Green Sungava Nepali 3

$= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf km'Ngdf–8N' gdf, cfpF5–Nofp5F , h:t} cGTodf no
ldn]sf kfrF hf]8L zAb -lzIfs jf cleefjsnfO{ ;f]w/] _ nv] .

%= z4' kf//] ;f/ M
vz' L, 5r{, Hof]tL, ;o' ,{ k|ifGg, lg/f;
^= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
k'ik, u8o\ fª\u, d;' 'Ss, rlDsnf, lg/fz
&= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/sf] k|ofu] ul/Psf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb l6k .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 .
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s_ du[ lsg v';L 5 <
==============================================================================
v_ afbn s;/L uh{G5<
==============================================================================
u_ aUg kfpbF f sf] v';L x'G5 <
==============================================================================
3_ r/fx¿ s;/L v;' L xG' 5g<\
==============================================================================
ª_ sljn] ss] d] f v;' L lnP/ cfp5F g\ <
==============================================================================

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 151

#= sljtfsf] kª\lQm k/" f u/ M
gbL =========== 5 aUgdf
r/f v';L 5 ===========
=========== ks| fzsf] v;' L
5l/G5 lgTo =========== .

$= Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ /ftdf s] pbfpF5 <
v_ sf]lknf s;/L pbfp5F <
u_ p8g\ kfpbF f sf] v';L ePsf] 5 <
3_ laxfg sf] cfpF5 <
ª sljn] s] 5'g rfxFbg} g\<

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ sljtfdf sf]sf] v;' L ePsf] s'/f atfOPsf] 5 <
v_ gbL, r/f / ;"o{ s]s] ubf{ v;' L ePsf 5g\ <
u_ v;' L s;/L lgbfpF5 <
3_ sljn] v;' LnfO{ s;/L k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

v;' LnfO{ 5g' / bV] g ldNbg} . of] dgdf cg'ej ug]{ s/' f xf] . ;a}
dfG5] v';L /xg ;Sb}gg\ . hf] dfG5] v';L /xg ;S5, Tof] dfG5]
;'vL / lg/fu] L klg x'G5 . xf:F g' dfq} v;' L /xg' xf]Og . v';L
/xgsf nflu leqaf6} 9'Ss / lglZrGt x'g'k5{ . cfkm" nfO{ dg
k/s] f] s'/f NofP/ s;n} ] lbPdf xfdLnfO{ v;' L nfU5 . s'g} klg
;kmntf kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ v';L nfU5 . xfdLnfO{ s;}n] dfof u/]df,
s;}n] :ofaf;L lbPdf / xfdLnfO{ c¿n] /fdf| ] Jojxf/ ubf{ v';L nfU5 . xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf
s'/fx¿n] klg slxns] fxLF xfdLnfO{ v';L agfpg] u5{g\ . laxfgLdf ¹ndNn 3fd nfu]sf]

152 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

b]Vbf, 9sdSs k"mnx¿ km'n]sf] b]Vbf / r/fr?' ª\uLx¿ lr/la/lr/la/ s/fPsf] ;'Gbf
klg xfdLnfO{ v;' L nfU5 . olb xfdLn] cfk"m v;' L xg' rfxd] f c¿nfO{ klg v;' L agfpg]
sf]l;; ug{k' 5{ . c¿n] egs] f] dfGg], ¹'6f] gaf]Ng], 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug]{
h:tf u'0fx¿n] c¿nfO{ v';L agfpg ;lsG5 / cfk"m klg v;' L /xg ;lsG5 .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
lg/f]uL, 9'Ss, lglZrGt, :ofaf;, Jojxf/, ¹ndNn, 9sdSs

v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M O= cg'ej ug{
!= v;' LnfO{ s] ug{ ldN5 <

c_ b]Vg cf_ 5'g

@= v;' L /xgfn] s:tf] aGg ;lsG5 < O= df]6f]
c_ lg/fu] L cf_ /fu] L

#= v;' L /xgsf nflu xfdL s:tf] xg' 'k5{ <
c_ lrlGtt cf_ lglZrGt O= bf]wf/]

$= xfdLnfO{ c¿sf] s:tf] Jojxf/n] v';L agfpF5 <
c_ /fd|f] cf_ g/fdf| ] O= ¹'6f]

u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= v';L /xgfn] s]s] kmfObf x'G5 <
@= dflg;sf s:tfs:tf Jojxf/n] xfdLnfO{ v';L agfpF5 <
#= cfkm" v';L xg' rfxgn] ] ss] ] ugk{' 5{ <

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 153

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !&! df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M

s= Zofd' lgs} ================ ljBfyL{ xf] .
v= Zofd' lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf ================ kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbG5 .
u= ================ xg' ;lsPg eGg] kL/ klg Zofdn' fO{ 5}g .
3= Zofd' ================ gdfgL kl9/xG5 .

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s= Zofd' sIffdf ;wF} ky| d xG' 5 .
v= Zofd' ljBfnosf cGo lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xG' 5 .
u= Zofd'nfO{ lzIfsn] dfof u/] klg ;fyLefOn] dfof ub{}gg\ .
3= Zofd' vfgf vfg] jn] fdf ¹u8f u5{ .
ª= Zofd'n] ;a}af6 dfof kfPsf] 5 .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ Zofd' ljBfnodf lsg v';L /xG5 <
v_ s] sf/0fn] Zofd' 3/df v';L /xg ;ss] f] xf] <

154 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

Jofs/0f ;Lk

Wofg lbP/ k9 M
• ljz]if0fn] dflg;sf :jefj jf afgLnfO{ hgfpF5, h:t} M ldlxg]tL, kl/>dL,

cN5L, 7ufxf, xFl;nf,] ?Gr], rsrs] cflb .
• ljzi] f0fn] ;ª\VofnfO{ a¹' fp5F , h:t} M Ps, bO' {, ;o , krf;, xhf/fF}, nfvf}F,

s/f]8fF} cflb .
• ljzi] f0fn] sg' } rLh w]/}, yf]/} slt 5 eGg] a¹' fp5F , h:t} M w/] ,} yf/] ,} clnslt,

k|z:t, ;a}, lgs} cflb .

!= tnsf] tflnsfdf kfrF kfrF j6f ljz]if0f zAbx¿ n]v M
s= afgLnfO{ a'¹fpg]
v= ;ªV\ ofnfO{ a¹' fpg]
u= w/] } yf/] } a¹' fpg]

@= cfÇgf ;fyLx¿sf] :jefjnfO{ hgfpg] bz j6f ljzi] f0f n]v .

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= xfF;f] zLif{sdf rf/ kªl\ Qmdf sljtf n]v]/ bv] fpm .

s;n] s] agfP M k|r08bj]
kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/ jL/ zdz]/
jL/ c:ktfn rGb| zdz]/
l;x+ b/af/ k|tfk dNn
/fgLkfv] /L eLd;]g yfkf
w/x/f kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
j;Gtk'/ b/af/
;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 155

kf7 !% d';L / v/fof]

syf cRo't l3ld/]

tnsf lrq / ltgsf] gfd Wofg lbP/ x/] M

xfdLn] lrl8of3/df w/] } hgfj/x¿ b]VofF} .
d}n] v/fof] / s5'jfsf] bf}8 eGg] syf k9s] f] 5' .

hgfj/af6 klg xfdLn] w/] } s/' f l;Sg'k5{ .
d hgfj/sf syf k9g\ dg k/fp5F ' .

156 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

v/fof] d;' f] la/fnf] ss' /'

afv|f ufO{ 3f]8f aªu\ '/

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M v/fof]
d s] ltdLn] d;' f b]vs] f 5f} < xfQL
d s] ltd|f] 3/df d';fn] bM' v lbG5 < nf]vs{]
d d;' f lgoGq0f ug{ s] ug'k{ 5{, yfxf 5 <
d d';f s:tfs:tf x'G5g,\ ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d v/fof] s:tf] /ªsf] x'G5, ltdLn] bv] ]sf 5f} <
d s] hgfj/x¿ dflg;n] h:t} s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5g\ <

tnsf zAbx¿ ;a}n] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M s5j' f
s's'/ la/fnf] bD' ;L

af3 efn' lrtj' f d[u

u}8F f :ofn d';f] ;]tf] d';f

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 157

;Fu}sf] t:jL/ cRo't l3ld/]sf] xf] . logL g]kfnL afn;flxTodf w]/} ;lj|mo
5g\ . syf, sljtf cflb n]Vg ?rfpg] l3ld/] ;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ ljifo agfP/
syf n]V5g\ . gfgLx¿nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg] u/L hLjhGt,' r/fr?' ª\uL cflbnfO{
ljifo agfP/ n]lvPsf logsf syfsf k:' tsx¿ ks| fzg ePsf 5g\ . kf7df
/flvPsf] ‘d';L / v/fof]’ syfdf hgfj/x¿sf] klg ldq / zq' bj' } xG' 5g\ eGg]
s/' f pNnv] ePsf] 5 . o;df syfsf/n] d';L / v/fofn] fO{ ;fyLsf] ¿kdf k:| tt' u/]sf 5g\ .
d;' fx¿sf] zq' la/fnf] xf] . cfÇgf] hfltaf6 aflx/ gk'u]sL d;' Ln] v/fof]nfO{ e6] ]kl5 p;sf]
;fyL ags] L 5 . syf Wofg lbP/ k9 . s;/L d';L / v/fof] ;fyL eP5g\ aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ . ga'¹]sf
s'/f lzIfsn] l;sfpgx' g' ] 5 .

;l' gtf efG;fdf vfgf ksfpFb}
lyOg\ . 5f/] f] c;{n' ] pgnfO{ afwf
k¥' ofPsf] xg' 'k5{ / dlt/ k7fOg\
pgn] c;'n{ fO{ . pm d]/f] 5p] df cfof]
/ dnfO{ huN6\ofpbF } Psfx] f]/f] eGg
yfNof–] ‘syf eGg' g afaf, d;' L /
v/fofs] f] syf eGg' g afaf .’ d syf
eGg yfn–F]

Ps lbg hª\unsf] af6fd] f d;' L / v/fof]sf] hDsfe6] eP5 . v/fof]nfO{ b]v/] d';L
efUg yfnL . Toltjn] } v/fof]n] ¹6k6 eGof]– ‘d';L alxgL, d';L alxgL gefu, d ltd|f]
zq' la/fnf] xf]Og,F d t v/fof] kf] x'’F . d;' L 6Ss cl8O{ / v/fofs] f] 5p] df cfO{ .
v/fofn] fO{ p;n] Psl5g x]/L / egL– ‘cfaO' {, d t ¹l' SsP5' kf] t . d t tkfO{+

zAbf {y huN6\ofpFb} M skfn e'TNofpbF } zq' M cfkm" nfO{ g/fd|f] ug{] dfG5]
hDsfe6] M PSsfl; xg' ] e]6 6Ss M 7fpFsf] 7fpF cl8gs' f] efj
¹6k6 M l56f]l56f,] xtf/xtf/

158 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

la/fnf] xf] eg/] kf] efus] L lg .’ v/fofn] ] eGof] – ‘P, ltdLn] 8/fPsf] jn] f dnfO{
la/fnf]h:tf] bV] of} . ‘8/fPsf] j]nf d9' f]nfO{ t xfQLh:tf] b]lvG5, d t la/fnfh] :t} t
5' lg xlu’ – v/fofn] ] 7§f ub}{ eGof] . ‘cF 7§frflxF gug"{ g, d t glrg/] kf] efus] L,
;fRF r} tkfO{+rflxF sf] lg, v/fof] t eGg'eof], tkfO{s+ f] af/]df s]xL yfxf 5g} ’ – d;' Ln]
egL . ‘cfDd} ¤ dnfO{ klg glrgs] L, lh:s]sL ls ;fFRr} dnfO{ lrlGbgf’} – v/fof]n]
eGof] . ‘cF lsg lhl:sg", cfdfn] dnfO{ tF ;fgL 5];\ PSn} aflx/ glgl:sg" eGgx' G' Yof,]
aflx/ lg:sbF f ;uF } lgsfNg'xG' Yof] . d}n] t of]eGbf cufl8 tkfO{+nfO{ b]v]s} lyOgF clg
s;/L lrGg' lg <’ d;' Ln] egL . ‘clg la/fnf]nfO{ rflxF lrg]sL lyof} <’ v/fof]n]
eGof] . ‘cF To;nfO{ rflxF lrgs] L lyPF, Tof] t xfd|f] zq' c/] lg t, Tof] t xfdLnfO{
;dfTg ns' ]/ a:bf] /x5] . slt rf]l6 xfdLnfO{ v]bfPsf] 5’ – d;' Ln] egL . To;kl5
‘d v/fof] x,F' d;uF ltdLn] 8/fpg'kb}g{ , d df;' vfGg,F d t ltdLx¿nfO{ dfof kf] u5{’'
v/fofn] ] cfÇgf] kl/ro lbFb} eGof] . v/fofs] f] s'/f ;'g]/ d';L w]/} v';L eO{ .

TolQsd} f v/fof]n] eGof] –
‘cl3b]lv s] la;]{+ s] la;+]{
nflu/x]sf] lyof,] aNn
;D¹,F] ‘cF cfhrflxF ltdL
lsg PSn} aflx/ lg:s]sL
lg <’ d;' Ln] egL – ‘cfh
o;f] aflx/km]/ 3'dlkm/ ug{
lgl:spmF g eg]sf,] cfdfn] dfGb} dfGg'ePg clg cfdfsf] cfFvf 5n]/ lg:s]sf] lg .’
v/fof]n] ;D¹fpbF } eGof]– ‘wt\ ¤ nf6L, cfk"meGbf 7n" fn] egs] f] gdfgL o;/L cfFvf
5n/] lgl:sg'x'G5 t . sx] L u/L ltdLnfO{ la/fnfn] ] e]§fPsf] lyof] eg] To;n] ltdLnfO{
vfOlbGYof] . ltdL| cfdfnfO{ slQ kL/ kYof]{ xfn] f ;f]r t .’ d;' Ln] egL – ‘xf] t bfO,

zAbf {y d'9f] M sf7sf] 7"nf] 6'jm| f 3d' lkm/ M 3D' g] sfd
7§f ug{' M xlF ;dhfs ug{', /dfOnf] ug'{ cfFvf 5Ng' M ¹S' ofpg', 9f6F \g'
v]bfPsf ] M nv6] ]sf,] wkfPsf]

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 159

d}n] 7n" f] uNtL u/F], la/fnf]n] e6] ]sf] eP dnfO{ vfGYof] . cabl] v d PSn} o;/L
lxF8\lbgF n .’ d';Lsf s'/f ;g' /] v/fof] v';L eof] / d';LnfO{ :ofaf;L lbof] .

dn} ] Psl5g lrpF8f]df xTs]nf /fvF] / ;f]Rg yfn]F . c;n{' ] dnfO{ 3R3Rofpg
yfNof] . pm ‘d';L / v/fof]sf] syf
c¹} eGg' g’ eGb} lyof] . p;sf]
Psfx] f]/f] l9kLnfO{ ;fDo kfg{ dn} ]
syf eGg}kg{] eof] / eGg yfnF] –

v/fof] d;' LnfO{ eGb} lyof] – ‘d;' L
alxgL, cfk"m ;Ifd gagG' h]n
hyfefjL lxF88n' ug{'xFb' }g x} . cfdfn] eg]sf s'/f dfGg'k5{ / ;'Gb/ eljio agfpgk' 5{ .’
olt eg]/ p;n] cfhnfO{ 5l' §pFm eGb} d';L alxgL;Fu labf dfUof] .

Ps lbg 7n" f] rp/df v/fof] cfÇgf aRrfx¿;Fu xfF;vn] , 7§f ub{} /dfO/x]sf] lyof] .
crfgs p;sf] dfa] fOnsf] 306L aHof] . d';L alxgL elg/x]sL lyO{ – ‘bfh', d}n]
tkfOs+{ f] af/d] f ;a} s/' f cfdfnfO{ eg]F . cfdf w/] } v';L x'g'eof] / eGge' of] ‘v/fof]
bfh' t lgSs} hftL xg' 'xF'bf] /x5] , Psrfl] 6 af]nf g t lrghfg u/f},F 3fd tfKb} vfhf–
;fhf klg vfcfFn} f .’ ;fx}| 7§f kf] ugx'{ 'G5 xfdL| cfdf t . bfh', ef]ln lbpF;f]lt/ o;f]
xfd|f] ¹k' 8Llt/ cfpg';\ g t .’ ‘x'G5 alxgL, x'G5’ – v/fofn] ] d;' L alxgLsf s/' f
:jLsf/ u¥of] .

ef]lnkN6 v/fof] Ps kfs] f] wfg sf;] n] L lnP/ d';L alxgLsf] 3/df k'Uof] . d;' Lsf
kl/jf/n] p;nfO{ eJo :jfut u/] . To;kl5 b'j} kIfn] Pscfk;df kl/ro u/] .

zAbf {y :ofaf;L lbg' M wGojfb lbg' rp/ M rf/} , km/flsnf] v'nf 7fpF
lrpF8f] M Rofk' crfgs M PSsfl;
l9kL M lh2L hftL M /fd|f], c;n
;fDo M zfGt ¹'k8L M ¹k' f| ], 5fk|f]
;Ifd M zlQm ePsf], Ifdtf jf tfut :jLsf/ ug{' M egs] f] dfGg', ckgfpg'
sf];]nL M pkxf/
ePsf]
;'Gb/ M /fd|f]

160 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

ukms} jm| ddf d;' LsL cfdfn] 7§f ub{} egL – ‘n xfdL ca ldtldt eof}F .’ ‘lsg’ 5Ss
kb}{ v/fof]n] eGof] . ‘tkfO+{ / xfdL ¹G8} p:t} t bl] vbF f /x]5fF} lg, tkfO+{ 7n" f,] xfdL
;fgf clg b'j} df5f df;' klg gvfg] .’ d;' LsL cfdfn] egL . hjfkmdf v/fof]n] eGof–]
‘xh/' klg 7§f ug{ l;kfn' x'gx' Fb' f] /x5] . lbgel/ g} kfl/nf] rf/} df a;/] ltgLx¿n]
vfhf vfFb} dL7f–dL7f kfl/jfl/s ukm u/] .

3fd c:tfpg vfH] b} lyof] . v/fofn] ] eGof]– ‘aRrfx¿ lg:tfO;s] xf]nfg,\ ca d
hfG5' x} .’ d;' LsL cfdfn] v/fofn] fO{ Ps la6f] aG;f] pkxf/ lbFb} egL – ‘x'G5 lg t
lrghfg eOxfNof] . slxn]sfxLF cfpFb} ug{;' \ x} .’ ‘d t cfOxfN5' lg, d';L alxgLnfO{
lnP/ xh/' klg slxn]sfxLF xfd|f]df cfpgrflxF glal;g{ " lg, cfOhfO eof] eg] g}
dfofdf]x a95\ ’ eGb} v/fof] cfÇgf] 3/lt/ lxF8\of] .

c;{' Wofg lbP/ syf ;'lg/xs] f] lyof] . p;nfO{ ‘d';L / v/fof]sf] syf’ lgs} dg k¥of]
/ eGof]– ‘ca ef]lnrflxF la/fnfs] f] syf eGg] x} afaf .’

zAbf {y eJo M c;fWo} 7n" f] la6f] M d7' f]
ldt M ;fyL aG;f] M Ps k|sf/sf] 3f;F
l;kfn' M hfGg] cfOhfO M cfpg]hfg]
kfl/nf ] M 3fd nfUg] dfofdfx] M dfofn] tfgs] f] cj:yf
lg:tfpg ' M uNg', 56kl6g' lk/f]lng'

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s n]v M
hª\un, zq', j]nf, efG;f, cfFvf, cfDd,} kl/ro

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
zq', :ofaf;L lbg', l9kL, ;fDo, sf;] ]nL, l;kfn'

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 161

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
PSn,} v/fof], cfÇgf,] kfs] f], la/fnf,] :ofaf;

$= s_ z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
d"lzsf] s/" f ;'g]/ v/fof] vl' z eof] / d";LnfO{ :ofjf;L bLof] .

v_ tnsf zAbx¿dWo] z'4 zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm M

!= c= P;/L cf= o;/L O= oz/L

@= c= tkfO cf= tkfoL F O= tkfO{+

#= c= xfd/f] cf= xfdf| ] O= xfDd|f]

$= c= efn] LkN6 cf= efn] Lkn6 O= ef]lnkN6

%= c= xf;F vn] cf= xfzvn] O= xf+;vn]

%= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] ko| fu] ePsf kfFrkfFr cf6] f zAb vf]h/] nv] .

^= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
/dfOnf,] uNtL, aflx/, slxn]sfxL,F dL7f]

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

cfFvf 5Ng' Rofk'

7§f ug {' ;fyL

lrpF8f ] ¹k' |f]

ldt VofnVofn ug{'

¹k' 8L 9f6F g\ ,' ¹'Sofpg'

hftL PSsfl;

crfgs c;n, /fd|f]

hDsfe6] Ifdtf ePsf]

;Ifd crfgs x'g] e]6

162 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ d';Lsf] sf;] uF hDsfe6] eof] <
v_ d;' L s;sf] s/' f ;g' ]/ v;' L eO{ <
u_ d;' LsL cfdfn] v/fof]nfO{ s] pkxf/ lbOg\ <
3_ d';L s;sf] cfFvf 5n/] 3D' g lg:ss] L lyO{ <
ª_ d';f]sf] zq' sf] xf] <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ v/fof] d;' fsf] zq' xf]Og .
v_ d;' L v/fof];uF 8/fOg .
u_ d';LsL cfdfn] p;nfO{ aflx/ glgl:sg" egs] L lyO{ .
3_ v/fof]n] d';Lsf] 3/df pkxf/ lnP/ uof] .

ª_ d;' L / v/fof] dfdfefGhL lyP .

#= tnsf egfO s;sf xg' ,\ lrg/] n]v M
s_ 8/fPsf] j]nf d9' f]nfO{ t xfQLh:tf] bl] vG5 .
v_ d}n] t of]eGbf cufl8 tkfO+{nfO{ b]vs] L lyOgF .
u_ n ca xfdL ldtldt eofF} .
3_ cfkm" ;Ifd gagG' hn] hyfefjL lxF88'n ugx{' G' g .
ª_ la/fnfn] ] e6] s] f] eP dnfO{ vfGYof] .

$= syfsf] cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ j|md ldnfP/ /fv M
d;' Lsf s'/f ;'g]/ v/fof] v;' L eof] .
3fd c:tfpg vf]Hb} lyof] .
v/fof] cfÇgf] 3/lt/ lx8F o\ f] .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 163

c;'n{ ] cfÇgf afaf;uF syf eGg cg/' f]w u¥of] .

Ps lbg crfgs v/fofs] f] dfa] fOnsf] 306L aHof] .

d';Lsf kl/jf/n] v/fofn] fO{ eJo :jfut u/] .

v/fof]n] d';LnfO{ cfÇgf] kl/ro lbof] .

d';L / v/fofs] f] hDsfe]6 eP5 .

^= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ v/fofn] ] s;/L d';LnfO{ v;' L agfof] <
v_ v/fofn] ] 5'l§g] jn] f d;' Lsf] kl/jf/;Fu s:tf] s/' f u¥of] <

tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

Ps lbg hª\undf l;+x l;sf/sf] vfh] Ldf lx8F b\ } lyof] . lxF8\bflxF8b\ } p;n] crfgs
v/fof]nfO{ bV] of] . v/fof] d:t lgbf| df lyof] To;}n] p;n] l;x+ nfO{ bv] ]g . aNn l;sf/
kmn] f k¥of] eGg] 7fg]/ l;x+ v/fof] ePlt/} uof] . v/fof]sf] glhs} k'Ubf p;n] cln
k/ xl/0fnfO{ klg b]Vof] . v/fofn] fO{ l;sf/ ug{ kfP a9L kmfObf x'GYof] eGg] p;n]
;f]Rof] . To;kl5 pm v/fof]nfO{ l;sf/ ug{ 5f8/] xl/0fsf] kl5 bu'g{ yfNof] . l;x+
ulh{b+ } bu'/s] f] cfjfh ;'g]/ v/fof] laplF ¹of] / ToxfaF f6 efUof] . w]/}a/] ;Dd nv6] \bf
klg l;+xn] xl/0fnfO{ e§] fpg ;sg] . pm bf}l8bF fbf}l8Fb} yfSof] . pm kml] / v/fof] ePsf]
7fpdF f kmSof]{ . ToxfF kU' bf v/fof]nfO{ klg e6] g] . To;kl5 p;n] lrlGtt xFb' } dgdg}
;f]Rof] – ‘cfÇgf] xft k/s] f] vfg]s'/f 5f8/] 7n" f] s/' fsf] nf]e ubf{ s]xL klg gkfOg]
/x5] .’

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ l;+x s] ub{} lyof] <
v_ v/fof] s;/L lapFl¹of] <
u_ xl/0fnfO{ bv] k] l5 l;x+ n] s] ;fR] of] <
3_ l;x+ lsg yfSof] <
ª_ l;x+ n] dgdg} s] ;f]Rof] <

164 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls n]v M
s_ l;x+ n] v/fof] / xl/0fsf] l;sf/ u¥of] .
v_ v/fof] Hofg arfpg sn' n] d 7f]Sof] .
u_ l;+xn] v/fof]sf] df;' dL7f] dfg]/ vfof] .
3_ l;x+ n] v/fofe] Gbf xl/0f 7n" f] ePsfn] xl/0fnfO{ dfg{] ljrf/ u¥of] .
ª_ cGTodf l;+x w/] } v;' L eof] .

#= dflysf] syfaf6 s] lzIff kfof} < n]v .

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !&@ df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M

s_ kzk' G5Lx¿ klg ==================== efs] f x'G5g\ .
v_ hª\undf a:g] kz'kG5Lx¿ ==================== /dfp5F g\ .
u_ w/] } hLjhGt'x¿ ==================== /xg rfxG5g\ .
3_ ==================== hLjhGts' f] jf;:yfg xf] .
ª_ dfG5] ;a}eGbf ==================== k|f0fL xf] .
@= Ps zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
s_ dflg;n] s;nfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ <
v_ kzk' G5Lx¿ ss] f] efs] f x'G5g\ <
u_ hLjhGtx' ¿sf] jf;:yfg s] xf] <
3_ dflg;n] s;sf] lxt x'g] sfd ug'{k5{ <

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 165

#= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a]7Ls egfOdf a7] Ls n]v M
s_ kz'kG5Lx¿ dflg;nfO{ sfd nfU5g\ .
v_ ;a} hgfj/x¿ dflg;;Fu 3/df a:5g\ .
u_ hLjhGtx' ¿ :jtGq 3d' lkm/ ug{ rfxG5g\ .
3_ dflg;n] hª\unsf] ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ .

Jofs/0f ;Lk

tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 . d d kf7 k9b\ } 5' .
d d kf7 k9\5' . d ltdL vfgf vfG5f} .
d dn} ] kf7 k9]sf] 5' . d ltdLn] vfgf vfPsf 5f} .
d ltdL vfgf vfFb} 5f} . d ldnz] ljBfno hfbF } 5 .
d ldn]z ljBfno hfG5 . d dlnsf ljBfno uPsL 5] .
d ldnz] ljBfno uPsf] 5 .

pbfx/0fdf lbOP¹}F ¿k kl/jt{g u/ M ub}{ 5' u/s] f] 5'
u/\ u5'{

k9\ ================== ================== ==================

;t' \ ================== ================== ==================

x]/\ ================== ================== ==================

eg\ ================== ================== ==================

166 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

tnsf ab'F fsf cfwf/df Pp6f syf n]v M
d k/]jfx¿ rf/f] vfP/ ;d"xdf /dfO/xs] f] sfj} fn] bV] g,'
d sf}jfnfO{ k/]jfh:t} xg' dg nfUg,'
d sf}jfn] k/]jfh:t} bl] vg cfÇgf] z/L/ /ª\Uofpg' / k/j] fsf] x'ndf ldl;P/ a:g',
d sfj} f gaf]n];Dd k/]jfx¿n] p;nfO{ ;uF } vfg / a:g lbg',
d Ps lbg sfj} f s/fpg yfNg,'
d p;sf] c;nL ¿ksf af/]df k/]jfn] rfn kfpg' / sf}jfnfO{ nv6] \g',
d sfj} f cfÇg} ayfgdf hfg,'
d sf}jfx¿n] klg p;nfO{ z/0f glbg',
d cfÇgf] ¿k 5f8] /] csf]{ aGg vf]Hbf sts} f] g/xg' .

;d"x a'¹fpg] s]xL zAbx¿ M h'n;'
d gf/f nufpFb} lxF8]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x M tftF L
d sldnfsf] ;dx" M hGtL
d ljjfxdf j/aw;" Fu lx8F \g] dflg;sf] ;d"x M dnfdL
d d/s] f] dflg;sf] nf; af]s]/ lx8F ]sf dflg;sf] ;dx" M ayfg
d ufO{j:ts' f] ;dx" M kmf}h
d ;}lgs jf l;kfxLsf] ;dx" M hgtf
d s'g} klg b]zdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x M r'N7f]
d af6s] f] skfnsf] ;d"x M uR' 5f
d km" nsf] ;dx" M vlnof]
d bfp/f, sf7 cflbsf] xf/
M s'Go'F
d k/fn ds} cflbsf] rfª

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 167

;'gfO ;Lk

kf7 !

sfu, sflnh, sf]OnL, lu4, lrn, lra] h/' n] L 9's'/, euF ]/f, nf6fs] f];]/f] cflb hªu\ ndf a:g] r/fx¿
x'g\ . xfF; s'v'/f k/j] f, kfgL xf;F cflb 3/kfn'jf r/fx¿ x'g\ . ufF}ynL, eFu]/f h:tf r/fx¿nfO{
dflg;n] gkfn] klg logLx¿ dfgj a:tL;uF } 3/ agfP/ a:g] u5g{ \ . r/fx¿ a:g] 3/nfO{ u8'F elgG5 .
hªu\ ndf a:g] r/fx¿n] ˆofDd k/]sf] ¿vsf] xfuF fsf] aLr efudf 3f;F kftsf] af6n' f] cfsf/sf] u'8F
agfPsf x'G5g\ . ufyF} nLn] dflg;sf] 3/leq df6fsf] u'F8 agfpg] ub{5 . r/fr'?ªu\ Lx¿ cfÇgf] uF'8df
a:5g†\ ToxLF cfÇgf] hLjg latfp5F g\ . To;d} k'mn kf5{g\ / ToxLF aRrf klg hGdfpF5g\ .

kf7 @

Ps lbg Pp6f s's'/ af6fd] f lxFl8/xs] f] lyof] . lxF8b\ flx8F \b} p;n] af6f]d} Ps 6'j|mf df;' e§] fof] . p;n]
Tof] df;s' f] 6j' m| f 3/d} ku' ]/ vfg] ljrf/ u¥of] . pm ;/f;/ 3/lt/ nfUof] . af6fd] f vf]nf lyof] . Tof]
vf]nfdf sf7sf] kn' klg lyof] . h'g k'naf6 vfn] f tb}{ ubf{ ss' '/n] kfgLdf cfÇgf] 5fof b]Vof] . p;n]
b]v]sf] kfgLleqsf] s's'/sf] dv' df klg df;'sf] 6'jm| f lyof] . cfÇgf] 5fofnfO{ p;n] csf{] s's'/ eG7fGof]
/ pm l/;n] a:] ;/L e'Sg yfNof] . eS' gf;fy p;sf] dv' sf] df;s' f] 6j' |mf vfn] fdf v:of] . To;kl5 ss' /'
lx:; k¥of] / p;n] dgdg} ;f]Rof], ‘j]n}df a'l4 k¥' ofpg g;Sbf cfÇg} gfS] ;fg x'g] /x5] .’

kf7 #

bdsnnfO{ jf?0f oGq klg elgG5 . cfunfuL xbF' f lgefpgsf nflu of] oGqsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . bdsn
Ps k|sf/sf] uf8L xf] . of] 6s« hqf] x'G5 . of] /ftf] /ªsf] xG' 5 . cfunfuL ePsf] j]nfdf cfunfuL
ePsf] 7fpFlt/ cfuf] lgefpg hfFbf o;n] PDan' ]G;n] h:t} ljz]if k|sf/sf] xg{ ahfpF5 . of] u'l8/xbF f
o;sf] cufl8 /xs] f] 306L rsf]{ cfjfhdf aHg] u5{ . xg{ / 306Lsf] cfjfh ;g' ]kl5 ;an} ] af6f]
5fl8lbG5g\ . To;kl5 of] cfÇgf] uGtJodf ;dod} k'U5 . o;df kfgLsf] 6\ofªs\ / / nfdf] tyf df]6f]
kfOk x'g] u5{ . o;df cfPsf dflg;x¿n] ljz]if lsl;dsf] cfuf]n] ghnfpg] sk8f nufPsf xG' 5g\ .
pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] /Iffsf nflu nufPsf] 6f]kL klg ljz]if k|sf/sf] x'g] ub5{ . pgLx¿n] kfOkaf6 th]
ultdf kfgL kmfn]/ cfuf] lgefpg] u5g{ \ .

168 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

kf7 $

ljjfx Pp6f ;+:sf/ xf] . 3/sf] sg' } ;b:osf] ljjfx x'bF } 5 eg] Tof] ;dodf b]zljbz] uPsf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ / gft]bf/x¿ cfpg] u5g{ \ . ljjfxsf] ;dodf 3/df w]/} sfdx¿ x'g] u5{g\ . To;n} ] ljjfxsf]
Psb'O{ lbg;Dd sfddf hfg]x¿ / ljBfno hfg]x¿n] lgjb] g nv] /] jf sfofn{ odf cg'/fw] u//] labf
ldnfpg] u5g{ \ . ljjfxsf] ;dodf 3/df w]/} kl/jtg{ x¿ bV] g kfOG5 . ˆofn9f]sfx¿df / leqaflx/
/ª/f]ug u//] 3/nfO{ ;hfOPsf] xG' 5 . Wjhfktfsf / lah'nLsf l¹lnldnL aQLx¿ ;hfP/ 3/nfO{
lgs} ;G' b/ agfpg] klg ul/G5 . s'gs} g' } 7fpFdf s/] fsf] vDaf, ;Nnfsf xfFufx¿ / km" nx¿n] ;G' b/
u]6 agfpg] rng klg rlncfPsf] 5 . ljjfxsf] ;dodf ax] n' fa]x'nLn] dfq geO{ kl/jf/ gft]bf/x¿n]
;d]t gofgF ofF sk8fx¿ nufpg] / ;lhg] ub5{ g\ . 6f9f6f9faf6 cfPsf kfxg' fx¿ / 5/l5ds] Lx¿
ljjfxdf ;xefuL xg' ] / k/L cfPsf sfd ;3fpg] klg ub{5g\ .

kf7 %

efg'eQm cfrfo{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf cflbslj xg' \ . ;a}eGbf klxns] f slj ePsfn] pgnfO{ cflbslj
elgPsf] xf] . efge' Qmn] g]kfnL efiffdf /fdfo0f nv] ]sf lyP . pgn] eQmdfnf, k|ZgfT] t/ h:tf s[lt
klg nv] s] f 5g\ . efg'eQmn] cfÇgf xh'/afaf / Pp6f 3fF;Laf6 k/]| 0ff kfP/ sljtf n]v]sf lyP .
efge' Qmn] n]v]sf] /fdfo0f lxGb' wd{ dfGgx] ¿sf] wflds{ uG| y xf] . /fdfo0fdf /fd / ;Ltfsf] syfnfO{
;/n 9ªu\ df j0fg{ ul/Psf] 5 . b]zljb]zdf a:g] ;a} g]kfnLx¿ /fdfo0fnfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\ . To;nfO{
no xfn]/ ufp5F g\ . To:tf] /fdfo0fh:tf] kljq u|Gy nV] g] efg'eQmnfO{ xfdLn] slxNo} la;{gx' bF' g} .

kf7 ^

Ps lbg kFw]/fsf] glhs} ;fgf;fgf s6] fx¿ vl] n/xs] f lyP . ToxL kFw]/fsf] 5p] df Pp6f kfv] /L klg
lyof] . To;df l6nlkn kfgL b]lvGYof] . kfv] /Lleq / kFw]/fsf] 5]pdf Eofu'tfx¿ pk]m| / gfRb} lyP .
tL Eofut' fx¿nfO{ b]v]/ s]6fx¿n] 9ª' \uf k|xf/ u/] . 9ª' u\ fn] nfu]/ s]xL Eofu'tfx¿sf] Joy}d{ f Hofg
uof] . s]6fx¿n] 9'ª\uf kx| f/ ug{ 5f8]gg\ . clt ePkl5 kf]v/Lsf] kfgLaf6 Pp6f Eofu'tfn] 6fpsf]
aflx/ lgsfNof] . p;n] s]6fx¿nfO{ ;DemfpFb} eGof], ‘x]/ s]6f xf] xfdLnfO{ 9ª' u\ f xfGbf ltdLx¿nfO{
t dhf cfPsf] xf]nf t/ xfd|f] larNnL ePsf] 5 . ;as} f] Hofg p:t} xf] eGg] s/' f s;n} ] la;g{ 'x'bF }g .’

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 169

kf7 &

g]kfndf 7"nf7"nf gbLgfnfx¿ w]/} 5g\ . cUnf kxf8 tyf lxdfnaf6 aUg] oL gbLgfnfx¿af6 kz| :t
lah'nL lgsfNg ;lsG5 . kfgLaf6 lgsflng] lahn' LnfO{ hnljBt' \ elgG5 . hnljBt' \ ;ae} Gbf
e/kbf]{ pmhf{ dflgG5 . lah'nL 3fdaf6 klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 . 3fdaf6 lgsflng] zlQmnfO{ ;f}o{
pmhf{ elgG5 . To:t} xfjfaf6 klg lahn' L lgsfNg ;lsG5 . cfhsf] ;+;f/df lah'nLsf] dxŒj cToGt
w/] } 5 . cfh lah'nLaf6 rNg] ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u cToGt w]/} xG' 5 . 3/df aQL afNg, df]afOn rfh{
ug,{ l6eL, sDKo6' / rnfpg, kª\vf rnfpg lah'nL rflxG5 . sfofn{ ox¿df klg lahn' L geO{
xb'F g} . ljBfno, c:ktfn, a}ªs\ h:tf sfof{nox¿df lah'nL geO{ x'Gg . snsf/vfgfx¿ lah'nLaf6}
rN5g\ . lahn' Laf6 ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿ klg rnfpg ;lsG5 .

kf7 *

/d0f M lxhf] ltdLnfO{ afaf;Fu sxLF uP/ cfPsf] bv] s] f] lyPF < sxfF uPsf lyof} sdn<
sdn M d lxhf] afaf;Fu j[4f>d uPsf] lyPF <
/d0f M s] xf] j[4f>d eg]sf] < d}n] t s/' } a'l¹gF .
sdn M x/] /d0f dnfO{ klg j[4f>dsf] af/d] f yfxf lyPg . lxhf] dnfO{ afafn] laxfg} dlGb/

nh} fg'eof] clg ToxfaF f6 j4[ f>ddf klg uofF} . ToxfF t lgs} a"9f ePsf dflg;x¿
a:bf /x]5g\ . To:t} sfd ug{ g;Sg] a9" fa9" Lx¿ a:g] 3/nfO{ j4[ f>d elgFbf] /x5] .
/d0f M clg tL dflg;x¿ lsg ToxfF cfpbF f /x5] g\ < ltgLx¿sf] 3/ x'Fb}g / < ltgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f/] L
/ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o x'bF }gg\ / <
sdn M vf]O To:t} eP/ xf]nf . t/ Ps hgf xh/' cfdf;Fu dn} ] oxL s'/f ;f]w]sf] lyPF . pxfsF f
5f]/f5f/] L t 5g\ /] tL ;a} ljbz] uP/ pxfnF fO{ ToxfF 5f]8]sf /x5] g\ . csf{] Ps hgf xh/' afsf
5f]/f5f]/L eP/ klg pgLx¿n] aj] f:tf u/k] l5 pxfF lbSs eP/ ToxfF cfO{ a:g'ePsf] /x]5 .
j[4f>ddf j4[ dflg;x¿nfO{ vfg] a:g] ;'Tg], pkrf/ ug{] ;a} Joj:yf ul/Fbf] /x5] . xfdLn]
klg tL j4[ dflg;x¿sf nflu kmnkm" n, vfg]s'/f, sk8f nu]sf lyofF} . lbP/ cfofF} .
/d0f M cfx] f] ¤ s:tf] g/fdf| ] s'/f cfÇgf 5f/] f5f]/L eP/ klg pgLx¿n] b'Mv kfP5g\ . t/ ltdLn] u/s] f]
sfd dnfO{ /fdf| ] nfUof] . csf{] zlgjf/ hfbF f dnfO{ klg eg x} . d klg sx] L vfg]s'/fx¿
nu]/ pxfxF ¿sf] ;Sbf] ;xof]u u5'{ .
sdn M xG' 5† ;Fu} hfcf}Fnf .

170 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

kf7 (

:ofp Ps ks| f/sf] dL7f] kmn xf] . of] /ftf] / xl/of] /ªsf] kmn xf] . of] kmn ljz]if u/]/ lr;f] 7fpFdf
a9L kfOG5 . g]kfndf s0ff{nLsf] hD' nf / wfn} flul/sf] d:' tfªdf :ofp a9L kmNg] u5{ . gk] fnsf
ahf/df rLg / ef/taf6 NofOPsf :ofp g} a9L kfOG5g\ . t/ tL :ofpx¿ h'Dnf / d:' tfªsf :ofp
hlt :jflbnf xFb' }gg\ . :ofp lxtsf/L kmn xf] . of] lgoldt ¿kdf vfg] dflg; :j:y / lg/fu] L x'G5 .
of] kmn k|foM ;ah} ;f] df};ddf lsGg kfOG5 . xfdf| ] b]zsf :ofp v]tL x'g] 7fpdF f c¹ w/] } vt] L ugs{ f
nflu ls;fgx¿sf] xf;} nf a9fpgk' 5{ .

kf7 !)

cfhefl] n afnaflnsfx¿ sDKo'6/sf vn] x¿df a9L /dfO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . sDKo6' /df vn] vN] bf
/dfOnf] eP klg o;sf w]/} a]kmfObfx¿ klg 5g\ . w/] }a]/ sDKo6' /df vl] n/xbF f cfFvf bV' g] / cfFvf
sdhf/] x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ x'g] u5g{ \ . w]/} ;do;Dd sDKo6' /df u]d vN] g', 6l] nlehgdf sf6{'g
x]l//xg' /fdf| ] s/' f xfO] g . logsf] ;§fdf zf/Ll/s Jofofd x'g] vfnsf vn] x¿ vN] bf a9L kmfObf
x'G5 . km';b{ sf] ;dodf cfÇgf cleefjs jf cfkmGtx¿;Fu gofgF ofF 7fpFdf 3D' g hfgfn] w]/} s/' f
bV] g / ;G' g ;lsG5 . o;/L 3D' g hfbF f lstfadf k9s] f s'/fx¿nfO{ kT| oIf ¿kdf cfÇg} cfvF fn] b]Vg
kfOG5 . gofF 7fpdF f 3D' g hfbF f ToxfsF f] /xg;xg, rfnrng, vfgkfg cflb s'/fx¿ b]Vg / cg'ej
ug{ kfOG5 .

kf7 !!

do"/n] klxnb] ]lv g} gfRg hfg]sf] lyof] . cfkm" n] vfRg hfg]/ dfq p;nfO{ ku' g] . p;nfO{ ufpg klg
dg nfUof] . p;n] Ps lbg kfj{tL;Fu dL7f] :j/sf] j/bfg dfUof] . kfj{tLn] p;sf] s'/f dflggg\ .
p;n] k'gM kfjt{ L;Fu lh2L ub{} eGof,] ‘d xh'/sf] dgkg{] r/f xF' . To;}n] d/] f] :j/ dL7f] agfOlbgx' f;] \ .’
do/" n] k6sk6s lh2L u/]sf] bv] ]/ kfj{tLnfO{ c;fWo} l/; p7o\ f] . pgn] do/" nfO{ ;ts{ u/fpFb} elgg\,
‘;a} hgf PsPs j6f u'0fn] ;Gt'i6 x'gk' 5{ . sfx] L klg ;a} s/' fdf klxnf xg' ;Sb}g . kfj{tLsf] s/' f
;g' ]/ do"/ x]/]sf] x¥] o} eof] .’

kf7 !@

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx gk] fnsf /fi6«lgdf{tf x'g\ . pgsf] hGd lj=;=+ !&&( ;fndf uf]/vfdf ePsf]
lyof] . pgL uf]/vfsf /fhf g/ek" fn zfxsf h7] f 5f/] f lyP . Toltv]/ g]kfn clxn]sf] hqf] lyPg .
gk] fndf w]/} ;;fgf /fHox¿ lyP . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] tL ;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ Pp6} /fHo agfP .
To;nfO{ gk] fn PsLs/0f elgG5 . pgn] g]kfn PsLs/0f gu/s] f] eP ef/tdf /fh ul//x]sf cªu\ h|] n]
6j' |mf6'j|mfsf] gk] fnnfO{ ;lhn};uF cfÇgf] /fHodf ufEg] lyP / clxn] xfd|f] b]zsf] gfdf]lg;fgf g} /xg]

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 171

lyPg . pgn] g]kfnnfO{ km" naf/L / oxfsF f ljleGg hfthfltsf hgtfnfO{ /ª\uLrª\uL km" n eGy] . pgn]

cfkm" kl5 /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ /fhfx¿ / /fHodf a;]/ ljsf; ug{ rfxg] hgtfnfO{ ctL{ pkbz] lbP/

uP . To;nfO{ lbJof]kb]z elgG5 . kf7 !#

dflg;nfO{ cfjthfjt ug{ / ;/;fdfgx¿ cf;] f/k;f/ ug{ k|ofu] ul/g] ;fwgx¿nfO{ oftfoftsf
;fwg elgG5 . a;, 6«s, /n] , 6o\ fS6/, dfOj|mfa] ;, df]6/;fOsn, ;fOsn, l/S;f, uf8f cflb
:yndfud{ f rNg] oftfoftsf ;fwg xg' \ . kfgL hxfh, 8'ª\uf, gfs} f, /flÇ6ª af8] { cflb hndfu{df
rNg] oftfoftsf ;fwg xg' \ . To;u} /L xjfO{hxfh, x]lnsK6/, cGtl/Ifofg -/s6] _ cflb jfo'dfud{ f
rNg] oftfoftsf ;fwg x'g\ . ;8s dfu{ gePsf] 7fpdF f 3f8] f, uwf, vRr/, rf}/F L cflbaf6 ;fdfg
cf;] f/k;f/ xg' ] ub{5 . lj1fgsf] rdTsf/;Fu} cfhefl] n s]a'nsf/ /fk] j] h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿
klg ag]sf 5g\ . tL ;fwgx¿ lahn' L aQLsf] ;xfotfn] tf/dfu{af6 cfjthfjt u5g{ \ .

kf7 !$
Zofd' lgs} ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ xf] . pm tLg sIffdf k9\5 . sIffdf pm ;fyLefOx¿;uF /fd|f] Jojxf/
u5{ . pm lzIfsn] ;f]ws] f ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5 . Zofdn' ] ux[ sfo{ gu/s] f] lbg slxNo} xF'bg} . Tolt
ubf{ klg pm ;wF} k|yd eg] xbF' }g . ky| d x'g ;lsPg eGg] kL/ klg p;nfO{ 5g} . p;n] ljBfnodf
xg' ] gfr, ufg h:tf ;a} cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL eP/ w]/} k'/:sf/x¿ klg xft kf/]sf] 5 .
k/LIff cfpg] jn] fdf dfq xfO] g c¿ jn] fdf klg Zofd' cN5L gdfgL kl9/xG5 . /fd|f cIf/ nV] g,]
;fyLx¿;Fu slxNo} emu8f gug,{] u'?u'?cfdfnfO{ cfb/ ug{,] ;dodf ljBfno cfpg] h:tf u'0fx¿n]
ubf{ ljBfnodf ;a}n] p;nfO{ dfof u5{g\ . To;}n] Zofd' v';L 5 . cfÇgf lstfasfkL ldnfP/ /fVg],
cfÇgf sk8fx¿ k6o\ fP/ /fVg], ;kmf;'U3/ /xg,] vfgf vfg] j]nfdf v?' v?' vfg,] cfdfafafnfO{
;f]w/] dfq v]Ng hfg] h:tf :jefjx¿n] ubf{ 3/df Zofdn' ] ;a}af6 dfof kfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] pm v;' L
5.

kf7 !%

kzk' G5Lx¿ dflg;sf nflu w/] } pkofu] L xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] kz'kG5Lx¿nfO{ dfof ugk{' 5{ .
kzk' G5Lx¿ klg dfofsf] ef]sf x'G5g\ . 3/kfnj' f / hª\unL u/L kz'kG5Lx¿ bO' { k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ .
s]xL hLjhGtx' ¿ dflg;;uF /dfp5F g\ . dflg;;uF glhlsG5g\ . dfG5];Fu a:g /dfpg] hLjhGt'nfO{
dflg;n] 3/df kfn]sf] xG' 5 . tL hgfj/x¿af6 w/] } kmfObf klg lnPsf] xG' 5 . w]/} hLjhGtx' ¿ :jtGq
/xg rfxG5g\ . cfÇgf] v';Lcg;' f/ 3d' lkm/ ubf{ tyf vfgf vfH] bf /dfp5F g\ . o:tf hLjhGt'x¿
hª\undf g} /dfp5F g\ . hªu\ n hLjhGtx' ¿sf] jf;:yfg xf] . xfdLnfO{ xfdf| ] 3/sf] dfof nfu]h:t}
hLjhGtx' ¿nfO{ klg cfÇgf] 3/sf] dfof nfU5 . To;n} ] xfdLn] jghªu\ nsf] ljgfz ug'x{ G' g . 3/df
kflnPsf hLjhGtx' ¿nfO{ klg plQs} dfof rflxG5 . dfG5] ;;+ f/df ePsf kf| 0fLx¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf
al' 4dfg\ ePsfn] ;a} kf| 0fLsf] enfO xg' ] sfd ug'{k5{ . dflg;n] cfÇgf] dfq xf]Og† c¿sf] klg lxt
x'g] sfd ug{k' 5{ .

172 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #