Reading in Science

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Can You Draw a Conclusion? Chapter 6

When you draw a conclusion, you decide if something is true or not.
Sometimes you have enough facts to draw a conclusion, but sometimes you
don’t. Read each set of facts below. Circle your answers for the first three
examples. Write your answers for the rest.

1. Maria moved to Springfield. There’s a Springfield in Massachusetts. Did
Maria move to Massachusetts?

yes no not enough facts

2. Everyone in the fourth grade went to the art museum. Andy is in the
fourth grade. Did Andy go to the museum?

yes no not enough facts

3. Only kids 10 and older can use the clubhouse. Sarah is 9 years old. Can
Sarah use the clubhouse?

yes no not enough facts

4. Tom has two brothers, Nick and Hank. He has one sister, Sally. Sally is
four years older than Nick and two years younger than Hank. Nick and
Tom are twins.

a. If Hank is 10, how old is Sally?

b. How old are Nick and Tom?

5. Mim is four years younger than her cousin Rob. Rob’s sister, Lindsay, is
seven years older than he is.

a. If Mim is six, how old is Rob?

b. How old is Lindsay?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

136 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook pages C30–C61

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Shaping Earth’s Surface Lesson 3

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Draw Conclusions - question 14

What Do Glaciers Do?

1. A large mass of snow and ice that moves over land is called a(n)
.

2. Glaciers form when more falls in winter than melts
in summer.

3. The following cause a glacier to move: .
a. .
b.

4. Heat from and from Earth below may melt some of

the layers of ice and help the glacier to move.

5. Glaciers pick up as they move.

6. Most debris is found at the and along the
of a glacier.

7. The debris often creates deep in the solid bedrock.

8. Rock debris collects at a glacier’s , or outer margin.

9. Rock debris deposited by glaciers form features called .

10. Moraines are made up of , an unsorted mix
of rock materials.
© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
11. An oval mound of till is called a(n) .

12. Cliffs and basins are formed when glaciers pluck out giant blocks
of .

13. Glaciers can polish rock by constant friction, acting
like .

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14. The general effect of erosion by continental glaciers Lesson 3

is to and the land.

15. Some types of glaciers carve out , making them
deeper and U-shaped.

Did Glaciers Exist in the Past?

16. Isolated boulders left behind by a glacier are called .

17. Gravel, sand, and clay carried from glaciers by melting water and
streams, and deposited over large areas are called
.

18. Periods of very cold temperatures and many glaciers are called
.

19. Periods of warmer weather between the ice ages are called
.

What Other Forces Shape Earth?

20. Other agents of erosion include: ,
a. ,
b. , and
c. .
d.

21. Waves pull materials away from the .

22. As running water flows across the land, it carries of © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
rock and soil that can cut a valley in the bedrock.

23. Running water drops articles far from where they were picked up. When

they settle at a river’s mouth, they form a .

24. Materials move from a higher place to a lower place because of
.

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What Do Glaciers Do? Lesson 3

Glaciers form when more snow falls in winter than melts in summer. Season
after season, snow collects in layers. The weight of the upper layers causes
the lower layers to become ice. Read the labels and follow the lines to see
where each part of a glacier is located.

Parts of a Glacier

Glacial debris

Glacier Drumlins

Lateral moraine Terminus
Moraine Glacial till

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Answer these questions about the diagram above.
1. Where on a glacier are moraines found?

2. Where do you find the most debris on a glacier?

3. What kind of machine could you compare a glacier to? How are the
two alike?

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Did Glaciers Exist in the Past? Lesson 3

Look at the map. It shows the extent of glaciation during the Ice Age.
Notice that the map has a key. Match the shade for glaciation in the key to
the same shade on the map to see where the glaciers were.

Glaciation During the Ice Age

Glaciation

Study the map and answer the questions. Use a world map to help you.
1. How does the key indicate areas covered by glaciers?

2. What parts of the world were covered with glaciers?

3. What parts of the world were not covered with glaciers? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
4. Were there glaciers where you live?

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Shaping Earth’s Surface Lesson 3

Match the correct letter with the description. a. erratic
1. gravel, sand, and clay carried from glaciers by b. glacial till
melting water and streams c. glacier
d. moraine
2. rock debris carried and deposited by a glacier e. outwash

3. an isolated boulder left behind by a glacier plain
f. terminus
4. the end, or outer margin, of a glacier

5. a large mass of snow and ice that moves
downward and outward over land

6. an unsorted mixture of rock materials
deposited as a glacier melts

Answer each question.
7. How does a glacier form?

8. How do glaciers move?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. How have glaciers changed Earth?

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Shaping Earth’s Surface Lesson 3

landslides rock erosion soil glaciers
surface mudflows waves valley

Fill in the blanks.

Large masses of ice and snow that move over land are called

. They were not the only things that changed

Earth’s surface. Earth’s surface is also affected by many types of

. Pounding break up rocks,

coral, and shells into small pieces. Gravity can cause ,

which occur when rocks are shaken loose by heavy rain or earthquakes.

After a heavy rain, when the soil is soaked, can

result. The flow of rainwater picks up particles of

and . These particles can cut a

in the bedrock. The particles picked up by running water are eventually

placed far from the original location changing Earth’s

. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

142 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook pages C32–C39

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The Story of Soil Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Draw Conclusions - questions 13,18

What Is Soil Made Of?

1. Soil begins to form when is broken down.
2. The breakdown of bedrock is caused by:

a. ,

b. ,

c. ,

d. , or e. .

3. Bacteria and fungi help create soil by decomposing dead plants and

animals into .

4. Soil is a mixture of:

a. ,

b. ,

c. ,

d. , and e. .

5. As soil forms, different result.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 6. A layer of soil differing from the layers above and below it is called
a(n) .

7. The top, or A, horizon is made up of .

8. The B horizon is known as and is made of clay
particles and minerals.

9. The C horizon is made of coarse material broken down from the

underlying and is beyond the reach of plant roots.

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10. The vertical section of soil from the surface down to Lesson 4

the bedrock is called a(n) .

How Are Soils Alike and Different?
11. Properties of soil include:

a. ,

b. ,

c. , and

d. ,
12. The composition and thickness of soils depend on:

a. ,

b. ,

c. ,

d. , and

e. .

13. Soil that forms on steep slopes is usually quite
because it is eroded quickly.

14. Usually, soil that is left alone becomes over time.

15. When eroded soil is deposited in other places, it is called © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
soil.

How Does Particle Size Affect Water Flow?

16. The spaces between soil particles are called .

17. Water passes quickly through soils with .

Why Is Soil Important?

18. Soil supports the growth of , which provide food for
many other organisms.

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What Is Soil Made Of? Lesson 4

A diagram uses pictures and words to describe a thing or a process.
This diagram shows how soil is formed. It also shows a process, but
the steps are not numbered because all the steps go on at the same time.
The circled section of the diagram shows the beginning of soil formation.

Soil begins to form when bedrock is Soil is broken down
broken down into smaller pieces of even more when animals
rock and minerals. burrow through it.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Study the diagram and answer the questions.
1. What is the first step in the process of forming soil?

2. Name some animals that burrow underground.

3. How do burrowing animals help to make soil?

4. What part of a plant grows into soil?

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What Are Soil Layers? Lesson 4

A diagram uses pictures and words to describe a thing or process. This
diagram shows how soil layers are formed. Follow the lines to see where
each layer is located.

Soil Profile

A horizon: topsoil

B horizon: subsoil

C horizon: broken-down
bedrock

Bedrock

Answer these questions about the diagram.
1. What is a soil profile?

2. What are the four soil layers from the top downward?

3. If you were planting a garden, how far into the soil profile would you © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
plan to dig?

4. How is the C horizon similar to the bottom layer of soil?

146 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook page C45

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The Story of Soil Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraphs.

Soil begins to form when 1. is subsoil
humus
broken apart into small rock pieces and minerals. Soil texture
permeability
also contains leftover plant and animal matter called horizon
pore spaces
2. . Water and air fill spaces between porous
soil profile
soil particles called 3. . topsoil
bedrock
A layer of soil differing from the layers above and below

it is called a(n) 4. . A vertical section

of soil from the surface down to the bedrock that shows

the horizons is called a(n) 5. . The

top layer of soil, or 6. , is rich in humus

and minerals. The B horizon, or 7. , is

made of clay particles and minerals and is usually light in

color.

There are different types of soil that have different properties. One property,

8. , refers to the size of the particles making up the soil.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Soils with pore spaces are said to be 9. . The size of pore

spaces and how they are connected affect 10. , or how

easily water can pass through a porous material.

11. Give three reasons why we should protect soil and use it more wisely.

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The Story of Soil Lesson 4

roots freezes soil fungi
humus bacteria Chemical tunnels

Fill in the blanks.

When bedrock is broken apart into small rock pieces,

starts to form. Rain, ice, wind, freezing, and thawing can do this.

changes can do it, too. Plant

spreading downward break these pieces apart further. Some burrowing

animals make that fill with air and water. This

water expands as it , further breaking apart rocks.

Dead animals and plants are decomposed by and

for energy. The leftover plant and animal matter,

called , mix with the rock pieces forming soil.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

148 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook pages C42–C51

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Inside Earth Lesson 5

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Draw Conclusions - question 8

How Can We Learn About Earth’s Interior?

1. The distance from Earth’s surface to its center is about .

2. The release of stored energy in Earth’s outer layer causes movements or

vibrations called .

3. The instrument that detects, measures, and records the energy of earth-

quake vibrations is called a(n) .

What Causes Earthquakes?

4. If rocks along a break move, the break is called a .

5. The place where the movement of an earthquake begins is called its
.

6. In an earthquake, rocks along faults move and break, releasing energy
as .

7. The vibrations that occur during an earthquake are called
.

What Can We Learn from Earthquakes?

8. The farther seismic waves travel from the focus, the
they become.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. The record made by a seismograph is called a(n) .

10. There are three different kinds of seismic waves that tell scientists about
Earth’s interior:

a. ,

b. , and

c.

11. The fastest seismic waves are .

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12. The slowest seismic waves are Lesson 5
What Is Earth’s Structure? .

13. The layers making up Earth are:

a. , b. ,
c. , and d. .

14. The crust is deeper under the continents than under the .
.

15. The crust is the layer of Earth.

16. Great pressure and high temperatures move rocks in
the .

17. The mantle lies directly below the .

18. The liquid layer, probably made of melted iron, that lies below the

mantle is called the .

19. The inner core is a sphere of solid material at Earth’s

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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What Causes Earthquakes? Lesson 5

Earthquakes are movements, or vibrations, in Earth. Earthquakes are caused
by the release of stored energy in Earth’s outer layer. The thin arrows show
parts of an earthquake. The two thicker arrows show how rocks move on a
fault.

Seismic waves Fault

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Focus
Answer these questions about the diagram above.

1. What is the place on Earth’s surface where rocks break and move called?

2. What is the beginning point of an earthquake called?

3. What is another name for earthquake waves? What are they?

4. In what direction do seismic waves travel?

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What Is Earth’s Structure? Lesson 5

This diagram shows Earth’s layers and their depths. Study the labeled parts in
order to identify the layers from the outer layer inward.

8 to 32 kilometers
(5 to 20 miles)
Crust
1
1 The crust is solid rock that
makes up Earth’s outermost
layer. It is deeper under
continents than under
oceans. 1,300
4 kilometers
Mantle 3
(800 miles)

2 The mantle is the layer of 2 2,250
kilometers
rock lying below the crust.
Rocks in this region can 2,900 (1,400 miles)
move or slowly flow kilometers
because of great pressure
and high temperatures. (1,800 miles)

Outer core Inner core
3 The outer core is a liquid layer of 4 The inner core is a sphere of

Earth, probably made of melted solid material at Earth’s center.
iron. It lies below the mantle

Study the diagram and answer the questions.
1. List the four layers of Earth in order, starting from the surface:

2. Which layer of Earth is liquid? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
3. What is the inner core?
4. Why are the rocks in the mantle able to flow slowly?

5. Is the crust deeper under continents or oceans?
6. Where is the mantle located?

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Inside Earth Lesson 5

Match the correct letter with the description. a. crust
1. a movement or vibration in Earth b. earthquake
c. fault
2. a liquid layer of Earth lying below the mantle d. seismic wave
e. inner core
3. also called S waves, they travel only through f. mantle
solids g. outer core
h. primary
4. the energy released as vibrations
waves
5. a sphere of solid material at Earth’s center i. secondary

6. the solid rock that makes up Earth’s waves
outermost layer

7. a break in Earth’s outer layer caused by
movement of rocks

8. the layer of rock lying below the crust

9. also called P waves, the fastest seismic
waves, they can travel through solids, liquids,
and gases

10. What are two reasons why scientists study
earthquakes?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Inside Earth Lesson 5

outer core solid material iron crust
center mantle temperatures pressure

Fill in the blanks.

Earth’s outermost layer is made up of solid rock called the

. Below this is the . The rocks in

the mantle flow slowly due to the high and

great . The liquid layer of Earth, called the

, lies beneath the mantle. This layer is most

likely made of melted . Finally, the inner core can be

found at Earth’s . It is a sphere made of

.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

154 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook pages C52–C59

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Earth’s Surface and Interior Chapter 6

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. A large mass of snow and ice that moves over the land is called a

a. glacial till. b. glacier.

c. moraine. d. terminus.

2. Rock debris carried and deposited by a glacier is called a(n)

a. humus. b. moraine.

c. outwash. d. terminus.

3. An isolated boulder left behind by a glacier is a(n)

a. erratic. b. glacial till.

c. moraine. d. terminus.

4. Leftover plant and animal matter found in topsoil is called

a. horizon. b. humus.

c. moraine. d. subsoil.

5. A layer of soil differing from the layers above and below it is a

a. crust. b. fault.

c. fragment. d. horizon.

6. How easily water can pass through a material defines its

a. bedrock. b. horizon.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill c. permeability. d. soil profile.

7. A movement or vibration in Earth is called a(n)

a. earthquake. b. outwash plain.

c. seismic wave. d. terminus.

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Circle the letter of the best answer. Chapter 6

8. A break in Earth’s outer layer caused by the movement of rocks is a(n)

a. erratic. b. fault.

c. seismic wave. d. soil profile.

9. A vibration caused by rocks moving and breaking along faults is called a

a. glacial till. b. permeation.

c. pore space. d. seismic wave.

10. The layer of rock lying below the crust is the

a. horizon. b. inner core.

c. mantle. d. outer core.

11. A liquid layer of Earth lying below the mantle is the

a. crust. b. horizon.

c. inner core. d. outer core.

12. A sphere of solid material at the Earth’s center is the

a. crust. b. horizon.

c. inner core. d. outer core.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Chapter Summary

1. What are two vocabulary words you learned in the chapter?
Write a sentence for each.

2. Which diagram, illustration, or photograph in the chapter best described
an idea?

3. What are two main ideas that you learned in this chapter?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Sun, Moon, and Planets Chapter 7

Two events have a cause-and-effect relationship if you can use them to

complete this sentence: because .

For example, we see different amounts of the lighted half of the Moon

because the Moon revolves around Earth. Complete the chart by writing a

possible cause or effect to complete each relationship.

Cause: Why Something Happens. Effect: What Happens.
We have day and night.
Gravity is weaker on the Moon.
Sunlight hits the Moon. Scientists can see objects that are
great distances away in space.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

158 Unit C · Earth and Beyond Use with textbook pages C62–C93

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Cause and Effect Chapter 7

A cause tells why something happened. An effect tells what happened.
Folktales often offer explanations for occurrences in nature. Read the
following folktale. Then answer the questions that follow.

Coyote Decorates the Night

a Hopi tale
Long ago, all the animals were in charge of Earth. They all worked
together, except for one. Coyote was a lazy animal. He either
watched as the others worked, or he slept away his time.
One day, the animals decided that they wanted to decorate Earth
to make it look more beautiful. They made thousands of small, glit-
tering objects. When it was time to display them, the animals
couldn’t agree on what to do with them. Some of the animals
thought they should be put on the mountains. Others thought they
should dangle from trees. On and on they quarreled, long into the
night. Finally, they grew tired and decided to wait until morning.
They went home to rest.
About this time, Coyote wandered up after a nap. He saw so
many of the shiny things on the ground. He wondered what they
could be. He moved one with his paw. He sniffed. Then he picked it
up and examined it closely. Coyote couldn’t imagine what these
things were for. He saw no use for them whatsoever. He carelessly
tossed one of the objects over his shoulder. He picked up each object,
and threw it in this same way. All the objects landed in the night sky.
You can still see them twinkling there today.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 1. According to the folktale, what caused the stars to be in the sky?

2. What is another cause-and-effect relationship in the folktale?

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The Cause of It All, and Chapter 7
the Effects

Remember that causes tell why things happen and that effects tell what
happen. Use what you know about causes and effects to complete the story
below.

Our family was all set for a night of star gazing. We couldn’t wait to

point our telescope up into the heavens. We drove far outside the city

into the country because . ahead

of time, so we had our friend’s permission to go on their property.

We were excited when we pulled up because . We

unpacked our blankets and the telescope. Because it was cold outside,

we .

After we got set up, we took turns with the telescope. We had a list of
constellations we wanted to locate. We couldn’t find all of them because

. Still, we had a great time.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Earth, the Moon, and the Sun Lesson 6

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - questions 2, 5, 10,
11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23

How Do the Sun, Earth, and the Moon Move?

1. As Earth moves around the Sun, it spins, or .

2. As Earth spins, the part that is facing the Sun has .

3. The real or imaginary line that a spinning object turns around is an
.

4. Earth’s axis is an imaginary line drawn between the North and South
.

5. Scientists think that the tilt of Earth’s axis was caused by
hitting Earth.

Why Are There Seasons?

6. While Earth is spinning on its axis, it also , or moves
in a circular path, around the Sun.

7. Earth’s trip around the Sun takes .

8. The path Earth travels around the Sun is called an .

9. Earth’s orbit is shaped like an , or flattened circle.

10. Earth’s causes seasons because of the different ways

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill the Sun’s rays strike parts of Earth.

How Do the Moon and Earth Compare?

11. From Earth, the Moon looks big because it is to Earth.

12. The Moon is about as wide as Earth.

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13. The force that holds things on the ground and Lesson 6
determines how much they weigh is .

14. Gravity is on Earth than on the Moon, so things
weigh on Earth than on the Moon.

15. Instead of making its own light, the Moon the light
of the Sun.

16. The Moon revolves around .

17. The Moon is dusty and lifeless because it has no or
.

18. The surface of the moon has mountains, large flat plains, and thousands

of pits in the ground called .

19. The Moon’s craters may have been formed by volcanoes, but most were
caused by chunks of and from
space crashing into the Moon.

20. The first missions to the Moon used and

.

What Makes the Moon Look Different?

21. Half of the Moon always faces the , and the other

half is always in .

22. As the Moon travels around Earth, it appears to change © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
because we see different amounts of its

half.

23. During a New Moon, you can’t see the lighted half of the Moon because
the Moon is between and .

24. During a Full Moon, you can see all of its .

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Why Are There Seasons? Lesson 6

During Earth’s trip around the Sun, it constantly spins on its axis.
Earth’s axis is always tilted in the same direction. This tilt of Earth’s axis
produces seasons. The thin arrows show Earth’s movements. The wide arrows
show the Sun’s rays coming to Earth.

March

A_SC02_RdSc_G4C_L06_01:

June Insert black and white version of art December
from pE pages C68 and C69.

TK upon receipt of referenced page from new PE

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill September

When it is summer in the northern part of Earth, the Sun’s rays strike it at
steep angles. This increases the amount of energy absorbed in this area.
There are more daylight hours. In winter, sunlight strikes this part of Earth at
low angles. This reduces the amount of energy absorbed and days become
shorter.

Answer these questions about the diagram above.

1. During which month do the Sun’s rays strike the northern part of the
world most directly?

2. In what month does summer start in the southern part of the world?
Why?

3. Why does spring start in April in the northern part of the world?

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What Makes the Moon Lesson 6
Look Different?

Half of the Moon always faces toward the Sun. The other half is in darkness.
As the Moon travels around Earth, we see various amounts of the Moon’s
lighted half. The Moon appears to change shape. The different shapes are
known as phases of the Moon.

New Moon First Quarter Moon
The Moon is a quarter of the way around Earth.
The Moon is This is sometimes called a half Moon.
between the Sun and
the Earth. You can’t Gibbous Moon
see the lighted half A gibbous (GIB-uhs) Moon is almost full.
of the moon.

Crescent Moon Gibbous Moon

The lighted side of the Moon begins The Moon is waning, meaning
to show. The Moon is waxing, meaning the part you see is getting smaller.
the part you see is growing larger.

Full Moon Crescent Moon
The Moon is now halfway around
Earth. You can see all of its lighted side. The lighted side has
almost disappeared.
Last Quarter Moon Soon a new Moon will
The Moon is three-quarters of the way around Earth. begin the cycle again.

Answer these questions about the diagram above.
1. What is the Moon’s position during the New Moon?

2. What is the Moon called at the halfway point in its journey around © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Earth? .

3. How are the First and Last Quarter Moons alike? Different?

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Earth, the Moon, and the Sun Lesson 6

Fill in the blanks.

1. Earth turns about an imaginary line known as its orbit
. ellipse
revolves
2. Earth is not still—it spins, or . rotates
phases
One complete rotation of Earth takes 24 hours, or craters
axis
one whole day.

3. As Earth spins, it also around
the Sun.

4. Earth travels in a set path around the Sun, called its
.

5. The surface of the Moon is pitted by deep holes in the ground called
.

6. As the Moon travels around Earth, the different shapes we see are the
of the Moon.

7. Earth’s path around the Sun is shaped like a(n) .

Answer each question.

8. What is the difference between rotating and revolving?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. If you dropped marbles into a pan of sand, what would you be
simulating about the Moon’s surface?

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Earth, the Moon, and the Sun Lesson 6

rotates day orbit
phases Moon Sun
revolves night Earth

Fill in the blanks.

During every moment in time, it is somewhere

on Earth and night somewhere else on Earth. As Earth spins, or

, part of it faces the and is lit.

The other side of Earth is in darkness and is having .

The Sun seems to rise and set, but actually it is

that moves.

When we look into the sky on different nights, the

appears to have different shapes. The Moon around

Earth. As the Moon makes its around Earth, sunlight

falls on it. We see differing amounts of the Moon’s lighted half. These dif- © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

ferent shapes are called the of the Moon.

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The Solar System and Beyond Lesson 7

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - questions 10, 11, 17

Why Is the Sun a Star?

1. The Sun is a hot glowing sphere of gases called a .

2. The Sun’s fuel is .

3. The Sun gives off energy that and
Earth.

4. Planets are different from stars because: and
a. .
b.

5. The system that contains the Sun and the objects that orbit around it is

called the .

6. Some ways the planets are alike are and
a. .
b.

What Are the Inner Planets?

7. The inner planets, the planets closest to the Sun, are: .
a. , b.
c. , and d.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. The planet closest to the Sun is , and it has a very
hot side and a very cold side.

9. The hottest planet in the solar system is because its

atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, traps heat.

10. Earth is the only planet of the solar system that we know supports life
because:

a. and
b. .

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11. Because of its reddish surface, Lesson 7
.

What Are the Outer Planets?

12. The outer planets are: , b. , and
a. , d.
c.
e.

13. All outer planets are dark and ; they have rings and
.

14. The largest planet in the solar system is .

15. Saturn has thousands of rings made of chunks of
and .

16. Because it rotates on such a tilted axis, looks as if it’s
lying on its side.

17. Like Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, is a “gas giant”—a
planet made mostly of gas.

18. The planet farthest from the Sun is .

What Else Is in the Solar System?

19. Thousands of chunks of rock or metal that orbit the sun are called
.

20. Small pieces of ice, rock, or metal that have broken off of colliding © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

comets or asteroids are called .

21. When a meteor hits the Earth, it is called a .

22. Chunks of ice with bits of rock and dust, sometimes called “dirty

snowballs,” are .

How Can You Locate Stars?

23. A pattern or picture outlined by stars is called a .

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The Solar System Lesson 7

The solar system is made up of many parts. The central part, the Sun, gives
heat and light to the planets. The planets are alike in some ways. They all
rotate on an axis and revolve around the Sun. However, the planets have
many differences, such as the speed at which they rotate and revolve.

This sentence may help you remember the order of the planets from the Sun
in our solar system: My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas.

Venus Sun Mercury Earth
Jupiter Mars Saturn
Uranus

Neptune Pluto

Answer these questions about the diagram above.
1. Which is the closest planet to the Sun? The farthest from it?

2. What is Earth’s position from the Sun?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 3. What are Earth’s two nearest planetary neighbors?

4. Which planet is most likely to be made up of rocky materials and frozen
gases? Why?

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What Are the Inner Planets? Lesson 7

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the inner planets because they are
closest to the Sun. They are warmer and smaller than the other planets. The
chart below organizes information about the four inner planets into rows
and columns. By reading from left to right, you can compare the four inner
planets to each other. By reading from top to bottom, you can find
information on one planet.

The Inner Planets

Mercury Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Distance to the 58 million 108 million 150 million 228 million
Sun (in kilometers)
12,100
Diameter 4,880 Temperatures 12,756 6,794
(in kilometers) on Venus can
reach 500˚C.
Did you know? A year on Earth’s atmos- Iron oxide, or
Mercury lasts phere protects rust, gives Mars
only 88 days. the surface its reddish color.
from space
hazards.

Use the chart to answer these questions. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

1. How do the inner planets compare in size? Write a list in order from
smallest to largest.

2. What planet is closest to the Sun? How far is it from the Sun?

3. Would you be a greater or lesser number of years old if you lived on
Mercury?

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What Are the Outer Planets? Lesson 7

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto are the outer planets because
they are far from the Sun. The chart below organizes information about the
five outer planets into rows and columns. By reading from left to right, you
can compare the five outer planets to each other. By reading from top to
bottom, you can find information on one planet.

The Outer Planets

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Use the chart to answer these questions.
1. What unit of measurement is used to measure the distance from the Sun
to each of the planets?

2. How far is Uranus from the Sun?

3. What is the difference in diameter between Jupiter and Pluto?

4. How much farther away from the Sun is Neptune than Saturn?

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The Solar System and Beyond Lesson 7

Fill in the blanks.

1. The Sun, nine planets, their moons, and other . constellation
smaller objects make up the comet
star
2. Earth is an example of a(n) ,a solar system
satellite of the Sun. meteor

3. The Sun, a hot sphere of gases that gives off energy,

is often called a(n) .

4. A small piece of rock, ice, or metal that has broken planet
off colliding comets or asteroids is known as a(n) asteroid
.

5. A small chunk of rock or metal that orbits the Sun is a(n)
.

6. When a(n) passes close to Earth, you can see its tail
in the sky.

7. A pattern or picture outlined by stars is called a(n) .

Answer each question.
8. Is everything you see twinkling in the night sky a star? Explain.

9. What happens to meteors when they enter Earth’s atmosphere?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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The Solar System and Beyond Lesson 7

asteroids comets star
outer planets moons meteors
solar system inner planets planets

Fill in the blanks.

The includes the Sun and the objects that orbit

around it. The Sun is actually a . In the solar system,

there are nine . Many of the planets have

orbiting around them. The four planets closest to

the Sun are known as the . The five planets

further away from the Sun are known as the .

The planets are not the only thing joining the Sun in the solar system.

, , and are

also found in the system.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Sun, Moon, and Planets Chapter 7

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. To spin around is to b. fold.
a. fascinate. d. participate.
c. rotate.

2. The Moon’s surface is covered with hollow areas and pits called

a. craters. b. gravel.

c. ponds. d. ellipse.

3. Earth spins on its b. day.
a. cycle. d. axis.
c. moon.

4. To move around an object, such as Earth moving around the Sun, is to

a. enclose. b. revolve.

c. reflect. d. gravitate.

5. The path an object follows as it revolves is its

a. axis. b. arch.

c. orbit. d. projection.

6. Earth is a satellite of the Sun, or a(n)

a. moon. b. star.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill c. universe. d. planet.

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7. The Sun is actually a hot sphere of gases Chapter 7

called a(n)

a. hydrogen. b. atmosphere.

c. star. d. planet.

8. A chunk of ice and other material that moves in a long, narrow orbit is

called a

a. comet. b. belt.

c. daystar. d. meteor.

9. The system that contains the Sun and objects that orbit around it is known

as the

a. star system. b. planet system.

c. orbit system. d. solar system.

10. Chunks of rock or metal orbiting the Sun that may be underdeveloped

parts of planets or pieces of planets that have broken off are called

a. stars. b. asteroids.

c. comets. d. meteorites.

11. Fragments of rock, ice, or metal that glow as they collide with Earth’s

atmosphere are

a. comets. b. boulders.

c. meteors. d. rings.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Which Is It? Unit C

Read each definition. Answer each question.

1. This is a fossil created by a print or impression. Is it a cast, a mold, or an
imprint?

2. This is the layer of rock lying just below Earth’s crust. Is it the outer core,
the inner core, or the mantle?

3. This is hardened tree sap, often a source of insect fossils. Is it gelatin,
amber, or carbon film?

4. This is the age of something compared with the age of another thing. Is
it evidence, conclusion, or relative age?

5. This is a movement or vibration in Earth. Is it an earthquake, a fault, or
an erratic?

6. This is the path an object follows as it revolves around something. Is it a
cycle, an orbit, or a horizon?

7. This is rock whose form has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Is it
igneous rock, sedimentary rock, or metamorphic rock?

8. This is a fossil formed or shaped within a mold. Is it a cast, a mold, or an
imprint?

9. This is a satellite of the Sun. Is it a moon, a ring, or a planet?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 10. This is rock formed from bits or layers of rocks cemented together. Is it
igneous rock, sedimentary rock, or metamorphic rock?

11. This is to move around an object. Is it revolve, wave, or rotate?

12. This is a small, underdeveloped planet that orbits the Sun. Is it a
meteorite, an asteroid, or a comet?

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Words and Meanings Unit C

Write the missing word or the word’s meaning.

Word Meaning

rock cycle

the space between soil particles

comet

the solid rock that makes up Earth’s
outermost layer

horizon

a hot sphere of gases that gives off energy

seismic wave

a break in Earth’s outer layer caused by the
movement of rocks

permeability © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

a hollow area or pit in the ground

soil profile

a sphere of solid material at Earth’s core

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Secret Message Unit C

Write the word that matches each meaning. Then unscramble the
circled letters to find the answer to the riddle.

1. a large mass of ice and snow that moves over land:

2. a fragment of rock, ice, or metal that glows as it collides with Earth’s
atmosphere:

3. leftover plant and animal matter:

4. a real or imaginary line that a spinning object turns around:

5. to spin around:

6. a type of rock formed when smaller bits of rock become pressed or
cemented together:

7. the solid rock that makes up Earth’s outermost layer:

8. a hollow fossil form clearly showing the outside features of
the organism:

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. rock debris carried and deposited by a glacier:

10. “fire-made” rock formed from melted rock material:

11. a hard layer of clay and minerals that lies beneath the topsoil:

Riddle: What kind of heating did the space aliens want in their new home?
A

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Earth’s Water Chapter 8

Water is a resource, a natural force, and a necessity for
all living things. Study the flow chart below and think about different things
that happen as water goes through its cycle. Think of four kinds of places
snow or rain could fall and what might happen to the water in each situation.
Then complete the flow chart by recording your ideas in the empty boxes.

What Happens to Water?

Water evaporates into the atmosphere.

Moisture condenses and falls as rain or snow.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Sequence of Events Chapter 8

Everything happens in sequence. Decide the order in which these events
would happen. Then number the events to show the correct order. The first
event is marked.

Melted snow begins to trickle over the ground.
1 Storm clouds begin to gather.

The snowstorm ends and the sun comes out.

A large stream forms and runs down the mountain.

A layer of snow covers the ground.

The snow begins to melt.

Snowflakes begin to fall.

Now write two events that could be added to the end of the
sequence above.

8.

9.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Water for the Farmer’s Soup Chapter 8

Study the following illustration. Draw arrows to show the way the water
travels from the ocean to the soup pot.

Now write a paragraph describing the events in the order your arrows show.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Water, Water Everywhere Lesson 1

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Sequence of Events - question 10

Where Can Water Be Found?

1. Very large bodies of salt water are called
and .

2. Gases that surround Earth make up its .

3. In the atmosphere water is in a gas state and is called
.

4. How much water vapor there is in the air depends on the
.

5. There is less water vapor in the air over a(n) than
over large bodies of water.

Where Else Can Water Be Found?

6. A very small part of Earth’s water is contained in ,

, and .

7. Flowing water that empties into an ocean or a lake is called a(n)
.

8. Very wide, thick sheets of ice that cover large areas of land are

called .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. When the water level, or tide, is low,
often form, trapping organisms and water on a beach.

10. When a large body of water reaches into the land, a(n)
forms.

11. A place where fresh water and salt water meet is called a(n)
.

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Where Can Water Be Found Underground? Lesson 1

12. After rainwater soaks into Earth’s soil it is called .

13. Water stored in cracks and spaces of underground rock is called
.

14. The amount of water found in soil water and groundwater is
very .

How Much Water and Where? ,
15. Water can be found: ,
,
a. ,
b. , and
c. .
d.
e.
f.

Is There Water in Living Things?

16. A small amount of Earth’s water can be found in all
things.

17. The jellylike substance inside all cells is made up mostly of
.

18. Water makes up at least the weight of most plants © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
and animals.

19. All living things need .

20. Plants soak up water through their .

21. People and animals water.

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Where Can Water Be Found? Lesson 1

The ocean floor has many peaks and dips. Most are just like landforms found
on continents and islands, except that they are under water. Follow the
pointers and read the labels to find where each part is located.

Parts of the Ocean

Shore Ocean
floor
Continental
shelf Valley
Mountains
Continental
slope Trench

Mid-ocean
ridge

Answer these questions about the diagram above.

1. Imagine that you are leaving shore in a sailboat and heading out to sea.
What must you pass over before you are sailing above the ocean floor?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. What lies between the shore and the Continental slope?

3. Where are valleys found on the ocean floor?

4. What are the deepest places in the ocean floor?

Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook page D7 185