Reading in Science

Name Name Date Date

Circle the letter of the best answer. Chapter 11

7. A change in state, size, shape, position, or texture is a

a. compound. b. chemical change.

c. physical change. d. mixture.

8. Vinegar vapors can combine with copper to form

a. rust. b. copper acetate.

c. tarnish. d. liquid.

9. When ice melts to become liquid, it goes through

a. a chemical change. b. a filter.

c. a change in state. d. evaporation.

10. When one kind of matter becomes a different kind of matter, it

has gone through a

a. chemical change. b. physical change.

c. change in size. d. change in position.

11. A harmful chemical change that weakens bridges is

a. tarnish. b. salt.

c. ice. d. rust.

12. A compound that is not harmful but forms on some metal when

exposed to air is

a. sugar. b. tarnish.

c. salt. d. vinegar. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

286 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E28–E61

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Choose-a-Word Unit E

Write the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Anything that takes up space and has properties is .

density matter energy

2. The upward force of water or air is .

mass volume buoyancy

3. An object’s is how much space it takes up.

density volume mass

4. The amount of matter in an object is its .

density volume mass

5. Through a liquid changes to a gas.

condensation evaporation precipitation

6. The amount of matter in a given space is its .

density volume mass

7. An is made up of only one kind of matter.

area alloy element

8. A mixture that is blended completely is a(n) .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill property solution element

9. A has shape and volume.

solid liquid gas

10. A has volume but no definite shape.

solid liquid gas

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E1–E64 287

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Crack-a-Code Unit E

Code Key

u kbqjfdnmegohilvz

A B C D E I L MN O P R S T U X Y

Use the Code Key to help you decode each word.
Then draw a line to its meaning.

njiofb

1. a. the smallest particles
of an element
jdjnjmi

2. b. the amount of matter

bengelmq in a given space

3. c. a combination of two or
more elements, each element
u ienh keeping its original properties

4. d. a system of measure based
on units of 10
nfviloj

5. e. upward force of water © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
or air
qjmhfiz

6. f. two or more elements
that are joined to make

kl ezu mbz a new substance

7. g. a substance made up of only
one type of matter

288 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E1–E64

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Word Webs Unit E

A word web lists words that describe or relate to the same thing. Here’s an
example using the word matter.

takes up has has has
space properties volume mass

may be solid matter may be
a liquid

may be has two or more kinds
a gas density make a mixture

Now it’s your turn. Choose a vocabulary word or phrase, such as metric
system, property, physical change, or compound. Write other words that
relate to or describe it.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E1–E64 289

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Forms of Energy Chapter 12

People are always finding ways to make life easier, more
comfortable, or better in some way. We use things we find in nature as well
as machines and inventions that people build. We use each of the things
listed in the box to provide force, light, heat, or sound. Think about how
each thing is used. Then write each word in the correct column to show what
that item can provide for people. Some items may be used more than once.

whistle siren music fire
shovel hammer bicycle Sun

1. Force 2. Light 3. Heat 4. Sound
(for moving
something)

5. Which answers did you use more than once? Why?

6. Think of something that produces light, but not much heat. Write your © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
idea in the last box of column 2.

7. Think of something that produces heat, but not light. Write your idea in
the last box of column 3.

The answers to questions 6 and 7 do not come from the Vocabulary box.

290 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F2–F65

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Compare and Contrast Chapter 12

Each riddle mentions a similarity and a difference thunder
between two things. The answers are listed in the word Sun
box. Write the answer to each riddle. scissors
lake
1. I can show your reflection the way a mirror does, tornado
but you cannot break me. Who am I? rainbow
snow
2. I am as soft as a blanket, but I will not keep you
warm. Who am I?

3. I am as colorful as any painting, but you cannot
frame me. Who am I?

4. I am as loud as a drum, but you cannot see me. Who am I?

5. I give you light the way a lamp does, but you cannot turn me off. Who
am I?

6. I open and close the way a door does, but things fall apart when I do.
Who am I?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 7. I turn the way a screw does, but I am not at all helpful. Who am I?

Now write your own compare and contrast riddle.
8.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F2–F65 291

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Looking for Similarities Chapter 12

Study the items below and think about how each one is used by people.
Then think of a way to separate the items into two groups based on similari-
ties and differences in the way they are used. List the items in each group.
Then explain how the items in each group are similar.

shovel lamp wheelbarrow

ramp flashlight lantern
Group 1: Group 2:

How the items are alike: How the items are alike: © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

292 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F2–F65

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Motion, Forces, and Energy Lesson 1

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 13, 15

How Do Things Move?

1. You can tell an object has moved when its
has changed.

2. We describe the position of something by comparing it with surrounding

objects that do not seem to be .

3. Objects that seem still are used as a frame of .

4. If is the frame of reference, Earth and everything on
it is moving.

What Is Speed?

5. Speed is the distance an object moves in a certain amount of
.

6. To find speed, you must know:

a. and
b. .

7. To calculate speed, divide the traveled by the
spent moving.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. Any change in the speed or direction of a moving object is called
.

How Do Forces Affect Motion?

9. Every push or pull is a(n) .

10. Forces cause changes in or .

11. Forces are measured in units called .

12. Friction is a force that works against .

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F4–F17 293

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Fill in the blanks. Lesson 1

13. The tendency of an object to stay in motion or at rest until a force acts

upon it is called .

What Is Gravity?

14. The force that pulls two objects together is .

15. The force of gravity between two objects depends on:

a. how much is in the objects and

b. how the objects are.

16. A measure of force that tells the amount of gravity acting on an object

is called .

What Is Work?

17. Work is done when a force is used to an object a
certain distance.

18. To do work, a force needs to or pull on an object
and the object needs to move.

What Is Energy?

19. Energy is the ability to do .

20. The energy an object has because it is moving is
energy.

21. The energy an object has because of its position is © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
energy.

Can Energy Change Form?

22. Energy can change form and can be from one
object to another.

23. In a rocket launch, energy changes to kinetic energy

as the rocket climbs through the sky.

294 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F4–F17

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How Do Things Move? Lesson 1

We use things around us that are not moving to help us know how far and
in what direction we are moving. Those things also help us know when other
things are moving. Sometimes the exact distance and direction something or
someone moves are very important. Study the pictures and think about why
it is important to know how far and in what direction a player has moved.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Bases can be used as a frame of reference in a game of
baseball. They can be used to describe a runner’s position.
Answer these questions about the pictures above.

1. To describe the position of something in a baseball game, can a bat be
used as a frame of reference? Why or why not?

2. How did the batter’s position change from one picture to the next? Use
a frame of reference in your description.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F6 295

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What Is Energy? Lesson 1

Some of the kinds of energy that we use are described in the chart below.
Look at the photographs for examples of each kind of energy.

Chemical Mechanical
The energy your body uses to walk, run, and Matter that is in motion has energy. This energy
lift things is chemical energy. It comes from the of motion is mechanical energy. Wind, water in
food you eat. Chemical energy is stored in the a waterfall, and a jet plane speeding through
particles that make up food, fuel, and other the air have mechanical energy. Sound is a type
kinds of matter. of mechanical energy, too.
Electrical
Electrical energy is related to the movement Thermal
of charged particles. Some electrical energy A stove, a heater, and a match give off thermal
comes from batteries. However, most of it energy. Thermal energy comes from the motion
comes from power plants that burn fuels to of the tiny particles in matter. The faster the
make electricity. The electrical energy is then particles in a substance move, the warmer the
sent through wires to homes and businesses. substance and the more thermal energy it has.
Nuclear
Light Nuclear energy comes from the tiniest particles
The Sun is a major source of light energy. of matter. When these particles split apart or
Plants use light energy to make food. join together, huge amounts of nuclear energy
Scientists have found another use for light are released. The Sun’s energy is produced
energy- lasers. Lasers are light beams that from such nuclear reactions.
can cut through steel and other materials

Answer these questions about the chart above.
1. What is the major source of light energy?

2. What kind of energy is found in our food?

3. What kind of energy does a stove give off that causes food to cook?

4. What kind of energy comes from the motion of charged particles? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

5. What causes nuclear energy to be released?

6. Why is the drummer a good illustration of mechanical energy?

296 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F15

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Motion, Forces, and Energy Lesson 1

Fill in the blanks.

1. The tendency of an object to stay at rest or to stay speed
force
in motion is called . friction
inertia
2. When a force is used to move an object a certain work

distance, is done.

3. The distance an object travels in a certain amount

of time is its .

4. The ability to do work is called .

5. The force that slows motion and acts between the energy
surface of two objects that touch is
.

6. Every push or pull that causes a change in speed or direction is a(n)
.

Answer each question.
7. Why doesn’t a moving object keep moving forever? Give an example.

8. How do you know when work is being done and when it is not?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. What are some ways you use energy every day?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F4–F17 297

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Motion, Forces, and Energy Lesson 1

work inertia friction forces speed
change energy gravity nuclear position

Fill in the blanks.

Objects move when their changes. Objects are

moved by that push or pull them. We use the

distance an object moves and the amount of time it takes to go that

distance to determine the object’s . If there was no

force to stop a moving object, it would continue to move forever because

of . The force that pulls two objects together is

. The force that works against motion by acting

between the surface of two objects that touch is .

Whenever a force is used to move an object, is

done. It takes to do work. There are different kinds

of energy, including chemical, electrical, light, mechanical, thermal, and © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

energy. Energy can form and

can be passed from one object to another.

298 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F4–F17

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Energy and Tools Lesson 2

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 6, 22

What Are Simple Machines?

1. Anything that helps you do work or makes work easier is

called a(n) .

2. Machines that have few parts are called .

3. Many simple machines, such as sharp-edged pieces of stone, are often

called .

4. Ancient people might have gotten their ideas of
tools by watching animals.

5. Some animals use their as tools.

6. A shovel scoops out soil like a mole’s .

How Do Levers Work?

7. A bar or plank and a fixed point, called a fulcrum, are the two parts of a
.

8. The object being moved by the lever is called the .

9. The force you use to move something is called the .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 10. Levers are classified into three groups depending on where the
is located.

How Do Pulleys Work?

11. A(n) makes it easier to move an object.

12. When the pulley wheel is attached to something so that it cannot

change position, it is a(n) .

13. When the pulley wheel is not attached to some fixed object so that it

moves with the force you apply, it is a(n) .

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F18–F31 299

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How Do Wheels and Axles Work? Lesson 2

14. A wheel and a bar that passes through the center of the wheel are the

two parts of a(n) .

How Do Inclined Planes Work?

15. A flat, slanted surface can be used as a(n) plane.

How Do Wedges and Screws Work?

16. Two inclined planes put back to back form a(n) .

17. An inclined plane twisted into a spiral is called a(n) .

How Do Gears Work?

18. Wheels with teeth are called .

How Can Simple Machines Be Combined?

19. Two or more simple machines make up a(n) .

20. Scissors are made up of two wedges that are arranged as two
levers, and the fulcrum is the point where
.

How Much Work Can a Machine Do?

21. The measure of how much useful work a machine puts out compared to

the work put into it is called its .

22. The more moving parts a machine has, the energy © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
is lost to friction.

23. To improve the efficiency of a machine, you can try to limit
.

300 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F18–F31

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How Do Levers Work? Lesson 2

The diagram below shows three classes of levers and how they work. The
labels help you to locate the parts of a lever. The arrows represent the
direction in which effort force is applied. Effort force is a push or a pull.

Use the diagram to answer the questions. .
1. Name the parts of a lever.

2. What does the fulcrum do?
3. In a first-class lever, how does the effort force move the load?
4. How is the second-class lever different from the third-class lever?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F22–F23 301

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How Do Pulleys Work? Lesson 2

These three diagrams show how a pulley is used. The first two diagrams
show a single pulley used in two different ways. The third diagram shows
how pulleys can be combined. Notice the arrows on the diagrams. They show
the direction in which the rope is moving.

1 Fixed pulley 2 Movable pulley 3 Fixed and
movable pulleys

Effort
force

Effort 10 Effort
force newtons force

10
newtons

10 newtons
Force is measured in units called newtons.

Fill in the blanks.

1. The force needed to lift a load using a pulley is called
.

2. In the first diagram, the person pulls in a(n) direction.
direction and the block moves in a(n)

3. In the first diagram, all of the weight of the block is supported by © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
rope.

4. In the second diagram, the person pulls in a(n) direction.
direction and the block moves in a(n)

5. In the third diagram, pulleys are combined.

6. In the third diagram, the person pulls in a(n) direction.
direction and the block moves in a(n)

302 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F24

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How Do Wheels and Axles Work? Lesson 2

A machine is anything that makes work easier to do. When you need to turn
something, a wheel and axle makes it easier to do. Study the pictures below
and think about how each wheel and axle works and how you would apply
force to each one of them.

Wheel Axle

Wheel

Axle

A Ferris wheel is a wheel and axle as is a doorknob.

Answer these questions about the pictures above.
1. What part of a doorknob is a wheel?
2. What part of a doorknob is the axle?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 3. Is effort force applied to the wheel or the axle when the doorknob is
used to open a door?

4. What part of a Ferris wheel is the wheel?

5. What part of a Ferris wheel is the axle?

6. Is effort force applied to the wheel or the axle to put the Ferris wheel in
motion?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F25 303



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Energy and Tools Lesson 2

Match the correct letter with the description. a. simple
1. the object being lifted or moved by a simple machine
machine
b. compound
2. a machine with few parts machine

3. a wheel with teeth c. effort force
d. inclined
4. a flat, slanted surface
plane
5. how much force you use to move something e. wedge
f. gear
6. two inclined planes back to back g. screw
h. lever
7. a machine made up of two or more simple i. efficiency
machines j. movable

8. the measure of how much useful work a pulley
machine puts out compared to the amount k. load
of work put into it

9. an inclined plane twisted into a spiral

10. This simple machine is not attached to
anything. It increases the force to move an
object, but it does not change the direction
of the force.

11. a bar that can turn or pivot on a fixed point called the fulcrum

12. Name one machine you have used today.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 13. What are two things you can save by using tools?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F18–F31 305

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Energy and Tools Lesson 2

paws teeth stones
chisels tools shovel
body parts pulley simple machines

Fill in the blanks.

Machines with few parts, such as a(n) , are simple

machines. Some are called tools. Ancient people

might have invented after watching animals.

A mole digs underground tunnels by scooping soil with its big

. This is similar to the people

use to dig. Beavers gnaw trees with their front

to cut them down so they can build dams. This is similar to the

people use. Otters crack the thick shells of clams by

using . Many of the tools people have invented work

like animal . © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

306 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F18–F31

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Heat Lesson 3

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 3, 19, 20

What Is Heat?

1. The flow of from one material to another is heat.

2. Heat moves from to objects.

3. The more energy an object has, the its
particles move.

4. When a hot object touches a cool object, the particles in the hot object

cause the particles in the cool object to .

5. Eventually, the particles in a hot object that is touching a cool object
.

6. Heat always flows from the object with to the

object with .

7. You can create heat energy by rubbing your together.

8. An insulator is a material that does not heat
very well.

9. The opposite of an insulator is a(n) .

10. Temperature is not the same as .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 11. When you measure how hot or cold something is, you are finding its
.

12. Temperature is measured with an instrument called a(n)
.

13. The particles of the liquid inside a thermometer begin to move faster
and when the temperature increases.

14. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at degrees.

15. On the Celsius scale, water freezes at degrees.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F32–F39 307

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How Is Heat Transferred? Lesson 3

16. Heat is transferred between two objects that are touching by
.

17. The transfer of heat by the flow of a liquid or gas is

called .

18. The transfer of heat through space is called .

How Does Heat Affect Size?

19. When matter is heated, it , but when matter is
cooled, it
.

20. Fast-moving particles take up , but when energy is
taken away, matter takes up .

What Are Some Sources of Heat?

21. The Sun is a hot ball of .

22. The Sun’s light and heat supports on Earth.

23. The remains of ancient plants and animals form substances called
.

24. Some examples of fossil fuels are ,
, and .

25. Once they are used up, fossil fuels are gone .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

308 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F32–F39

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Temperature Lesson 3

A thermometer measures how hot or cold something is. The thermometer in
the diagram measures temperature using both Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
The pointers show the temperature at which water boils and freezes.

Use the diagram to answer the questions.
1. Which temperature scale is read on the left side of the thermometer?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. Which scale changes by two degrees from one mark to the next?

3. At what temperature does water boil? Write your answer using the
Fahrenheit scale.

4. Find 30° Celsius on the thermometer. Write the same temperature using
the Fahrenheit scale.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F35 309

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How Is Heat Transferred? Lesson 3

Heat can be transferred in three different ways: conduction, convection, and
radiation. Study the diagrams to see how heat is transferred in each method.
Notice that the arrows show the heat being transferred.

convection radiation

conduction © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Answer these questions about the diagrams above.
1. In what method is heat transferred by the movement of particles?

2. In what method is heat transferred without the presence of any matter?

3. In what method is heat transferred by particles bumping into each
other?

4. How is the Sun’s energy transferred to Earth? How do you know?

310 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F36

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Heat Lesson 3

Match the correct letter with the description. a. heat
1. the transfer of heat through space b. insulator
c. conductor
2. a material that transfers heat well d. convection
e. conduction
3. the transfer of energy by the flow of liquids f. radiation
and gases g. temperature
h. thermo-
4. the movement of energy from warmer to
cooler objects meter
i. fossil fuel
5. the transfer of energy when one particle
bumps into another

6. a material that does not transfer heat
very well

7. the measure of how hot or cold something is

8. an instrument that measures temperature

9. a substance formed from the remains of ancient plants and ani-
mals that provide energy when burned

10. Describe how understanding heat transfer has helped us in everyday life.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F32–F39 311

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Heat Lesson 3

expands energy space
particles opposite contracts
bouncing off heat warmer

Fill in the blanks.

The flow of energy from one material to another is .

Heat moves from objects to cooler objects. When

heated, most matter , or gets larger. Most matter

shrinks, or , when cooled. The

making up matter are constantly colliding and

one another. The particles move faster and farther apart as more

is added. This means the particles take up

more . This makes matter expand. The

happens when energy is taken away.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

312 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F32–F39

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Light Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 2, 7, 8,
15, 23

What Is Light?

1. Light is a form of .

2. A(n) is an object that separates white light into the

colors that make it up.

3. The distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave is

called .

4. A range of light waves with different wavelengths and energies is called
a(n) .

How Does Light Travel?

5. Places where light does not fall are called .

6. Light travels in straight lines that we call .

7. The closer an object is to a light source, the the
shadow.

8. Light coming from an object creates a shorter
shadow than light coming from an object.

What Is Reflection?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. Most of the light that reaches your eyes is light.

10. When light strikes a surface and bounces off, occurs.

11. Mirrors and other smooth, shiny surfaces reflect of
the light that falls on them.

12. The principle that the incoming angle of light is equal to the outgoing

angle of reflected light is called the .

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F40–F51 313

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Fill in the blanks. Lesson 4

What Is Refraction?

13. The bending of light as it passes from one material into another is called
.

14. Materials that allow light to pass through them are
materials.

15. The denser a material, the light passes through it.

16. During refraction a light ray changes as it passes
from one material to another.

17. Tools for refracting light are .

18. A convex lens in the middle and brings light rays

.

19. A concave lens curves inward and spreads light rays .

How Do You See?

20. When light reaches your eye, it passes through the ,
the , and the .

21. A tissue called the covers the back of your eye.

22. The color of an object depends on the color of the visible spectrum it
.

23. Objects that reflect all wavelengths of light appear , © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
and objects that absorb all wavelengths of light appear
.

What New Technology Uses Light?

24. The intense, high-energy rays of a can cut through
steel.

25. Tubes of glass or plastic that keep light energy inside are called
or light pipes.

314 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F40–F51

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What Is Light? Lesson 4

The electromagnetic spectrum contains a range of electromagnetic waves. In
the illustration, waves on the left have longer wavelengths and low energy.
Wavelengths get shorter and energy gets higher as you move to the right.

The electromagnetic spectrum contains a range of electromagnetic waves.
These waves vary by their amount of energy.

Radio Microwaves Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma
Waves Waves Waves Waves Waves Waves

Infrared waves High-energy
gamma waves
are felt as heat. are found in
radioactive
Photos Ultraviolet materials used
in nuclear
Radio waves showing the light tans your power plants.

are used to Microwaves heat given off Visible light skin but can X-rays have

transmit radio can cook your by objects can allows you also give you a many uses

and TV signals. food. be taken. to see colors. sunburn. in medicine.

Answer these questions about the chart above.

1. The light waves with the shortest wavelengths have the most energy.
Which waves have less energy than visible light? How can you tell?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. What kind of waves are found in radioactive material?

3. Besides light waves, what two kinds of waves are you most likely to find
in a kitchen?

4. In what ways is ultraviolet light different from visible light?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F42–F43 315

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What Is Refraction? Lesson 4

When light passes through different materials, it travels at different speeds.
It travels slower through dense material. When light slows down, it bends
and moves in a different direction. What we see when we look at bent, or
refracted, light looks different than the kind of reflection we usually see.
Look at the illustration to see how different lenses refract, or bend, light in
ways that help us see things that are very small or very far away.

The convex lens gathers light rays together. The concave lens spreads them apart.

Use the diagrams to fill in the blanks. and

1. There are two kinds of lenses:
.

2. Convex lenses in the middle.

3. Concave lenses curve .

4. Light rays are spread apart by lenses. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

5. Light rays are brought together by lenses.

6. When you view an object through a concave or a convex lens, it looks
different than it usually does because

316 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F47

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Light Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks.

1. A range of light waves with different wavelengths wavelength
spectrum
and energies make up a . reflection
refraction
2. When light bends as it passes through a material
of the light waves occurs.

3. The distance from the top of one wave to the top

of the next is called .

4. When light strikes and bounces off a surface, a
occurs.

Answer each question.

5. What is something that could be used the way we use a mirror? Why do
you think so?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 6. How are waves with a shorter wavelength different from those with a
longer wavelength?

7. What happens to white light after it passes through a prism? Why?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F40–F51 317

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Light Lesson 4

bounces lenses optical fibers
energy rays refraction
lasers white wavelength

Fill in the blanks.

Light is a form of . A light source usually gives off

light, which is really made up of all colors. We

describe light waves by telling their , or the distance

from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave. Light travels in

straight lines, or . Light is reflected when it strikes an

object and off of it. When light passes through

materials, it slows down and bends. That is called .

Tools that refract light are . Light is used in some

new technologies. The rays of are so powerful that

they can cut through steel. Messages are transmitted over the Internet © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

through tubes of glass that keep light energy inside. These tubes are

called or light pipes.

318 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F40–F51

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Sound Lesson 5

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 8, 17, 19

What Causes Sound?

1. Back and forth motions called cause the sounds
we hear.

2. To start an object vibrating to make a sound requires
.

3. You sing and talk by vibrating your .

4. A(n) is an area of crowded particles followed by

widely spaced particles.

5. Sound waves move away from a vibrating object.

6. When vibrations strike your , you hear something.

How Does Sound Travel Through Different Materials?

7. Sound can travel through , , and
. and slowest through

8. Sound travels fastest through a
a.

How Do We Hear Sound?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. The part of the ear that collects sound waves is the .

10. The vibrating eardrum makes three tiny bones in the
vibrate.

11. Vibrations from the little bones vibrate a tube filled with fluid and tiny

hairs found in the .

12. Hair cells pass the vibration to a that carries sound
messages to the
.

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Fill in the blanks. Lesson 5

Why Aren’t All Sounds the Same?

13. A sound wave has a certain wavelength, frequency, and
.

14. The of a sound wave is the distance from one area

of squeezed particles to the next area of squeezed particles.

15. The number of times a sound source vibrates in one second is the
of its sound waves.

16. The highness or lowness of a sound is its .

17. High-frequency sound waves have a pitch than low-
frequency sound waves.

18. The energy in a sound wave is called .

19. High-amplitude sounds are than low-amplitude
sounds.

What Tools Help Us Hear Sound?

20. Hearing aids have a(n) to collect sound waves and

a(n) to give them more energy.

21. A doctor uses a to listen to the sounds your heart
and lungs make.

22. Sound systems use speakers to change into sound. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

320 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F52–F61

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What Causes Sound? Lesson 5

The vibrations that reach our ears as sound also travel to other places. As
sound waves travel, they carry energy that can be transferred to solids,
liquids, and gases that the vibrations pass through. We hear the back and
forth motion of sound waves as noise. Look at the illustrations to find other
evidence of sound waves.

An air hammer drills
through the street
with a loud "ratt-
tatt-tatt." You can
see it and feel the
sidewalk shake if
you are standing
nearby. This shows
that sound transfers
energy.

Tuning fork in water.

Answer these questions about the pictures above.

1. What causes the sound waves that travel from an air hammer to
your ears?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. What other effects are caused by the pounding of the air hammer?

3. Why is the water splashing?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F54 321

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How Do We Hear Sound? Lesson 5

Vibrations create sound waves. When sound waves reach your ears, they are
collected and directed through your ears to your brain, and you hear sounds.
Follow the sound waves, shown as white curved lines, as they enter the ear.

Nerve to Brain The Middle Ear The vibrating ear-
vibrations of the hair drum makes three tiny bones
cells are passed along in the middle ear vibrate. They
to a nerve that carries are the hammer, anvil, and
sound messages to the stirrup.
brain. The brain pro-
cesses the messages, Outer Ear
and you hear sound. The outer
ear collects
Inner Ear The little vibrating Eardrum Sound sound
bones pass sound vibrations waves make the waves. It
along to a tube that is filled with eardrum vibrate acts like a
fluid in the inner ear. The fluid like the head of funnel to
then vibrates. The vibrating fluid a drum. direct sound
makes tiny hair cells vibrate, too. waves into
the ear.

Answer these questions about the diagram above.

1. What path do sound waves travel so that you can hear sounds? List the
parts of the path in order from the outer ear to the brain.

2. What is the function of the outer ear?

3. What parts of the ear vibrate? Where are these parts located? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

4. What three general kinds of body parts do sound waves travel through
before they reach the brain?

322 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F57

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Sound Lesson 5

Fill in the blanks.

1. A back-and-forth movement is called a(n) amplitude
. pitch
sound wave
2. An area of crowded particles followed by an area vibration
of widely spaced particles is called a(n) frequency
.

3. The number of times a sound source vibrates in one

second is its .

4. Frequency determines , the highness or lowness
of sound.

5. The energy in a sound wave is called .

Answer each question.
6. How are all sounds alike in the beginning?

7. If you tighten or loosen guitar strings, what feature of sound are
you adjusting?

8. What can you say about objects that make high amplitude sounds?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F52–F63 323

Name Date

Sound Lesson 5

ear highness amplitude energy
frequency vibrates pitch sound wave

Fill in the blanks.

Think about all the sounds you hear in a day. They begin when

something . The that

starts something vibrating is carried by the sound produced. An

area of crowded particles followed by widely spaced particles is

called a . You hear something when the

vibrations strike your . Each sound wave has

a(n) , or number of vibrations per second. Each

sound wave has , which is the highness or

lowness of a sound. Sound waves also vary in the amount of energy

they carry, which is called .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

324 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F52–F63

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Forms of Energy Chapter 12

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. Something that makes an object start moving, stop moving, speed up, or

slow down is a(n)

a. load. b. position.

c. force. d. newton.

2. The force that works against motion is

a. friction. b. newton.

c. direction. d. acceleration.

3. The tendency of an object to stay in motion or at rest until a force acts

upon it is

a. frame of reference. b. movement.

c. relation. d. inertia.

4. The lever, the pulley, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the screw, and

the wedge are all examples of

a. loads. b. simple machines.

c. effort forces. d. fulcrums.

5. The measure of how much work a machine puts out compared to the

amount of work put into it is called

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill a. inclination. b. efficiency.

c. ability. d. energy.

6. A material that doesn’t transfer heat very well is called a(n)

a. applicator. b. protector.

c. insulator. d. conveyor.

7. A material that transfers heat well is known as a(n)

a. conductor. b. insulator.

c. producer. d. inventor.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F2–F65 325

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Chapter 12

Circle the letter of the best answer.

8. The transfer of heat through space, such as the transfer of heat from the

Sun to Earth, is known as

a. convection. b. vibration.

c. conduction. d. radiation.

9. The transfer of energy by the flow of a liquid or a gas is called

a. radiation. b. heat.

c. convection. d. conduction.

10. A range of light waves with different wavelengths and energies is called a

a. prism. b. conductor.

c. spectrum. d. color.

11. When light strikes a surface and bounces off, it is called

a. vibration. b. reflection.

c. frequency. d. refraction.

12. The bending of light as it passes from one material to another is known as

a. density. b. transparency.

c. reflection. d. refraction.

13. The highness or lowness of a sound is the sound’s

a. pitch. b. vibration.

c. wavelength. d. amplitude. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

14. The number of times a sound source vibrates in one second is its

a. efficiency. b. frequency.

c. amplitude. d. instrument.

326 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F2–F65

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Chapter Summary

1. What are two vocabulary words you learned in the chapter?
Write a definition for each.

2. Which photograph, diagram, or illustration in this chapter best described
an idea?

3. What are two main ideas that you learned in this chapter?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit F · Energy Use with Chapter 12 327

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Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 13

Something that makes another thing happen is called a
cause. What happens is the effect. Sometimes causes and effects
create a pattern that results in a chain of related events. This chain of events
can be shown in a flowchart such as the following. The event in the box at
the top of each arrow is the cause of the event in the box at the bottom of
that arrow. An event that is an effect of one event can be the cause of
another event.

What Causes Static Electricity

Two different materials are Negative charges are knocked off
rubbed together one material, making it positive.

Negative charges collect on the The two materials are attracted to
other material, making it negative. each other's opposite charges.

The electrical charges build up,
causing static electricity.

Use the graphic organizer above to answer the following questions.
1. What causes negative charges to be knocked off one material?

2. What is the effect of negative charges being knocked off one material? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

3. What causes two materials to be attracted to each other?

4. What is the effect of electrical charges building up?

328 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F66–F101

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Cause and Effect Chapter 13

Complete each cause-and-effect statement below. Use a possible cause or
effect that makes sense in each sentence.

1. The flashlight wouldn’t light because , so we
.
, so the
2.
used pot holders to take the pan out of the oven. .
.
3. ,
lights went out in the house.
, so now we
4. Because we unplugged the radio,

5. The electricity was out, so

6. Because
I got a shock when I touched the doorknob.

7.
have a lightning rod to protect us from lightning.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F66–F101 329

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The Why of It All Chapter 13

A cause is the reason why something happens. The effect is what happens.
Read each sentence below. Tell whether it is a cause or an effect.

1. Static electricity builds up in clouds.
Lightning is discharged to the ground.

2. You get shocked.
Static electricity builds up in a sock stuck to
a sweater.

3. A balloon loses its electrical charge.
A balloon floats down from the wall it was
stuck to.

4. Electrical energy from lightning flows through
a lightning rod and into the ground.
Lightning strikes a lightning rod.

5. A coil spins.
Magnetic fields interact, attracting and
repelling each other.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

330 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F66–F101

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Static Electricity Lesson 6

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - questions 3, 4, 8, 9,
10, 17

What Is Electrical Charge?

1. All matter is made up of , particles too small to see.

2. Some particles inside atoms have positive or negative
.

3. An atom usually has charge because the number of

particles with positive charges equals the number of particles with nega-

tive charges.

4. Rubbing two different materials together

a. knocks charges off one material, making it
and

b. causes charges to collect on the other material,
making it .

5. Opposite charges each other.

6. Similar charges , or push one another away.

7. The buildup of electrical charge on a material is called
.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. Rubbing a balloon with a piece of wool knocks
charges off the wool and onto the balloon, making the balloon
.

9. The rubbed balloon sticks to a wall because its charges on the
charges are attracted to the wall’s
outside edge of the wall.

10. The balloon falls when the negative charges .

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F68–F75 331

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What Is an Electrical Discharge? Lesson 6

11. The movement of static electricity into an object is a(n)
.

12. Electricity flows easily through materials known as .

13. A material through which electricity does not flow is called
a(n) .

How Does Lightning Form?

14. A discharge of static electricity from a huge cloud is called
.

15. When water and ice particles rub together inside a thundercloud, the

positive and negative separate.

16. Lightweight positive ice particles gather at the of
the cloud, and negative water particles gather at the
of the cloud.

17. Lightning occurs when charges jump between the

cloud and the ground as a discharge.

How Do You Keep Safe from Lightning?

18. Lightning gives off the following forms of energy:

a. , b. ,

c. , and d. . © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

19. During a thunderstorm, stay away from tall objects because lightning

takes the clearest, path to the ground.

20. When lightning strikes a lightning rod on top of a tall building, electri-

cal energy flows through a wire and into the .

332 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F68–F75

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What Is Electrical Charge? Lesson 6

Perhaps you have touched an object and felt a shock. That shock was caused
by static electricity—a buildup of electrical charge. The illustration shows
changes in electrical charges with “–” and “+” signs. Notice how particles
with the same or different charges act.

Some particles have a negative Opposite charges attract Like charges repel
electrical charge. Others have a each other. each other.
positive electrical charge.

+- + -+ -+- - - -+- - - + After awhile the
- - - +
+ + - - ++ - - + negative charges
-+ + - + +
- - + + - - - on the balloon
- - +
- + + + "leak"away. The

The balloon's balloon is no

negative charges longer attracted

repel negative charges to the wall. It falls

A balloon has no Rubbing the in the wall. This leaves away.
overall charge. balloon knocks
There are as many negative charges a row of positive - + - + - +
negative charges off the cloth. +
as there are These negative charges on the outside -
positive charges. charges collect on - + +
the balloon and edge of the wall. The +
make it negative. - - -
negatively charged + + - +

balloon is attracted to +

the wall's positive

charges and sticks to it.

Answer these questions about the diagrams above.
1. How does the balloon become negative?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. Why does the balloon move to the wall?

3. Why does the balloon finally fall away from the wall?

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F70 333

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How Does Lightning Form? Lesson 6

Read the captions in order, following the arrows to the diagram.
Pay attention to the positive and negative charges; they help explain
what causes lightning.

1 2 Lightweight
positive ice particles
+ + +Inside a thundercloud
gather at the top of
+ +water and ice particles the cloud.

rub together. This

– – – – –separates positive and
negative charges. Thundercloud

5 Soon the buildup Heavy negative water
is too great. particles settle at the
Charges jump 3 bottom of th. e cloud.
between the cloud The charge keeps
and the ground as building up.

a discharg.e. A giant 4
spark of lightning Compared to the
results. cloud bottom, the

ground below is

+ positively charged.

Study the diagram to fill in the blanks.

1. Lightning usually occurs in .

2. Lightweight ice particles have a(n) charge and © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

gather at the of the thundercloud.

3. Heavy water particles have a(n) charge and settle at
the of the thundercloud.

4. The ground below the thundercloud is charged
compared to the cloud.

5. When the charges jump between the thundercloud and the ground,
results.

334 Unit F · Energy Use with textbook page F73

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Static Electricity Lesson 6

Fill in the blanks.

1. Similar charges each other. conductor
positive
2. A(n) is the movement of charge discharge
into an object. bottom
sound
3. Metal is a good of electricity. repel
insulator
4. The buildup of electric charge on a material is called static
. electricity

5. Lightning forms because negative particles settle at
the of a cloud.

6. In the balloon experiment, the wall provided
a(n) charge.

7. Lightning also gives off energy.

8. Electrical wires are often covered with rubber, because rubber is a good
.

Answer each question.

9. Would a lightning rod mounted on the first floor of a tall building
work? Why?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 10. Name one thing you could do to keep safe from lightning.

Unit F · Energy Use with textbook pages F68–F75 335