimia Pemisahan, Kimia Analisa
Instrumen, Kimia Bahan Pangan, Strategi Pembelajaran
Kimia, Perencanaan Pembelajaran Kimia. Pada Program
Magister Pendidikan Kimia PascasarjanaUNNESmengampu
mata kuliah Pembelajaran Kimia Berbasis Etnosains.
Psikologi Kognitif, Kajian Jurnal Internasional,

pada Program Magister Pendidikan IPA mengampu mata kuliah Studi Jurnal, pada Program
Magister Pendidikan Dasar mengampu mata kuliah Perkembangan Peserta Didik, dan pada
Program Doktor Pendidikan IPA mengampu mata kuliah Perkembangan Riset Pendidikan IPA.

Buku yang telah disusun, antara lain :
1. Kimia Rekreasi, ditulis bersama Drs. Warlan Sugiyo, M. Si (2003)
2. Modul Suplemen PLPG Kimia, bersama Prof. Dr. Sudarmin, M. Si dan Cepi

Kurniawan, PhD (2017)
3. Soal Kimia Dasar, bersama Prof. Dr. Kasmadi Imam Supardi, MS (2018)
4. Book Chapter Pembentukan Karakter Konservasi Melalui Inovasi dan Strategi

Pembelajaran IPA (2018)
5. Etnosains dalam Pembelajaran Kimia: Prinsip, Pengembangan dan Implementasinya

(2018)
6. Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kimia Organik Bahan Alam berbasis STEM

terintegrasi etnosains, ditulis bersama Prof. Dr. Sudarmin, M. Si dan Dr. Sri Susilogati
Sumarti, M. Si(2019)
7. Kimia Bahan Pangan: Makronutrien Terintegrasi Etnosains (2019)

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Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana

Sinopsis Isi Buku

Buku ini dalam penyusunannya didanai dari Riset Dasar Unggulan Pergurun Tinggi
(PDU-PT) Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Riset Teknologi tahun 2021-2023.
Pada buku ini menyajikan suatu desain model pembelajaran inkuiri terintegrasi Etno-
STEM untuk bahan kajian uji bioaktivitas metabolit sekunder dari tanaman Taxus
Sumatrana umtuk akselerasi nkarakter konservasi mahasiswa. Pada buku ini diawali
landasan konseptual dan kerangka teoritis yang mendalam mengenai desain model
pembelajaran inkuiri terintegrasi Etno-STEM. Pada pembahasan berikutnya membahas
mengenai pendekatan saintifik inkuiri, memahami bahan kajian tanaman obat, teh
herbal, metabolit sekunder, dan tanaman taxus sumatrana. Pembahasan berikutnya
bagaimana berkreasi mendesain model keterpaduan pada model pembelajaran inkuiri
terintegrasi Etno-STEM dengan tahapan Sudarmin, serta implementasi model
pembelajaran inkuiri terinterasgrasi Etrno-STEM untuk uji bioaktivitas metablit sekunder
dari tanaman Taxus Sumatrana. Pada buku ini juga disajikan hasil riset terkait hasil
percobaan uji bioaktivitas metabolit sekunder dari tanaman taxus sumatrana yang
dimulai dengan riset etnobotani, etnomedisin, dan etnofarmasi dari tanaman taxus,
dilanjutkan eksplanasi sains ilmiah dengan kerja inkuiri berbasis Laboratorium di
Laboratorium Kimia, Biologi, dan Farmasi.

Pada buku ini mendiskripsikan juga mengenai bahan kajian pengetahun dalam
konteks Sains dibahas secara mendalam pengetahuan faktual, konseptual, dan
prosedural bahan kajian metabolit sekunder, teh herbal, tanaman taxus sumatrana, dan
ekologi etnosains. Pada konteks Tehnologl dan Engineering, maka pada buku ini
mengajak mahasiswa untuk menerapkan teknik-teknik kerja ilmiah dalam kerja inkuiri
berbasis Laboratorium untuk menjelaskan secara ilmiah dari pengetahuan masyakat
mengenai mengapa tanaman taxus bermanfaat untuk antibakteri, anti oksidan,
antikanker dan imunitas tubuh. Pada kegiatan inkuiri, maka mahasiswa melakukan
percobaan isolasi dan ekstraksi, identifikasi fitokimia, uji struktur, uji bioaktivitas
antibakteri, antiokasidan dan antikanker. Pada percobaan ini menggunakan sampel
tanaman lokal Taxus sumatrana. Pada akhir percobaan mahasiswa diajak untuk berpikir
secara Matematis dengan interpretasi rendemen, data struktur; serta berpikir mengenai
angka-angka daya hambat antibakteri dan anti kanker. Penanaman karakter konservasi
yaitu cinta dan peduli Keanekaragam hayatai, maka ada tugas untuk observasi dan
wawncara mendalam mengenai tanaman taxus sumatrana sebagai tanaman hutan tropis
yang menarik dikaji dalam etnobotani, etnomedisin dan etnofarmasi, serta untuk
mengkonstruksi menjadi pengetahuan ilmiah, terutama diisenfektan virus Covld-19.
Semoga kehadiran buku ini bermanfaat bagi kita semua..Aamiin.

Naskah Akademik: Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terintegrasi Etno-STEM Untuk Bahan | 169

Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Metabolit Sekunder Pada Tanaman Taxus Sumatrana