Cambridge IGCSE and International Certificate Spanish Foreign Language

~ Paper 1: listening

Vas a oir una entrevista de la radio con Jose, un futbolista. Habla de c6mo mantenerse en forma.
Escuchala con atenci6n y contesta a las preguntas en espaiiol. Habra dos pausas durante la entrevista.
Vas a oir la entrevista dos veces, pero antes tienes unos segundos para leer las preguntas.

1 lCuantos anos tiene Jose?

[1]

2 lC6mo es un dia tipico para un futbolista profesional?

[1]

3 lCuanto tiempo tiene que entrenar? [1]
[PA USA]

4 lCuantas horas debe dormir Jose? [1]
[1]
5 lC6mo evita Jose el estres? [1]
6 lC6mo descansa Jose los fines de semana?

[PA USA]

7 lOue hay que comer todos los dias, segun Jose? [1]

8 lC6mo se asegura Jose de llevar una dieta equilibrada? [1]

9 lDe que bebidas habla? [1]
[Total: 9)

Tips for success

• Remember to take time to read the questions carefully before answering, using the built-in pauses.
• There is frequently more than one way of e.xpressing a correct answer.
• The questions follow the order of the audio recording.

Paper 2: reading • Questions 1-6, which require answe:rs in Spanish.

This type of task requires careful reading of a • Question 7, for which you have to understand the
complex passage. There are two types of question: gist of part of the text, and choose the statement
which summarises it best, out of 4 possibilities.

Asi e5 ml vlda Modulo

Lee este artfculo sobre el medio ambiente y contesta a fas pregunt.as en espafiol.

Responsabllidad rolectJva

A pesar de toda la publicidad sobre la importancia de cuidar el entorno en el que vivimos para salvar
el medio ambiente, la mayoria de la gente opina, pero no actua. Los gobiernos mundiales se han
esforzado para educarnos sobre los efectos perjudiciales de la contaminaci6n y lo que se puede
hacer para disminuir el daiio que produce, pero muchos seguimos ignorando la realidad. La unica
manera eficaz de seguir adelante con la campafia para salvar el mundo, es decidir responsabilizarse.

Por eso me anime mucho cuando descubri lo que estan haciendo unos chicos en un colegio cerca
de donde vivo. Este grupo de j6venes ha decidido hacer algo sorprendente.

Han puesto en practica un proyecto que Haman Vivir con sencillez. Estan intentando sobrevivir sin
dinero durante un afio y se reunen todas las semanas para contar experiencias y compartir ideas.

Mikel, uno de los fundadores, solfa gastar unos veinte euros a la semana en transporte publico
solo para ir al colegio. Cogi6 una bicicleta que encontr6 en la basura, la arregl6 y ahora va a todas
partes en bicicleta gratis.

Otro chico, Joaquin, gastaba mucho dinero en la cafeteria del colegio porque nunca tenia tiempo de
prepararse el bocadillo para el recreo en casa. Estos j6venes consiguieron permiso para preparar
bocadillos en el patio durante los recreos. Si les falta algo que no pueden hacer, lo compran dando
productos o ayudando, en vez de con dinero. Ademas, venden lo que les sobra en la cafeteria,
pero lo intercambian por alguna cosa, en vez de obtener dinero en efectivo. Asi Joaquin trabaja
preparando, cultivando y vendiendo productos, y ja cambio recibe bebidas gratis!
El lema de estos chicos es 'Nada es imposible si trabajamos juntos'. Son una inspiraci6n y estan
atrayendo el interes de empresas y de la prensa. Me han devuelto mi fe en la humanidad.

Raul del Bosque (63 afios)

Lee estas preguntas y contestalas en espaiiol. [1]
1 lA que problema social se refiere este articulo? [1]
[1]
2 lOue han intentado hacer los gobiernos? [1]
[1]
3 lCual es el objetivo del grupo de j6venes? [1]

4 lPor que Mikel ya no gasta veinte euros para ir al colegio?
5 lOue hacen los j6venes durante los recreos para conseguir su objetivo?
6 lPor que Joaquin no tiene que pagar sus bebidas?

Cambridge IGCSE® Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

7 lPor que Raul se siente mas animado? lndica tu respuesta colocando una X en la casilla

correcta.

A Porque unos j6venes han ganado una competici6n. (1]
[Total: 7)
B Porque unos j6venes estan haciendo algo maravilloso.

C Porque unos chicos se re(men cada semana.

1--11--1

D Porque unos chicos se estan rebelando contra el gobiemo.

'--'"---'

~ Paper 3: speaking

The text below is an example of a good presentation about eating and healthy
lifestyles. It is based around the photo prompt on the right.

~ Follow the text carefully as you listen to the recording. Notice how and when the

interviewer steps in to ask additional relevant questions. The transcript is also
annotated to point out inaccuracies you should try to avoid.

Noun/adjectival Hoy en dia, con todos los metodos de comunicaci6n y It is important to
agreements are la tecnologia que tenemos, nunca ha sido mas polemico remember where accents
iro portant to get el asunto de c6mo vivir una vida sana y 1feliz. Sin d_u_d_a.,___ go. Here the accent puts
right, as they are es cada vez mas d ificil debido a la vida sedentaria que the stress on the wrong
here. llevamos la mayoria. Ademas, como poca gente tiene syllable.
tiempo para cocinar bien o pensando en que es sano, la
comida rapida sigue siendo la preferida. Es un problema Watch out for nouns
serio. que preocupa mucho a los medicos y a los expertos that you would logically
porque saben que tal comportamiento consume recursos expect to be masculine
valiosos de nuestra seguridad social. Es imprescindiole or feminine but which

hacernos resi:1onsaoles de nuestra E[Q ia vida 'i encontra~ are not. Prob/ema is

una manera adecuada de buscar un e uilil:irio eficaz 'JJ masculi ne.
sosteniole. Por eso, hace mucho emP.ece a comer bien.
Siempre intento comer tres comidas al dia, preferiblemente Good variety of verbs and
a las mismas horas. lntento no condimentar las comidas adjectives used here.
demasiado y evito merendar cosas poco sanas.
Accurate use of past tense
i Ah, sf? iY que comiste ayer, por ejemplo? verbs. Using a variety of
tenses is important.
Pues desayune muy bien, a las siete de la manana. Tome
cereales, fruta y yogur, y a la hora del cafe, me tome un
vaso de leche con un bollo. Comi sobre las dos y me tome

una ensalada de atun, seguida de pollo con patatas y de

postre, melon - y para beber, me tome un zumo de naranja.
Para cenar, a las ocho y media, me tome una sopa de

Asi e5 ml vlda Modulo

Many repetitions verduras y un bocadillo de jam6n. Justo antes de acostarme,
of the verb tomar.
Which alternatives me tome un vaso de leche caliente con unas galletas que habfa
couId this candidate hecho mi padre. iYo creo que eso ha sido un dfa bastante sano!
have used?
lAsi que para llevar una vida sana, solo hay que comer bien?

i En absolute! iTambien es muy importante hacer suficiente Appropriate use of
ejercicio! Dicen que debes conseguir que te lata e l coraz6n a the subjunctive.
un ritmo mas rapido de lo normal durante unos veinte minutos,

por lo menos tres veces a la semana. Soy muy consciente de

eso e intento ir en bicicleta al colegio todos los dfas y juego al

baloncesto dos veces a la semana. Los fines de semana voy de

paseo al campo con mi familia o con amigos.

lY que mas es importante?

Por supuesto hay que tomar suficiente agua, sobre todo cuando

haces ejercicio, y hay que dormir bien tambien. Ademas, segun los

expertos, el estres es muy dafiino para la salud. Todos reconocemos Good to see verb

que la vida hoy en dfa produce mucho estres, asi que es importante persons other than

tener maneras de combatirlo y tiempo para relajarte bien. just first person.

lY que haces tu para relajarte?

Accurate use of lntento acostarme pronto y tener asf tiempo para leer un rato. Eso
impersonal verbs me relaja mucho. M e encanta hacer deporte y tambien me gusta
throughout. dibujar y coser - esas cosas son mis pasatiempos principales. M e
ayudan a pensar en cosas creativas y bonitas.

Practise with a partner. How would you answer each of the interviewer's questions? What would you include
in a presentation about your lifestyle?

Paper 4: writing

Vas a describir tu rutina de compras. Escribe un correo electr6nico a tu amigo/a por correspondencia
que va a hacer un intercambio contigo y necesita saber d6nde y c6mo hacer compras en tu ciudad.

Menciona:
(a) cuando y d6nde compras comida
(b) d6nde compras otras cosas y que tipo de cosas sueles comprar
(c) por que eliges esos sitios
(d ) lo que hiciste y compraste la ultima vez que fuiste un dfa de compras

Debes escribir 130-140 palabras en espafiol. ,

Tips for success

• Ensure that you cover all parts of the question.
• When you plan your answer, make sure that your ideas follow a logical sequence, and thatyou create a new paragraph for

each new idea.
• Show that you are ableto handle a range of tenses confidently by using verbs in the past, present and future.

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Parts of the body Shops la lechuga lettuce
el llm6n lemon
la boca mouth el almacen shop, store
el brazo arm la carnlceria butcher's la llmonada lemonade
el centro comerclal shopping centre el maiz corn
la cabeza head la mantequllla butter
el codo elbow el estanco tobacconist's la manzana apple
el coraz6n heart la farmacla chemist's
elcuello neck la fruteria greengrocer's el meJlll6n mussel
el dedo finger, to e la Joyeria jeweller's el melocot6n peach
el dlente/la muela tooth la Jugueteria toy shop la merluza hake
la espalda back la llbreria bookshop la naranJa orange
el est6mago stomach el mercado market la nata cream
la garganta throat la panaderia baker's el pan bread
el hombro shoulder la perfumeria perfumery el pan tostado toasted lbread
la Jengua tongue la pescaderia fishmonger's el pastel cake
la mano hand el supermercado supermarket la patata potato
el musculo muscle la tlenda de muslca record/music shop las patatas frltas chips, crisps
el pavo turkey
la narlz nose la tlenda de ropa clothes shop el pepIno cucumber
el oido/la oreJa ear la tlenda de ultramarlnos grocer's la pera pear
el oJo eye la zapateria shoe shop el perrlto callente hot d'og
el pecho chest el pescado fish
el pie foot Food and drink el pimiento pepper
la pie) skin la pliia pi neappie
la plerna leg el acelte oil el platano banana
la rodllla knee la aceltuna olive el polio chicken
el ag ua (I) water el pomelo grapefruit
Problems and solutions el aJo garlic el queso cheese
el arroz rice la sal salt
Estoy mareado/a. I feel sick. el atun tuna la sardine sardine
Me he cortado Ja mano. I have cut my el azucar sugar la sopa soup
el bacalao cod las tapas snacks
hand. el cafe coffee el te tea
la carne meat la ternera veal
Me he cortado. I have cut myself. la cebolla onion el tomate tomato
el cerdo pork la tortllla de patatas Spanish omelette
Me duele(n).. . .•.hurts. los cereales cereals la tostada toast, piece of toast
No me slento blen. I don't feel well. la comlda basura junk food las verduras green vegetables
Tengo el brazo roto/Ja plerna rota. la comlda raplda fast food el vino wine
el cordero lamb el yogur yoghurt
I have a broken arm/leg. el champlii6n mushroom la zanahorla carrot
Tengo dolor de... I have a/an...ache. la chuleta chop el zumo juice
Tengo el toblllo torcldo/la muiieca el dulce sweet
la ensalada salad Quantities
torclda. I have a twisted los espaguetls spaghetti
ankle/wrist. una barra de a loaf of
Tengo flebre. I have a temperature. los fldeos noodles una botella de a bottle of
Tengo tos. I have a cough. el fllete steak
Tengo un resfrlado. I have a cold. el flan creme caramel una caJa de a box of
Tengo una lnsolacl6n. I have sunstroke. la fresa strawberry un carton de a carton of
Tengo una plcadu ra. I have a bite. la fruta fruit clen gramos de 100 grams of
la galleta biscuit una docena de a dozen
Tengo una quemadura. I have a burn. las gambas prawns un kilo de a kilo of
el comprlmldo pill, tablet la gaseosa fizzy drink una lata de a tin of
la crema cream el gazpacho eh illed tomato soup medlo kilo de half a kilo of
el Jarabe syrup los gulsantes peas un paquete de a packe~ of
la pastllla tablet, pastille, pi II la hamburguesa hamburger un trozo de a slice of
tomar to take el helado ice cream un tubo de a tu be of
las hortallzas vegetables un vaso de a glass of
Healthy lifestyles
el huevo egg Meals and meal times
beber mucha agua to drink a lot of
water el Jamon ham al medlodia at midday
las Judias verdes green beans
comer una dleta varlada to eat a varied la Jeche milk beber to drink
diet

dormlr blen to sleep well
evltar el estres to avoid stress

hacer eJerclclo to do exercise
lntentar to try
mantener una vlda sana to maintain a

healthy Iifestyle

Asi es ml vlda Modttfo

la cena dinner/supper Traigame el menu, por favo r. Bring me proteg er el planeta/el mundo to protect
cenar to have di nner the menu, please. the planeVworld

comer to eat una mesa para dos a table for two reclclar to recycle

la comlda lunch; meal The environment , el reclclaJe recycling
desayunar to have breakfast
el desayuno breakfast i reducl r to reduce
la merlenda snack, afternoon tea, picnic
por la maiiana in the morning ahorrar to save ; respetar to respect
por la noche at night
por la tarde in the afternoon/evening apagar to switch / turn off reutlllzar to reuse

tomar to have, take baiiars e to have a bath salvar to save

Eating out la basura rubbish la selva forest

iOue aproveche! Enjoy your meal! la bolsa de phistlco plastic bag separar to separate

iSalud! Cheers! el calentamlento global global warming ser ecol6glco/a to be ecological
la cuchara spoon
el cuchlllo knife la capa de ozono ozone layer utlllzar to use
El servlclo esta lncluldo. Service is
cerrar to close el vldrlo glass
included.
en el rtnc6n in the corner los co mbustibles f6slles fossil fuels
en la terraza on the terrace
entonces next. the n consumlr mas/ menos to consume more/ : Teenage concerns
el mantel tablecloth less · abusar to bully; to abuse
Me falta (n)... I need...
para empezar to s-tarl.. la contamlnacl6n pollution el acoso escolar school bullying
el plato plate
el postre pudding, dessert contamlnar to contaminate, pollute los anclanos old people
el primer plato starter, firs t course
el sacacorchos corkscrew el contenedor de abono compost bin debemos we should/must
sallr a cenar to go out to eat
el segundo plato main course, second los desechos domestlcos household la dellncuencla Juvenll youth crime
waste el desempleo unemployment
course
la servllleta napkin 1 desenchufar to unplug, turn off el dlnero money
el tenedor knife
tener hambre to be hungry devolver to return el estres stress
tener sed to be thi rsty Es necesarlo... It is necessary to...
l ducharse to take a shower

encender to switch/tum on la guerra war
los lnmlgrantes immigrants
l la ener·gia energy

· estar en pellgro to be in danger podemos we can
recaudar dlnero to collec t money
i la gasoline petrol

! el humo smoke la salud health
i la luz ligh t la segurldad safety
: luchar contra/por to fight against/for los sin techo homeless people
el tabaco tobacco
i malgastar to waste el Tercer Mundo Third World

' el medlo amblente environment

! el papel paper el terrorlsmo terrorism

' produclr to produce tratar meJor to treat better

: prohlblr to forbid la vlolencla violence

Cambridge IGCSE® Spanish e International Certificate in Spanish

Gramatica

Nouns Nouns ending in -ista have no separate masculine
or feminine form:

Gender of nouns el/la artist.a artist
el/fa periodista jownallst
As a general rule, nouns ending in -o are masculine
and nouns ending In -a are feminine. However, there Plurals
are some Important exceptions:
Spanish nouns form their plurals in various
e/ dfa day different ways:
la mano hand
el mapa map by adding -s, if the noun ends in a vowel,
la moto motorbike whether stressed or unstressed
e/ problema problem
la radio radio el piso - /os pisos flat/s
la mano - fas manos hand/s
el programa programme el cafli - los caflis coffee/ s

la modelo (fashion) model • by adding -es, if the noun ends in a consonant
e/ tema topic

The following groups of nouns are usually masculine: el co/or - /os co/ores colow/s
el pars - /os parses country/-les
• nouns ending in -aje or -or

el gara;e garage nouns ending in -z change the ending to -ces
e/ co/or colour
la voz - fas voces volce/s

• rivers, seas, mountains, fruit trees, colours, cars, nouns that have an accent on the last syllable
days of the week and points of the compass lose the accent in the plural

el Manzanares the (river) Manzanares la regi6n - /as regiones reglon/s

el Mediterrtinro the Mediterranean el ingllis - los ingfeses the English
/os Alpes the Alps
e/ manzano apple tree • days of the week, except sabado and domingo,
el verde green have the sarne form for singular and plural
ef BMW BMW
el domingo Sunday el Junes - los Junes Monday(s)
e/ norte north el sabado - los sabados Saturday(s)

The following groups of nouns are usually feminine: Articles
• nouns endings in: i6n, -dad, -tad, -triz, -tud, -umbre,
Definite article
-anza, -ie
The definite articles are el/1-os for the masculine
la regi6n region and la/las for the feminine:
la dudad town
la dificultad difficulty Singular Plural
la actriz actress
la inquietwt concern Jos dfas
la muchedumbre crowd
la esperanza hope /as chicas
la serie series
When the masculine singular definite article Is
• letters of the alphabet preceded by a or de, the preposition combines
with it to make one word:
la etle the letter fl
l!amos al parque.
• Islands and roads
Let's go to the park. (a + el = al)
fas (is/as) Canarias the Canary Islands
Salieron del dne.
laMSO the MSO
TI1ey came out of the cinema. (de + el = de/)

The other forms of the definite article, la, Los and Las, The indefinite article ls omitted In Spanish where
are unchanged after a and de. lt ls used ln English:

The definite article Is used In Spanish, but not in • with occupations after ser
English, for:
Mi padre es enfermero.
• nouns used in a general sense My father Is a nurse.
No me gusta el chocolate.
• when the noun ls ln apposition
I don't like chocolate.
Lleg6 Juan, amigo de mi padre.
languages, colours, days of the week Juan, a friend of my father, a.rrlved.
(preceded by 'on' ln English), the time,
percentages, sports teams: • with a number of common words, especially:
otro, que and mi/
El espatlol es una /engua m11y hermosa.
Spanish Is a bea.utlful language. El gamberrismo es otro problema.

Me gusta mas el ro;o que e1amarillo. Hooliganism Is another problem.
I like red better than yellow.
1-Qµe milagro!
El miercoles vanws a la piscina. What a miracle!
On Wednesday we a.re going to the swimming pool.
Te he dicho mi/ veces.
a las dos I've told you a thousa.nd times.
at 2 o'clock
The masculine definite and indefinite articles
El 50% de /os chicos tiene e/ pelo rubio. el and un replace the feminine forms la and una
50% of the children have blond hair. before feminine nouns in the singular that begin
with stressed a or ha. These nouns remain feminine
el Real Madrid in gender:
Real Madrid
Singular Plural
• abstract nouns
ellun agua laslunas aguas
Todos buscanws la feliddad. ellun hambre las/unas hambres
We a.re all looking for happiness.
Lo + adjective
The definite article ls omitted In Spanish, but used
ln English, for: Lo Is used as a neuter article and can act as a
noun when followed by an adjective, e.g. bueno,
• the names of monarchs and popes with importante:
Roman numerals (when speaking):
Los extimenes han terminado y eso es lo bueno.
Alfonso XDI (Alfonso trece) The exams are over and that's the good thing.
Alfonso Xlll (Alfonso the thirteenth)
Lo importante es no perder el tren.
• nouns that are in apposition The Important thing Is not to miss the train.

Jose Marra Aznar, antiguo presidente de Espar7a Adjectives
Jose Maria Azna.r, the former prime minister
of Spain

Indefinite article Forms
Adjectives that end In -o (masculine) or -a (feminine)
The indefinite articles are un/unos for the masculine add -s for the plural:
and una!unas for the feminine:

Mascullne un piso Plural (some) Mascullne Singular limpios
Feminine una chica Feminine limpias
unos pisos limpio
limpia
unas chfcas

Cambridge IGCSE® Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Gramatlca

Most adjectives that end in a vowel other than -of-a Some common adjectives are often placed before the
or a consonant have the same form for masculine noun:

and feminine in the singular and plural. In the plural, bueno
-s ls added to those ending in a vowel and -es to those ma/a
ending in a consonant. peque,10
gran(de)

Mascullne Slngular Plural Cardinal and ordinal numbers and ultimo are placed
Feminine before the noun:
triste tristes
triste tristes

Mascullne Slngular Plural den pasajeros
Feminine a hundred passengers
azul azules
azul azules e/ quinto piso
the fifth floor
Adjectives ending in -z change the z to c in the plural:
su ultirrui nave/a
his/her/your (formal) last/latest novel

Mascullne Slngular Plural Shortening (apocopation) of adjectives
Feminine
feliz le/ices Several common adjectives lose the final -o when they
feliz le/ices come before a masculine singular noun. This Is called
'apocopation ':
Adjectives denoting region or country that finish in
a consonant normally have a feminine form ending algrmo - a/gun any
in -a: primero - primer first
bueno - buen good
Mascullne ingles Plural
Feminine inglesa tercero - tercer third
ingleses
inglesas malo - mal bad
uno - un one, a
Adjectives ending in -0, add -a for the feminine ni11g11no - ningun no
singular, -es for the masculine plural and -as for the
feminine plural: Volvere alg,1n d(a. I' ll come back some day.
Hace mat tiempo hoy. The weather Is bad today.

Mascullne Slngular Plural Grande shortens to gran before masculine and
Feminine feminine singular nouns:
encantador encantadores
encantadora encantadoras mi gran amiga, Paula my great friend, Paula

Note: comparative adjectives ending in -or do not Comparison
have a separate feminine fonn:
Types of comparison
Mascullne Slngular Plural There are three basic types of comparison:
Feminine
mejor mejores • of superiority (more...than) - rmis.. .que
mejor mejores • of inferiority (less...than) - menos...que
• of equality (as...as) - tan(to) ...como
When two nouns of different gender stand together,
the adjective that qualifies them ls masculine plural: Hace mtis fr(o en Escocia que en Espar1a.
It's colder In Scotland than In Spain.
Eva y Jorge estan contentas.
Eva and George are happy. Hace menos frfo en Esparla que en Escocia.
It's less cold In Spain than In Scotland.
Position
Adjectives are normally placed after nouns: Hace ta11to calor en Madrid coma en Caracas.
It's as hot In Madrid as In Caracas.
tma /engua dificil
a difficult language Comparatives can be adjectives or adverbs.

Irregular adjectives of comparison Note that some -fsimo endings, as with the adjective
largo In the example, require a spelling change to the
Certain common adjectives have special comparative last consonant of the adjective:
forms:
largo - /arguisimo
Adjective Comparative rico - riqufsimo
feliz - felids imo
bueno (good) mejor {better)
malo (bad) peor (worse) Demonstrative adjectives
mucho {much)
mas {more) There are three forms of demonstrative adjective
poco (few) In Spanish:
menos (fewer, less) • este, esta, estos, estas, meaning 'this'
9rande {big, great)
pequeilo (little) mayor {bigger, greater) • ese, esa, esos, esas, meaning 'that' (near the listener)
menor {less)
• aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas, meaning 'that'
Pedro tiene mejor apetit.o que Enrique. (distant from both the speaker and the listener)
Pedro has a better appetite than Enrique.

Irregular atdverbs of comparison Feminine Mascullne Feminine
slngular lural lural
Certain common adverbs have special comparative
forms, which are Invariable. esta chica

Adverb Comparative ese chico (this girl) eslos chicos estas chicas
{these b oys)
bien (well) mejor {better) {that boy) esa chica (these girls)
ma/ (bad) peor (worse) esos chicos
aquel chico {that girl) esas chicas
mas (more) mas {more) {those boys)
poco (not much) menos (less) {that boy aquella chica (those girls)
over there) aquel/os chicos
{that girl aquellas chicas
{those boys
aver there) (those girls
aver there) over t here)

Mi hermano codna mejor que mi hermana. Demonstrative pronouns
My brother cooks better than my sister.
The demonstrative pronoun is distinguished from
Note: when a number comes after mas it must be the demonstrative adjective by a written accent,
followed by de and not que: e.g. ese ('that one'), ese ('that'). The accent Is not now
necessary, but It Is still widely used.
Hay mas de treirita a/umnos en la c/ase.
There are more than 30 pupils in the class.

Superlatives este Feminine Mascullne Feminine
slngular plural plural
The way to express the idea of 'most' In Spanish (this (one))
is by placing the definite article before the noun esta estos estas
being described and the comparative adjective ese (this (one)) (these (ones))
after the noun: (that (one)) (these (ones))
esa esos
La monta,1a mas a/ta de Espana estd en Canarias. aquel {that (one)) {those (ones)) esas
The hlghest mountain in Spain Is in the Canaries.
{that (one)) aquella aquellos (those {ones))
Chile es el pars mas largo de America Latina.
{that (one)) {those (ones)) aquellas
Chlle Is the longest country in Latin Ametica.
(those (ones))
To express the idea of a quality possessed to an
extreme degree, you can add -fsimo to the adjective: The neuter forms of the demonstrative pronouns are:

Salamanca es 1ma ciudad hermosisima. est.o thls
Salamanca is a very beautiful city. eso that
aquel/o that
Chile es un pals Jargufsimo.
Chlle ls an extremely long country. The neuter form refers to an indeterminate idea and
not necessarily to a specific object:

i.Por que no te gusta eso?
Why don't you llke that?

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Indefinites Tu(s), vuestro/a/os/as or su(s) can all mean 'your',
depending on whether the relationship with the
Indefinites are words that refer to persons or things person(s) addressed ls familiar or formal:
that are not specific. The following words are
indefinites: T11s amigos han llegado, papa.
Your friends have arrived, dad.
alguno/a/os/as some, any
alguien someone, anyone V11estro desay11no esta listo, hijos.
a/go something, anything Your breakfast is ready, children.
cada each, every
otro/a/os/as (an)other Por favor, abra s11 ma/eta, seflora.
todo/a/os/as all, any, every Open your suitcase, please, madam.

A/gun dfa visitare Argentina. Possessive pronouns

Some day I'll visit Argentina.

Me 1/amaba cada 2 horas. Slngular Plural
He used to ring me every 2 hours.
mfola (mine) m/os/as (mine)
Alguien 1/amo a la puerta. tuyola (yours)
Some.body knocked at the door. suyola (his, hers, yours (formal)) tuyoslas (yours)
nuestrola (our) suyoslas (his, hers, yours (formal))
iHas perdido a/go? vuestrola (yours)
Have you lost something? suyola (theirs, yours (fonnal)J nuestros/as (ours)

vuestroslas (yours)
suyoslas (theirs, yours (formal))

No hay otra po.sibilidad. Possessive pronouns are used to replace nouns in
There isn't another posslblllty. order to avoid repetition. They agree In number and
gender with the object possessed:
Lo sabes todo.
You know It all. Ese boli, 1.es tuyo o mfo?
Is that biro yours or mine?
Possessive adjectives
Su coche nuevo no va tan rtipido como el nuestro.
Slngular Plural Their/your new car doesn't go as fast as ours.

mi (my) mis (my) Interrogative adjectives

tu (your) tus (your) The interrogative adjectives are:
sus (his, her, its, your (formaQ)
su (his, her, its, your (formal))
vuestros/as (your)
vuestrola (your)
su (their, your (formal)) sus (their, your (for mal))

• 1.que? what?

The possessive adjective agrees in number and gender ,;.De que parte de Espana eres?
with the noun that follows It: What part of Spain are you from?

RaaI mmca va 11/ colegio con su hermana. i_cuanto/a/os/as? how much/many?
Raul never goes to school with his sister.
,;.Cutintos kilos de patatas deseas?
Has dejado tus zapati/las en mi casa. How many kilos of potatoes do you want?
You've left your trainers at my house.
Interrogative pronouns
The possessive adjective su(s) can mean his/her/its/
their or your (fonnal): The interrogative pronouns are:

Deme su pasaporte, serwr. • i_que? what?
Give me your passport, sir. (fonnal 'your')
,;.Q11e te gustarfa hacer esta noche?
Sabe q11e S1t pasaporte esta caducado. What would you like to do tonight?
He/She knows that his/her passport Is out of date.

• iCUaf? iCUafes? Which? what? Notes:
• Exclamation words always have a written accent.
(often for choosing between alternatives) • Exclamations are preceded by an Inverted

i,Cual de los vestidos prefieres, el awl o e/ ro;o? exclamation mark.
Which dress do you prefer, the blue one or the red one?

• i (de) quien!quienes? who, (whose)?

i,De quien es esta bici? Relatives
Whose bike Is this?
Relatives are words like que and cuyo, which link
iC6mo? how? what? why? two parts, or 'clauses', of a sentence:

i,C6mo esttis? • que (who, which, that) can be used as subject
How are you? or object pronoun.

• i(a)d6nde? where? El chico que e.std hablando con tu amigo es mi hemiano.

i,Ad6nde vamos este firr de semarra? The boy who Is speaking to your friend Is my brother.
Where shall we go this weekend?
La chica que ves err la plaza es mi hermana.
• iJ)OT que? why? The girl (that) you can see In the square ls my sister.

i,Por que rro q11ieres sa/ir con nosotros? • el/la/los/las que (who, which, that) Is used
Why don't you want to come out with us? mostly after prepositions.

iCUando? when? La casa e11 la q11e vivfamos esta en /as afueras de la ciudad.
The house that we used to live In Is on the outskirts
zCuando rraci6 tu hermano? of the town.
When was your brother born?
• lo que (what) refers to an idea rather than a
• iCUanto? how much? specific noun.

zCuant.o vale? Haz lo q11e quieras.
How much Is It/ How much does It cost? Do what you like.

Notes: • quien(es) (who, whom) Is used only for people.
• Interrogative adjectives and pronouns always have
La chica con quien trabajo se march6 ayer.
a written accent. The girl (that) I work with left yesterday.
• Direct questions In Spanish are preceded by an
• cuyo/a/os!as (whose) Is an adjective that agrees
Inverted question mark. In number and gender with the noun it qualifies.

Exclamations La chica cuya madre esta en el hospital.. .
The girl whose mother Is In hospital...

Some of the pronouns and adjectives used for Adverbs
questions are also used for exclamations:
Adverbs tell you when something ls done (time),
jcudnto(a/os/as)! how (much, many)! how It Is done (manner) and where It Is done (place).

jC111irrto ea/or hace! what a...! how...! Many adverbs are formed from the feminine of an
How hot It Is! adjective, by adding the suffix -mente:

• jque!

jQue lastima! Masculine adjedlve Feminine adjedlve Adverb
What a shame!

• jc6mo! howl what! claro clara claramente
facit facit facifmente
jC6mo me duele Ja cabeza! feliz feliz felizmente
How my head aches!

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Other common adverbs and adverbial phrases are: Quantifiers

• time now A number of adverbs, known as quantifiers, refer to
frequentl y the degree or amount to which something is (done).
ahora before The most common quantifiers are:
a memufo sometimes
arrl:es later, afterwards • bastante enough; quite
a veces at once, immediately
despues then, at that time La peUaila fue bastante buena.
en seguida then, later, soon
entonces soon The film was quite good.
luego always
pronto late demasiado too
siempre early
tarde still ;Eres demasiado bueno!
temprano already, now
todavfa You are too good!
ya
mucho (very) much

Va a /lacer mucho mas ea/or.

It's going to get much hotter.

muy very

• manner El partido fue muy emocionante.

asf like this, thus The match was very exciting.
bien well
de la misma manera In the same way • (un) poco (a) little
de repente suddenly
despacio, /entamente slowly Ese politico es poco conocido.
ma/ badly That polltldan ls little known.

• place down, below Personal pronouns
forward(s)
aba;o there Subject pronouns
adelante here The subject pronouns are:
all{, a/Id above
aqu(, aca back(wards) Singular Plural
a"iba near(by)
atras underneath yo (I) nosotroslas (we)
cerca In front 10 (you) vosolfoslas (you)
deba;o inside el (he, tt) ellos (they)
de/ante behind
(a)dentro above, on top ella (she, it) ellas (they)
detras everywhere ustedes (you (formal))
encima outside usted (you (formal))
en todas partes
(a)fuera far Subject pronouns are used far less than in English.
lejos Usually the verb on its own is sufficient to express
the meaning: Habla espar1ol means 'He/She speaks
Note: when two -mente adverbs come together Spanish', without needing a subject pronoun to
and are joined by y, the first one loses the -mente express 'he/she' .
ending:
You might include the subject pronoun, however,
Trabajamos rapida y eficazmente. if you want to emphasise for some reason who it is
who speaks Spanish:
We worked quickly and effectively.
Ella hab/a espa,101, pero el no.
She speaks Spanish, but he doesn't.

Subject pronouns are also used standing on their own: They can be added to the end of an lnfinltlve:

iHab/as espatlol? Quiero verlos en seg11ida.
Do you speak Spanish? I want to see them at once.

Yo no. Y tu? However, It ls also possible to say:

No, I don't. Do you? Los quiero ver en seg11ida.

There are two forms of the subject pronoun for 'you': They are normally added to the end of a gerund:
• t11 and vosotros for the familiar mode of address
• usted and ustedes for the formal mode of address Esta escribiendola.

Note: usted and ustedes are always used with the third He's writing it (e.g. a letter).
person form of the verb.
(Note that escribiendo has to have an accent to
,conoce ust.ed a mi pro(esor de espmiol? preserve the stress.)
Do you know my Spanish teacher?
However, It ls also possible to say:
In the tu form this question would be:
La esta escribi endo.

fConoces a mi profesor de esparlol? Indirect objed pronouns

Direct objeet pronouns Singular Plural
The direct object pronouns are:
me (to me) nos (to us)
os (to you)
le (to you) les (to them, you (fonnaQ)
le (to him, her, it, you (formaQ)

Singular Plural The direct object pronouns receive the action of the
verb directly, whereas the indirect object pronouns
me (me) nos (us) receive it indirectly. In the sentence, 'We gave the ball
le (you) to him', 'the ball' is the direct object and 'to him'
lo/le (him, it, you (formal masc.)) os (you) ls the indirect object: Le dimos el bal6n.
Joslles (them (masc.),
Ja (her, i~ you (fonnal fem.) you (formal masc.)) Me vas a dedr la verdad.
/as (them (fem.), you {formal fem.))
You are going to tell (to) me the truth.
Note that the third-person direct object pronouns
lo/le, la ('him', 'her') and los/les/las ('them') are also No te puedo recomendar aq11el hotel.
used for 'you' (formal).
I can't recommend that hotel to you.
Lo/los and le/les are interchangeable:
Like direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns
Lo/le CO!IOZCO bie11. are always added to the end of the affirmative
imperative:
I know him/It/you well.
Traigame la cuenta.
La vi en Madrid.
Bring (to) me the bill.
I saw her/It/you In Madrid.
They can be added to the end of an infinitive:
Los/les/las vi en Landres.
Voy a decirle lo q11e pienso.
I saw them/you In London.
I'm going to tell (to) him what I think.
Direct object pronouns are usually placed before
the verb: However, It ls also possible to say:

Me vio ayer en la ea/le. Le voy a decir lo que pienso.

He saw me yesterday In the street. They are normally added to the end of a gerund:

They are always added to the end of the affirmative Esta escribiendoles.
imperative:
He's writing to them. (Note that escrlblendo has to
;Mfralo! have an accent to preserve the stress.)

Look at It!

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However, it Is also possible to say: The reflexive pronoun normally precedes the verb but,
Les estd escribierulo. like the object pronouns, It Is added to the end of
Imperatives, gerunds and infinitives:
Order af object pronouns
In sentences that contain both a direct and an Se fue a 1lenez11ela a)'er.
indirect object pronoun, the indirect one is always He went to Venezuela yesterday.
placed first:
jLevantate!
Te lo dare matlana. Get up!
I'll give It to you tomorrow.
Esta divirtiendose.
In the above sentence, te Is the indirect object and She's enjoying herself.
lo the direct object pronoun.
Fueron a Las \regas para casarse.
The indirect object pronoun le/les changes to se They went to Las Vegas to get married.

before a third person direct object pronoun: Verbs

Se lo di. Present tense
I gave It to him/her/you/them.
The present tense Is formed by adding the highlighted
A el, a elfa, a usted, a el/os, a ellas, a ustedes may be endings to the stem of the lnflnltlve:
added for clarity: • -ar verbs: hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, hablats,

Se lo di a el/a. flab/an
I gave It to her. -er verbs: como, comes, come, comemos, comets, comen
• -ir verbs: escribo, escribes, escribe, escribltnos, escribis,
Di•junctlve pronouns escriben

Disjunctive pronouns are pronouns that are used The present tense ls used for:

after prepositions:

Singular Plural • something that exists at the time of speaking

ml (me) nosotroslas (us) Hace {rfo e,i Soria.
It's cold In Soria.
ti (you) vosolros/as (you)
el (him, it) e/los (them) • describing a habit
ella (her, it) ellas (them)
usted (you (formal)) ustedes (you (formal)) Nos re1mimos en la discoteca todos Jos viernes.
We meet at the disco every Friday.
llamos a visitar el Prado con e/las.
We are going to visit the Prado with them. general statements

Mf, ti and sf combine with the preposition con to Los Pirineos estan en el norte de Espat1a.
make conmigo (with me), contigo (with you) and TI1e Pyrenees are In the north of Spain.
consigo (With hlm/her(self) etc.):
• future Intention
1.Por que no le deja ir conmigo?
Why don't you let him go with me? ,:Vas a ver e/ partido?
Are you going to see the match?

ReflAxive pronouns Note: some irregular verbs have a special form In the
first person singular:
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the
sentence. conocer to know conozco, conoces, conoce...
constr11ir
Singular Plural liar to build constmyo, construyes, construye...
decir
me (myself) === estar to give doy, das, da...
le (yourself) hacer
se (himself, herself, yourself nos (ourselves} to say digo, dices, dice...
(formal))
os (yourselves) to be estoy, est.is, estd.. .
se (themselves, yourselves
(formal)) to do/ make hago, haces, hace...

ir to go voy, vas, va.. . dar - di, diste, dio, dinws, disteis, dierorr
ofr to hear oigo, oyes, oye... decir - dije, dijiste, dijo, dijinws, dijisteis, dijeron
to put pongo, pones, pone... estar - estuve, est11viste, est11vo, est11vimos, est1wisteis,
poner to leave salgo, sales, sale...
salir to be soy, eres, es... estuvieron
ser to have tengo, tienes, tiene... !lacer - !lice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron
umer to bring traigo, traes, trae...
traer to come vengo, vienes, viene... ir - ftti, filiste, fi1e, ft1imos1 filisteis, ft1eron
venir poder - pude, pudiste, pudo, p11dimos, pudisteis, pudieron
poner - puse, p11siste, puso, pusirrws, pusisteis, pusieron
Note: some of these verbs have other Irregularities. q11erer - quise, quisiste, q11iso1 quisimos, q11i.sisteis1 quisieron
sober - S11pe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron
Some verbs change the vowel of the stem ln the first
three persons of the singular and the third person ser - ftti, filiste, fi1e, filimos, ft1isteis, ft1eron
plural (see also radical-changing verbs, pp. 165- 67): tener - tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron
traer - traje, tra;iste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron
pensar to think pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, venir - vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron
encontrar to fl nd pensais, piensan
pedir to ask for encuemro, encuentras, encuentra, ver - vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron
encontramos, er1contrais, l!llcuentran
pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pears, Notes on the form of the preterite
piden
• In -ar regular verbs, the first person plural has the
Present contin1.1ous tense same fonn in the preterite as In the present tense.
The present continuous tense ls formed by the present
tense of verb estar plus the gerund. The gerund is the • The verbs ir and ser have exactly the same form In
form of the verb that ends ln -ando (-ar verbs) or -iendo the preterite for all persons: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos,
(-er and -ir verbs):
fuistels, fueron.
This form of the present tense describes actions that
are happening now: • The irregular preterite forms should be learned
(see also the verb tables on pp. 171- 79).
Esta hablando con Alex en su m6vil.
She's talking to Alex on her mobile. The preterite tense ls used to express a completed
action in the past that happened at a specific time:
Estamos comiendo nuestro desayuno.
We're eating our breakfast. El Rey de Espana {tie a Argentina en mayo.
The King of Spain went to Argentina In May.
Preterite tense,
The preterite tense ls formed by adding the These actions are often a series of events within a
highlighted endings to the stem of the infinitive: specific period of time.
• -ar verbs: hable, hablaste, hab/6, hablamos,
Ayer fui con Rosa al bar Mmrolo. Ella tom6 WUl coca-cola y
hablastels, hablaron yo una cerveza. Hablamos de /as vacaciones. Ella dtjo que
odiaba Benidorm y no querfa ir a/If otra vez. jNo nos pusimos
• -er verbs: com(, comiste, com/6, comlmos, comlstels, de acuerdo! L11ego lleg6 Roberto. Le pregunte q11e pensaba.

comleron El respondi6 que 110 sabfa. jQ11e Iata!

• -ir verbs: escrib{, escribiste, escribl6, escriblrnos, Yesterday I went to Manolo's bar with Rosa. She had a coke
and I had a beer. We spoke about the holidays. She said
escriblstels, escribleron she hated Benidorm and didn't want to go there again.
We didn't agree! Then Roberto anived. I asked him what
There are many Irregular preterltes, the most common he thought. He sald he didn't know. What a paln!
being:
Note: students of Spanish who are also studying
andar - anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, French often use the Spanish perfect tense (he hablado)
anduvisteis, anduvieror1 when they should use the preterite (hab/e";J. This ls
because they don't realise that the French. perfect
cond11cir - amduje, condujiste, condujo, cond11jimos, tense (j'ai parle etc.) Is similar in Its use to the Spanish
condttjisteis, cond11jeron preterite tense (liable etc.). Thus, 'I spoke to her' ln
Spanish would normally be 'Hable con ella', and not

'He hablado con ella'.

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Imperfect tense A number of common verbs have an irregular future
The imperfect tense ls formed by adding the stem. The most important of these are:
highlighted endings to the stem of the infinitive:
• -ar verbs: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, fiablabamos, decir - dire etc
hacer - ltare etc.
hablabais, hablaban poder - podre etc
poner - pondre etc.
• -er verbs: comia, comias, comia, com(amos, com(als, querer - querre etc.
saber - sabre etc.
comian salir - saldre etc.
umer - tendre etc.
• -ir verbs: escribia, escrib(as, escribia, escribiamos, venir - ve111Jre etc.

escrib(als, escribian The future tense expresses what will happen:

Three verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense: lfo/vera11 de Segovia a /as dos.
They'll return from Segovia at 2 o'clock.
ir - iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban
ser - era, eras, era, eramos, erais, eran Hablare corr ella mafla11a.
ver- vefa, velas, vefa, vefamos, veiais, vefan I'll speak to her tomorrow.

The imperfect tense is used for: Immediate future
The immediate future is fonned using ir a and the
• actions that happened regularly in the past, infinitive of the verb. It ls often used to express
i.e. what we used to do future intention, especially in colloquial Spanish.
This form is often interchangeable with the future
Mi abue/a siernpre estaba se11tada al /ado de/ fuego. (see the section above).
My grandma always sat by the fire.
tVas a verle?
lbamos a la playa todos los dfas. Are you going to see her?
We went/used to go to the beach every day.
Voy a buscar pan.
• descriptions in the past I' m going to get some bread.

Jose Carlos era wi hombre alto. Conditional tense
Jose Carlos was a tall man. The conditional tense is formed by adding the
highlighted endings to the infinitive of the verb:
Imperfect continuous tense • -ar verbs: hablaria, hablarias, hablaria, hablariamos,
The imperfect continuous tense is formed by the
imperfect tense of the verb estar plus the gerund. hablarials, hablariarr
The gerund is the form of the verb that ends ln
-ando (-ar verbs) or -iendo (-er and -ir verbs). • -er verbs: comerfa, comerias, comerfa, comeriamos,

This form of the imperfect tense describes actions comer[ais, comerian
that were happening at that time, as ln the English
sentence: • -ir verbs: escribiria, escribirias, escribiria,

Estaba hablando con Alex en s11 m6vil. escribir[amos, escribirials, escribirian
He was talking to Alex on hls mobile.
A number of common verbs have an irregular form
Estabarrws andando en la playa. in the conditional. These are the same verbs as those
We were walking on the beach. that have an irregular future, i.e. decir (diria etc.),
hacer (haria etc.), poder (podrfa) etc. (See the section
Future tense above on the future tense.)
The future tense is formed by adding the highllghted
endings to the infinitive of the verb: The conditional tense expresses what would happen:
• -ar verbs: hab/are, hablaras, hablara, hablaremos,
tTe gustarla pasar et dfa en e/ campo?
hablarels, hablaran Would you like to spend the day In the country?

• -er verbs: comer€, cameras, camera, corneremos, tQue prefiririas hacer, ir al cine o a la discoteca?
What would you prefer to do, go to the cinema or the disco?
comerels, comeran

• -ir verbs: escribire, escribiras, escribira, escribiremos,

escribirels, escribiran

The conditional is also used to make pollte .requests: Piuperfect tense

Por favor, zpodrfa darme 11t1 folleto? The pluperfect tense Is formed from the imperfect
Could you please give me a leaflet?
tense of haber and the past participle of the verb
Perfect tense
(hablado, comido, escrito).
The perfect tense is a compound tense, formed
from the auxiliary verb haber plus the past participle l1abia hablado/comido/escrito
of the verb (hablado, comido, escrito etc.). habias hablado/comido/escrito
lrabia hablado/c.omido/escrito,
he hablado/c.omido/escrit.o habiamos hablado/c.omido/escrito
has hablad.o/comido/escrito l1abiais hablado/comido/escrito
ha hablado/c.omid.o/escrito, habian ha/1/ado/comido/escrito
hemas hablado/comido/escrito
ha/Jeis hablado/comido/escrito This tense expresses what had happened before
han hablad.o/comido/escrito another action in the past:

The perfect tense ls used to connect past time La fiesta ya habfa c.omenzado cuando lleg6 faime.
with present time. It describes actions that have The party had already started when Jaime arrived.

begun in the past and are continuing and/or have SUbJunctlve
an effect now: The subjunctive is one of three moods of the verb
(the others are the indicative and the imperative). The
He empezad.o a estudiar italia110. subjunctive is used in four tenses: the present, the
I've started to study Italian (and I am continuing imperfect, the perfect and the pluperfect. All four
to study Italian now). tenses of the subjunctive are widely used.

The perfect tense ls also used to express the It is important to be able to use the present
very recent past, especially events that happened
today: subjunctive and to be able to recognise the imperfect

Esta maffana me he levantado a fas 7.30. subjunctive.
I got up this morning at 7.30.
Present subjunctive
Note: there are a number of Irregular past
participles of common verbs, which should be The present subjunctive is formed by adding the
learned. These are the most common: highllghted endings to the stem of the infinitive:
• -ar verbs: hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablels,
abrir to open abierto opened
dedr to say dicho said hablen
escribir to write escrito written
hacer to do/ make hecho d o n e/ made • -er verbs: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comais,
morir to die muerto died
poner to put puesto put coman
romper to break roto broken
ver to see visto seen • -ir verbs: escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos,
volver to return vuelto returned
escribals, escribcm
When used as part of the perfect tense, the past
participle never agrees in number or gender with The endings of -ar verbs are the same as the present
the subject of the sentence: indicative endings of -er verbs, and those of -er and -ir
verbs are the same as the present indicative endings of
Hemos te11ido buena suerte. -ar verbs, with the exception of the first person singular.
We've been lucky (i.e. We've had good luck).
The present subjunctive of most irregular verbs is
Tu hermana /,a ganado el co11c1trso1 zno? formed by removing the final -o from the end of the
Your sister has won the competition, hasn't she? first person singular of the present indicative and
adding the endings listed above. Most irregular verbs
keep the final consonant of the first person singular
for all persons. For example:

hacer - haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagais, hagan.

See verb tables on pp. 171- 79 for more irregular
subjunctives.

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Imperfect subjunctive Espero que me escribas pronto.
I hope you wtll write to me soon.
The Imperfect subjunctive is formed by removing
the ending of the third person plural of the preterite Te digo que no salgas esta noche.
tense and adding the highlighted endings: I'm telling you not to go out tonight.

• -ar verbs: either hablara, hablaras, habla:ra, Pfdele q11e me compre /as entradas.
Ask him to buy me the tickets.
hablara:mos, hablarals, hablaran
• to express purpose, after para que
or hablase, hablases, hablase, hablasenws, Te dare la /lave para que puedas entrar en el piso.
I'll give you the key so that you can get into the flat.
hablasets, hablasen
• to express possibility, probability and necessity
• -er verbs: either comiera, comteras, comiera,
Es posible que la seleccwn esparwla gane la copa.
comteramos, comierats, comleran It's possible that the Spanish team will wm the cup.

or comtese, comleses, comlese, comiesemos, No es necesario que el/os vaya11 a la estaci6n con 11osotros.
It's not necessary for them to go to the station with us.
comleseis, comiesen
to express permission and prohibition
• -ir verbs: either escriblera, escribleras, escriblera,
iDejale que venga!
escribleramos, escriblerals, escribleran Let him come!

or escribiese, escribleses, escribtese, escribiesemos, • after verbs of saying and thinking used In the
negative
escribtesets, escriblesen
No creo que los estudiantes encuentren flicil el traba;o.
The -ara/ase and -iera/iese endings are interchangeable. I don't think the students will find the work easy.

Perfect subjunctive to express the formal Imperative and the negative
form of the familiar imperative (for the Imperative
The perfect subjunctive Is formed from the present see the next section)
subjunctive of haber plus the past participle,
lmperativea
e.g. haya hablado, hayas hablado, haya hablado etc. The Imperative mood Is for Instructions and commands.

Pluperfect subjunctive Affirmative commands

The pluperfect subjunctive ls formed from. the For regular verbs, the informal tu Imperative Is
Imperfect subjunctive of haber plus the past participle,
e.g. hubiera/iese hablado, fiubieras/ieses hablado, formed by removing the last letter, s, from the second
hubiera/iese hablado etc. person singular of the present indicative:

Uses of the subjunctive hablas - !labia
comes - come
The subjunctive is used in three main areas: escribes - escribe
subordinate clauses, main clauses and conditional
sentences. There are nine Irregular forms, which have to be
learned:
Important uses of the subjunctive are:
Verb Tu Imperative
• after conjunctions of time, such as cuan.do and
mientras, when expressing the future decir (to say) di
hacer {to do)
Cuando tenga yo 18 aflos voy a dar 1ma fiesta enorme. haz
When I'm 18 I'm going to have a huge party. ir {to go) ve
oye
Hugo tendra que buscar trabajo temporal mientras viaje olr (to hear)
por Lati11oamerica. pon
Hugo will have to look for temporary work whlle he poner (to put)
travels round Latin America sa/
salir (to go out)
• after verbs of wishing, command, request and se
emotion ser (to be)
tener {to have) ten
Laura quiere que le acompar}es al cine. venir (to come) ven
Laura wants you to go with her to the cinema.

Escrfbeme pronto. Passive
Write to me soon.
Apassive sentence has the same meaning as an
Pon el libro en la mesa.
Put the book on the table. active one, but the parts of the sentence are in a
different order. For example, 'My handbag was
The vosotros Imperative ls formed by replacing the stolen by a thief' is a passive sentence, which can
final -r of the Infinitive with -d. Note that the final also be expressed actively as 'A thief stole my
-d Is omitted from reflexive forms: handbag'.

Valved conmigo, amigos. In a passive sentence, there Is normally an
Come back with me, friends. agent, usually preceded by the preposition por.
However, the .agent may be omitted from the
jLevantaos! sentence, as in:
Get up!
La carta fite escrita ayer.
In the formal usted/ustedes form, both the singular The Jetter was written yesterday.
and the plural are the same as the third person (usted/
ustedes) of the present subjunctive. The passive is fonned from ser plus the past participle,
which agrees in number and gender with the subject
Par favor, firme aquf. of the sentence:
Sign here please.
El acuerdo fue firmado par el presidente.
Dfgame lo que ocurre. The agreement was signed by the president.
Tell me what Is happening.
La nave/a sera publicada maflana.
Perdonen, sefloras. The novel will be published tomorrow.
Excuse me, ladles.
Gerund
Negative commands
The gerund expresses the idea of the duration of the
Negative famlliar commands use the second person action of the verb.
(tu/vosotros) of the present subjunctive:
To form the gerund, add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs
jNo hables as(! and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. The gerund
Don't speak like that! is invariable In form.

jNo salgas! hablar - hablando
Don't go out! comer - comiendo
escribir - ecribiendo
No me Jo digais.
Don't tell me. The gerund ls used for actions that take place at the
same time as the main verb:
Negative usted/ustedes commands, like the
affirmative ones, use the third person of the Van corriendo par la ea/le.
present subjunctive: They go running along the street.

jNo me diga! It is used for the continuous form of the verb:
You don't say!
Estaban mimndo el delo para ver si iba a /lover.
No se moleste11. They were looking at the sky to see If It was
Don't get upset. going to rain.

Note: que + the subjunctive may be used for wishes Continuar, seguir and llevar are followed by the gerund
and commands. Que Is sometimes omitted: to emphasise the duration of the verb:

(Que) vayan todos. Par favor, sigue hab/ando.
Carry on talking, please.
Let them all go.
L/evamos 3 aflos viviendo en Barcelona.
i(Que) viva e/ Rey! We've been llvlng In Barcelona for 3 years.
Long live the Klngl

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Gramatlca

Note: don't confuse the English present participle Impersonal verbs
ending in -ing (e.g. 'eating') with the Spanish gerund.
The English -ing form after a preposition is translated Verbs such as gustar, encantar, costar, doler, (altar, hacer
by an infinitive:
fa/ta, interesar and rnolestar are used with a special
Despues de terminar mis deberes, me acoste. construction that is the reverse of the English one.
After finishing my homework, I went to bed. The sentence:

Ser and ester Me gusta la dieta mediterranea.
These two verbs both mean 'to be', but they are used I llke the Mediterranean diet.
in different circumstances.
can be broken down literally in English as follows:
Ser refers to characteristics that are 'inherent' to a
person, thing or idea, such as identity, permanent Indirect object Third person verb Subject
features, occupation, time: ==:==
gusta
Soy gal/ego.
I'm Galiclan. is pleasing

Madrid es la capital de Espatla. If the subject ls plural, the verb must also be plural,
Madrid ls the capital of Spain. as in:

Es policfa. Le gustan los t.omates.
He's a policeman. He likes tomatoes. (Literally 'To him are pleasing the
tomatoes.')
Son fas nueve y media.
It's half past nine. Frequently, the person concerned ls emphasised by
adding a plus a personal pronoun:
Estar refers to a temporary state or to where a person
or thing Is, whether temporarily or permanently: A m( me gustan Los tomates.
I like tomatoes.
Estamos contentos.
We're happy (but this ls a momentary feeling). The same construction can be seen in the following

Malaga esta en e/ stir de Espalla. examples:
Malaga ls In the south of Spain.
1.Te d11e/e la cabeza?
Ser and estar with adjectives Have you got a headache?
Some adjectives are always used with ser, others
always with estar: Les encanta la playa.
They love the beach.
Ser Estar
Me cost6 un dineral.
It cost me a bomb.

1.A ti te molesta que venga Julio?
Are you bothered that Julie's coming?

(in)justola (un)fair bienlmaflfataf good/bad/terrible

(in)necesariola (un) necessary de buenlmal humor in a good/mad mood Reflexive verbs

(in)conveniente {in)appropriate enfadadola angry In Spanish, reflexive verbs are always accompanied by
a reflexive pronoun, which changes according to the
importante important enfermola ill subject of the verb. For example:

inteligente intelligent ocupadola busy

Some adjectives can be used with either ser or estar, leva,itarse to get up
but their meaning Is different. Ser meanings always me levanto I get up
reflect permanent characteristics; estar meanings refer te levantas you get up
to temporary states. The most common of these se levanta he/she/ it/you (formal) gets up
adjectives are: nos levant~mos we get up
os levantais you get up
Adjective Used with ser Used with estar se /evantan
they/you (formal) get up
aburrido boring bored
listo clever ready Reflexive verbs often do not have a reflexive pronoun
malo bad, evil ill when translated into English, for example: acostarse
nervioso nervous (disposition) nervous {temporarily) to go to bed; afeitarse to shave; casarse to marry.
triste sad {disposition) sad {temporarily)

Infinitives Verb + para + infinitive

Many common verbs are followed by a preposition, prepararse para to prepare oneself to
usually either a, de, en, con, para or por, before an
fa/tar para to have time/distance to go
Infinitive. Some of the most common of these verbs
are given below. Se estli preparando para /',acer el examen.
He's prepating to take the exam.

Verb + a + infinitive Fa/ta poco para l/egar a Zaragoza.
It's not far to Zaragoza.
acercarse a to get near to
aprender a to learn to Verb + por + infinitive
ayudar a to help to
comenzara to begin to comenzar por to begin by (dolng)
decidirse a to decide to
empezar a to begln to empezar por to begln by (dolng)
ensetlar a to teach to
invitar a to invite to /11char por to fight/struggle to
ir a to go to
volver a to (do) agaln Comenzamos la tarde por comer tapas.
We started the evening by eating tapas.

Por favor, ay(tdame a preparar la cena. Three special constructions with the infinitive
Help me to prepare dinner, please.
• Al+ the infinitive is used with the meaning
Comenzaron a entrar a /as 9.00. 'when...', referring to an action that happens at the
They started to go In at 9.00. same time as that of the main verb:

Al llegar a la estaci611 vio que el tren habfa salido.
When he got to the station he saw that the traln had left.

Verb + de + infinitive • Volver followed by a + the infinitive means

acabarde to finish (doing); to have just 'to do something again':
acordarse de to remember
alegrarse de to be pleased about No he v11elto a verle.
olvidarse de to forget to I haven't seen him agaln.
temiinar de to stop (doing)
tratar de to try to • Acabar followed by de + the infinitive means
'to have just (done something)':

Me alegro de saber eso. Acaban de volver.
I'm pleased to know that. They have Just come back.

;Trata de hacerlo! Radical-changing verbs
Try to do It!
Radical-changing verbs are so called because they
Verb + en + infinitive
make changes to the 'root' or stem of the verb. Many
drtdar en to hesitate to
insistir en to Insist on (doing) Spanish verbs are of this type.
interesarse en to be Interested In (doing)
tardar en to take tlme in (doing) For example, In the verb pensar (to think) the stem is
pens- (the infinitive Without the -ar ending). In this
El tren tardaba m11cho en salir. verb, the -e of the stem changes to - ie; 'I think' Is
The train was very late departing. ptenso.

Verb + con + infinitive Radical changes affect -ar, -er and -ir verbs. It is not
easy to predict whether a given verb will have a stem
amenazar con to threaten to change or not, so the radical-changing verbs have to
be learned.
contentarse con to be happy to
Conjugation of radical-changing verbs
sotiar con to dream of (doing)
In the present indicative tense of -ar and -er verbs,
Suet'Ja con ser pilcto. He dreams about being a pilot. the main vowel of the stem splits into two when it is
stressed. The vowel changes from e to ie and o to ue

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In the first, second and third persons singular and the those that change the stem vowel in the present
third person plural:
tense from e to ie, such as sentir (to feel, be sorry)
cerrar encontrar perder wlver
(to dose) (to find) (to lose) (to return) • those that change the stem vowel in the present
tense from o to ue, such as dormir (to sleep)
cierro encuentro pietdo vuelvo
cierras encuentras pietdes vuelves In the present indicative, the changes take place in
cierra encuentra pietde vuelve the first, second and third persons singular and the
cerramos encontramos perdemos volvemos third person plural, when the stress falls on the stem:
cerrais encontrais perdeis volveis
cierran encuentran pietden vuelven e>ie o>ue

The stem also changes In the tu (familiar) form of the pedir siente dormir
pido duermo
Imperative: pides sentimo.s duermes
pide duerme
derra pedimos sentfs dormimos
encuentra pedls sienten dormfs
pierde piden duermen
vue/ve
In the stem of the preterite, in the third persons
Other common -ar and -er verbs that follow the same singular and plural, e changes to i and o changes to u:
pattern are:
pedl sent/ dorm/
e > ie: pediste sentiste dormiste
pidi6 sinti6
-ar verbs defender (to defend) pedimos sentimos durmi6
pedisteis sentisteis dormimos
calentar (to heat) encender (to switch on, to light) pidieron sintieron dormisteis
comenzar (to begin) entender (to understand)
despertar (to wake) querer (to wish, to want) durmieron
empezar (to begin)
•nevar (to snow) The stem also changes In the tu (familiar) form of
pensar (to think)
recomendar (to recommend) the imperative, following the pattern of the present
sentarse (to sit down) indicative:

*nevar ls used only in the third person singular pide
o > ue sie11te
duerme

-ar verbs In the gerund, the stem changes from e > i or o > u:

acordarse de (to remember) -er verbs pidiendo
acostarse (to go to bed) sintiendo
contar (to count, to tell) doter (to hurt) durmiendo
costar (to cost)
probar (to prove, taste, try (on)) ·ttover (to rain) Other common verbs which follow the e > i pattern are:
recordar (to remember)
sonar (to dream) mover (to move)
volar (to fly) poder (to be able)
so/er (to do habitually)
forcer (\o tum, twist)

*lfover Is used only In the third person singular conseguir to succeed
corregir to correct
Note: jugar (to play), with stem vowel u, follows the despedir to dismiss, say goodbye to
same pattern as verbs with stem vowel o: juego, juegas, elegir to choose
impedir to prevent
juega, ;ugamos, jugais, juegan. medir to measure
refr to laugh (no, rfes, rfe...)
-irverbs reflir to quarrel
There are three types of radical-changing -ir verbs: repetir to repeat
• those that change the stem vowel In the present seg,iir to follow
sonre(r to smile (sonrfo, sonrfes, sonne...)
tense from e to i, such as pedir (to ask for) vestir to dress

Other common verbs that follow the e > ie pattern are: Addition of an accent morder to keep the

convertir to convert correct stress
divertir to entertain
herir to wound Verbs ending in -uar and -iar do not have an accent
mentir to lie in their Infinitive fonn but they add an accent in the
preferir to prefer first, second and third persons singular and in the third
referir to refer person plural of the present indicative, the present

subjunctive and In the tu fonn of the lmperattve:

The only verbs to follow the o > ue pattern are: continua, (to continue)

domzir to sleep Present Indicative Present sub unctlve Impera ti ve
to die continua
morir continuo continue
continuas continues
Spelling changes in verbs continua continue

Some Spanish verbs make spelling changes in order continuamos continuemos
to comply with the rules of Spanish pronunciation. continua.is continueis
These changes are of two types and affect:
• the consonant Immediately before the verb ending, continuan continuen

which changes in order to keep the correct sound enviar (to send) Present subjunctive Impera ti ve
• the use of the accent, which ls needed In order to envia
Present Indicative envie
keep the required stress on a vowel envies
envio envie
Changes to the spelling of the final consonant: enviemos
envias envieis
For -ar verbs, these changes occur before the vowel -e: envia envien

enviamos
enviais

envian

buscar to look for

present subjunctive: busque, busques, busque etc. Negatives
preterite: busque, buscast.e etc.
It ls usual ln Spanish for the negative to be expressed
• g>gu llegar to arrive by two words (with the exception of no meaning
'not'). All the negatives below can, however, be
present subjunctive: llegue, llegues, llegue etc. expressed either:
preterite: llegue, llegaste etc. • as two words, with no before the verb and the

empezar to begin negative word after it, or

present subjunctive: empiece, empieces, empiece etc. • as one word placed before the verb, eliminating the
preterite: empece, empezaste etc. need for no

For -er and .;, ve.rbs, these changes occur before the For example, 'They say that It never snows In Malaga'
vowel -o In the first person singular of the present can be translated as:
indicative and before -a in the present subjunctive:
Dicer, que no nieva 11u,ica en Malaga.

veneer to conquer or
Dicer, que mmca nieva en Malaga.
present indicative: venzo, vences etc.
present subjunctive: venza, venzas, venza etc. Negative Example

cager to take, catch no No viene. (He isn't coming.)
nunca No /lueve nunca (It never rains.)
present indicative: cojo, cages etc. No voy a volver jamas. (I'm never going to come back.)
present subjunctive: co/a, co/as etc. jamas Tampoco lo sab/an ellos. (They didn't know either.)
Ayer no vinieron ni Carlos ni Pepe. (Neither Carlos
seguir to follow tampoco
ni...ni... nor Pepe came yesterday.)
present indicative: sigo, sigues etc.
present subjunctive: siga, sigas, siga etc. nada No sabe nada (He doesn't know anything.)
nadie No hay nadie aqul (There is nobody here.)
ninguno No hay ninguna persona en Ja ea/le. (There is no one

in the street.)

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Gramatlca Hablaremos por telefono.
We'll speak on the phone.
Prepositions
Salio por la p11erta principal.
a He went out by the main door.
a translates the English word 'at' when it refers to
Contest€ por el.
time or rate: I answered on his behalf.
a la 1111a
par is also used to introduce the agent In passive
at one o'clock sentences (see p. 163):

Estan via;ando a solo 20 ki/6metros por hora. Aque/ poema file escrito por Garcfa Lorca.
They are only travelling at 20 kph. That poem was written by Garcia Lorca.

de sabre
de means 'of', indicating possession, and 'from', sabre means 'on (top of)', 'above' or 'over':
indicating origin. It can also mean 'by', 'about'
and 'in': El m16n vof,6 sobre mi casa.
The plane flew over my house
Estan hablando de ti.
They are talklng about you. Tits postales estan sobre la mesa.
Viener, de Almagro. Your postcards are on the table.
They are comrng from Almagro.
sobre is also used to indicate an approximate time
en or number:
en means 'in' and 'at' of location:
Llegaran sobre fas nueve.
en casa They'll arrive around 9 o'clock.
at home
Conjunctions
Estaba esperando en la estaci6n.
He was waiting at the station. Conjunctions are words that link phrases and
sentences. Examples of conjunctions are:
enfrente de and frente s
These two prepositional phrases mean 'opposite': y and
or
La oficina de turismo esta enfrente delfrente a la catedral. 0 but
The tourist office Is opposite the cathedral. because
pero when
/U#r& porque
para means 'for' and '(in order) to' in the sense of a1ando
destination or purpose:
Quiero ir al cine pero mi madre no me deja salir.
Tomamos 1ma botella de agua frfa para el via;e. I want to go to the cinema but my mother won't let
We're taking a bottle of cold water for the journey. me go out.
l'oy a utilizar mi tar;eta de credito para pagar el hotel.
I'm going to use my credit card to pay for the hotel. Ha venido porque q11iere hablar con el profesor.
He's come because he wants to speak to the teacher.
por
por ls used for cause and origin. The English Note: y becomes e before 'i' and 'hi':
equivalents of por are 'by', 'through', 'on behalf of'
and 'because of': Pedro es serio e inteligente.
Pedro Is serious and lntelllgent.
Lo compre por Internet.
I bought It through the Internet. o becomes u before 'o' and 'ho':

siete II ocho
seven or eight

Numbers 400 cuatrocientos/as
500 quinientos/as
Cardinal nwnbers 600 seiscientos/as
700 setecientos/as
The numbers that are used for counting are called 800 ochocientos/as
cardinal numbers: 900 novecientos/as
1000 mi/
1 uno/tma 1001 mi/ uno/una
2 dos 4.005 cuatro mi/ cinco
3 tres 7.238 siete mi/ doscientos treinta y od10
4 cuatro 1.000.000 11n mil/6n
5 cinco 9.000.000 nueve millones
6 seis
7 siete Notes:
8 od10 • Numbers up to 30 are written as one word.
9 mteVe • uno becomes un before a masculine singular noun:
10 diez
11 once 11n billete
12 doce one ticket
13 trece
14 catorce warenta y ,m affos
15 quince forty-0ne years
16 dieciseis
17 diecisiete • Cardinal numbers containing un(o) and multiples
18 dieciocho of ciento have a masculine and a feminine form;
19 diecin11eve
20 vei11te other numbers do not:
21 vei11tiunojuna
22 vei11tid6s trescientas li/lras
23 vei!ltitres three hundred pounds
24 vei11tic11atro
25 vei11ticinco • Ciento Is shortened to cien before a noun or
26 vei11tiseis an adjective but not before another number,
27 vei11tisiete
28 vei11tiocho except mi/:
29 vei11tinueve
30 trei11ta cien kil6metros
31 treinta y 1mo a hundred kilometres
32 treinta y dos
40 cuarenta ciento veinte litros
50 cincuenta a hundred and twenty litres
60 sesenta
70 sete.nta • There Is no indefinite article before cien and mil,
80 ochenta unlike the English 'a hundred' and 'a thousand':
90 noventa
100 cien(to) mi/ euros
101 cie/1.l:o 11no/11na a thousand euros
102 cie/1.l:o dos
153 ciento cinc11enta y dos • Un mill6n (a million) Is preceded by the indefinite
200 doscientos/as article, as in English, and ls followed by de:
300 trescientos/as
11n mil/611 de ha/litantes
a million Inhabitants

• Numbers over a thousand are frequently written
with a dot after the figure for a thousand. This
sometimes happens with dates:

20.301 20,301
2.009 2009

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Gramatlca

Ordinal numbers Note that the 24-hour clock ls used for timetables:

Ordinal numbers indicate the order or sequence El tren sa/i6 a /as 20.45.
The train left at 8.45 p.m.
of things (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.):
The phrases 'de la maflana' (a.m.) and 'de la tarde/
1st 1°1za primero/a noche' (p.m.) are often placed after the number:
2nd 2°/2" segundo/a
3rd tercero/a /as seis de la mafla11a
4th 3 •;3" watto/a 6a.m.
5th quinto/a
6th 4°/4a sexto/a /as diez y cunrto de la noche
7th s •;sa septimo/a 10.15 p.m.
8th octavo/a
9th 6·/6" novena/a Dates
10th decimo/a For dates, cardinal numbers are used except for the
7•17a first of the month, where the ordinal number ls used:
B•/8"
el 4 de ;ulio
9019"
4th July
10°/IC!'
el primero de enero
Ordinal numbers agree with the noun in number 1st January
and gender:
Note that when writing the date it ls usual to insert
!as primeras /wras de la mar1ana de before the month and year:
the first hours of the morning
el 3 de marzo de 1995
Primero and t.ercero drop the final -o before a 3rd March 1995
masculine singular noun:
Years
el primer dfa de la primavera In Spanish, years are expressed by listing thousands,
the first day of spring hundreds, tens and units.

el tercer piso mi/ novecientos cincuenta y nueve
the third floor
nineteen hundred and fifty nine
Ordinal numbers are normally used up to 10,
after which cardinal numbers are used: dos mi/ diez
two thousand and ten
Carlos V (read 'quinto')
Charles V (the fifth)

but

el siglo XXI (read 'veintiuno') Time expressions
the twenty-first century
The idea of 'for' with a period of time can be expressed

by using destfe hace plus the time expression:

Time, dates and years lfivimos en Mejico desde hace 3 aflos.
We've Jived ln Mexico for 3 years.

Clock time or llevar followed by the gerund:
Cardinal numbers are used to tell the time. With la
una, the singular of ser ls used; the plural is used with L/evamos 3 atlas viviendo en Mejico.
all other times:
Note that thls construction involves a change of
;,Que hara es? tense from the English perfect to the Spanish present.
What time is it? Similarly, the pluperfect tense in English Is translated
by the imperfect tense in Spanish:
Es la rma y media.
It's half past one. Vivfamos en Mejico desde hacfa 3 arlos
or
Son /as ocho y media. L/evabamos 3 aflos viviendo en Mejico.
It's half-past eight. We had lived In Mexico for 3 years.

Verb tables

Regular verbs Present Indicative Gerund: hablando Past principle: hablado

hablar hablo Imperfect Indicative Preterite
hablas hable
Imperative familiar habla hablaba hablaste
habla hablamos hablabas hab/6
hablad hablflis hablaba hablamos
hablan hablabamos hablasteis
hablabais hablaron
Future Conditional hablaban
Imperfect sub unctlve
hablare hablarta Present sub unctlve
hablaras hablartas hablaralase
hablara hablarta hable hablaras!ases
hablaremos hablartamos hables hablaralase
hablareis hablartais hable hablaramos!asemos
hablaran hablartan hablemos hablaraislaseis
hableis hablaran!asen
comer Present Indicative hablen
Past principle: com1do
Imperative familiar como Gerund: com,endo
comes Preterite
come come Imperfect Indicative
corned comemos corn/
corn/a comiste
comeis com/as comi6
corn/a comimos
comen comfamos comisteis
comlais comieron
Future Conditional comfan
Imperfect sub uncttve
comere comer/a Present sub unctlve
comer/as coma comieralese
comeras comer/a comas comieras!eses
comera comertamos coma comieralese
comeremos comer/sis comamos comieramos!esemos
comereis comer/an comflis comieraisleseis
cometan coman comieranlesen

escribir Present Indicative Gerund: escrib,endo Past principle: escnto

Imperative familiar escribo Imperfect lndlcat'lve Preterite
escribes escribl
escribe escribe escribla escribiste
escribid escribimos escriblas escribio
escribls escribla escribimos
escriben escriblamos escribisteis
escriblais escribieron
Future Conditional escribfan
Imperfect subjunctive
escribire escribitla Present subjunctive
escribiras escribitlas escribietalese
escribira escribitla escriba escribietas!eses
esoribiremos escribir/amos escribas escribietalese
escribireis escribitlais escriba escribieramos!esemos
escribiran escribitlan escribietais!eseis
escribamos escribietan!esen

escribais
escriban

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Verb tables

Common irregular verbs

conocer Present lndlcatlw Gerund: canoc,endo Past principle: conoc,do

Imperative famlllar conozco Imperfect Indicative Preterite

conoce conoces canoe/a canoe/
canoe/as conociste
conoced conoce canoe/a conoci6
conocemos
conoceis conoc/amos conocimos
conocen conocisteis
conodais conocieron
Future Conditional conocfan
Imperfect subJunctlve
conocere conocerfa Present subJun ctlve
conoceras conocerfas conocieralese
conocera conocerfa conozca
conoceremos conocerfamos conocierasleses
conocereis conocerfais conozcas
conoceran conocerfan conocieralese
conozca
dar Present lndlcatlw conocieramos!esemos
conozcamos conocierais!esefs
Imperative famlll'.ar doy conocieranlesen
das conozcais
da da conozcan Past principle: dado
dad damos
dais Gerund: dando Preterite
dan
Imperfect Indicative di
Future Conditional diste
dabs dio
dare darfa dabss dimos
daras darfas dabs disteis
dara. darfa dabamos dieron
daremos darfamos dabais
dareis darfais dsban Imperfect subJunctlve
dara.n darfan
Present subJunctlve dieralese
decir Present lndlcatlw dierasleses
de dieralese
Imperative familiar digo des dieramoslesemos
dices de dieraisleseis
di dice dieranlesen
decid decimos demos
decfs Past principle: d1cho
dicen deis
den Preterite
Future Conditional
Gerund: d1c1endo dije
dire dirfa dijiste
diras dirfas Imperfect Indicative dijo
dira dirfa dijimos
diremos dirfamos dee/a dijisteis
direis dirfais dijeron
diran dirfan dee/as
Imperfect subfunctlve
dee/a
dijeralese
dec/amos dijerasleses
dijeralese
decfais dijeramoslesemos
dee/an dijeraisleseis
dijeranlesen
Present subJunctlve
diga
digas
diga

digamos
digais
digan

estar Present Indicative Gerund: estando Past principle: estado

Imperative familiar estoy Imperfect Indicative Preterite
estas
esta esta estaba estuve
estad estamos estabas estuviste
estais estaba estuvo
estan estabamos estuvimos
estabais estuvisteis
Future Conditional estaban estuvieron

estare estarta Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive
estaras eslartas
estara estarta este estuviera!ese
estaremos estartamos estes estuvieras!eses
estareis estartais este estuviera!ese
estaran estartan estemos estuvieramos!esemos
esteis estuvieraisleseis
haber (auxilary verb) Present Indicative esten estuvieranlesen

Imperative familiar he Gerund: hab1enclo Past principle: hab1do
has
Imperative not used ha Imperfect Indicative Preterite
hemos
habeis habla hube
han habtas hubiste
habla hubo
Future Conditional habtamos hubimos
habtais hubisteis
habre habrla habtan hubieron
habras habrlas
habra habrla Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive
habremos habrlamos
habreis habrlais haya hubieralese
habran habrlan hayas hubieras!eses
haya hubieralese
hacer Present Indicative hayamos hubieramoslesemos
hayais hubierais!eseis
Imperative familiar hago hayan hubieranlesen
haces
h82 hace Gerund: hac,endo Past principle: hecho
haced hacemos
haceis Imperfect Indicative Preterite
hacen
hac/a hice
Future Conditional hac/as hiciste
hac/a hizo
hare harla haclamos hicimos
haras harlas hactais hicisteis
hara harla haclan hicieron
haremos harlamos
hareis harlais Present subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive
haran harlan
haga hicieralese
hagas hicieras!eses
haga hicieralese
hagamos hicieramoslesemos
hagais hicierais!eseis
hagan hicieran!esen

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Verb tables Present lndlcatlw Gerund: yendo Past prlnclple: ,do
voy
ir vas Imperfect Indicative Preterite
Imperative tamlllar va fui
ve vamos iba fuiste
id vais ibas fue
van iba fuimos
Future Iba mos fuisteis
ire Condltlonal ibais fueron
iras irta iban
ira irtas Imperfect sub)'uncttve
iremos irta Present subJunctlve
ireis irtamos vaya fueralse
iran irtais vayas fuerasleses
irtan vaya fueralese
leer vayamos fu~ramoslesemos
Present lndlcatlw vayais fueraisleseis
Imperative tamlllar feo vayan fueranlesen
fee fees
feed fee Gerund: leyendo Past prlnclple: lefdo
feemos Imperfect Indicative
Future feeis Preterite
leere teen le/a le/
leeras le/as fefste
leera Condltlonal le/a fey6
leeremos feerta le/amos le/mos
leereis leer/as lelais fefsteis
leeran feerta le/an leyeron
feertamos
oir feertais Present subJunctlve Imperfect sub)'uncttve
feertan lea
Imperative tamlllar leas leyeralese
oye Present lndlcatlw lea leyerasleses
old oigo feamos leyeralese
oyes feais leyeramoslesemos
Future oye lean leyeraisleseis
oire o/mos leyeranlesen
oiras ots Gerund: oyendo
oira oyen Past prlnclple: ofdo
oiremos Imperfect Indicative
oireis Conditional Preterite
oiran oirfa ofa of
oirfas ofas o/ste
oirfa ofa oy6
oirfamos o/mos
oirfais o fa mos o/steis
oirfan oyeron
ofais
ofan Imperfect subJunctlve

Present subJun.ctlve oyeralese
oyerasleses
oiga oyeralese
oigas oyeramoslesemos
oiga oyeraisleseis
oigamos oyeranlesen
oigais
oigan

pedir Present Indicative Gerund: p,d,endo Past principle: ped,do
Imperative famlllar
pido lmperted Indicative Preterite
pide
pedid pides pedla pedl
pedlas pediste
Future pide pedla pidi6
pedimos pedlamos pedimos
pedire pedls pedfais pedisteis
pediras piden pedfan pidieron
pedira
pediremos Condltlonal Present subJundlve Imperfect subJunctlve
pedireis
pediran pedirla pida pidieralese
pedirlas pidas pidierasleses
poder pedirla pida pidieralese
Imperative famlllar pedirlamos pidamos pidilJramos/esemos
Imperative not used pedirlais pidais pidieraisleseis
pedirlan pidan pidieranlesen
Future
Present Indicative Gerund: pud,endo Past principle: podido
podre
podras puedo lmperted Indicative Preterite
podra puedes
podremos puede pod/a pude
podreis podemos pod/as pudiste
podran podeis pod/a pudo
pueden podlan1os pudimos
poner pod!ais pudisteis
Imperative tamlllar Condltlonal pod/an pudieron

pon podrla Present subJundlve Imperfect subJunctlve
poned podrlas
podrla pueda pudieralese
Future podrlamos puedas pudierasleses
podr!ais pueda pudieralese
pondre podrlan podamos pudieramoslesemos
pondras podais pudieraisleseis
pondra Present Indicative puedan pudieran/esen
pondremos
pondreis pongo Gerund: pomendo Past principle: puesto
pondran pones
pone lmperted Indicative Preterite
ponemos
poneis ponfa puse
ponen ponfas pusiste
ponfa puso
Condltlonal ponfamos pusimos
ponfais pusisteis
pondrla ponfan pusieron
pondrlas
pondrla Present subJunctlve Imperfect sub)unctlve
pondrlamos ponga
pondr!ais pusieralese
pondrfan pongas pusierasleses
pusieralese
ponga pusieramoslesemos
pusieraisleseis
pongamos pusieranlesen
pongais
pongan

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Verb tables Present lndlcatlw Gerund: quenendo Past prlnclple: quer1do

querer quiero Imperfect Indicative Preterite
Imperative tamlllar quieres
quiere querla quise
quiere queremos querlas quisiste
quered quereis querla quiso
quieren querlamos quisimos
Fuwre querlais quisisteis
Condltlonal querlan quisieron
querre
querras querr/a Present subjunctive Imperfect sub)'unctlve
querra querr/as
querremos querr/a quiera quisieralese
querreis querr/amos quieras quisierasleses
querran querrlais quiera quisieralese
querrlan queramos quisi~ramos/~semos
saber querais quisieraisleseis
Imperative tamlllar Present lndlcatlw quieran quisieranlesen

sabe se Gerund: sab,endo Past prlnclple: sab,do
sabed sabes
sabe Imperfect Indicative Preterite
Fuwre sabemos
sabeis sabra supe
sabre saben sabras supiste
sabras sabra supo
sabra Condltlonal sabramos supimos
sabremos supisteis
sabreis sabrla sabrais supieron
sabran sabrlas
sabrla sabran Imperfect sub)'unctlve
salir sabrlamos
Imperative tamlllar sabrtais Present subjunctive supieralese
sabrlan supierasleses
sal sepa supieralese
salid Present lndlcatlw sepas supieramoslesemos
sepa supieraisleseis
Fuwre salgo sepamos supieranlesen
sales sepsis
saidre sale sepan Past prlnclple: sal,do
saldras salimos
saldra salts Gerund: sahendo Preterite
saldremos salen
saldreis Imperfect Indicative sail
saidran Condltlonal saliste
salla
saldrla sa/i6
saldrlas sa//as
saldrla salimos
saldrlan1os salla salisteis
saldrlais sallamos salieron
saldrlan
sa/lais Imperfect subjunctive

sallan salieralese

Present subjun.ctlve sa/ieras/eses

salga salieralese
salgas
salga sa/ieramos/esemos
salgamos
salgais saiieraisleseis
salgan saiieranlesen

seguir Present Indicative Gerund: s,gwendo Past pri nciple: segwdo
Imperative familiar sigo
sigue sigues Imperfect Indicative Preterite
seguid sigue segul
seguimos segula seguiste
Future seguls segu/as sigui6
seguire siguen segula seguimos
seguiras seguisteis
seguira Condltlonal segu/amos siguieron
seguiremos seguirla
seguireis seguirlas segutais Imperfect subjunctive
seguiran seguirla segulan siguiera!ese
seguirlamos siguierasleses
sentir seguirlais Present subjunctive siguiera!ese
Imperative familiar seguirlan siga siguieramoslesemos
siente sigas siguieraisleseis
sentid Present Indicative siga siguieranlesen
siento sigamos
Future sientes sigais Past pri nciple: sent,do
sentire siente sigan Preterite
sentiras sentimos sent!
sentira sentls Gerund: sm&endo sentiste
sentiremos sienten Imperfect Indicative sinti6
sentireis sentimos
sentiran Condltlonal sent/a sentisteis
sentirfa sentfas sintieron
ser sentirtas sent/a
Imperative tamlllar sentirfa sentlamos Imperfect subjunctive
se sentirfamos sentlais sintiera!ese
sed sentirtais sent/an sintierasleses
sentirfan sintiera!ese
Future Present subjunctive sintieramos/esemos
sere Present Indicative sintieraisleseis
seras soy sienta sintieranlesen
sera eres
seremos es sientas Past pri nciple: s,do
sereis somos
seran sois sienta Preterite
son fui
sintamos fuiste
Condltlonal fue
serfa sintais fuimos
ser/as sientan fuisteis
serfa fueron
serfamos Gerund: s,endo
ser/ais Imperfect subjunctive
serfan Imperfect Indicative fuera!ese
fuerasleses
era fuera!ese
eras fueramoslesemos
era fueraisleseis
eramos fueranlesen
erais
eran

Present subjunctive
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seais
sean

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Verb tables Present lndlcatlw Gerund: temendo Past prlnclple: temdo
tengo
tener tienes Imperfect Indicative Preterite
tiene tuve
Imperative tamlllar tenemos ten/a tuviste
ten teMis ten/as tuvo
tened tienen ten/a tuvimos
tenfamos tuvisteis
Future Condltlonal tenfais tuvieron
tendre tendrfa ten/an
tendras tendrfas Imperfect sub)'uncttve
tendra tendrfa Present subJunctlve tuvieralese
tendremos tendrlamos tenga tuvierasleses
tendreis tendrfais tengas tuvieralese
tendran tendrfan tenga tuvi~ramos/~semos
tengamos tuvieraisleseis
traer Present lndlcatlw tengais tuvieran!esen
traigo tengan
Imperative tamlllar traes Past prlnclple: trafdo
trae trae Gerund: trayendo
traed traemos Imperfect Indicative Preterite
traeis traje
Future traen trara trajiste
traere tra/as trajo
traeras Condltlonal trara trajimos
traera traerfa tra/amos trajisteis
traeremos traerfas trarais trajeron
traereis traerfa Ira/an
traeran traerfamos Imperfect sub)'uncttve
traerfais Present subJunctlve
venir traerfan traiga trajeralese
traigas trajeras!eses
Imperative tamlllar Present Indicative traiga trajeralese
\'en vengo traigamos trajeramos!esemos
1>enid vienes traigais trajeraisleseis
viene traigan trajeranlesen
Future venimos
1>endre venfs Gerund: vm,endo Past prlnclple: vemdo
1>endras vienen
1>endra Imperfect Indicative Preterite
1>endremos Conditional vine
1>endreis vendrta venla viniste
1>endran vendrtas ven/as vino
vendrta venla vinimos
vendrtamos venlamos vinisteis
vendrtais venlais vinieron
vendrtan venlan
Imperfect subJunctlve
Present subJun.ctlve vinieralese
vinieras!eses
venga vinieralese
vengas vinieramos!esemos
venga vinieraisleseis
vengamos vinieranlesen
vengais
vengan

ver Present Indicative Gerund: viendo Past principle: visto

Imperative famlllar veo Imported Indicative Preterite
ves
ve ve vela vi
ved vemos velas viste
veis vela vio
Future ven velamos
velais vimos
vere Condltlonal velan
veras visteis
vera verta Present subJundlve vieron
veremos verlas
vereis verta vea Imperfect subJunctlve
veran vertamos veas
vertais vea vieralese
volver vertan veamos vierasleses
veais vieralese
Imperative famlllar Present Indicative vean vieramosl~semos
vieraisleseis
vuelve vuelvo Gerund: volv,endo vieran/esen
volved vuelves
vuelve lmperfed Indicative Past principle: vuelto
Future volvemos
volveis volvfa Preterite
volvere vuelven volvfas
volveras volvfa volvf
volvera Condltlonal volvfamos volviste
volveremos volvfais volvi6
volvereis volverta volvfan volvimos
volver/Jn volvertas volvisteis
volverta Present subJundlve volvieron
volvertamos
volvertais vuelva Imperfect subJunctlve
volvertan vuelvas
vuelva volviera!ese
volvamos volvieras!eses
volvais volviera!ese
vuelvan volvieramos!esemos
volvierais!eseis
volvieranlesen

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Vocabulario

The following abbreviations are used in this section:

{col/.) colloquial {LA) Latin America

(f) feminine (Sp) Spain

(pn plural

A el/ la abuelo/a grandfather/ ademas de as well as
a (su) alcance within (their) grandmother adentro inside, within
reach admitir to admit
a causa de because of aburrido/ a boring, bored el/ la adolescente teenager
a comienzos de at the aburri rse to get bored l ad6nde? where to?
beginning of abusar to bully; to abuse adoptar to adopt
a diario daily aca here el adulto adult
a eso de around acabar to finish aer6bico/a aerobic
a finales de at the end of el aeropuerto airport
a la derecha to the right acabar de to have just afeitarse to shave
a la izquierda to the left el acantilado cliff afortunado/a fortunate
a la semana per week, el accidente accident afuera outside
weekly la acci6n action la agencia de viajes travel
al aire libre in the open air el aceite de oliva olive oil
al contrario on the contrary el aceite oil agency
al dia siguiente the next day la aceituna olive agosto August
al final de at the end of agradable pleasant
al lado de next to aceptar to accept agradecer to thank
al lado del mar by the acerca de about agresivo/ a aggressive
seaside acercarse a to near, to el/ la agricultor/ a farmer
al mismo tiempo at the el agua (f) bendita holy water
same time approach el agua (f) con gas fizzy/
a lo alto de at the top of acompanar to go with, to
a lo largo de along, sparkling water
throughout accompany el agua (f) esterilizada
a lo mejor maybe aconsejar to advise
a menudo often el acontecimiento event sterilised water
a partir de from, starting on acordarse de to remember el agua (f) mineral mineral
a pesar de in spite of el acoso escolar school
l a que hora? at what time? water
a toda hora at all times bullyin g el aguacate avocado
a traves de across acostarse to go to bed
a veces sometimes la actitud attitude aguantar to put up with, to
abajo below, down(stairs) la actividad activity bear
el abanico fan las actividades deportivas
abierto/a open ahi there
el/ la abogado/ a lawyer sporting activities ahora now
las actividades ahorrar to save
el abrazo hug el aire air
el abrigo coat extraescol ares el aire acondicionado air
extra-curricular activities
abril April activo / a active conditioning
abrir to open el actor actor aislado/ a isolated
el actor secundario supporting aislante insulating
actor el ajedrez chess
la actriz actress el ajo garlic
actuar to act alargado/a extended, long
adecuado/a suitable, el albafiil builder
el albergue juvenil youth hostel
appropriate
ademas moreover

alcanzar to reach America Latina Latin aprovechar to use, to make
la aldea village America use of

alegre happy, ch eerful el / la amigo/a friend aproximadamente about,
la alegria happiness, merriment la amistad fri endship approximately

Alemania Germany el/la amo/a de casa housewife/ apuntar to note
el aleman German (language/ househusband el apunte note

subject) amplio/a roomy, spacious aqui here
aleman/alemana German ancho/a wide arabe Arabic
la alergia allergy anciano/a old la araiia spider
alergico/a allergic los ancianos old people el arbol tree
algo something, anything andando on foot, walking archivar to file
algo asi something like this/ andar to walk archivo file
el anden platform el area (f) area
that el/ la anfitri6n/ la arena sand
lalgo mas? anything else? Argentina Argentina
el algod6n cotton anfitriona host(ess) el argumento argument
alguien someone el anillo rin g el armario wardrobe; cupboard
algun, alguno/a some, any el arpa (f) harp
algunas veces sometimes animado/a lively el/ la arque61ogo/a archaeologist
alimentar to feed el animal salvaje wild animal el/ la arquitecto/a architect
el alimento food arquitectonico/a
alH there animar to encourage
el almacen shop, store anoche last night architectural
la almendra almond anteayer the day before arreglar to arrange, to put

el alojamiento accommodation, yesterday righ~ to tidy
lodging la antena aerial arriba above, up(stairs)
la arroba @
el alpinismo mountain/ rock antes (de) before el arroz rice
climbing anticuado/a old-fashioned el arte dramatico drama
las antiguedades antiques las artes marciales martial arts
alojarse to lodge, to stay antiguo/a former; ancient la artesania crafts
alquilar to hire, to rent antipatico/a unpleasant; el articulo article
alrededor de around el/ la arti sta artist
los alrededores outskirts unkind la asamblea assembly
alterar to alter el anuncio advertisement asar to roast
alto/a tall el ascensor lift
la altura height aiiadir to add asegurar to assure
alucinante fantastic, amazing el aiio year el aseo toilet
el/ la alumno/a pupil asequible achievable
el ama (f) de casa housewife apagar to switch/ turn off asi thus
amable kind, friendly el aparador sideboard asi que and so
amar to love el aparato machine el asiento seat
amarillo/a yellow el aparcamiento parking el/ la asesor/a consultant
la ambici6n ambition la asignatura (school) subject
ambicioso/a ambitious aparcar to park asistir a to attend
el ambiente atmosphere, aparecer to appear la aspiradora vacuum cleaner
la apariencia appearance
environment el apartamento flat, apartment el asunto topic
ambos/as both aparte de apart from asustar to frighten
la amenaza threat el apellido surname
amenazar to threaten apenas scarcely
apetecer to appeal, to fancy
aprender (a) to learn (to)

el aprendizaje apprenticeship
aprobar to pass (examinations)
apropiado/a appropriate

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

el ataque attack bajo beneath, under los bienes goods, possessions
bajo/a low, short
atar to ti1e el badminton badminton el bienestar welI-being
el baile dance
aterrizar to land el balc6n balcony bienvenido/ a welcome
el atico attic el baloncesto basketball el bigote moustache
el atletismo athl etics el balonmano handball el billar billiards
el banco bank el billete ticket (travel)
atracar lo mug la banda sonora soundtrack el billete de ida y
la atracci6n attraction la bandera flag
el atraco mugging baiiarse to have a bath; to vuelta ret urn ticket
el billete sencillo single ticket
atrevido/ a daring bathe la biologia biology
atropellar to knock down el/ la bisabuelo/ a
el atun tuna baiiarse en el mar to swim
el aula (/) classroom great-grandfatherI
in the sea
aumentar to increase la baiiera bath great-grandmother
el baiio bath(room) el bistec steak
el aumento increase
aun even barato/a cheap blanco/a white
aun still, yet la barba beard el bloc pad
aunque although la barbacoa barbecue el bloque block
Austria A ustria el barco boat la blusa blouse
la barra loaf
el autobus bus bobo/a silly
el autocar coach barrer el suelo to sweep the la boca mouth
la autopista motorway floor el bocadillo sandwich
las autoridad!es authorities la boda wedding
el/ la auxiliar de vuelo flight el barrio neighbourhood, area la bodega wine cellar; winery
la bola de nieve snowball
attendant Iba sta I (that's) enoughI la bolera bowling alley
el avance advance bastante quite, enough, a little el boligrafo, boli (co//.) biro
el ave (f) b ird el bollo bread ro ll
la aventura adventure bit la bolsa bag
la averia br eakdown bastar to be enough la bolsa de plastico plastic
la basura ru bbish
averiguar to find out el basurero bin bag
el avi6n plane la batalla battle el bolsillo pocket
el aviso warning la bateria drumkit el bolso handbag
la avi spa wasp el/ la bebe baby el/ la bombero/a firefighter
beber to drink
ayer yesterday la bebida drink bonito/a pretty
la ayuda help el beisbol baseball
el belen crib el bono de loteria lottery ti cket
ayudar t o help Belgica Belgium
la belleza beauty borrar to delet e
el ayuntamiento town hall bello/ a beautiful el bosque wood
el/ la azafato/a flight attendant el beneficio benefit la bota boot
besar to kiss el bote can, tin
el azafran saffron el beso ki ss la botella bottle
el azucar s ugar la biblioteca library el botiquin first-aid kit
la bicicleta, bici (co//.) bicycle, el bot6n button
azul blue el boxeo boxing
bike el brazo arm
B bien educado/ a
el bacalao cod Brasil Brazil
bailar to dance well-mannered, polite
el baile dance breve brief, short
bajar to go down
brevemente briefly
brindar to drink a toast

el bricolaje DIY callado/a quiet el carbon carbon; coal
la carcel prison
britanico/a1 British callarse to be quiet la caridad chari ty
el cariiio affection
bronceado / a tanned la calle street
broncearse to get brown c allejero/a (of the) street cariiioso/a affectionate,
el buceo (scuba)diving loving
buenisimo/a very good el calor heat
bueno/a g ood caluroso/a hot, warm la carne meat
el buen tiempo good weather calvo/a bald la carniceria butcher's
lbuen viajel have a good
la cama bed caro/a expensive
journey! la camara camera la carpeta fold er
la bufanda scarf la camaraderia camaraderie el/ la carpintero/ a carpenter,
el/ la c amarero/a waiter/waitress
buscar to look for joiner
cambiar to change
buscar un trabajo to look la carrera career; race
cambiarse to get changed
for a job la carretera (main) road,
la busqueda search el cambio bureau de change
la butaca seat, armchair el camino road highway
el buzon post-box el camion lorry la carta letter
la camisa shirt el / la cartero/a postman/
C la c amiseta T-shirt
el caballo horse la campana bell postwoman
la cabeza head el/ la campeon/ el carton carton; cardboard
la cabina booth la casa house
la cacerola saucepan campeona champion la casa de mis sueiios dream
cada each el camping campsite
cada dia each/every day el campo the country(s ide) house
cada vez mas more and more casado/ a married
la cadena chain, channel el campo de deportes sports
caer to fall casarse to get married
la caida fall field
el cafe coffee Canada Canada el casco helmet
la cafeteria caf e, coffee shop el canario canary casi almost
la caja box; t ill la cancion song
el/ la cajero/a cashier el/ la canguro babysitter el caso case
cansado/a tired castaiio/ a brown, chestnut
el cajero automatico cash cansar to tire (colour)
point el/ la c antante singer castigar to punish
cantar to sing
la cala cove la cantidad amount, quantity el castigo detentio n;
los calamares squid
los calcetines socks cantidad de a lot of punishment
la calculadora calculator el castillo castle
el caldo soup, broth la cantina canteen la catarata waterfall
la calefaccion heatin g la capacidad capacity
el calentamiento global global la capa de ozono ozone layer catastr6fico/a catastrophic
la c apa polar polar ice-cap
warming el catarro cold
la calidad quality capaz capable la catedral cathedral
la capital capital (city)
calido/a hot (climate) la cara face catolico/a catholic
caliente hot el caracol snail la caza hunting
el caracter character la cebolla onion
la celebracion celebrati on
caracterizarse por to be
celebrar to cele brate
characterised by los celos j ealousy
el caramelo sweet
la caravana caravan celoso/a jealous
la cena evening meal, dinner

cenar to have dinner

el centimetro centimetre
centrico/a central

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

el centro centre la civilizacion civilisati on la comida basura junk food

el centro comercial shopping claro/a clear, light la comida rapida fast food

centre la clase class; lesson la comisaria police station
cepillarse los dientes to el clavo clove; nail como like, as, since
el/ la cliente customer como es debidlo properly, as
brush o ne's teeth el clima climate it should be done
la ceramica ceramics el club de jovenes yo uth d ub
la cobaya guinea pig la comoda chest of drawers
cerca de near (to) comodo/a co nvenient,
cercano/a near cocer to cook comfortable
el cerdo pi g; pork el coche car
los cereales ce reals el coche de carreras racing el/ la companero/a companion
la cerilla match la compania company
cerrar to shut car el compartimiento

to close (down) la cocina kitchen; cooking; compartment
la cerveza beer compartir to share
el chalet house, cottage, cooker el compas compass
cocinar to cook los complementos accessories
b un galo w el/ la cocinero/a cook, chef completar to complete
el champan champagne el codo elbow el comportamiento behaviour
el champinon mushroom coger to take; to catch comportarse to behave
el champu shampoo coger recados to take comprar to buy
el chantaje blackmail compren sivo/ a
la chaqueta jacket messages
cogerse un ano sabatico to understanding
chatear to chat el comprimido pill, tablet
el/ la chico/a boy/girl take a year out
coger un tren to catch a comun commo n
el chicle chewing-gum la computadora (LA)
Chile Chile train
coleccionar to collect computer
la chinchilla chinchilla el/ la colega colleague las comunicaciones
Chipre Cypru s el colegio, cole (col/.) school
communicati ons
el chofer d river (often independent) comunicar to communicate
el chubasco shower (of rain) el colegio de primaria primary la comunidad community
la chuleta chop con with
el ciclismo cycling schoo l con respecto a with respect
el colegio de
ciego/a blind to, concerning
el cielo sky, heaven secundaria secondary con vistas al mar with views
school
cien(to) a hundred el collar necklace of the sea
la concentraci6n concentration
la ciencia ficcion science colocar to place
concentrarse to
ficti on Colombia Colombia concentrate
las ciencias science los combustibles fosiles fossil
el/ la cientifico/a scientist el concierto concert
fu els el concurso competition; game
cierto/ a certain, true la comedia comedy
la cifra fig ure el comedor dining room; show
el cine cine ma conducir to drive, to lead
el/ la cineasta film director canteen la conducta behaviour
la cinta ri bbon, tape comenzar (a) to begin (to) el/ la conductor/a driver
la cintura waist comer to eat el conejo rabbit
el cinturon belt el Comercio Justo Fair Trade
cometer un crimen to la confianza confidence, tru st
el/ la cirujano/a surgeon
commit a cri me el conflicto conflict
la cita date, appointment la comida food; lunch-time el congelador freezer
la ciudad town; city
meal

los congelados frozen products el coro choir el cuarto quarter; room
conocer to know (a person/ la correa lead (dog's) el cuarto de baiio bathroom
place etc.)
conocido/a (well) known correcto/a correct cubierto/a covered
el corrector liquido correcting la cuchara spoon
los conocimientos knowledge el cuchillo knife
conquistar to overcome, to fluid el cuello neck
conquer corregir to correct la cuenta bill
el correo mail la cuerda rope, cord
la consecuencia consequence, el correo electr6nico e-mail el cuero leather
result Correos post office el cuerpo the body
correr to run
conseguir to obtain la corrida de toros bullfight cuesta mucho it costs a lot
el consejo (piece of) advice cortar to cut lcuidado! careful!
cortes courteous, polite cuidadoso/a careful
consistir en to consist of la cortesia politeness cuidar to look after
constipado/a having a cold corto/a short la culpa fault
construir to build el cortometraje short film cultivar to grow
consumir energia to la cosa thing la cultura culture
la costa coast el cumplearios birthday
consume energy costero/a coastal cumplir to fulfil
el/ la contable accountant la costumbre custom el/ la curiado/a broth er- in-l aw/
cotidiano/a daily
el contacto contact crear to create sister-in-law
la contaminaci6n pollution creativo/a creative el curso course; school year

contaminado/a polluted crecer to grow D
contaminar to contaminate, creciente growing da vergi.ienza it's a disgrace
el crecimiento growth dado que since, given th at
pollute los creditos credits dariar to harm, to damage
contar to tell; to narrate; to la creencia belief el dario harm, damage
crear to create la danza dance
count creer to believe, to think dar to give
contar con to rely on creido/a conceited dar a to overlook
contener to contain la crema cream dar de comer fo feed
el contenedor de la crema antiseptica antiseptic dar la lata to tell (someone)
off
abono compost bin cream dar las gracias to thank
los contenidos contents la c rema de sol sun cream dar miedo to frighten
el criquet cri cket dar un paseo to go for a
contento/a happy, content el crimen crim e walk
el contestador el cristal glass los dardos darts
darse cuenta de to realise
automatico answer cristiano/a Christian darse prisa to hurry
machine la critica de cine film review de acuerdo OK, agreed
contestar to answer el cruce crossroads de buen/mal hu1mor in a
(en) contra (de) against good/ bad mood
la contraseria password cruzar to cross de moda fashionable
el contrato contract el cuaderno exercise book de momento at present
contribuir to contribute de nada don't mention it
convencer to convince cuadrado/a square
convenir to suit lcual? which?, what?
la conversacion conversation la cualidad quality
convertirse en to turn into las cualificaciones qualifications
la copa glass, drink cualquiera anyone
la copia copy
el coraz6n heart
la corbata ti e
el cordero lamb
la corneta cornet

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

de nuevo again derribar to knock down, el dia day
de paso by the way to demolish el Dia de la Madre Mother's
de pie standing up
de primera/segunda desafortunadamente Day
unfortunately el dia escolar school day
clase first/second class el dia festivo ho liday
de prisa quickly, in a hurry desagradable unpleasant el diario newspaper
lde que color? whaVwhich desarrollarse to develop
el desastre disaster diario/a daily
colour? desayunar to have breakfast dibujar to draw
l de quien? whose? el desayuno breakfast el dibujo art
de repente suddenly descansar to res~ relax el dibujo animado cartoon
de talla media medium size el descanso break el diccionario dictionary
de todos modos in any la descongelacion melting diciembre December
el/ la desconocido/a stranger el diente tooth
case, anyway describir to describe la dieta equilibrada balanced
de veras really descubrir to discover, to
de vez em cuando from time diet
reveal la diferencia difference
to time descuidarse to neglect, to be
debajo de below, beneath diferente different
deber to have to, to owe careless dificil difficult
los deberes homework desde from la dificultad difficulty
decidir 1io decide desde...hasta.. . from...to... digame hello (on telephone)
decir to say desde luego of course Oinamarca Denmark
la decision decision desear to want, to wish el dinero money
el dedo fi riger; toe los desechos la direccion direction;
dejar to let to leave
dejar el c olegio to leave domesticos household address
waste el/ la director/ a headteacher
school el desempleo unemployment el/ la director/a de cine film
delante de in front of desenchufar to unplug, turn
delgado/a thin, slim off director
delicioso/a delicious el desorden disorder el disco CD, disk
la delincuencia juvenil youth desordenado/a untidy, el disco duro ha rd disk
messy la discoteca club; disco
crime el despacho office, study la discriminacion
los demas others, other people despacio slowly
despectivo/a derogatory discrimination
demasiado/a too much, too despegar to take off discutir to arg ue
many (aeroplane) el/ la disefiador/a designer
el despertador alarm clock el disefio design
demostrar to show, to despertarse to wake up los disfraces dressing-up
demonstrate despistado/a forgetful
despues (de) after clothes
el/ la dentista dentist el destino destination el disfraz disguise, costume
dentro (de) inside destruir to destroy
el detalle detail disfrazar to disguise
el departamento department detener to arrest disfrutar to enjoy
depender de to depend on detenerse to stop disminuir to diminish, to
detestar to detest
el/ la dependiente/a shop detras (de) behind lessen
assistan t devolver to give back, return disponible available
dispuesto/a ready
el deporte sport distinto/a different
los deportes acuaticos water distraer to distract
distraerse to get distracted
sports
el/ la deportista sportsperson

deportivo/a sporty
derecho/,a straight, right

la diversion fun, entertainment ed ucati on el encanto charm
divertido/a1 funny, los efectos especiales special encender to light, to turn/
entertainin g switch on
dividir to divide effects enchufado/a connected
divorciado/a divorced eficaz effective
doblar to bend, fold egoista self ish el encierro running of the bulls
doble double el ejemplar copy festival
el ejemplo example
la docena dozen el ejercicio exercise encima de on (top of)
el documental documentary la eleccion choice encontrar to find
el/ la electricista electrician encontrarse to be found/
doler to hurt elegante smart
el dolor pain elegir to choose situated
el domicilio residence, abode elevado/ a high la encuesta survey
el domingo (on) Sunday embarazada pregnant el/ la enemigo/a enemy
el embutido sausage la energia energy
donde where la emocion excitement,
dorarse to turn golden enero January
emotion enfadarse to get angry
brown emocionante exciting la enfermedad illness
dormir to sleep la empanada pasty el/ la enfermero/a nurse
dormirse to go to sleep emparejar to match, to pair el/ la enfermo/ a sick person
el dormitorio bedroom empezar (a) to begin (to) enfrente (de) opposite
el drama drama el/ la empleado/a employee el enlace link
la ducha shower el / la empleado/a enorme enormous
ducharse to have a shower la ensalada salad
dudar to doubt temporal temporary ensayar to rehearse
el / la dueiio/a owner employee
dulce sweet el empleo job la enseiianza teaching
los dulces sweets la empresa company, business ensenar (a) to teach (to); to
el duplex maisonette el/ la empresario/ a employer show
durante during, for en bicicleta by bicycle ensimismado/a engrossed,
durar to last en coche by car absorbed
duro/a hard en el centro de in the centre entender to understand
of enterarse de to find out
E en el extranjero abroad entero/ a entire, whole
e and (before i and hi) en el fondo at the bottom, enterrar to bury
echar to put on, to show deep down entonces then
(program me, film); to throw lenhorabuena l congratula-
echar la siesta to have a tions! el entorno environment
siesta en las afueras in the la entrada entrance; ticket (film
ecologico/.a ecological outskirts
el/ la ecologo/a ecologist en paro out of work etc.)
el/ la economista economist en realidad in fact entrar to go in, to enter
enseguida, en seguida at entre between
la edad age once el entrenador trainer
el edificio building en vivo live (e.g. music) el entrenamiento training,
la educacion education enamorarse de to fall in love
la educacion cfvica PHSE exercise
la educacion fisica physical with entrenarse to train
encantado/a pleased to entretenido/a entertaining,

meet you, enchanted enjoyable
la entrevista interview
el/ la entusiasta enthusiast

enviar to send
el equipaje luggage

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

el equipo team la estanteria bookcase la excusa excuse
equivocado/a wrong estar to be el exito success

la equitacion horse riding estar a favor de to be in exitoso/a successful
la escalera staircase, stairs la experiencia experience
favour of
escapar to escape estar al telefono to be on explicar to explain
el escaparate shop window
the phone/taking a call la exposicion exhibition
escaso/a scarce estar contento/a to be extenderse to extend
la escena scene extranjero/a foreign
happy/contented extraiio/a strange
escoger to choose estar de acuerdo to agree extraordinario/a
esconder to hide estar de broma to be joking extraordinary
escribir to write estar de moda to be
el/la escritor/a writer los extras extras
escuchar to listen (to) fashionable extrovertido/a extrovert
la escuela school estar de pie to be standing
la escultura sculpture F
es decir that is up la fabrica factory
la esgrima fencing la fabrica de galletas biscuit
el espacio space estar de prisa to be in a factory
los espaguetis spaghetti facil easy
la espalda back hurry la facultad faculty
Espana Spain estar en contra de to be la falda skirt
el espaiiol Spanish (language/ las Fallas Fallas (fiesta in
against Valencia)
subject) estar en forma to keep fit el fallo defect, fault
espaiiol/espaiiola Spanish falso/a false
especializado/a specialised estar harto/a to be fed up la falta fault, error
especialmente especially estar mareado/a to feel sick faltar to be lacking/missing
el/la espectador/a spectator la fama fame
el espejo mirror el este east la familia family
esperar to hope; to expect; to el estilo style el/la familiar family member

wait for Estimado seiior Dear Sir famoso/a famous
las espinacas spinach estirar to stretch el/la farmaceutico/a chemist,
el/la esposo/a husband; wife el estomago stomach
el esqui skiing estrecho/a narrow pharmacist
el esqui acuiatico water-skiing la estrella star la farmacia chemist's
la estrella de cine film star
esquiar to ski el estres stress fatal terrible, hadly
la esquina corner estresante stressful favorito/a favourite
estricto/a strict febrero February
esta maiiana this morning estropear to break, to la fecha de nacimiento date
esta tarde this afternoon
estable stable damage of birth
la estacion season; station el estuche pencil case la felicidad happiness
la estacion de trenes railway el/la estudiante student
feliz happy
station estudiar to study lfeliz cumpleaiiosl happy
la estacion de autobuses bus el estudio study
birthday!
station estudioso/a studious lfenomenall fantastic!
el estadio stadium lestupendol greatl feo/a ugly
los Estados Unidos USA estupido/a stupid la feria festival, fair
la estancia stay la evaluacion assessment
el estanco tobacconist's
evitar to avoid

exacto/a exact, accurate
exagerado/a excessive,

extravagant

el examen, pl. examenes

examination
excepto except

wA

la Feria de Abril Feria (fi esta la f uente fountain graciosamente funnily
in Seville) fuera (de) outside
f uera de (su) alcance out gracioso/a fu nny
el ferrocarril railway of (one's) reach
fiarse de to tru st fuerte strong el grado degree
el gramo gramme
la fibra fi bre la fuerza strength
los fideos noodles fundado/ a funded grande big
la fiesta party; festival; holiday f urioso/ a furious, violent los grandes
el filete steak
el fin end el f utbol football almacenes department
el fin de semana weekend el f utbolin table football store
el/ la futbolista footballer la granja farm
finalmente finally el f uturo future el granjero farmer
las finanzas finance la grapadora stapler
G la grasa fat
la fisica physics las gafas g lasses
las gafas de sol sun glasses gratis free
fisicamente physically Gales Wales
fisico/a physical la galleta biscuit grave serious
el flan creme caramel la gama range Grecia Greece
la flauta flute las gambas prawns gris grey
el flamenco type of dance ganar to win, to earn
la flor flower ganar dinero to earn money gritar to shout
la floreria florist la ganga bargain
la floristeria florist el garaje garage grosero/ a rud e
el folleto brochure la garganta throat grueso/a thick
el / la fontanero/a plumber la gasolina petrol el grupo g roup
la gaseosa fizzy drin k el guante glove
el footing jogging gastar to spend guapo/a good-looking
la formacion training gastar dinero to spend guardar to keep, to save
el formulario from money
la foto photo el gato cat (document)
el trances French (language/ el gazpacho chilled tomato el guardarropa cloakroom
so up
subject) el / la gemelo/a twin guay (col/.) coo!
frances/francesa French la guerra war
Francia France generoso/ a generous la guia g uidebook
la frase sentence Igenial I great! el/ la guia g uide
frecuente frequent la gente people el/ la guionista scriptwriter
el fregadero kitchen sink la geografia geography el guisante pea
el gerbo gerbil el guiso stew
fregar to wash, to scrub, to la gimnasia gymnastics la guitarra guitar
el gimnasio gymnasium
mop el golf golf gustar to like
fregar los platos to wash la goma ru bber el gusto taste
gordo/ a fat
th e dishes la gorra cap H
freir to fry gracias a thanks to haber to have (auxiliary verb)
la fresa strawberry habil skilful
fresco/a fresh la habilidad skill
la habitacion room
trio/a cold
el/ la habitante inhabitant
frito/a fried hablador/a talkative
la frontera bord er, frontier
la fruta fruit hablar to speak, to talk

la fruteria fru it shop hace (una semana) (a
week) ago
el fuego fire
los fuegos artificiales fireworks

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

hace buen tiempo the el/ la hermano/a menor younger el huevo egg
b roth e r/ s i ste r humedo/a wet
weatheir is good
hace trio it's cold los hermanos brothers and el humo smoke
hace sol it's sunny s ist e rs Hungria Hungary
hace viento it's windy
hacer to do, to make hermoso/a beautiful I
hacer bricolaje to do DIY la hermosura beauty
hacer caso a to take notice el heroe hero la idea idea
la heroina heroine; heroin el idioma language
of la iglesia churchi
hacer de canguro to babysit hervir to boil
hacer deporte to play sports el hielo ice igual equal
hacer el cafe to make the el higo fig la igualdad equa lity
el/ la hijastro/a stepson/
coffee ilegal illegal
hacer falta to need ste p daug h te r la imagen, pl. imagenes
hacer la cama to make the el hijo unico/la hija unica only
image, picture, photo
bed child la imaginacion imagination
hacer la compra to go el hipermercado hypermarket
imaginar to imagine
shopping hispanohablante Spanish- impaciente impatient
hacer las practicas de el imperdible safety pin
speaking importante important
trabajo to do wo rk la historia story, history imposible impossible
experience imprescindible essential,
hacer los deberes to do historico/a historic(al)
homework el hockey hockey indispensable
el hogar home impresionante impressive
hacer surf to go surfing la hoguera bonfire improbable unlikely
incendio fire
hacer transbordo (en) to el hojaldre puff pastry incluido/a included
change (e.g. trains) el hombre man incluir to include
el hombre de incluso even
hacer un aprendizaje to do incomodo/a uncomfortable,
an apprentices hip negocios bu sinessman
el hombro shoulder inc o nve nie nt
hacer vela to go sailing increible incredible
hacerse to become hondo/a deep indicar to indicate
hacia toward s honesto/a honest la industria indUJstry
hacia atras back(ward s) honrado/a honest industrial industrial
hacia delante forwards la hora time, hour inequivoco/a unequivocal
la halterofilia weightlifting la hora de comer lunch time la infancia childhood
el hambre (() hunger la hora de llegar time of la informacion information
la hamburguesa hamburger la informatica ICT
el hamster hamster arrival la informacion information
hasta until; up to; even la hora de salir time of el informativo news
hasta luego bye
hay there is, there are departure p rog ra mme
el helado ice cream el horario timetable el/ la ingeniero/a engineer
el hemisferio hemisphere el horno oven
la herencia heritage lnglaterra England
el/ la hermanastro/a stepbroth er/ horroroso/a dreadful el ingles English (lang uage/
las hortalizas/
stepsist er subject)
el/ la hermano/a mayor older verduras vegetables ingles/ inglesa English
el hospital hospital
b rot he r / s i ste r la hosteleria hotel business

hoy today
hoy en dia nowadays

injust o/a unjus~ unfair J la lagartija small Iizard
inmediatamente immediately el jab6n soap el lagarto lizard
la inmigraci6rn immigration jamas never, ever la lagrima tear
el/ la inmigrante immigrant el jam6n ham la lampara lamp
insistir to insist el jarabe syrup la lana wool
la insolaci6n sunstro ke el jardin garden el lapicero pencil
insoportable unbearable la jardineria gardening el lapiz pencil
inspirar to inspire el jefe/la jefa boss el lapiz de color coloured
las instalaciones facilities el jerbo gerbil
el instituto high school la jornada workin g day pencil
inteligente intelligent el/ la joven young (person) largo/a long
intentar to try la lata tin
el interes interest los jovenes young people el latin Latin (language/
interesante interesting la joyeria jeweller's
interesarse en/por to be subject)
jubilado/ a retired latinoamericano/ a Latin
interested in la judia bean
interior inierior, intern al las judias verdes green beans American
(eVla) Internet internet el juego game los lavabos toilets
los juegos de azar games of la lavadora washing machine
interrumpir to interrupt el lavaplatos dishwasher
chance
la inundaci6n, flood el jueves (on) Thursday lavar el pelo to, wash hair
inutil useless el / la jugador/a player lavar el coche to wash th e

el invierno w inter jugar to play car
invitar to invite el juguete toy lavar(se) to wash, to clean
la jugueteria toy shop leal loyal, faithful
ir to go la leche milk
ir a la universidad to go to julio July la lechuga lettuce
junio June el/ la lector/a reader
university juntarse to gather, to come la lectura reading
ir al extranjero to go abroad
ir a reuniones to go to together leer to read
junto con together with
meetings justo/a fair, right las legumbres pulse
ir de compras to go la juventud youth lejos far
juzgar to judge
shopping la lengua language; tongue
ir de excur:sion to go hiking; K lento/a slow
el karate karate
to go on a trip el kilo kilo la letra letter
ir de viaje to go travelling el kil6metro kilometre levantarse to get up
ir en monopatin to go
L la libertad freedom
skateboarding libre free
ir de paseo to go for a walk el laboratorio laboratory
lrlanda Ireland los lacteos dairy products la libreria bookshop
irse to go away el lago lake el libro book
irse de juerga to live it up el libro de texto textbook
isla island la licenciatura degree
lslandia Iceland
ltalia Italy ligeramente lightly
el italiano Italian (language/ ligero/a light
el limite limit
subject) el lim6n lemon
la limonada lemonade
limpiar to clean
limpiar los cristales to clean

the windows

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish

Vocabularlo

limpiar el polvo to do the la luna moon maquillarse to put on one's
el lunes (on) Monday make-up
dusting
la limpieza cleaning Luxemburgo Luxembourg la maquina machine
la luz light el mar sea
limpio/a clean la maravilla wonder
la limusina limousine M
la linterna torch la madera wood maravilloso/a marvellous
la madrastra stepmother marcar un gol to score a goal
liso/ a smooth, straight (hair) la madre mother mareado/a sick, dizzy
listo/a r,eady, clever el/ la madrileiio/a citizen of el marido husband
la literatura literatu re el/ la marinero/ a sailor
el litro litre M ad rid el marisco shellfish
la llamada telephone call la madrugada the early hours marron brown
llamarse to be called
of the morning marron claro/ a light brown
la llave key magico/a magic
llegar to get (to a place), to el maiz co rn, maize marron oscuro/a dark brown
majo/ a good-looking, nice, Marruecos Morocco
arrive el martes (on) Tuesday
llenar to fill lovely marzo March
lleno/a de full of mal badly mas more
llevar to wear; to take el mal tiempo bad weather mas adelante further on
maleducado/ a badly mas de more than (followed
(e.g. by car)
llevar una vida dura to lead behaved by a number)
mas...que mo re...than
a hard life la maleta suitcase la masa dough
llevar uniforme to wear a
el maletin (Sp) briefcase la mascota pet
uniform malgastar to waste
masticar to chew
llorar to cry el malgasto waste matar to kill
!lover to rain malo/a bad las matematicas maths
la lluvia rain el matrimonio marriage
lo bueno de the good thing los malos tratos physical abuse mayo May
el maltrato abuse mayor larger; older
about la mayoria majority
lo malo d!e the bad thing manana morning; tomorrow la mayoria de la gente most
mandar to send
about mandar un fax to send a fax people
lo mejor the best thing la manera way, manner la mayoria del tiempo mos t of
lo peor the worst thing la mano hand
lo siento I'm sorry el mantel tablecloth the time
lo (mico the only thing mantener to maintain, to el/ la mecanico/ a mechanic

el local pre mises keep el mechero cigarette lighter
mantenerse en forma to la media stocki ng
loco/a mad la medianoche m idnight
la locura madness keep fit (la) media pension half board
mantenerse sano to keep el/ la medico/a doctor
lograr to gain, to succeed (in)
el logro success, achievement healthy medio half, mid
la loncha s lice la mantequilla butter el medio
el loro parrot la manzana apple; block (of
la lucha struggle; w res tling ambiente e nvironment
houses) el mediodia midday
luchar (contra) to struggle el mapa map
(against) el maquillaje make-up los medios (de comunicacion)

luego then, next m ed ia
medir to measure
el lugar place

los lugares d e interes places of

interest

Mejico, Mexico Mexico el modo de vivir way of life N
imola mazol fantastic! nacer to be born
el mejillon mussel molestar to bother, to annoy, el nacimiento birth
la nacion nati on
mejor better to upset la nacionalidad nationality
mejorar to improve el momento moment nada nothing, anything
el melocoton peach la moneda coin; currency nadar to swim
el monedero purse nadie no one, anyone
mencionar to mention la montaiia mountain la naranja orange
la nariz nose
menor smaller; yo unger montaiioso/ a mountainous la nata fresh cream
menos less, except montar a caballo to ride a la natacion swimming
menos...que less...than naturalmente naturally
el mensaje message horse navegar to navigate
el mensaje de texto sms, text montar en bici to go for a navegar por/en Internet to
surf the inte rnet
message bike ride Navidad(es) Christmas
moreno/a dark navideiio/ a (of) Christmas
la mente mind necesario/a necessary
morir to die necesitar to need
mentir to lie negro/a black
la mentira lie morir de hambre to die of nervioso/ a nervous

mentiroso/a lying, false hunger nevar to snow
el mercadillo street market mostrar to show la nevera fridge
el mercado market la moto motorbike
la merienda snack, aftern oon mover to move ni. ..ni. .. neither...nor...
el movil mobile phone ni siquiera not even
tea, picnic el/ la muchacho/a boy/girl la niebla fog
el merito me rit la muchedumbre crowd el/ la nieto/a grandson/grand-
la merluza hake
el mes mont h mucho/a much; a lot daughter
mucho gusto pleased to meet la nieve snow
la mesa tab!e
you ningun, ninguno/a no
mestizo/a mixed race mudarse to move house el / la niiio/niiia boy/girl
meter goles to score goals mudo/a dumb
meter to put los muebles furniture el nivel level
el metodo meth od la muela tooth no importa it doesn't matter
el metro me tre; underground muerto/a de no obstante nevertheless
la mezcla mixture
mezclar to mix hambre starving la noche night
el microondas microwave la mujer woman; wife la Nochebuena Christmas Eve
el miedo fear la mujer de negocios el nombre name
mientras (que) while el nombre de pila first name
businesswoman el noreste northeast
el miercoles (on) Wednesday la norma rule
mundial worldwide el noroeste northwes t
mil a thousand el mundo world el norte north
el minuto minute la muiieca doll la nota note; mark
la misa mass el musculo muscle
el museo museum las noticias news
mismo/ a same; (one) self el museo de arte art gallery
la mitad half la musica music
la mochila school bag,
musulman/
backpack musulmana Moslem
la moda fashion
el/ la modelo model muy very
el modo de tl'ansporte means

of transport

Cambridge IGCSE®Spanish • International Certificate in Spanish