Reading in Science

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What Is Climate? Lesson 7

There are 7 climate zones in the continental United States. Match the
numbers on the key with the number on the map to find each zone.

Winters are mild. Summers are Winters are cold. Summers are hot
3 cool. Rain is frequent. 1 or warm. Precipitation is plentiful.

WA 7 MT 5 ND Winters are mild or warm. ME
SD 2 Summers are hot.
3 WY NE
KS Precipitation is plentiful. VT
OR CO MN NH MA

7 5 ID 7 WI NY

MI RI
CT
CA IA 1 PA NJ
DE
5 NV UT IL IN OH
MD
64 6 MO WV VA
KY

AZ 5 NM OK AR 2 TN NC
TX
6 MS AL GA SC

Winters are mild and wet. LA Winter and summer temperatures
4 Summers are hot and dry. 6 vary with latitude and altitude.

There is very little precipitation.

5 FL

Winter and summer temperatures In these highlands the temperature
5 vary with latitude. There is little 7 and precipitation vary with altitude.

precipitation.

1. How many climate zones can be found in California?

2. What kind of weather would you expect on a trip to western Oregon in © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
the summer?

3. How is the climate in the northern states different from the southern
states on the east coast? How are they similar?

236 Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D84–D85

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What Affects Climate? Lesson 7

When an air mass approaches a mountain range, air and moisture must
travel up and over the mountains. The elevation causes a temperature
change in the air mass. That change affects when and where rain falls. Those
patterns of rainfall determine the climate of the areas on each side of the
mountain range. Follow the arrows and read the labels to see how an air
mass changes as it travels over a mountain.

Cold moist air

Windward side

Warm Leeward side Hot dry
moist air air

Sea Level

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Answer these questions about the diagram above.
1. What happens to the temperature of air as it rises toward the top of
the mountain?

2. Where would the most rain fall near a mountain range? Why?

3. How would the climate differ on each side of the mountain?

Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D86 237

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How Do People Change Climate? Lesson 7

Greenhouse gases trap solar energy and keep Earth warm. This is known as
the greenhouse effect. The actions of people may be increasing the amount
of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. This is known as global
warming. Follow the arrows and read the captions in the diagram to see the
effects of global warming.

Global Warming

Sunlight comes through

the atmosphere and People are
heats the Earth’s producing more
surface. greenhouse

Heat from Earth gases. The
rises. Some of it gases stay in
escapes into space. the atmosphere
and trap more

Water vapor, carbon heat. Earth’s
dioxide, and other climate gets
gases trap some of warmer.

the heat. The air

temperature rises.

Use the diagram to answer the questions. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
1. What do the large arrows represent?

2. Where does the heat that warms the Earth’s surface come from?

3. Describe what happens to the heat rising up from Earth’s surface?

4. What steps lead to global warming?

238 Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D88

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Weather and Climate Lesson 7

Fill in the blanks.

1. The boundary between air masses that have . air mass
different temperatures is a(n) front
cold front
2. A large region of air that has the same temperature warm front
stationary
and moisture is called a(n) . front

3. When a warm air mass pushes into a cold air mass,
a(n) forms.

4. When air masses of different temperatures meet

and do not move, a(n) forms.

5. When cold air pushes into an area of warm air, a(n)
forms.

Answer each question.

6. What is the difference between air masses that form in polar regions
and those that form in the tropics?

7. What happens when a cold air mass meets a warm air mass?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. If you see high or low pressure areas on a weather map, what can you
predict about the weather in those areas? Why?

Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D76–D89 239

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Weather and Climate Lesson 7

slowly back stationary front
air masses move quickly warm
cold upward

Fill in the blanks.

When two of different temperatures meet, a

forms and the weather changes. When cold air

pushes into an area of warm air, a(n) front forms.

Warm air is forced . Thick clouds form, and there

may be violent thunderstorms that pass . When

warm air pushes into an area of cold air, a(n) front

forms. Cold air is pushed . Cloud layers form, and

there is usually light rain that passes . Rain may last

for several days during a front because the air

masses do not . © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

240 Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D76–D89

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Earth’s Weather Chapter 9

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. A cloud that forms in layers is a

a. stratus cloud. b. scattered cloud.

c. cirrus cloud. d. cumulus cloud.

2. A wispy, feathery cloud is a b. cumulus cloud.
a. stratus cloud. d. thunderhead.
c. cirrus cloud.

3. A puffy cloud that appears to rise from a flat base is a

a. cotton cloud. b. cumulus cloud.

c. cirrus cloud. d. stratus cloud.

4. A large region of air that has the same temperature and moisture is called

a(n)

a. front. b. air mass.

c. storm. d. drought.

5. The blanket of air that surrounds Earth is called the

a. current. b. climate zone.

c. atmosphere. d. stationary front.

6. When a warm air mass pushes into a cold air mass, it forms a

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill a. cold front. b. stratus cloud.

c. warm front. d. cumulus cloud.

Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D60–D93 241

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Circle the letter of the best answer. Chapter 9

7. When air masses of different temperatures meet and do not move, their

boundary is called a(n)

a. climate zone. b. cold front.

c. warm front. d. stationary front.

8. When cold air pushes into an area of warm air, it forms a(n)

a. stationary front. b. cold front.

c. warm front. d. cirrus cloud.

9. The amount of water vapor in the air is

a. air pressure. b. temperature.

c. wind. d. humidity.

10. The boundary between air masses that have different temperatures

is called

a. a front. b. high pressure.

c. a surface current. d. a climate zone.

11. The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere are

layers of

a. a stationary front. b. the atmosphere.

c. a hemisphere. d. air pressure.

12. The force of air pushing on an area is

a. humidity. b. temperature. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

c. air pressure. d. wind.

242 Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D60–D93

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Words and Meanings Unit D

Draw a line from each word to its meaning.

Words Meanings
1. filtration
2. air pressure a. water stored in the cracks and
3. runoff spaces of underground rocks
4. wave
5. groundwater b. water in the atmosphere that falls
6. front to Earth
7. precipitation
8. current c. the force of air pushing on an
9. water conservation area

d. a large stream of water that flows
in the ocean

e. precipitation that doesn’t
evaporate or soak into the ground

f. the passing of a liquid through
materials that remove impurities

g. the use of water-saving methods to
avoid waste

h. an up-and-down movement of
water in the ocean

i. a boundary between air masses
that have different temperatures

Now write the missing word or meaning below.

Words Meanings

humidity

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill the process in which water particles
lose energy and change from a gas
to a liquid

air mass a place where a cold air mass and a
warm air mass come together and
Unit D · Water and Weather do not move

Use with textbook pages D1–D96 243

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Word Puzzle Unit D

Write the word that matches each clue. Then unscramble the circled letters
to find the answer to the riddle.

1. the boundary between cold and warm air masses:

2. an up-and-down movement of ocean water:

3. flat clouds that form in layers:

4. the force of air pushing down:

5. amount of water vapor in the air:

6. tall, puffy clouds:

7. water mixed with waste:

8. precipitation that does not evaporate or soak into ground:

9. thin, wispy clouds:

10. the largest bodies of water: © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

Riddle: What is something you never see even though it is right in front of
your eyes?

3 1 6 10 9 4 5 2 8 2

244 Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D1–D96

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Riddle Time Unit D

Write the word that correctly answers each riddle.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 1. Twice a day I rise, and twice a day I fall. You see me at the shore.
Who am I?

2. I am a table with no legs. You find me underground.
Who am I?

3. I once was ocean water, but now I’m lighter than air.
Who am I?

4. I’m always moving and never stop. I circle the globe looking for
low pressure. Who am I?

5. I’m a cycle but I have no wheels. I’m changing states all the time.
Who am I?

Unit D · Water and Weather Use with textbook pages D1–D96 245

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Describing Matter Chapter 10

Matter can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Each form of matter has
characteristics that make it different from the other forms of matter.
Read the information about each type of matter in the pyramid and
decide which description matches each substance in the word box.
Use the words in the word box to complete the pyramid.

MATTER

Solids Liquids Gases

have have particles have
particles that move particles
that are somewhat. that move
packed A liquid’s shape freely. A gas
together very changes to match has no definite
tightly. A solid the container it is shape and does
has a definite in, but it takes not take up a
shape and takes up a definite definite amount of
up a definite amount amount of space. space.
of space.

Examples Examples Examples

steel paper water oil oxygen hydrogen

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

milk Word Box helium
concrete wood air

juice

246 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E2–E27

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Sequence of Events Chapter 10

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Events happen in sequence, one thing after another. Tomorrow can’t happen
until today is over, and today didn’t get here until yesterday was past! Our
lives are a series of events that happen step by step. Read each of these
statements. Then write the order of the events.

1. Before the workers could build our new house,
they had to dig a foundation.
What happened first?
What happened second?

2. I helped Mom clean the house all morning so
I could go swimming with friends after lunch.
What happened first?
What happened second?

3. Jennifer spread chocolate icing on the cake after
she baked it.
What happened first?
What happened second?

4. The plane roared down the runway and took off
into the dark, night sky.
What happened first?
What happened second?

5. After my homework was finished, it was time for bed!
What happened first?
What happened second?

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E2–E27 247

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In Order Chapter 10

Here’s a fun way to practice sequencing. Remember, everything has to follow
in order. Start with the letter I, and follow the arrows wherever they go.
Write each letter on the lines as you go. The letters make words, and the
words make a sentence. It’s a secret message just for you!

YK EOT OR

MA P N E F Y

EL Z LEUO

NU Z F SRK

F P F The OD H
End

N D O IStart F Y O

I I HTELU

KSFEK I S

, © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
!
248 Unit E · Matter
Use with textbook pages E2–E27

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Matter Lesson 1

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Sequence of Events - question 21

What Is Matter

1. A property is a characteristic that you can .
about something.

2. Anything that takes up space and has mass is called

3. Hardness, color, texture, shape, and size are examples of
of matter.

4. The upward force of water or air that keeps an object afloat is called
.

Is It Matter?

5. The amount of matter making up an object is its .

6. Mass is measured in units called .

7. There are grams in a kilogram.

8. Three states of matter are

a. ,

b. , and

c. .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. The particles of matter making up a(n) are packed
together tightly.

10. In a liquid, the particles of matter move than they
do in a solid.

11. Liquids do not have a(n) .

12. Particles can move freely in the state.

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E4–E13 249

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What Are Matter’s Characteristics? Lesson 1

13. Mass is a of how much matter an object contains.

14. Matter takes up .

15. Different types of matter have different .

16. Matter can exist as a(n)

a. ,

b. , or

c. . .
17. Some types of matter can exist in all three

What Happens to the Matter We Use?

18. The most common ways of dealing with garbage are: the
a. ,
b. , and
c. .

19. Another way of dealing with garbage is to
amount of things we use that create garbage.

20. One way to a plastic milk container is to use it
as a watering can.

21. After we use something, it can sometimes be , or © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
made into something else.

Can Plastics Be Recycled into Clothing?

22. Up to 150 pieces of clothing can be made from

3,700 .

250 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E4–E13

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What Is Matter? Lesson 1

Each form of matter has properties that help you to identify it. The states of
matter and their properties are organized in the chart below. The illustra-
tions show how particles are spaced in a solid, liquid, and gas.

States of Matter

Definite Shape? Size

Solid yes fixed size
Liquid
takes shape fixed size
Gas of container
The particles making The particles making
up a gas can move takes shape no fixed up a liquid are not as
about freely. They of container size tightly packed as
are far apart. those in a solid. They
can move past one
another.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill The particles making
up a solid are packed
together tightly.

Use the chart and illustrations to answer the questions.
1. What kinds of matter are fixed?
2. What shape would you expect a gas to have?

3. What kind of matter can move around easily?
4. What are the differences and similarities between a solid and a liquid?

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E9 251

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What Happens to the Lesson 1
Matter We Use?

The diagram shows different ways we can make less trash. Read the text and
think about what each illustration shows.

1 Reduce 2 Reuse An empty
plastic milk
The package is much container
larger than the toy. Try was reused
to buy things that don’t to water
have a lot of extra packaging. plants.

3 Recycle

These boxes and
glass bottle were
made from recycled
materials.

Fill in the blanks.
1. Instead of burying trash in a landfill, burning it, or dumping it, we can:

a. ,

b. , or

c. .

2. Boxes and bottles can be made from materials. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

3. Using a plastic milk container to water a plant is one way to
the container.

4. Buying things that don’t have a lot of extra packaging is one way to
the amount of garbage we produce.

5. Reduce, reuse, and recycle are ways to clean up Earth and help solve
the problem.

252 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E11

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Matter Lesson 1

Fill in the blanks.

1. Anything that takes up space, has mass, and has solid
property
properties you can observe and describe is matter
gas
called . mass
liquid
2. The upward force of water or air on an object is buoyancy

called .

3. The amount of matter making up an object is

called its .

4. A form of matter that has a definite shape and
takes up a definite amount of space is
a(n) .

5. A form of matter that takes up a definite amount of space and has no

definite shape is a(n) .

6. A form of matter that does not take up a definite amount of space and

has no definite shape is a(n) .

7. A characteristic of something that you can observe is called
its .

Answer each question.
8. List three properties of an apple.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 9. Name three things that are not matter.

10. In the space below, write the “three Rs” that deal with pollution and a
few words describing what each “R” means.

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Matter Lesson 1

gas balance liquid
solid properties mass
space buoyancy water

Fill in the blanks.

Matter is anything that takes up . Matter can be

described by such as color, shape, and size.

Another way of describing matter is by its , or

how well it floats in water or air. To measure the amount of matter, or

, of an object, you can use a .

Matter has three states, meaning that it can exist as a ,

, or . Some types of matter, like

, can exist in all three states.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

254 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E4–E13

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Measuring Matter Lesson 2

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Sequence of Events - questions 19, 20, 23

How Can You Measure Matter?
1. Standard units of the English system include:

a. ,

b. ,

c. , and

d. .

2. The system of measurement is based on units of 10.

3. A measurement that tells the number of units that fit along one edge of

an object is called .

4. A measurement describing the number of unit squares that cover a

surface is called .

5. A measurement that tells how much space an object takes up

is called .

6. The volume of solids is measured in units such as .
.

7. In the metric system, a liquid is measured in units called

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill How Can Weight Be Measured?

8. Weight is the measure of the pull of between an
object and Earth.

9. Gravity depends on:

a. , and

b. . .
10. The metric unit for weight is the

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11. The mass of an object stays Lesson 2
no matter where it is.

12. An object weighs on the Moon than on Earth.

What Is Density?

13. The amount of matter in a given space is called .

14. Density describes matter is.

15. Density is the mass in a given unit of .

16. The density of an object is measured in
.

17. Density is a of matter.

18. The densities of a small piece of matter and a large piece of the same

matter are .

19. To find an object’s density, use a balance to find its .
Then find its volume.

20. An object that is than water will sink.

21. An object that is less dense than water will .

22. A liquid that is less dense than water is .

23. A liquid that is more dense than water is .

Why Set Standards?

24. People began using standard about 5,000 years ago. © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

25. The system was developed in the 1790s.

256 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E14–E23

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How Can You Measure Matter? Lesson 2

There are two important systems for measuring matter. Most countries use
the metric system of measurement. Some countries use a different set of
units called the English system. In the table on the left, compare the left
column to the right column to see how some metric units are related. In the
table on the right, look at the right column to find the length of what is on
the left.

Comparing Metric Units Some Examples of Lengths

Metric Unit Equal To Example Length
1 centimeter
1 decimeter 1 meter Fourth grader 54 inches
100
Python snake 31 feet
10 centimeters
Football field 100 yards
1 meter 10 decimeters or
100 centimeters Butterfly wing 21 1 centimeters
Giant squid 2

1 decameter 10 meters 17 meters

1 hectometer 100 meters Blue whale 30 meters

1 kilometer 1,000 meters The highway from
Cleveland to Miami 1,710 kilometers

Answer these questions using information from the tables above.
1. How many meters are equal to 1 kilometer?

2. A meter is how many times longer than a centimeter?
.

3. Which items in the table on the right were measured in metric units?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 4. If the football field in the table measures about 9112 meters. Is a meter
longer or shorter than a yard? Explain your answer.

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What Is Density Lesson 2

Density is the amount of matter in a given space. Density is what makes an
object sink or float in a liquid. The photograph below compares the density
of an ice cube in water and in alcohol.

water alcohol

1. Why does the ice cube sink in rubbing alcohol? © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
2. Why does the ice cube float in water?
3. How would you compare the density of water to rubbing alcohol?
4. Why would it be important to know the density of objects?

258 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E21

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Measuring Matter Lesson 2

Fill in the blanks.

1. is the number of units that fit metric system
along one edge of something. length
area
2. A system of measurement based on units of 10 volume
liter
is the . weight
density
3. describes how much space an
object takes up.

4. The amount of matter in a given space is
.

5. An object has the same mass anywhere, but
its may be different.

6. is the measurement that describes the number of
unit squares that cover a surface.

7. A metric unit for measuring the volume of a liquid is a
.

Answer each question.

1. List a metric unit for each measurement: length, volume, weight,
and density.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. Why do we need standard units?

3. What do we measure when determining weight that we don’t measure
when determining mass?

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E14–E23 259

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Measuring Matter Lesson 2

metric centimeters edge standard
measuring yard ten feet

Fill in the blanks.

You can measure things in several ways using

units. Length lets you know the number of units that fit along one

of something. In the system,

length is based on the meter. The metric system is based on units of

. One meter equals 100 . In the

English system, length is based on the , which is

roughly as long as the meter. One yard equals 3 .

The unit you use depends on what you’re . The

measuring system you use depends on where you live.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

260 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E14–E23

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Describing Matter Chapter 10

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. Anything that takes up space, has mass, and has properties you can

observe and describe is called

a. density. b. buoyancy.

c. matter. d. volume.

2. The amount of matter making up an object is called its

a. buoyancy. b. density.

c. mass. d. weight.

3. A form of matter that has a definite shape and takes up a definite amount

of space is a

a. gas. b. liquid.

c. mixture. d. solid.

4. A form of matter that takes up a definite amount of space and has no

definite shape is a

a. gas. b. liquid.

c. mixture. d. solid.

5. A form of matter that does not take up a definite amount of space and

has no definite shape is a

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill a. gas. b. liquid.

c. mixture. d. solid.

6. The number of unit squares that cover a surface describes its

a. area. b. density.

c. volume. d. weight.

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Chapter 10

Circle the letter of the best answer.

7. The amount of space an object takes up describes its

a. area. b. density.

c. volume. d. weight.

8. The measure of the pull of gravity between an object and Earth is its

a. area. b. density.

c. volume. d. weight.

9. The amount of matter in a given space is called

a. area. b. density.

c. volume. d. weight.

10. The number of units that fit along one edge of something is its

a. volume. b. density.

c. length. d. area.

11. Most countries used a system of measurement based on units

of 10 called the

a. standard system. b. English system.

c. length system. d. metric system.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Chapter Summary

1. What are two vocabulary words you learned in the chapter?
Write a sentence for each.

2. What did you learn from a diagram in this chapter?
3. What are two main ideas that you learned in this chapter?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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Matter Changes Chapter 11

You can use a flowchart to show a sequence of events. Look at the example
below to see how to organize the steps used to separate a mixture of solids.

Separating a mixture of solids by using a filter

Place the mixture of solids in the filter.

Items smaller than the holes in the filter pass through it.

Larger pieces are left behind.

Using the given list, fill in the sequence of events in the flowchart below.
• The gas goes into the air.
• The mixture is heated.
• Salt is left behind.
• Liquid water evaporates, becoming a gas.
Evaporation of a saltwater mixture

Salt and water become a mixture.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

264 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E28–E61

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Cause and Effect Chapter 11

What makes things happen? Living things and forces do. A person or a dog
can knock over a chair. The force of the wind can knock over a tree. In these
examples, the person or dog and the wind are the causes. The knocked-over
chair and tree are the effects.
Whenever you read, look for the causes of things that happen in the
story. Something or someone must be responsible because things don’t just
happen! Read each statement below. Then circle the cause and underline
the effect.

1. I can’t go to Pat’s party because I’ve been grounded!

2. It rained all day Saturday, so we canceled the picnic.

3. Of course the show will be a hit with Sabrina as the star!

4. Our sidewalk is cracked where a small plant has pushed up
toward the Sun.

5. The music was so loud that I didn’t even hear the telephone ring.

6. Our car ran out of gas, and we had to walk back to town!

7. It was too cold to go swimming, so we played computer games instead.

8. I can’t eat pizza because I’m allergic to cheese.

9. We beat Hudson School when Tony ran the winning touchdown!

10. We made too many cookies for the bake sale, so
we had a lot of leftovers.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill Now write two cause-and-effect statements of your own. Ask a classmate
to circle each cause and underline each effect.

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More than One Chapter 11

Sometimes there’s more than one cause for something happening. Or one
thing causes more than one thing to happen. For example, you throw a ball,
your friend doesn’t catch it, and it hits a window. So you, your friend, and
the ball are all causes of the broken window. The ball may also break a
lamp or hit someone on the head inside the house!

Read each statement below. Circle every possible cause or effect.

Cause Effect

1. I didn’t go to school last 1. Next Wednesday is my mother’s
Thursday because birthday, so
a. I was sick. a. I have a cold.
b. I didn’t like my library book. b. I’m making her a card.
c. I had no lunch money. c. I bought her a book.
d. it was Thanksgiving. d. my shoes are too small!
e. the school was closed. e. we’re having a party.
f. my neighbor made cookies. f. we made a sand castle.

2. I like summer better than 2. The electricity went off during © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
winter because the thunderstorm last night, so
a. it’s much colder. a. we couldn’t watch TV.
b. I can go swimming outside. b. we played computer games.
c. I spend a lot more time c. our alarm clock didn’t go off
with my friends. this morning.
d. I can build a snow fort. d. my new shoes got dirty.
e. I can sleep later. e. it was very quiet.
f. the days are warmer. f. Mom lighted candles.

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What Matter Is Made Of Lesson 3

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - question 15

How Is Matter Classified?

1. The building blocks of matter are .

2. An element is a substance that is made up of
.

3. The smallest particles of an element are called .

4. An element cannot be easily broken down into other smaller materials

with different .

5. The properties of the pieces of an element are the same because its

atoms are all .

6. Elements are classified in the according to their
properties.

7. The elements in the periodic table shown are arranged in
.

8. The elements in a group have .
9. Elements may be named:

a. ,
b. .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 10. Each element has a standard for
its name.

What Happens If You Mix Elements?

11. Elements can be combined to form .

12. In a mixture, each element keeps its .

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How Can Mixtures Be Separated? Lesson 3

13. The parts of a mixture can be separated using their .
14. Mixtures can be separated by:

a. ,

b. , or
c. .

15. A filter separates matter by .

What Is a Compound?

16. When two or more elements are combined chemically, a(n)
forms.

17. The properties of a compound are different from the properties of
the it is made from.

18. Common examples of compounds include:

a. , b. ,

c. , and d. .

What Are Some Real-Life Uses of Mixtures?

19. A mixture of two or more elements is called a(n) .
20. Steel is a mixture of:

a. , b. , © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

c. , and d. .

268 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E30–E39

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How Is Matter Classified? Lesson 3

The diagram illustrates the periodic table. The key tells you how to read the
table.

1 Periodic Table of the Elements 18

1 H1 2 Key Atomic number Metallic Properties 13 14 15 16 17 H2e
Hydrogen Element symbol Helium
B4e C6 Element name Li Metal B5 C6 N7 O8 F9
2 L3i B Metalloid N10e
Beryllium Carbon C Nonmetal Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Lithium
M12g 345 67 8 9 10 11 12 A13 S14 P15 S16 C17 A18r
3 N11a
Sodium Magnesium S21c T22 V23 C24r M25n F2e6 C27o N28 C29u Z3n0 l i Phosphorus Sulfur l Argon
Iron Cobalt Zinc
K19 C20a Scandium i Vanadium Chromium Manganese i Copper Aluminum Silicon A33s S34e Chlorine K36r
R44u R45 C48
4 Calcium Titanium M42o T4c3 Nickel A47g G31a G32e Arsenic Selenium B35r Krypton
Ruthenium h Silver d
Potassium S38r Y39 Z40r N41 Molybdenum Technetium P46 Gallium Germanium S5b1 T5e2 Bromine X54e
O76s Rhodium A79u Cadmium
R37 Strontium Yttrium Zirconium b d I4n9 S5n0 Antimony Tellurium I53 Xenon
Osmium I7r7 Gold H80g Tin
5b B56a Niobium Palladium Indium B83 P8o4 Iodine R86n
Hs108 Iridium 111 Mercury P82
Rubidium Barium L7u1 H72 T7a3 W74 R75e P78t T81 i Polonium A85t Radon
Hassium Mt109 112 b
6 C55s R88a Lutetium f Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Platinum l Bismuth 116 Astatine 118
Meitnerium Lead
Cesium Radium Hafnium Sg106 Bh107 110 Thallium
114
7 F87r Lr Rf103 104 Db105 Seaborgium Bohrium
Francium
Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium

Lanthanide Series L5a7 C58e Pr N59 60 P6m1 Sm62 E6u3 G64 T65 D66y H67o E68r Tm Y69 70
Actinide Series
Lanthanum Cerium d Promethium Samarium Europium d b Dysprosium Holmium Erbium b

A89c T90 Praseodymium Neodymium N93p P9u4 A9m5 Gadolinium Terbium C98 E99s Fm100 Thulium Ytterbium

Actinium h Pa U91 92 Neptunium Plutonium Americium C9m6 B97 f Einsteinium Fermium Md No101 102
k Mendelevium Nobelium
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Curium Californium
Berkelium

Study the diagram and answer the questions.
1. What kind of metallic property is As, arsenic?

2. What is the atomic number for O, oxygen?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 3. Name three element symbols with nonmetal properties.

4. What property makes up most of the periodic table?

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What Is a Compound? Lesson 3

Compounds are made up of a combination of elements. Look at the
compounds shown. Identify the elements making up each compound.

1 2

+ +

Oxygen Hydrogen Water Sodium Chlorine Salt

3 4

++ +

Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Sugar Oxygen Iron Rust

Fill in the blanks.

1. Water, table salt, sugar, and rust are examples of .

2. Under certain conditions, oxygen and hydrogen combine to

form .

3. Sodium and chlorine can combine to form .
4. Sugar is a compound made up of:

a. ,

b. , and

c. . © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

5. Rust is a compound that forms from a combination of
and .

6. Each of the compounds shown is made up of .

270 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E37

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What Matter Is Made Of Lesson 3

Match the correct letter with the description. a. element
1. the change of a liquid to a gas b. mixture
c. compound
2. two or more types of matter mixed together, d. alloy
each keeping its own chemical properties e. properties
f. solution
3. elements are classified according to these g. filter
h. evaporation
4. a table that classifies elements i. periodic table
j. mendelevium
5. a substance made up of only one k. shorthand
type of matter
symbol
6. represents an element’s name

7. a tool used to separate things by size

8. a substance made up of two or more
elements combined chemically

9. a mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal

10. an element named to honor a scientist

11. a mixture that is blended completely

12. Describe what chemists study and how chemistry is used.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

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What Matter Is Made Of Lesson 3

properties matter classified atoms
scientist periodic symbol elements

Fill in the blanks.

Elements are the building blocks of matter. An element is a substance

made up of only one type of . The smallest particles

that make up an element are . Elements cannot be

broken down into smaller materials with different .

All known elements are according to their properties.

Elements are organized into a(n) table according to

their properties. Gold, silver, and oxygen are all .

Some elements, such as mendelevium, are named after a

. Each element has a shorthand ,

with the first letter always capitalized.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

272 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E30–E39

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Physical Changes Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

What Are Physical Changes?

1. A physical change begins and ends with the same type of
.

2. Physical changes include changes in

a. ,

b. ,

c. ,

d. , and

e. .

3. You can cause a change in by moving or
rearranging pieces of paper.

4. You can cause a change in by shredding
a piece of paper.

5. Melting an ice cube is an example of causing a change in
.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 6. Turning over a block is an example of causing a change in
.

7. Crumpling a piece of foil is an example of causing a change in
.

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What Makes Matter Change State? Lesson 4
8. Matter can exist in three states: .

a. ,

b. , and

c. .

9. A pair of scissors can exist in state(s).

10. Water can exist in state(s).

11. Changes in state are caused by energy.

12. The more heat energy matter has, the its
particles move.

13. The of a solid move only a little.

14. If the particles of a solid are heated enough, the solid
may .

15. When a solid melts, it forms a .

16. Adding heat energy causes the particles in a liquid to

17. If a liquid is heated enough, some of its particles may escape
as a .

18. When the particles of a gas are heated, they

move away from each other.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

274 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E42–E49

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What Are Physical Changes? Lesson 4

Physical changes do not change one compound into another. When a
physical change occurs, the compound keeps its identity. Follow the arrows
to see different kinds of changes. Decide how the matter is being changed in
each example.

Solid Solid

Moving Rearranging Crumpling Cutting Folding Stretching

Liquid
Gas

Solid

Evaporating Freezing Melting

Fill in the blanks. ,
.
1. Changes in size or shape occur by
, and

2. Changes in position or texture occur by ,
, and
.

3. Physical changes do not change the original
of matter.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 4. The properties of a liquid do not change even if it is
or .

5. Examples of different kinds of physical changes include:

a. ,

b. ,

c. .

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E44–E45 275

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What Makes Matter Change State? Lesson 4

Under certain conditions, matter can change from one state to another. Each
state of matter is different because of the way the particles are arranged or
the way they move. Follow the illustrations from left to right. Adding heat
makes ice change to water, and then change again.

Solid Liquid Gas
The particles of a Particles of a liquid Particles of a gas are
solid are fixed. They move past one very far apart. They
move only a little. another. Adding move very fast. Adding
They vibrate more more heat energy heat energy moves
rapidly when heat causes the particles them faster and farther
energy is added to to move fast apart. The mass and
them. If enough heat enough so that the amount of the water
energy is added, a liquid breaks up. particles remain the
solid may melt and Some particles may same no matter what
form a liquid. escape as gas. state they are in.

Answer these questions about the diagrams above. . © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
1. What causes matter to change from one state to another? .
.
2. In which state do particles move the least? .
3. In which state do particles move the most? .
4. Heat energy can change a solid to what state?
5. Heat energy can change a liquid to what state?

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Physical Changes Lesson 4

Fill in the blanks. physical
change
1. When water evaporates to become water change in
size or shape
vapor it goes through a . change in
position or
2. When makes particles of a texture
change in
solid move faster, the solid sometimes changes state
heat energy
to its liquid state.

3. When you move or crumple a sheet of paper,

you cause a .

4. When you crush an ice cube, you cause
a.

5. When matter goes through a change in state,
size, shape, position, or texture, that is called a
.

Answer each question.
6. What causes matter to go through changes of state?

7. Describe the changes you cause when you cut or fold a sheet of paper.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. What does NOT change when matter goes through a physical change?

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E42–E49 277

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Physical Changes Lesson 4

solid rapidly same position
state physical gas size

Fill in the blanks.

A physical change is one that begins and ends with the

type of matter. Folding or cutting can cause a

change in or shape. Moving or turning an object

causes a change in . All of these are examples of

changes. Heat energy can cause a change in

, which is another kind of physical change. The three

states of matter are , liquid, and gas. When heat

energy causes particles of a solid to vibrate more , it

may become a liquid. Adding more heat energy may cause particles of a

liquid to move rapidly enough to escape as a .

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

278 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E42–E49

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Chemical Changes Lesson 5

Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Cause and Effect - questions 5, 8, 10, 11,
12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21

What Are Chemical Changes?

1. In a chemical change, you begin with one kind of matter and end

with a kind of matter.

2. After a chemical change, the new matter has different
than the matter had before the change.

3. All chemical reactions either take in or give off in
the form of heat, light, or electricity.

4. In a chemical reaction that takes place very , light or

heat is released in such small amounts that it may not be noticeable.

5. Vinegar vapors can cause a chemical change in that
creates copper acetate.

6. Copper acetate is not hard and shiny like and is not

a liquid like .

7. The shiny metal called sodium and the yellowish-green gas called

chlorine combine to form .

8. Tarnish is a compound that forms on some when it
is exposed to air.

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill What Are the Products of Chemical Changes?
9. The product of a chemical change may be

a. a(n) or

b. the that make up a compound.

10. When oxygen, hydrogen, and are combined in
the right amounts, they form sugar.

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E50–E57 279

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11. For all chemical changes the total amount of Lesson 5
and energy stays the same.

12. Every chemical change needs or gives off .

13. An example of a harmful compound is that can
weaken a metal bridge.

14. People use silver polish to slow down a change
called tarnish.

15. The formation of rust can be slowed down by running
through metal parts.

What Are Some Real-World Changes?

16. Popcorn popping is an example of a change.

17. Statues and buildings can be destroyed by a chemical change caused by
.

18. Sweat evaporating to become a is a physical change
that cools your skin.

19. As water in clouds cools, it goes through a physical

change and forms liquid rain.

20. Toasting a marshmallow is a chemical change that leaves the black

element on the surface of the marshmallow.

21. Oxygen and sugar combine through a chemical change to release © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
for your body to use.

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What Are Chemical Changes? Lesson 5

Sometimes matter changes in a way that makes it into a new kind of matter
with different properties. This kind of change is called a chemical change.
A chemical change may occur because elements combine to form a new
compound, or because a compound breaks apart into the elements that
formed it. Note the change in the way the penny looks.

+ VINEGAR =

Copper Vinegar vapors Copper acetate

Answer these questions about the illustrations above.

1. What two kinds of matter were combined to cause the chemical change
shown above? What new matter was formed?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 2. How are the properties of copper acetate different from the properties
of copper?

3. How are the properties of copper acetate different from the properties
of vinegar?

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E52 281

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What Are the Products of Lesson 5
Chemical Changes?

Look at the diagram. Identify the elements that the compound sugar is
made up of. Then see how these elements are divided when sugar is broken
apart during a chemical change.

++ A chemical change makes
a new substance.
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen
Sugar

Sugar can be broken apart into its Sugar + Hydrogen + Oxygen
elements. Hydrogen and oxygen
are given off as water. Carbon is (Water)
left behind.
Carbon
Energy is always involved
in a chemical change.

Fill in the blanks.

1. A chemical change occurs when elements combine to make a(n)
.

2. The three elements that make up sugar are © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill
.

3. Chemical changes can cause compounds to break apart into

their .

4. When sugar is broken down, water and
are released.

5. Chemical changes always involve .
6. Chemical changes can:

a. or b. .

282 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook page E54

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Chemical Changes Lesson 5

Fill in the blanks.

1. Another name for a chemical change is a chemical
. change

2. The green substance that forms on the surface of tarnish
acid rain
a penny when it is exposed to vinegar vapors is

called .

3. People can rub silver polish on their silverware so copper acetate
chemical
that it will not turn black or . reaction

4. The form of pollution that destroys buildings is called
.

5. When one kind of matter is changed into a different

kind of matter, that is a .

Answer each question.
6. How is a chemical change different from a physical change?

7. Why is a penny turning green when exposed to vinegar vapors an
example of a chemical change?

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill 8. What kind of change occurs when sodium and chlorine combine?
Describe the matter before and after the change.

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E50–E57 283

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Chemical Changes Lesson 5

sugar combine rust properties
light oxygen chemical

Fill in the blanks.

Changes that begin with one kind of matter and end with a different

kind of matter are changes. Copper and vinegar

vapors are examples of substances that can to cause

a chemical change. Most chemical changes produce ,

heat, or electricity.

The new matter that forms in a chemical change has different

than the matter that existed before the change.

For example, sweet, white crystals of are not at all

like the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that combine to form them.

Some chemical changes form harmful compounds like © Macmillan / McGraw - Hill

, which weakens metal. An example of a chemical

change that is beneficial is the combining of and

sugar to release energy for your body to use.

284 Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E50–E57

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Matter Changes Chapter 11

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. A substance that is made up of only one type of matter is a(n)

a. mixture. b. liquid.

c. element. d. compound.

2. When two or more types of matter are combined and they each keep their

original properties, they form a(n)

a. element. b. mixture.

c. solid. d. ingredient.

3. Some mixtures can be separated by pouring them through a

a. compound. b. filter.

c. pipe. d. vapor.

4. A liquid changes to a gas through

a. a filter. b. a change in position.

c. mixing. d. evaporation.

5. The smallest particle of matter is a(n)

a. gas. b. element.

c. atom. d. property.

6. When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a(n)

© Macmillan / McGraw - Hill a. element. b. atom.

c. compound. d. periodic table.

Unit E · Matter Use with textbook pages E28–E61 285