Green Sungava Nepali 3

hLjgL egs] f] sg' } JolQmsf] af/d] f n]lvPsf] n]v xf] . ;dfhsf nflu /fdf| ] sfd ug{] JolQmnfO{
;a}n] ?rfpF5g\ . o:tf lzIff, :jf:Yo, efiff–;flxTo, ;+:sl[ t, ;dfh;]jf cflbsf af/]df dxŒjk0" f{
sfd ug{] JolQmsf] hLjgL n]lvG5 . kf7df ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] hLjgL lbOPsf] 5 . logL gk] fnL
;:+ s[lt, efiff ;flxTosf] ljsf;df hLjge/ nfluk/s] f JolQm x'g\ . logn] gk] fnsf ufp3F /df
kr| lnt nf]s;flxTosf] vfh] L u/s] f 5g\ . logn] /fd|f/fdf| sljtf klg nv] s] f 5g\ . logL g]kfnsf
w]/} ;Ddflgt JolQm x'g\ . kf7df logsf] af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf w/] } s/' fx¿ lbOPsf] 5 . kf7 Wofg
lbP/ k9 . ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] af/]df yk s/' f sIffdf lzIfsn] klg atfpgx' g' ] 5 .

;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] hGd lj=;+= !(&& j}zfv @) ut] nlntk/' lhNnfsf] av'Daxfn
eGg] :yfgdf ePsf] lyof] . logsf lktfsf] gfd zªs\ //fh hfz] L / dftfsf] gfd
/fhs'df/L hfz] L lyof] .

kfrF jif{ pd/] ku' k] l5 dfq pgsf] afn] L km6' ]sf] lyof] .
l9n} af]nL km'6s] f] eP klg ;Todf]xg afNosfnbl] v
g} k9fOdf t]h lyP . pgn] sf7df8f}Fsf] b/af/
xfO{ :s'naf6 k|f/lDes lzIff xfl;n u/]sf lyP .
P;Pn;L k/LIff pQL0f{ u/k] l5 lqrGb| sn]haf6
pgn] laP;Ddsf] cWoog k"/f u/]sf lyP .

;Todf]xg ;fgb} l] v snf, ;+:sl[ t / ;flxTokl| t ?lr
/fVy] . pgnfO{ k9g\ / n]Vg w]/} /dfOnf] nfUYof] . pgL g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFsf] ed| 0f
ug{ klg ?rfpFy] . ed| 0fs} nflu pgL b]zsf ufpxF ¿df k'u] . ToxfFsf gf/Lx¿n]
3f;F bfp/f / dn] fkft hfFbf ufpg] uLtx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/] . tL uLtx¿ @))# df zf/bf
klqsfdf 5flkP .

zAbf {y dftf M cfdf k/LIff M hfrF
lktf M aa' f pQL0f{ ug{' M kf; xg' ,' ;kmn xg' '
k|f/lDes M ;?' sf] cWoog M k9fO
xfl;n ug{' M kf| Kt ug{' ;ªs\ ng ug{' M hDdf kfg'{

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 51

g]kfnL snf ;flxTo egk] l5 x?' Ss x'g] ;Todf]xgsf ‘xfd|f] nf]s;:+ sl[ t’, ‘gk] fnL
/fli6o« d'b|f’, ‘s0ff{nL nfs] ;+:sl[ t’, ‘snfsf/ c/lgsf’] h:tf s[ltx¿ ks| flzt
ePsf 5g\ . pgn] gk] fnL / g]kfn efiff b'jd} f snd rnfPsf 5g\ . pgsf ¹G8} %)
j6f s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

g]kfnL efiff, snf / ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f ug{ ;Todfx] gn]
dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ .
ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿df /x]/
klg pgn] gk] fnL snf, ;flxTo
/ ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f u/s] f
5g\ . k/' ftŒj tyf ;+:s[lt ljefusf] lgbz]{ s eP/, /fli6o« gfr3/sf] :yfkgf u//] ,
k1| f kl| ti7fgsf] ;b:o ;lrj eP/ klg pgn] g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg
lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] kf6g k'/ftflŒjs auF}rf, eQmk/' snf ;ªu\ |xfno, k'/ftŒj
;ªu\ x| fno cflbsf] lgdf0{ f ugd{ f klg dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

;+:sl[ tljb\ tyf ;flxTosf/ ;Todf]xgn] ;flxTo, ;:+ s[lt / snfsf] If]qdf ofu] bfg
k¥' ofPafkt w/] } k'/:sf/x¿ kfPsf 5g\ . ‘dbg k'/:sf/’, ‘kb\d>L k'/:sf/’, ‘;'ka| n
uf]/vf blIf0fafx’' , ‘lqzlQm k§’ nufot bh{gf}F k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt hfz] Ln] dbg
k'/:sf/ tLg rf]l6 kf| Kt u/s] f 5g\ . lqd"lt{ lgst] g gfds ;flxlTos ;:+ yfaf6
@)&@ ;fndf pgnfO{ ‘ztfAbL k'?if’ 3f]if0ff ub}{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 .

‘kfgLleqsf] lxnf]af6 pldP| / ;'jf; 5g{] sdnsf] km" n¹}F aGgk' 5{ ’ eGg] ;Todf]xg
cfh;Dd klg g]kfnL snf;:+ sl[ tsf] hu]gf{ ug{ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . OZ{ j/n] pgnfO{
bL3{hLjg lbpmg\ .

zAbf {y ks| flzt M 5flkPsf,] ks| fzg ul/Psf] lgst] g M 3/
g]kfn efiff M gj] f/L efiff lgdf0{ f ug'{ M agfpg'
;/+ If0f M /Iff ug{] sfd, arfpg] sfd ;:+ sl[ tljb\ M k/Dk/f, ;:+ sf/ cflbsf]
k'/ftŒj M w/] } klxns] f dflg;x¿n] k|of]u
ljifodf hfGg] dfG5]
ug{] rLh ;flxTosf/ M uLt sljtf cflb n]Vg] dfG5]
lqdl" t { M tLg j6f dl" t{ hu]gf{ ug{' M /Iff ug,{' hfu] fP/ /fVg'
;ªu\ x| fno M k/' fgf / dxŒjk0" f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ bL3h{ Ljg M nfdf] hLjg

hDdf kf/]/ /flvg] 7fpF

52 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s n]v M
;ª\u|xfno, lgdf{0f ug',{ ;:+ sl[ tljb\, ;flxTosf/, bL3h{ Ljg

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
xfl;n ug,{' pQL0f{ ug'{, ;ªs\ ng ug',{ gk] fn efiff

#= s_ z4' kf/]/ nv] M
;Todf]xg ;fg}bv] L snf, ;:+ j|mlt / ;flxTok|lt ?rL /fVg] uby] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ zflxlTos cf_ ;fxLlTos O_ ;flxlTts O{_ ;flxlTos
@= c_ 3f]if0ff cf_ 3f]if9f O_ 3f]Fif0ff O_{ 3f;] 0ff
#= c_ ztfAbL cf_ ztfJbL O_ ;tfJbL O_{ ztfa\bL
$= c_ lb3{hLjg cf_ bL3h{ Ljg O_ lbuh{ Ljg O_{ bL3{ hLjg

$= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘o’ / ‘P’ nfu]sf kfrF kfrF cf]6f zAb l6k .

%= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
k/LIff, cWoog, ks| flzt, ;/+ If0f, lqd"lt,{ ;ªu\ x| fno

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

k|f/lDes 3/

lqd"lt{ /Iff ug'{

lgs]tg ;?' sf]

hu]gf{ ug'{ tLg j6f d"lt{

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 53

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= ;Todfx] g hf]zLsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
==============================================================================
v= ;Todfx] gn] cWoog u/s] f] ljBfnosf] gfd s] xf] <
==============================================================================
u= ;Todfx] gnfO{ s] ug{ /dfOnf] nfUYof] <
==============================================================================
3= ;Todf]xgn] ;ªs\ ng u/]sf uLtx¿ sg' klqsfdf 5flkPsf lyP <
==============================================================================
ª= ;Todfx] gnfO{ s'g ;+:yfn] ztfAbL k?' if 3fi] f0ff u/s] f] xf] <
==============================================================================

@= sf]i7saf6 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ;Todfx] gsf uLtx¿ ============= ;fndf zf/bfdf 5flkPsf lyP .
-@))#, @)#)_
v_ ;Todfx] gnfO{ ============= ;fndf ‘ztfAbL k'?if’sf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg
ul/of] . -@)&#, @)&@_
u_ ;Todf]xgn] ============================ gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/] .
-k|1f kl| ti7fg, /fli6«o gfr3/_
3_ ;Todf]xgn] dbg k'/:sf/ ========================= kf| Kt u/] .
-Ps rf]l6, b'O{ rf]l6, tLg rfl] 6_

54 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

#= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a]7Ls egfOdf a]7Ls n]v M
s_ ;Todfx] g sf7df8fF}df hlGdPsf lyP .

v_ ;Todfx] g kfFr jif{sf] pd/] bl] v afN] g yfn]sf lyP .

u_ ;Todfx] gn] nf]suLt ;ª\sng u/]sf lyP .

3_ ;Todf]xg /fhgLlt uy]{ .

ª_ ;Todf]xgn] g]kfnL snf;+:sl[ tsf] hug] f{ u/] .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ ;Todfx] gsf] k9fOsf af/]df elgPsf s'/fx¿ n]v .
v_ ;Todfx] gn] sg' sg' If]qdf sfd u/s] f lyP <
u_ ;Todfx] gn] kfPsf ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/x¿sf] af/]df j0fg{ u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9M

sg' } klg kl| ;4 JolQmsf] hLjgsf] af/]df n]lvPsf] nv] nfO{ hLjgL elgG5 . bz] ,
;dfh / dfgj hfltsf nflu pNn]vgLo ofu] bfg lbPsf JolQmsf] hLjgL n]lvG5 .
To;}u/L lj1fg, ;:+ sl[ t, ;flxTo cflb If]qdf ljzi] f ofu] bfg lbPsf JolQmsf] klg
hLjgL n]Vg] ul/G5 .
sg' } klg JolQmsf] hLjgL tof/ kfbf{ k|f/Dedf hGd ldlt, hGd :yfg, afafcfdfsf]
gfd h:tf s/' fx¿ nl] vG5 . To;kl5sf] efudf afNosfnsf] hfgsf/L, lzIff
nufotsf s'/fx¿ n]Vgk' 5{ . dWo efudf pQm JolQmn] lbPsf] ofu] bfgsf] rrf{
ul/G5 . To; jm| ddf pQm JolQmn] hLjgdf u/]sf ;ª3\ if,{ kf| Kt u/s] f pknlAwx¿nfO{
klg pNn]v ug{k' 5{ . To;kl5 JolQmn] kfPsf k/' :sf/, ;Ddfg, k]|/0ff h:tf s/' fx¿
n]Vg'k5{ . clGtd efudf d[To' ePsf] eP d[To'sf] ldlt / :yfg nl] vG5 eg] hLljt
JolQmsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . hLjgLdf ;TotYo s/' fx¿
dfq} nV] gk' 5{ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 55

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
k|l;4, pNn]vgLo, ljzi] f, ;ª3\ if,{ pknlAw, ;TotYo, k|dfl0ft

@= ;xL pQ/df /]hf -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ s:tf JolQmsf] hLjgL nl] vG5 <

c_ k|l;4 cf_ ;fdfGo O_ cN5L
O_ dT[ o' ldlt
v_ hLjgLsf] kf| /Dedf s] nV] gk' 5{ < O_ cfdfafsf] gfd
O_ cgd' flgt
c_ hGd ldlt cf_ pknlAw

u_ hLjgLsf] clGtd efudf s] nl] vG5 <

c_ k9fO cf_ k|/] 0ff

3_ hLjgL s:tf] xg' k' 5{ <

c_ ;To cf_ sfNklgs

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ hLjgL eg]sf] s] xf] <
==============================================================================

v_ sg' sg' Ifq] df ofu] bfg lbPsf JolQmsf] hLjgL nl] vG5 <
==============================================================================

u_ hLjgLsf] ;?' jftdf s'gsg' s/' f nV] g'k5{ <
==============================================================================

3_ hLjgLsf] dWo efudf ss] ] s'/fx¿ pNn]v ug{k' 5{ <
==============================================================================

ª_ hLjgLsf] clGtd efudf s] n]Vgk' 5{ <
==============================================================================
==============================================================================

56 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !^( df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= 7Ls zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ efg'eQm cfrfo{ gk] fnL ;flxTosf ======================= x'g\ .

-cflbslj, cfwl' gs slj_
v_ efge' Qmn] gk] fnL efiffdf ======================= nv] ]sf lyP .

-/fdfo0f, dxfef/t_
u_ /fdfo0fdf ======================= sf] syf 5 . -/fd / ;Ltf, s[i0f / /fwf_

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf sljnfO{ cflbslj elgG5 .

v_ efge' Qmn] zfs'Gtn n]v]sf x'g\ .

u_ efg'eQm ufos x'g\ .

3_ /fdfo0fnfO{ ;a}n] ;Ddfg u5{g\ .

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ efge' Qm s:tf slj xg' \ <
==============================================================================

v_ efge' Qmsf sg' } b'O{ s[ltsf] gfd nv] .
==============================================================================

u_ xfdLn] efg'eQmnfO{ lsg la;{g'x'Fbg} <
==============================================================================

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 57

Jofs/0f ;Lk

gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf] ljzi] ftf a¹' fpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ ljz]if0f elgG5 .
d d dL7f] uLt ufpF5' .
d cfdfn] :jflbnf] vfgf agfpge' P5 .
d efOn] ;'Gb/ lrq agfof] .
d af6fdf d}n] xfr] f] dflg;nfO{ bv] ]F .
d bfh'n] w]/} vfgf vfge' of] .

dflysf jfSox¿df /v] fª\sg ul/Psf dL7f, :jflbnf, ;G' b/, xf]rf,] w/] } h:tf

jfSox¿ ljz]if0f xg' \ .

afs;af6 pko'Qm ljz]if0f 5fgL vfnL 7fpF e/ .
s_ xfdLn] ================== ;'Gtnf vfofF} .
v_ ;fyLn] ================== lrq agfof] . /fd|f]
u_ le8df ================== dflg;x¿ lyP . kL/f]
3_ alxgL ================== la:s'6 vfbF } l5g\ . xhf/fF}
ª_ v';fg{ L ================== /x5] . cUnf]
r_ ================== dflg;n] w/] } vfgf vfof] . dL7f]
5_ z]kf{ bfhn' ] ================== lxdfn r9] . df]6f]
h_ afafn] ================== kfgLn] gx' fpg'eof] . /l;nf
lr;f]

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ;uF s} f] afs;df ltdLn] lrgs] f] sg' }
kl| ;4 JolQmsf] kmf6] f] sg' } k/' fgf
kqklqsfaf6 ;ª\sng u/]/ 6fF; .

@= cfÇgf a'afsf] af/]df ;o zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .

58 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] tnsf JolQmx¿sf] gfd nv] M
xl/j+z cfrfo,{ dbgsi[ 0f >i] 7, cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf,
>Lsi[ 0f >i] 7, ;Ltf/fd s§]n -w'd;'{ _, lakL sfO] /fnf

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 59

kf7 ^ /dfOnf] wtL{

sljtf si[ 0fk;| fb k/fhn' L

zAb / lrqsf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

a;f{t
jg
vt]
vfn] f
lxdfn
kxf8
t/fO{
OGb|]0fL
af/L
;db' |

60 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d s] ltdLn] cfsfzdf hg" pbfPsf] b]v]sf 5f} <
d ;"of{b] o eg]sf] s] xf] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdLn] lxdfnnfO{ glhsaf6 b]v]sf 5f} <
d s:tf] gbLnfO{ lxdgbL elgG5 <
d wtL{df sg' s'g rLh kfOG5g\ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
d d}n] lxdfn b]vs] f] 5' .
d xfdL kxf8df 3'Dg uPsf 5f}F .
d wtL{df w/] } s/' fx¿ kfOG5g\ .
d jiff{ofddf w]/} kfgL k5{ .
d kY[ jLdf w/] } vfgLx¿ 5g\ .
d h"g nfus] f] /ftdf lgs} /dfOnf] xG' 5 .
d ks| [ltn] of] wtL{nfO{ ;G' b/ agfPsf] 5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 61

;Fu}sf] t:jL/ x]/ t, of] t:jL/ si[ 0fk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] xf] . logL g]kfnL ;flxTosf
7n" f slj xg' \ . logn] ltdLh:t} ;fgf;fgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu /fd|f/fd|f
sljtfx¿ / uLtx¿ klg n]vs] f 5g\ . ltdLn] k9g\ ] ‘/dfOnf] wtL’{ sljtf klg
log} sljn] n]v]sf] sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf xfdL a:g] wtL{ jf kY[ jL slt ;'Gb/ /
/dfOnf] 5 eGg] s/' fsf] j0fg{ ;'Gb/ zn} Ldf ul/Psf] 5 . kY[ jLdf /xs] f] xl/of] jg,
gbL, kxf8, df6f,] 9ª' \uf cflbn] oxfF lgs} ;'Gb/tf a9fPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f o; sljtfdf bv] fOPsf]
5 . o; wtLd{ f /x]sf ;'g, tfdf cflbsf vfgLn] of] wtL{ lgs} wgL dfq xf]Og c¹} ;G' b/ ags] f]
5 . xfdL o; wtLd{ f a:g] ;'vL / ;DkGg k|f0fL xf}F eGg] efj o; sljtfdf kfOG5 . sljtfdf c¿
s'/f s]s] 5g\ t yk s/' f lzIfsn] l;sfpg'xg' ] 5 .

x/fe/f wtL{ /fd|f], gLnf] cfsfz /fd|f]
3fd /fdf| ,] lbg /fdf| ], h"g klg /fdf| ] .

wtL{el/ /dfOnf s'/f w]/} xG' 5g\
kxf8, db} fg, vf]nfgfnf, jgkfvf xG' 5g\ .

lxdfnaf6 tn ¹/L yl/yl/ gbL zAbf {y x/fe/f M ;G' b/ rf/}lt/ xl/ofnL ePsf]
;d'b|df ldNg hfG5g\ ;nnn auL . db} fg M ;Dd k/s] f] hldg
;db' | M kfgLsf] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] ¿k
9'ªu\ f xG' 5, df6f] x'G5, ¿v oxLF xG' 5 hLjhGt ' M ;;fgf hGt'
hLjhGt' ;asf] jf; wtL{df g} x'G5 . ;nnn M kfgL aUbfsf] lsl;d
3l' dlkm/L M 3'ld3'dL
/dfOnf] lxpFb–jiff{ 3l' dlkm/L cfp5F 3fdkfgL M 3fd klg kfgL klg
kmnkm" n, cGgkfgL wtL{ pAhfp5F . tfdf M Ps k|sf/sf] wft'
vfgL M ;'g, rfbF L, tfdf cflb kfOg]
wtLd{ f g} /xs] f 5g\ ;g' –tfdfsf vfgL 7fpF
/fdf| ] nfU5 oxL wtL{, /fd|f] 3fdkfgL . cGgkfgL M cGg klg kfgL klg

62 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s n]v M
wtL,{ /fdf| ,] lxpbF , cfsfz, 9ª' \uf, cGgkfgL

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
jiff{ofd, ;]tf u]8L, atf;, bO' 6f, 1fgL

#= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M
jiff{ ;G' b/, rf/}lt/ xl/ofnL ePsf]
;db' | ;Dd hldg
db} fg avf{
x/fe/f kfgLsf] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] ¿k
3'ldlkm/L ;'g, rfFbL, tfdf cflb kfOg] 7fpF
vfgL 3l' d3'dL

$= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} ;N' 6\ofP/ nv] M
h:t} M df| ]/f M /fdf| ]
g;', ;jf, bLg, zsfcf, nt

%= z4' kf//] ;f/ M
Plx, xLdfn, kgL, agkfvf, /DdfO{nf]

^= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
gbL, w/] }, kxf8, /dfOnf,] df6f]

&= dflysf] sljtfaf6 gbL –auL h:tf p:t} ;'lgg] zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv] .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 63

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s_ wtL{el/ s:tf s'/f w/] } xG' 5g\ <
==============================================================================

v_ /dfOnf] lxpFb jiff{ s;/L cfp5F <
==============================================================================

u_ lxdfnaf6 sf] tn ¹/L <
==============================================================================

3_ hLjhGt'sf] jf; sxfF x'G5 <
==============================================================================

ª_ cGgkfgL s;n] pAhfp5F <
==============================================================================

#= sljtfsf] kªl\ Qm k/" f u/ M
wtL{df ============ /xs] f ============ ;'g–tfdfsf ============
============ nfU5 ============ wtL{, ============ 3fdkfgL .

$= Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ /dfOnf] wtL{ sljtf s;n] nv] s] f xg' \ <
v_ vf]nfgfnf / jgkfvf sxfF x'G5g\ <
u_ ;g' tfdfsf vfgL sxfF /xs] f 5g\ <
3_ gbL s;/L aU5g\ <
ª wtL{ s:tf] nfU5 <


64 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ sljtfdf ss] ] /fd|f 5g\ elgPsf] 5 <
v_ wtLd{ f ss] :tf rLhx¿ x'G5g\ <
u_ sljtfdf lxpbF / jiff{sf af/d] f s] elgPsf] 5<
3_ sljnfO{ /fdf| ] nfus] f s'/fx¿ ss] ] x'g\ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

dflg;sf] dfq geO{ kzk' G5L, hLjhGt' cflbsf] jf;:yfg wtLd{ f g} /xs] f] x'G5 .
wtL{n] x/]s kf| 0fLnfO{ cf>o lbG5 . o;n] h:tf;] 's} ef/nfO{ klg y]Ug ;S5 . dflg;sf
nflu cfjZos kg{] cgs] f}F rLhx¿ wtL{df g} kfOG5g\ . df6f,] kfgL, xfjf dfq geO{
cGgkft klg wtLn{ ] g} lbPsf] xG' 5 . wtL{h:tf] ;xgzLn s]xL klg el] 6bF g} . p;n] lbg
dfq hfg]sf] x'G5, lng slxNo} hfg]sf] xbF' }g . wtLs{ f] h:tf] Tofu / pbf/tf c¿ s;d} f
e6] g\ ;lsbF g} . To;n} ] o:tf] wtL{nfO{ hf]ufpg' x/]s dflg;sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

cfjZos, cf>o, ;;+ f/, st{Jo, ;xgzLn
v= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M

s= wtL{h:tf] ;xgzLn ;;+ f/df sx] L klg el] 6Fb}g .

v= wtL{nfO{ hfu] fpg'kb{}g .

u= kz'kG5L / hLjhgfj/ klg wtLd{ } a:5g\ .

3= wtLn{ fO{ ;a}n] hf]ufpg'k5{ .

ª= wtL{n] lng dfq hfgs] f] x'G5 .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

!= wtLn{ ] s;nfO{ cf>o lbG5 <
==============================================================================

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 65

@= s;n] lbg dfq hfgs] f] xG' 5 <
==============================================================================
#= wtL{n] s:tf] ef/nfO{ yU] g ;S5 <
==============================================================================
$= dflg;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ rLhx¿ sxfF kfOG5g\ <
==============================================================================
%= s;nfO{ hf]ufpg' x/s] dflg;sf] st{Jo xg' cfp5F <
==============================================================================

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !^( df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= s6] fx¿ sxfF vl] n/xs] f lyP <
v= Eofu'tfx¿ s;/L gfRb} lyP <
u= s]6fx¿n] Eofu'tfnfO{ s] u/] <
3= ;a}sf] Hofg p:t} xf] eGg] s/' f la;g{ x' G' 5 ls x'Fbg} <

@= z'4 zAbdf ufn] f] 3]/f nufpm M

s= kflg kfgL kfcfgL
9'ª\uf
v= 9u' f 9u+' f kc/xf/
Eofut' f
u= kx| f/ k/xf/

3= Eofut" f e\ofu'tf

66 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

#= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ kFw]/fsf] 5]pdf Pp6f ================ lyof] . -gbL, kfv] /L_
v_ Pp6f Eofut' fn] ================ aflx/ lgsfNof] . -6fpsf,] vfg]s/' f_
u_ kfv] /Ldf ================ kfgL b]lvGYof] . -lknlkn, l6nlkn_
3_ 9'ªu\ fn] nfu]/ ============= larNnL ePsf] lyof] . -df5fsf], Eofu'tfsf_]
ª_ ================ 9ª' \uf kx| f/ ug{ 5f8]gg\ . -s6] fx¿n], l;sf/Ln_]

Jofs/0f ;Lk

tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M d ltdL 3/ hfpm .
d tF oxLF a;\ . d ltdLx¿ k9]/ a; .
d ltdLx¿n] vfgf vfcf] .
d tkfO{+ dnfO{ k9fpgx' f];\ .

dflysf jfSodf h:t} ljm| of /fv/] tnsf jfSo k/" f u/ M
tF ux[ sfo{ k"/f ================ . ltdL gk] fnL sljtf ================ .
ltdLx¿ ljBfno ================ . ltdLx¿ uLt ================ .
tkfO+{ cfÇgf] sfd ================ .

d hf8] f ldnfpm M hfcf]
ltdL 5d5d hf
tkfO{+ ot} a:g'xf;] \
ltdLx¿ gfr
tF ;/f;/

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 67

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk km'6an
ljm| s6]
!= c¿ rf/ x/km yk]/ tnsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M 6a] n' 6]lg;
lstfa, snd, sfkL dnfO{ nfU5 ;fx|} Kof/f], Aof8ldG6g
k9g\ n]Vg slxNo} klg dfGgx' G' g ufx|f] . r;]
slxNo} klg ;S' bg} of] 1fg 5g]{ d;L, Sof/d] af]8{
efUo sxfF rlDsG5 / cN5L ub}{ a;L <

============================================
============================================
============================================
============================================



sg' vn] nfO{ s] elgG5 <
d annfO{ v'§fn] xfg/] v]lng] v]n
d ;fgf] annfO{ Ps xftn] Aof6df xfg]/ vl] ng] v]n
d 6a] n' df ;fgf] an pkmf//] v]lng] vn]
d Aof6n] ssnfO{ xfg/] vl] ng] vn]
d /fhf, dGqL, xfQL cflbnfO{ rfn/] vl] ng] v]n
d af]8d{ f ;fgf uf6] LnfO{ 7n" f] uf]6Ln] xfg/] vl] ng] vn]

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
68 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

kf7 & aQLsf] syf

syf ljho rfln;]

lrq;uF }sf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

cfxf ¤ slt xfdL ltxf/sf] ;x/df aQL an]/
/fd|f] aQL . l¹lnldnLdf /dfpF5fF} . /dfOnf] eof] .

h"g nfus] f] /ftdf 6f« lkms aQL tLg /ªsf ufpF3/df aflng] 6'sL aQL
lgs} /dfOnf] xG' 5 .
kf] x'Fbf /x]5g\ . o:tf] kf] x'Fbf] /x]5 t .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 69

lrd dzfn kfg; lbof] dG} 6f]n

nflN6g 6s' L h"g 6r{ 3fd

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLn] s'gs'g aQL bv] s] f 5f} <
d aQLsf] af/d] f ltdLnfO{ ss] ] yfxf 5 <
d lahn' L aQL s;n] agfPsf x'g,\ ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d aQL geP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f, ljrf/ u/s] f 5f} <

tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] p7]/ k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .
d aQLn] ;;+ f/ l¹lnldnL agfp5F .
d xfdLn] aQLsf] pkofu] ugk'{ 5{ .
d ;fF¹ k/]kl5 aQL afNgk' 5{ .
d aQL geP ;;+ f/ cFWof/f] xg' ] lyof] .

70 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

;Fu}sf] t:jL/ ljho rfln;]sf] xf] . logn] ltdLx¿ h:tf ;fgf gfgLx¿sf nflu
w/] } /fd|f syfx¿ n]vs] f 5g\ . logsf yk' }| k':tsx¿ klg 5flkPsf 5g\ . kf7df
lbOPsf] ‘aQLsf] syf’ df xfdLn] afNg] lah'nL aQLsf] ljsf; xg' 'eGbf cl3
s;/L aQL aflnGYof,] aQLsf] k/' fgf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] eGg] s'/f l;sfOPsf]
5 . xfd|f ufpF3/df c¹} klg lah'nL aQL k'u]sf] 5}g . ToxfF c¹} k'/fgf] ;dosf]
h:t} aQLx¿ aflnG5g\ . aQL s;/L ags] f] /x5] . aQLsf s] s:tf ¿kx¿ x'bF f /x5] g\ eGg] a'ˆg
kf7n] w/] } ;3fpF5 . kf7 /fd/| L k9 . ga'¹]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsn] /fd|/L a'¹fpg'xg' ] 5 .

æn x]/, logLx¿ t aQL;dt] gafn]/ cFWof/}df kf] v]ln/xs] f /x]5g\ ¤ :sn' sf] kf7 ;Sof} ls
;sg] f} lg, Oz{ fg <Æ xh/' afn] sf]7fdf lah'nL aQL afNb} eGg'eof] . Oz{ fg ;fgL alxgL
Oliftf;uF sf]7fdf v]Nb} lyof] . Oliftf ;fg} ePsLn] afN] g] j]nf eO;ss] f] lyPg . v]nsf]
/dfOnfd] f O{zfgn] cWF of/f] xg' nfu]sf] klg kQ} kfPg5 .

ækf7 t cl3 g} ul/;sF], xh/' af ¤ kf7
;s]/ alxgL;Fu vn] ]sf] .Æ xh/' afsf
s'/f ;'g/] hjfkm lbbF f klg p;sf
cfvF f eg] ¹ndNn ans] f] lahn' Llt/}
lyP . x/]ssf] 3/3/df aNg] aQL
;'?b]lv g} o:t} lyof] xfn] f t <
p;nfO{ w/] } lbgbl] v aQLsf] af/]df
hfGg dg nflu/xs] f] lyof] . To;}n]
xh'/af;uF eGof]– ‘xh'/af, aQLsf]
syf ;g' fpgf;] \ g, x} cfh ¤’

æcf]xf,] slt /fd|f] s'/f ;fW] of} ltdLn] ¤ xf] t lg, cfk"mn] ;w+}F bl] v/x]sf] s/' f s] xf], yfxf
kfO/fVgk' 5{ . lah'nLafx]s c¿ s'gs'g aQL b]v]sf 5f} ltdLn] <Æ O{zfgsf] OR5f ;g' /]
xh'/af c;fWo} v';L x'g'eof] .

zAbfy{ c;fWo } M Hofb,} w]/}

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 71

æxh/' cfdfn] laxfg a]n'sf b]ptfsf] kh" f–cf/tL ubf{ afNg] aQL b]vs] f] 5' . ===clg===
slxn]sfxLF lahn' L gcfpbF f d}g aQL afns] f] klg bv] s] f] 5' dn} ] === ¤Æ O{zfgn] ;D¹bF } eGof] .

æxf,] 7Ls eGof} . t/ lah'nL / dg} aQL xfd|f w/] } ufp3F /df kfObF g} g\ . lahn' L gePsf
ufp3F /lt/ sfx] L dl§tn] df sk8f 8a' fP/ 6'sL afN5g\ . sfx] L To;/L g} nflN6g, d}G6f]n
afN5g\ . c¹ dl§tn] gkfpbF f ufpsF f dflg;x¿ lrNnf] vf]6f] x'g] ;Nnf] / c¿ ¿vsf xfFuf
cflbsf] lbofnf] agfP/ klg sfd rnfp5F g\ a'ˆof} ¤ n ;g' d ca aQLsf] syf ;g' fpF5,' Wofg
lbP/ ;g' x} t ¤Æ

cfufs] f] cfljisf/ eO;s] klg ;?' ;?' df dflg;n] aQL afn]/ cFWof/f] x6fpg hfg]sf lyPgg\ .
pgLx¿n] l;sf/ u/]/ NofPsf hgfj/sf xf8vf]/ slxns] fxLF cfufd] f kbf{ w/] a} ]/;Dd an]sf]
b]v] . Tof] bv] ]/ pgLx¿n] o:t} s/' f cfuf]df xfNbf w]/}a/] ;Dd pHofnf] cfpbF f] /x5] eGg] yfxf
kfP . xf8df af];fh] :tf] lrNnf] kbfy{ xg' ] ePsf]n] Tof] w/] a} /] ;Dd aNYof] / To;af6 clncln
pHofnf] cfpYF of] . of] yfxf kfPkl5 ca dflg;n] hgfj/sf vKk/df af;] f] e/]/ sf7sf] 6'j|mf
jf To:t} sx] L xfNb} afNg yfn] . o;n} fO{ ;'?sf] aQL eg] xG' 5, aˆ' of} ¤

O{zfgnfO{ crDd nfUof] . t/ pm sx] L gafn] L Wofgk"j{s ;l' g/xs] f] lyof] .

To;/L ;?' ePsf] cWF of/f] gf:g] aQLnfO{ kl5 cfP/ OlhK6sf dflg;n] ;'wf/] . pgLx¿n]
leq vf]jm| f] ePsf] 9'ªu\ fdf af];f] / To:t} lrNnf] kbfy{ e/] . Tof] ef8F f]sf] lrNnf] kbfyd{ f
skf;sf] nfdf] wfuf] lehfP/ afn] . To;f] ubf{ Tof] aQLn] w]/}a/] ;Dd glgeL pHofnf] lbg
yfNof] .

To;kl5 lu|; / /fd] eGg] bz] sf dflg;n] cfheGbf w]/} jif{ cufl8 aQL afNg] df6f] /
lkQnsf] ef8F f agfP . Toltjn] f;Dd pgLx¿n] tLn, tf/] L h:tf cGg k]n]/ t]n lgsfNg
hflg;s]sf lyP . ca pgLx¿n] df6f] jf lkQnsf] efF8fd] f ToxL t]n xfn]/ skf;sf] wfuf]
lehfO{ aQL afNg yfn] . c¹ sx] L kl5 uP/ To:tf] aQLnfO{ rf/l} t/ 5s] L xfjfn] lgefpg;dt]
g;Sg] agfP . c¹ s]xL kl5 t Tof] aQLnfO{ rxlsnf] s/' fn] 3/] /] c¹ w]/} pHofnf] cfpg]

zAbf {y b]ptf M eujfg\ cfljisf/ M gofF s'/f kQf nufpg] sfd
6'sL M ;fgf] efF8fd] f dl§t]n / sk8f vfj] |mf] M leqkl§ sx] L gePsf]
vKk/ M 6fpsf]
lbofnf ] /fv/] aflng] aQL Wofgk"js{ M Wofg lbP/, xS] sf /fv]/
M pHofnf]sf nflu aflng] skf; M wfuf] sfTg ko| f]u ul/g] e'jf
;Nnfsf] sf7

72 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

t'NofP .

cfheGbf tLg ;o jifh{ lt cl3 PdL cufG{ 8 eGg] Ps
hgf dflg;n] aQLdf /fVg] gofF lsl;dsf] wfuf] klg kQf
nufP . l:jh/NofG8sf tL dflg;n] kQf nfPsf] aQL
afNg] wfuf] ufn] f] vfnsf] lyof] . Tof] wfuf] an]/ lg:ss] f]
pHofnf] rf/l} t/ km}lnGYof] . Tof] aQLnfO{ pgs} gfpdF f
cuf{G8 aQL elgg yfNof] . To;sf] sx] Lkl5 pgs} rn] fn] sfFrn] 5fk] ]df pHofnf] w/] } wj' fF
sd cfpg] aQL agfP . To;kl5 dfq} nflN6gh:t} l;;fn] 9fss] f] aQL tof/ x'gyfNof] .

Tolt jn] f;Dd dflg;n] tf/] L / ltnsf] t]nsf] ;f6f] Åjn] sf] af;] f]af6 klg aQL afNg
hflg;ss] f lyP . Åj]n ;d'bd| f kfOg] df5fh:t} 7"nf] hLj ePsfn] ] To;af6 w]/} af];f]
lg:sGYof] . To;n} ] Åjn] sf] af];f] t]neGbf ;:tf] kYof]{ . ToxL ;dolt/ dflg;n] Uof;af6
aNg] aQLsf] cfljisf/ u/] . ca Uof;af6 aNg] d}G6fn] , aQL cflb tof/ x'gyfNof] . ToxL
;dolt/ dflg;n] dl§t]nsf] klg vf]hL u¥of] . Uof; / dl§tn] af6 Åj]nsf] af;] fe] Gbf klg
sd vr{df aQL afNg ;lsg] eof] . o;/L sd vr{df w/] } pHofnf] lbg] aQLsf] vfh] L ubf{ub{}
cfheGbf @)) jif{ hlt cl3 lah'nLaQLsf] cfljisf/ eof] . of] s/' f ‘yfd] ; cNjf Pl8;g’
eGg] j1} flgsn] kQf nfPsf lyP . clxn];Dd} cWF of/f] gfz ug{] oxL g} ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] /
e/kbf{] pkfo ePsf] 5 .

æcfx] f], cfh xfdLn] afNg] aQL t o;/L kf] ljsf; ePsf] /x]5 ¤Æ O{zfg xh'/afaf6 aQLsf]
syf ;'g]/ v';L eof] .

zAbf {y rxlsnf] M pHofnf] lbg] dG} 6fn] M dl§t]n xfn]/ lrdh:t} hfnL
sfFr M l;;f aflng] aQL
r]nf M ljBfyL{
nflN6g M jl/kl/ l;;f nufOPsf] aQL ;db' | M kfgLsf] 7"nf] efu
af;] f] M lrNnf] kbfy{ Åjn] M ;d'bd| f kfOg] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] df5f
j}1flgs M lj1fgsf] sfd ug{] dflg;

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 73

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
cFWof/f], Åj]n, ;d'b,| crDd, dG} 6fn] , ¹ndNn

@= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
dflg;, lah'nL, cfh, w]/,} pHofnf,] b]z

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
af;] f,] c;fWo}, cfljisf/, skf;, j}1flgs, rxlsnf]

$= tnsf cIf/x¿nfO{ ;N' 6\ofP/ zAb agfpm M
;sflj, jhL, af/hx' , nfO] df/, dl;ls

%= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
pmznfO{ w/] O bLgb]vL aQLsf] af/d] f hfGg dg\ nfuL/x]sf] 7Lof] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm M

O{R5f OR5\of OR5f

zdo ;do ifdo

slxn]sfxL F sxLns] fxL slxn]sfxF L

bLofnf] lbofnf] lbcfnf]

a;{ j/z jif{

^= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
7n" f], cWF of/f,] w/] ,} v';L, ;?'

&= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfFr cf]6f zAb n]v .

74 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

sfrF kfgLsf] 7"nf] efu

r]nf pHofnfs] f nflu aflng] ;Nnfsf] sf7

vKk/ eujfg\

b]ptf 6fpsf]

vfj] m| f] l;;f

lbofnf] leqkl§ sx] L gePsf]

;d'b| ljBfyL{

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ‘aQLsf] syf’ kf7 s;n] nv] s] f x'g\ <
v_ Oz{ fgnfO{ ss] f] af/]df hfGg dg nfus] f] lyof] <
u_ xh'/af lsg v';L x'g'eof] <
3_ lahn' L aQL s;n] kQf nufP <
ª_ lah'nL aQLsf] cfljisf/ slxn] eof] <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls eP 7Ls / a]7Ls eP a7] Ls nv] M
s_ ;ae} Gbf klxn] dflg;x¿ lah'nL aQLsf] ko| fu] uy{] .
v_ xfd|f] b]zdf ;a}lt/ lahn' L aQL ku' ]sf] 5}g .
u_ klxnf Åjn] sf] af];f] xfn/] aQL aflnGYof] .
3_ aQLdf /fVg] wfuf] PdL cgfG{ 8n] kQf nufP .
ª_ Oz{ fg aQLsf] syf ;g' /] v';L ePg .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 75

#= gldNg] zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
dl§t]n l8h]n k]6«fn] nflN6g
6s' L d}G6f]n nflN6g lah'nL
/f]d lu;| l:j6\h/NofG8 bz]
tf]/L w'jf F ;;f+{} ;"od{ v' L

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps Ps zAbdf pQ/ nv] M
s_ Oz{ fg sf];uF ;+jfb ub}{ lyof] <
v_ Oz{ fgnfO{ s;n] syf ;'gfof] <
u_ Åjn] sxfF kfOG5 <
3_ pHofnf]sf nflu aflng] ;Nnfsf] sf7nfO{ s] elgG5 <
ª_ aQLnfO{ sxfsF f dflg;n] ;'wf/] <

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ lahn' L aQL gePsf ufpFlt/ s:tf aQL aflnG5g\ <
v_ dflg;n] s] s:tf aQL afNbf /x5] g\ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;;+ f/df pHofnf]sf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] ;|ft] 3fd xf] . 3fd kj" { lbzfdf pbfpF5 . of] pHofnfs] f]
zlQmzfnL ;|f]t xf] . o;n] wtLn{ fO{ pHofnf] agfpF5 . pHofnf] 3fdn] lbgsf] ;ªs\ t] u5{ .
3fd gnfUg] xf] eg] ;;+ f/ cWF of/f] aG5 . cfsfzdf afbnn] 9fSbf, ¹/L kbf{ clg wtLd{ f
t;' f/f] v:bf lbgdf klg 3fd x/fp5F . lbgdf 3fd x/fP klg pHofnf] x/fpFb}g . lbgdf
3fdsf] pHofnf] xg' ] ePsfn] g} dflg;x¿
sfd ug{ kfp5F g\ . 3fdn] pHofnf] dfq lbg]
xf]Og . 3fds} zlQm lnP/ af6] la?jf tyf
cGo jg:kltx¿n] vfgf agfpF5g\ . 3fdaf6
kfPsf] tftfk] gn] g} hLjhGt'x¿ afFrs] f 5g\ .

76 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

dflg; tyf cGo hLjhGtx' ¿n] jg:kltx¿af6 cfÇgf] vfgf kfpF5g\ . 3fd ePg eg]
af]6la?jf tyf cGo jg:kltx¿ /xFbg} g\ . To;}n] 3fdljgf ;+;f/df sg' } klg hLljt
j:t'x¿ /xg ;Sbg} g\ . cr]n dflg;n] 3fdaf6 lah'nL klg lgsfNg yfns] f] 5 . 3fd
zlQmsf] 7n" f] ;f| t] xf] . To;}n] 3fdsf] dxŒj clt w]/} 5 .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
s_ pHofnf]sf] ;a}eGbf] 7"nf] ;f| ]t s] xf] <
v_ 3fd gnfu] ;+;f/ s:tf] xG' 5 <
u_ af6] la?jfnfO{ vfgf agfpg s] rflxG5 <
3_ dflg; tyf hLjhGt'x¿n] vfgf s]af6 kfp5F g\ <
ª_ 3fdaf6 s] lgsfNg ;lsG5 <

@= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ cfsfzdf afbnn] 9fSbf =================== 3fd x/fp5F . -/ftdf, lbgdf_
v_ dfG5] dfq xfO] g =================== nfO{ klg 3fdsf] dxŒj 5 .
-hLjhGt', 9'ªu\ f_
u_ hLjhGt'x¿n] =================== vfgf kfpF5g\ . -3fdaf6, af6] la?jfaf6_
3_ 3fdaf6 =================== klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 . -tn] , lahn' L_

#= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ pHofnfs] f] 7n" f] ;|f]t lahn' L xf] .
v_ lbgdf 3fdsf] pHofnf] x'g] ePsfn] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
u_ 3fd dflg;nfO{ dfq rflxG5 .
3_ 3fd zlQmsf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] ;|f]t xf] .
ª_ 3fd geP klg s]xL km/s kb}{g .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ 3fd sxfF pbfp5F <
v_ 3fd ss;nfO{ rflxG5 <
u_ 3fd lsg cfjZos 5 <

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 77

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !&) df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx¿ sxfaF f6 aU5g\ <
==============================================================================
v_ s:tf] ljB'tn\ fO{ e/kbf]{ dflgG5 <
==============================================================================
u_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ egs] f] s] xf] <
==============================================================================
3_ lah'nL ss] ]af6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
==============================================================================

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ gk] fndf 7n" f gbLx¿ 5g} g\ .
v_ 3fd / xfjfaf6 klg lahn' L lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
u_ 6]lnlehg x]g{ lah'nL rflxG5 .
3_ lah'nL 3/df dfq rflxG5 .

#= 3/df ss] ] rnfpg lahn' L rflxG5 < n]v .



78 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

Jofs/0f ;Lk

tnsf] afs;df lbOPsf zAbx¿ gfdof]uL xg' \ . oL zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M
leq, aflx/, dfly, tkm{, l;t, ;uF , cufl8, k5fl8, lt/, kl§, d'lg, cg;' f/,
adf]lhd, ;dt]
!= tnsf jfSox¿af6 gfdofu] L zAb lrg]/ vfnL 7fpdF f nv] M

s_ d u?' ;Fu w/] } s/' f l;S5' .
v_ 5fgfd] fly r/f] a;]sf] 5 .
u_ 3/k5fl8 s/;] faf/L 5 .
3_ g]kfnsf w]/} ufpFdf :sn' ;dt] 5}gg\ .
ª_ 6]a'ndl' g esG' 8f] 5 .
@= tnsf gfdof]uLx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
cufl8, lt/, leq, aflx/, l;t

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

tnsf] lrqsf] ;xfotfn] 5f6] f] syf n]v .

!@

#$

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 79

g]kfnsf] sg' 7fpF s]sf nflu kl| ;4 5 <

d l;Gw'nL M h'gf/

d Onfd M lrof

d u'NdL M skmL

d kfNkf M 9fsf6f]kL

d jL/uGh M tfKs]

d sf:sL M kl:dgf

d ef]hk'/ M vs' '/L

d xD' nf÷hD' nf M :ofp

d eQmk'/ M bxL

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
80 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

kf7 * xh'/afsf] n67\ L

gf6s s]bf/ >]i7

lrq;Fu lbOPsf zAbx¿ tyf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

xfd|f xh'/af xfd|L xh'/cfdf xfd|f cleefjsx¿

bof g} wd{ xf] . j4[ dflg;sf] ;]jf ug'{ k/fk] sf/ g} kh" f xf] .
xfd|f] stJ{ o xf] .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 81

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d s] ltdLn] slxNo} gf6s bv] ]sf 5f} <
d gf6s sxfF bv] fOG5, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdLn] j[4 dflg;sf] ;j] f u/s] f 5f} <
d xh'/cfdfnfO{ n67\ L lsg rflxG5 < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 .

tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] p7/] k9 clg ;an} ] Pp6} :j/df eg .
d xfdLn] j[4 dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
d j[4 dflg;sf nflu xfdL n6\7Lh:t} ;xf/f aGg ;Sgk' 5{ .
d xh/' af, xh/' cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ dL7fdL7f syf ;g' fpg'xG' 5 .

82 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

;Fus} f] t:jL/ sb] f/ >i] 7sf] xf] . logL gf6s nV] 5g\, clego u5{g\ clg lgbz{] g
klg u5g{ \ . ljBfno txsf ;fgf gfgLx¿sf nflu logn] w]/} gf6sx¿ n]Vg] /
lgbz]{ g ug]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . kf7df lbOPsf] ‘xh/' afsf] nf}/f’] gf6sdf xfdLn]
xfdf| xh/' af, xh'/cfdfx¿nfO{ dfof ug{'kg]{ s'/f l;sfOPsf] 5 . gf6ssf] kfq
;Ifdn] cfÇgf] xh/' afnfO{ cfk"m xh'/afsf] nf}/f] ag/] ;wF} pxfnF fO{ ;fy lbg]
s/' f atfPsf] 5 . a"9fa"9Lx¿nfO{ ;xf/fsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . a"9fa"9Lx¿nfO{ ;xf/fljgf
cf]xf/] bf]xf]/ ug{ ufxf| ] x'G5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ n67\ Lsf] ;xf/f lnG5g\ . a9" fa9" Lx¿nfO{ dfof ug]{
pgLx¿nfO{ ;fy lbg' 5f]/f5f/] L tyf gfltgfltgLx¿sf] st{Jo xf] . kf7df lbOPsf] gf6s Wofg
lbP/ k9 clg eGg vfh] ]sf] s/' f a'¹ .

kfqx¿ M xh/' af, jif{ ^% ;Ifd, xh/' afsf] gflt, jif{ ( ;IfdsL cfdf, jif{ #%
;do M /ftsf] & ah]
:yfg M 3/, xh/' afsf] sf7] f

d~rsf] Ps 5]pdf la:tf/} ks| fz k5{ . k|sfz k/s] f] 7fpFdf at] sf] n6\7L b]lvG5 .
at] sf] n6\7L d~rsf] aLr efudf /x]sf] cf5] o\ fg vf6sf] l;/fgkl§ 5 . ca vf6sf]
5]plg/ la:tf/} ks| fz k5{ . ToxfF unaGbL a]/]sf xh/' af bl] vG5g\ . gfssf] 6'Kkfl] g/
cl8Psf] r:dfsf] l;;faf6 xb] }{ xh/' af lstfa kl9/x]sf 5g\ .

d~r k"/} b]lvg] u/L k|sfz k5{ . xh'/afsf] glhs} ;fgf] 6a] n 5 . 6a] ndfly kfgLsf]
aft] n / lunf;;Fu} s]xL lstfax¿ 5g\ . l;/fgkl§ P]gf ePsf] b/fh 5 . leQfdf
xh/' af tGg]/L x'Fbfsf] kmf6] f] 5 . kl/jf/sf aLrdf xh/' af a;]sf] csf{] kmf6] f] klg 5 .
Tof] kmf6] fd] f ;Ifd klg 5 .

;Ifd rfn df//] xh'/afsf] sf7] fdf k:5 . xh/' afsf] glhs} kU' 5 .

;Ifd M -xh/' afnfO{ t;f{pFb}_ 9o\ fKkf ¤¤

zAbf {y d~r M gf6s cflb b]vfpgsf nflu 9\ofKkf M s;}nfO{ em'SofP/ 5'g] sfd

agfOPsf] efu l;/fg M cf5] o\ fgdf 6fpsf] /fVg]kl§sf]

efu

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 83

xh/' af M -lstfa k9b\ }, yfxf gkfPh;/L_ sf] la/fnf] cfof], o;/L rfn df/]/ <

;Ifd M -cln 7n" f] :j/df_ la/fnf] xfO] g, tkfO+s{ f] gflt . -cfÇgf] gfsdf rf]/
cfnF} fn] 5F'b_} oL x]g;{' \ t tkfOs+{ f] gflt ;Ifd s] .

xh'/af M -kn' 'Ss x]5g{ _\ P ¤ la/fnf] egs] f] t gflt kf] xf] ¤¤ clg ;'Tgk' b{}g afa',
hfpm ¤

-;Ifd hfbF }g, pleP/ al;/xG5 . xh/' af kl9/xG5g\ . Psl5g jftfj/0f
lgs} zfGt x'G5 ._

;Ifd M syf ;'Gg] Sof
xh'/af ¤

xh/' af M -lh:sfpFb}_ P ¤
la/fnf] t syf ;G' g
kf] cf’sf] xf] <

;Ifd M la/fnf] xfO] g s]
xh'/af, tkfOs{+ f]
gflt ¤

xh/' af M s] syf ;'G5f} t, ;a} hfg]sf] syf t klxn] g} elg;s]F .

;Ifd M cF ¤ ca clxn;] Dd gegs] f] syf eGg';\ g t . -xf:F 5_ lxlxlx ===

xh'/af M n a; t a; . v} s] syf ;g' fd\ t ¤ -;Ifd klg vf6df a:5 / syf ;'Gg
cft'/ b]lvG5 ._

;Ifd M h] eP lg ;'gfpg;' \ g . clxn] ddL km]l/ ‘;T' g'kbg}{ ’ eGb} cfpg'xG' 5 s] .
pm ddL cfpg'ef] h:tf] 5 . xh/' af ddLnfO{ d oxfF 5}g eGg';\ x} ¤

-gk] Yodf dfG5] lxF8s] f] cfjfh cfp5F . ;Ifd xQkQ xh'/afsf] k5fl8
n'S5 . cfdf 9f]sfdf bl] vlG5g\ ._
zAbfy{ rfn M kf/f, zn} L

84 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

cfdf M ;Ifd, afa' ;Ifd . sxfF uP5 of] <

xh'/af M -xf:F b}_ of] la/fnf] d/] f] k5fl8 ns' ]sf] 5}g x} ¤

-;Ifd lkm:; xfF:b} la:tf/} xh/' afsf] k5fl8af6 6fpsf] lgsfN5 ._

cfdf M -xf:F b_} nf} of] la/fnf] s6] f] t xh'/afsf] k5fl8 n'ss] } /x]g5 lg lxlxlx ¤
-cln 7"nf] :j/df_ ;'Tg] jn] f eO;Sof,] xfd] js{ ;Sof] t <

;Ifd M -cfFn} fn] cfkmnF} fO{ bv] fpbF }_ of] la/fnfn] ] cl3 g} xfd] js{ ul/;Sof] . -cln
;fgf] :j/df cfdfnfO{ Joª\Uo ub{}_ clg dfp la/fnf] rflxF slt lsrlsr
ul//x]sf] xf] s'lGg ¤

xh'/af M -;Ifdsf] cfdflt/_ n, n Psl5gdf cfp5F of] . -cfdf lgl:slG5g\ ._

cfdf M -gk] Yoaf6_ l56f] k7fOlbg;' \ x} DofpF la/fnfn] fO{ .

;Ifd M -cln 7l' :sFb}_ tkfO+x{ ¿ ldn]/ d/] f] gfd g} ‘la/fnf]’ agfOlbg';\ ca . nf}
ca syf ;g' fpg;' \ .

xh'/af M -xfF:b_} n cfh d Pp6f a"9f] r/fsf] syf ;g' fp5F ' .

;Ifd M r/fsf] < p8g\ ] r/fsf] <

xh'/af M xf,] xf] . t/ of] p8\g g;Sg]

ef’sf] a"9f] r/fsf] syf

xf] . n ;g' . -xh/' afn]

xfpefpsf ;fy syf eGg

yfNg'eof] ._ Tof] 7fpdF f yk' |}

r/fsf kl/jf/x¿ lyP .

Pp6f r/fsf] kl/jf/df eg] a"9f] eO;s]sf xh'/af r/f klg lyof] . a9" f]

r/fsf] 5f]/f, gfltx¿ klg lyP . p;nfO{ otfplt p8\g klg ;fx}| ufxf| ]

xG' Yof] . clncln lxF88'n dfq ug{ ;SYof], Tof] klg n6\7L 6]s/] .

zAbfy{ gk] Yo M kbfe{ Gbf k5fl8sf] efu xfpefp M clego
dfp M kf]yL la/fnf]

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 85

;Ifd M -aLrd} f_ tkfO{+n] h:t} n67\ L 6]s/] xf] xh/' af <

xh'/af M xf], xf] . clg Tof] 7fpsF f r/fx¿ lxpFb nfu]kl5 lr;f]af6 aRg ;wF} a;fOF
hfg] uy{] . o;k6s klg ToxfF lr;f] a9g\ yfNof,] lxpF kg{ yfNof] . r/fx¿
a;fOF hfg] tof/L ug{ yfn] . a9" f] r/fsf] 3/df klg tof/L ;?' eof] .
;an} ] cf–cfÇgf ;fdfgx¿ kf]sf] kf/] .

;Ifd M -Psl5g ;fr] ]/_ clg a"9f] r/fnfO{ rflxF ;an} ] afs] ]/ n}hfg] xf] xh/' af <

xh/' af M -nfdf] ;f; tfg/] , cln ;fgf] :j/df_ xfO] g, a9" f] r/fnfO{ eg] s;}n] jf:tf
u/]gg\ . a"9f] r/fsf 3/sf c¿ r/fx¿ kfnk} fnf] a;fOsF f nflu p8g\
yfn] . a"9f] r/f] x/] /] a:of] . cF a"9f] r/fsf] Pp6f 5f]/fn] rflxF p8g\ ]
j]nfdf Pp6f s/' f eGof] .

;Ifd M -xtfl/Fb}, Ps} ;f;df_ s]
eGof] xh'/af < ‘;a}n]
5f8/] uP klg d afs] /]
nfG5' xh/' nfO’{ eGof],
xf] .

xh'/af M xf]Og afa' xf]Og . Tof]
5f/] fn] eGof,] ‘n af,
otf lxpF kg{ yfNof], xfdL hfg nfUof,}F xh'/ p8g\ ;Sg'xG' g ¤ s] ug{] t <
cfÇgf] Vofn ugx{' f]nf ¤’ eg]/ pm klg pl8xfNof] .

;Ifd M -la:tf/_} clg xh'/af, a"9f] r/fn] sx] L eg]g <

xh'/af M s] eGg] xf] / < a"9f] r/f lknlkn cf;F ' ¹fb,{} 5f]/f uPlt/ afOa{ fO{ u/]h;/L
xft xNnfpbF } al;/Åof] lar/f ¤ -syf ;g' fO/xbF f xh/' afsf] cgx' f/ klg
dlngf] b]lvGYof] ._

lxpFb M kfgL gkg]{ df;} d Vofn M jf:tf
dlng M lgGofp/f]
zAbfy{ kf]sf] M ;fdfg xfn/] aflF wPsf] y}nf]

86 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

;Ifd M clg xh'/af, a9" f] r/fnfO{ rflxF lxpnF ] sx] L ePg <

xh'/af M v} s] yfxf ¤ dnfO{ yfxf ef’sf] syf olQ xf] . -vf6sf] l;/fglg/ ePsf]
n67\ Llt/ b]vfpbF _} v} Tof] n67\ L n]pmnp] m afa', rkL{ hfg'k¥of] .

;Ifd M -n6\7L lbFb_} eGg' g xh'/af, a9" f] r/fnfO{ rflxF s] eof] <

xh'/af M of] klg syf
;sk] l5 klg
‘s] eof’] eg/]
;f]lw/xG5 ¤ ca
oL o;/L n67\ L
6s] /] al;/Åof]
xf]nf lg . -nfdf]
;f; tfg]/_ a"9f]
ePkl5 oxL n67\ L t xf] ;xf/f . cfÇgf] eGg' oxL n67\ L xG' 5 afa' . -xh/' af
n67\ L 6s] ]/ p75\ g\ . ;Ifd xh/' afnfO{ Ps6sn] x]l//xG5 . xh'/af
9fs] flg/ ku' ]kl5 ;Ifd v?' ? bf8} ]/ xh'/afsf] cufl8 k'U5 . xh/' afn]
6]ls/xs] f] n6\7L yt' /] cfkm" n] lnG5 . clg xh'/sf] xft cfÇgf] s'ddf
/fV5 ._

;Ifd M -v;' L x'Fb}_ n67\ L xfO] g xh'/af, d 5' lg tkfO{+sf] ;xf/f ¤

-xh/' af Ps6sn] ;IfdnfO{ x]l//xG5g\ . ;Ifd klg xh/' afnfO{ x]l//xG5 .
xh'/afsf] cg'xf/df d':sfg b]lvG5 . ToxL j]nf d~rdf la:tf/} k|sfz
lgE5 ._

zAbf {y rkL{ M lb;flk;fa ug{] 7fpF d:' sfg M cfjfh glgsfnL xfF:g] xf;F f]
;xf/f M ;xfotf ug{] dflg; k|sfz M pHofnf]
sd' M sfFw

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 87

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
gflt, d~r, tGg]/L, t;f{pFb}, lsrlsr, a;fOF, cfF;'

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
xfpefp, kf]sf,] Vofn, rkL,{ sd' , ks| fz

#= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;xf/f kbf{ k5fl8sf] efu

d:' sfg gf6s d~rg x'g] 7fpF

d~r ;xofu] L

gk] Yo cfjfh glgsfnL xfF:g] sfd

$= z4' kf/]/ nv] M

s_ 5f]/fn] eGof] n af, otf lxp kg{ yfNof], xfld hfg nfUof} .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ zxf/f cf_ ;xf/f O_ ;fxf/f O{_ zfxf/f
@= c_ n67\ L cf_ n77\ L O_ n7\l7 O_{ n67L
#= c_ cfF; " cf_ cf;' O_ cfz ' O{_ cf;F '
$= c_ ;Ifd cf_ ;SIod O_ ;5]d O_{ zIfd

%= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
rfn, dfp, lxpbF , jf:tf, dlng

^= dflysf] gf6saf6 cfwf cIf/sf] k|ofu] ul/Psf s'g} kfFr j6f zAb l6k .

88 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= dflysf] gf6sdf h:t} sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf aLraf6 PsPs kfqx¿ 5flgP/
;+jfb u/ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ xh'/afn] s;nfO{ la/fnf] 7fGge' Psf] /x]5 <
==============================================================================
v_ xh'/afn] s;nfO{ dfp la/fnf] eGg'ePsf] xf] <
==============================================================================
u_ r/fx¿ lxpbF nfuk] l5 lr;fa] f6 aRg s] uy{] <
==============================================================================
3_ a9" f] r/fn] 5f]/fx¿ uPlt/ s;/L x]¥of] <
==============================================================================
ª_ xh'/afn] cfÇgf] a'9];sfnsf] ;xf/fsf] ¿kdf s;nfO{ tf]Sg'eof] <
==============================================================================

#= s;n] eg]sf] xf] < nv] M
s_ clg ;T' gk' b}g{ afa,' hfpm ¤
v_ sxfF uP5 of] <
u_ nf} ca syf ;g' fpg';\ .
3_ cfÇgf] Vofn ug'{xfn] f ¤
ª cfÇgf] eGg' oxL n6\7L x'G5 afa' .

$= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ xh'/afn] ;IfdsL cfdfnfO{ la/fnf] 7fGg'eP5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 89

v_ ;Ifdn] xh'/afnfO{ syf ;'gfpg cfux| u¥of] .
u_ avf{ nfuk] l5 r/fx¿ a;fOF ;g{ yfn]5g\ .
3_ r/fx¿n] a;fOF ;bf{ a"9f] r/fnfO{ 5f]8/] uP .

ª ;Ifdn] xh/' afsf] a'9;] sfnsf] ;xf/f cfkm" x'g] atfof] .

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ ;Ifdn] xh/' afnfO{ s]sf nflu cg/' f]w u¥of] <
v_ r/fx¿n] a9" f] r/fnfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ u/] <
u_ a9" f] r/fsf] cj:yf b]v]kl5 ;Ifdn] xh'/afnfO{ s] eGof] <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;+;f/sf x/s] k|f0fL Pscsf{sf] ;xf/fn] dfq
afRF 5g\ . ;xf/fljgf sf]xL klg afFRg ;Sb}gg\ .
hLj, hGt,' kzk' G5LnfO{ dfq, geO{ dflg;nfO{ klg
hLjgdf ;xf/fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kfv'/fdf
an 5OGhn] jf pd]/ g9lNsbF f;Dd dflg;n]
;;+ f/ lhtF'nf¹}F u/L 3dG8 u/]sf] x'G5 . ha
pd]/ 9lNsbF } hfG5 ta dflg; s;s} f] ;xf/fsf]
vf]hLdf bf}l8G5 . dflg;nfO{ afRF gsf nflu a:g] jf; dfq eP/ kU' bg} , p;nfO{ uf;F
/ skf; klg rflxG5 . a9' ];sfn nfuk] l5 t dflg;n] aflx/leq ug;{ d]t csf{sf]
;xf/f vf]Hb5 . otfplt lx8F 8'n ug{ klg a9' ;] sfndf dflg; ls t nf/} f]sf] ls t
s'g} JolQmsf] ;xf/f lnG5 . o;y{ afFRgsf nflu dflg;nfO{ ;;+ f/df ;a}sf] ;xofu]
/ ;fysf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

JolQm, cfjZostf, o;y,{ jf;, ;+;f/, uf;F , ;xf/f, otfplt

90 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

@= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

s= ;+;f/sf x/s] kf| 0fL s;/L afFR5g\ <
c_ ;xf/fn] cf_ PSn} O= s;;} Fu gldnL
v= kzk' G5LnfO{ dfq geO{ dflg;nfO{ klg ================ cfjZos kb{5 .
c_ 3dG8sf] cf_ b'Mvsf] O_ ;xf/fsf]
u= dflg;nfO{ afFRgsf nflu s'gsg' s/' f geO{ xFb' g} <
c_ tg, dg, wg cf_ uf;F , jf;, skf;
O_ dg, jrg, sd{
3= ;xf/fljgf ================ klg afFRg ;Sb}gg\ .
c_ d klg cf_ tF klg . O_ sf]xL klg
ª= ha pd/] 9lNsFb} hfG5, ta dflg; ================ ;xf/fsf] vf]hLdf

bfl} 8G5 .
c_ bl' gofFsf] cf_ glrg]sf dfG5]sf] O_ s;s} f]
#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s= dflg;n] s;/L 3dG8 u/]sf] x'G5 <
v= afRF gsf nflu dflg;nfO{ ss] ]sf] cfjZostf kb{5 <
u= dflg; a'9;] sfndf ss;sf] ;xf/f lnG5 <

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 91

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !&) df lbOPsf] s/' fsfgL_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= j4[ f>ddf ================= a:bf /x]5g\ .
v= pxfFsf 5f/] f5f]/L t 5g\ /] . tL ;a} ================= uP/ pxfnF fO{ ToxfF
5f8] ]sf /x5] g\
u= xh/' afsf 5f/] f5f/] L eP/ klg pgLx¿n] aj] f:tf u/]kl5 pxfF ============
eP/ ToxfF cfO{ a:ge' Psf] /x5] . .
3= xfdLn] klg ================= nflu kmnk"mn, vfg]s/' f, sk8f nus] f lyofF} .

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s= sdn afaf;Fu j[4f>d uPsf] lyof] .
v= j[4f>ddf c;xfo afnaflnsfx¿ a:5g\ .
u= j4[ f>ddf lgs} a9" f dflg;x¿ a:5g\ .
3= /f]u nfu]sf dflg;x¿ dfq} j[4f>d hfG5g\ .
ª= sdnn] j4[ x¿sf nflu vfgs] '/f klg nlulbPsf] lyof] .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s= j[4f>d eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= j4[ dflg;x¿ j4[ f>d lsg hfFbf /x5] g\ <
u= sdnn] j[4f>d hfbF f s]s] lnP/ uPsf] lyof] <

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ‘cfdfsf] dfof’ zLifs{ df lgdn{ / ldngsf aLrsf] 5f]6f] s'/fsfgL -;+jfb_
tof/ kf/ .

92 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

d g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] lxdfn M ;u/dfyf

d g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L afl] ng] efiff M gk] fnL

d gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn M /f/f tfn

d g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] gbL M sf;] L gbL

d g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf xfr] f] :yfg M s]rgf

d g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] ;x/ M sf7df8f}F

d gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] dlGb/ M tnh] ' ejfgL

d gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7"nf] dl" t{ M dxfbj] , ;fuF f

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 93

kf7 ( ¿v

cfTdsyf

¿vaf6 s]s] aG5g,\ ljrf/ u/ M

94 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d s] ltdLn] ¿v bv] ]sf 5f} <
d ltdLn] sg' sg' ¿v bv] s] f 5f} <
d ¿v sxfFsxfF kfOG5 <
d ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] ¿v sg' xf] <
tn an] 'gdf lbOPsf zAbx¿ Ps hgfn] k9 c¿n] ;Fu;uF } jfrg u/ M

j/ kLkn l;;f} >Lv08

;fn zld vo/

lrnfpg] wk' L s;' 'd s6';
;Nnf] hd'gf l;dn

6fsF L plQ; x/f{] a/f{]
wFo/f] d;nf

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 95

cfÇgf] af/]df cfkmn}F ] ;a} s'/f eGg'nfO{ cfTdsyf elgG5 . cfTdsyfdf s'g} j:ts' f] af/]df p;n} ]
af]ns] f], ;'gfPsf] h;/L nl] vG5 . h]sf] cfTdsyf n]Vg] xf], cfkm" ToxL aGgk' 5{ clg To;sf] af/]df
;a} s'/f :ki6;Fu eGgk' 5{ . kf7df ¿vsf] cfTdsyf lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF ¿v af]ns] f] 5 . ¿vn]
cfÇgf] syf ;'gfPsf] 5 . ¿v s:tf] x'G5, sxfF xG' 5, o;sf] cfsf/ks| f/ s:tf] xG' 5, o;sf]
dxŒj s] 5 nufotsf s/' fx¿ kf7df lbOPsf] 5 . of] kf7 k9k] l5 ltdLx¿n] ¿vsf] af/]df t
w]/} s/' f hfGg] g} 5f}, cfTdsyf s;/L nl] vG5 eGg] s'/f klg yfxf kfpg] 5f} . kf7 Wofg lbP/
k9 clg eGg vfl] hPsf] s'/f a'¹ .

d ¿v x'F . dnfO{ jI[ f klg elgG5 . d dflg; / kf| 0fLx¿sf] ;j] fdf ;wF} tTk/ /xG5' .
d xl/of] 5' . ljleGg km" nx¿ km'n]sf] j]nf d /ªu\ Lrªu\ L klg xG' 5' . d cfsf/df lgs}
;fgf, d¹f}nf / lgs} 7"nf klg xG' 5' . d dflg;x¿sf nflu kmn, k"mn, bfp/f, sf7
cflb pknAw u/fpF5' . ;a}eGbf 7n" f] s'/f s] eg] d}n] ;Dk0" f{ kf| 0fLx¿sf nflu
clS;hg lbO/x]sf] 5' .

d lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ hxfF klg 5' . lxpF
g} lxpF ePsf] 7fpF / d?el" dafx]s of]
k[YjLdf d gePsf] 7fpF sxLF klg 5}g .
d gx'g] xf] eg] of] kY[ jL lgs} phf8 /
pbf; xg' ] lyof] . dljgfsf] hLjgsf]
sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsbF g} . dflg;n]
agfpg] 3/df d]/} sf7sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .
ˆofn, 9fs] f dfq} xfO] g ljBfyL{ a:g] aG] r, 6]an klg daf6} ag]sf xG' 5g\ .

zAbf {y jI[ f M ¿v clS;hg M ;f; km]g{ rflxg] xfjf
k|f0fL M Hofg ePsf] j:t' d?el" d M afn'j}afnj' f ePsf] kfgL gkg]{
tTk/ M tof/ 7fp,F ;V' vf 7fpF
d¹fn} f M dWod:t/sf], l7Sssf] phf8 M af6] la?jf g/xg] u/L gf:g] sfd
;Dk0" f { M ;a} pbf; M bM' v jf lrGtfdf k/]sf]

96 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

d sxLF ˆofDd k/]sf] / cUnf] 5' eg] sxLF ;fgf] cfsf/df klg x'G5' . dnfO{ dnhn
k'u]sf] 7fpFdf d /fd|/L ;k|]sf] x'G5' . d]/f] z/L/df h/f, xfFuf, kft, k"mn tyf kmnx¿
xG' 5g\ . d hldgd'lg h/f uf8/] plePsf] x'G5' . hldgsf] kfgL tyf dnfO{ cfjZos
kg{] tŒjx¿ d h/fsf] ;xfotfn] df6fa] f6 lnG5' . h/fn] ;f;] s] f] kfgL tyf cGo
cfjZos tŒjx¿nfO{ lnP/ kftdf dnfO{ rflxg] vfgf agfpF5' .

km" n k'mNg] / gkm' Ng] u/L d/] f b'O{
ks| f/ 5g\ . km" n km' Ng] vfnsf
d/] f xfFufx¿df w]/} k"mnx¿
km' N5g\ . dflg;x¿nfO{ km" n w/] }
dg k5{ . pgLx¿ km" n b]v/] dVv
k5g{ \ . pkxf/ lbg, kfxg' fsf] :jfut
ug{ tyf 3/, dlGb/ cflb l;Fufg{ klg
k"mn ko| fu] u5{g\ . d/] f] k"mn l6k]/ dflg;x¿ k"hf u5g{ \, dfnf agfp5F g\ . df}/Lx¿
d/] } k"mnsf /; r';/] dx agfp5F g\ . k'tnL tyf ed/fx¿ d/] } km" ndf /dfpF5g\ . d}n]
of] ;;+ f/nfO{ ;G' b/ agfPsf] 5' . ltdLn] vfg] :ofp, ;G' tnf, s/] f, cfFk, lnrL, cDaf
h:tf kmnx¿ klg daf6 g} kf| Kt x'G5g\ . tL kmnx¿ vfP/ dflg; :j:y / lg/f]uL x'g]
u5{g\ . kmn / km" nsf] Jofkf/ u//] sltko dflg;x¿n] cfÇgf] hLljsf rnfO/xs] f
5g\ .

dflg;n] dnfO{ hlt dfof u5{g\, Tolt g} pgLx¿nfO{ kmfObf xG' 5 . d hldgdf h/f
uf8/] a:g] ePsfn] d/] f] h/fn] hldgnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . df6f] aUg lbFb}g . d af9L,
klx/f] h:tf ;d:ofaf6 dflg;nfO{ hf]ufpF5' . d w]/} ePsf] 7fpdF f cltjl[ i6, cgfj[li6

zAbf {y ˆofDd M xfuF f, kft / nx/fn] 9fss] f] hLljsf M hLjg rnfpg] sfd, afFRgsf
dVv kg {' M v';L x'g' nflu ul/g] sfd
kfx'gf M s;}sf] 3/df sx] L lbg a:g klx/f] M eTss] f] jf le/fnf] k/s] f]
cfpg] dfG5] hldg
l;Fufg {' M ;hfpg,' /fd|f] kfg{' cltj[li6 M w/] } kfgL kg'{
ed/f M kmnkm" n cflb r':g] sfnf] sL/f] cgfj[li6 M kfgL gkg{'
:j:y M s]xL /fu] gePsf], lg/fu] L

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 97

x'g,] klx/f] hfg] h:tf ;d:ofn] ;tfpbF }g . d w]/} ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ dflg;x¿n] hªu\ n
jf jg eGb5g\ . jghª\unn] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg ;3fp5F . To;}n] elgG5 æxl/of]
jg dflg;sf] cdN" o wg xf] .Æ

d ljleGg gfdn] lrlgG5' – ;fn, l;;f,} ;Nnf], kLkn, j/, cfFk, rfFk, s6;' , w'kL,
vo/, sk/" , /QmrGbg, >Lv08 rGbg h:tf d]/f s]xL dxŒjk0" f{ gfdx¿ x'g\ . daf6
g} dflg;x¿n] w]/} d"Nojfg\ sf7x¿ kfp5F g\ . d]/f c¿ klg sx] L gfd 5g\ – gLd,
x/f,]{ a/f,]{ cdnf cflb cf}ifwL agfpg ko| f]u x'G5g\ . d/] f afj] |mf, h/f / laofF klg
cf}ifwL agfpgsf nflu pkofu] L x'G5g\ . d/] f o:tf ;fgf;fgf a'6\ofgx¿nfO{ h8La6' L
elgG5 . d h8La6' Lsf] ¿kdf w]/} pkofu] L / d"Nojfg\ x'G5' . efOalxgLx¿ ¤ ltdLx¿
dnfO{ w]/} dfof u/ x} . dnfO{ 7fpF7fpFdf /fK] g] u/ . hxfF dnfO{ sf6]/ vfnL 7fpF x'G5,
Tof] 7fpFdf dnfO{ la?jfsf] ¿kdf ;f/ / d]/f] ;+/If0f u/ . cfÇgf] hGdlbgsf] cj;/
kf/]/ Pp6f la?jf /fK] g] u/ . cfkm" n] /f]ks] f] la?jfdf kfgL xfn . o;n] ltdLnfO{ klg
cfgGb ldN5 . ltdL dnfO{ dfof u/† d ltd|f] ;j] f ul//xg] 5' .

zAbf {y jftfj/0f M xfjfkfgL a'6\ofg M ;fgf;fgf af6] la?jf
cd"No M w/] } df]n kg{] d"Nojfg\ M w/] } df]n kg{]
laofF M kmnsf] leq xg' ] u8] f ;/+ If0f M /Iff, ;/' Iff, arfpg] sfd

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
k|f0fL, pknAw, ljleGg, kY[ jL, hLjg, sNkgf, jftfj/0f

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
cd"No, lg/fu] L, cgfjl[ i6, a6' \ofg, :j:y

98 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
/fd/| L, w]/}, klx/f], ;Dk"0f{, dVv kg{'

$= s_ z'4 kf//] n]v M
kmn k'mnsf] Aofkf/ u//] stLko dfgL;x¿n] cfkmgf] lhaLsf rnfO/xs] f
5g\ .

v_ z'4 zAb lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

!= c= ;G;f/ cf= z;+ f/ O= ;;+ f/
O= zl//
@= c= ;l// cf= z/L/ O= zxfotf
O= cfaZos
#= c= ;xfotf cf= zxfPtf

$= c= cfjZos cf= cfjzs]

%= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] ko| f]u ePsf kfFrkfrF j6f zAb vf]h]/ nv] .

^= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
jI[ f, lgs} , ;Dk"0f,{ ljZj, sf];]nL

&= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
;fgf,] hGd, kmfObf, dfof, cf}ifwL, ;w}F

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

cltjl[ i6 afFRg] sfd

d?el" d xfjf

clS;hg w]/} dfn] kg]{

hLljsf 7"nf] ¹/L

;+/If0f l7Sssf,] dWod:t/sf]

d"Nojfg\ /Iff ug{] sfd

d¹fn} f afnj' }afnj' f ePsf], kfgL gkg]{ 7fpF

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 99

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ¿vn] ss;sf] ;]jf u5{ <
v_ ¿vsf cfsf/ ss] :tf xG' 5g\ <
u_ df}/Ln] s;/L dx agfpF5 <
3_ ¿vn] dflg;nfO{ s]af6 hfu] fpF5 <
ª_ h8La'6L eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a]7Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ sltko ¿vsf afj] |mf, h/f / laofF cfi} fwL x'G5g\ .
v_ xfdLn] ¿vla?jf df:g'k5{ .
u_ ¿vn] af9Lklx/f] h:tf ;d:ofaf6 hf]ufp5F .
3_ xl/of] jg dflg;sf] wg xf]Og .
ª_ jghª\unn] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg ;3fp5F .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ ¿vx¿sf] gfd nv] .
v_ ¿vaf6 dflg;n] lng] kmfObfx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <
u_ dflg;x¿n] k"mnsf] ko| f]u sg' sg' sfdsf nflu u5g{ \ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;fnsf] ¿v kxf8 tyf t/fOs{ f jgx¿df kfOG5 . ;fn slnnf] xbF' f o;sf afj] m| f
kftnf xG' 5g\ / l5lKkbF } uPkl5 afj] m| f klg afSnf
xbF' } hfG5g\ . o;sf h/fx¿ hldgd'lg lgs}
tn;Dd km}lnPsf x'G5g\ . ;t] f] ;fn / /ftf] ;fn
u/L ;fnsf b'O{ ks| f/ x'G5g\ . ;fnnfO{ ;v'jf klg
elgG5 . o;sf] sf7 cToGt alnof] xG' 5 . kfgL /

100 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #