Green Sungava Nepali 3

df6f]n] xQkQ gvfg] x'bF f ;fnsf] sf7nfO{ 3/ agfpg] sfddf ;a}eGbf a9L k|ofu]
ul/G5 . 3/sf] vfFaf, ˆofn, 9f]sf dfq geO{ ;hfj6sf ljleGg ;fdfg agfpg
klg ;fnsf] sf7nfO{ g} pkoQ' m dflgG5 . o;sf] kftaf6 6k/L, b'gf, afx] f]tf cflb
agfpg] ul/G5 . ufOj{ :tn' fO{ vj' fpg] :ofpnf / e'OdF f cf5] \ofpg] ;f]Q/sf] ¿kdf
klg o;sf] kftnfO{ ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . uf7] fnfx¿ jghªu\ nlt/ ;fnsf] kftsf]
lklk/f ahfP/ lx8F 5\ g\ . o;sf] ¿v nfdf] ;do;Dd hLljt /xG5 . ;fnsf] ¿vdf
ljleGg r/fr?' ª\uLx¿n] uF'8 agfP/ klg a;s] f xG' 5g\ . o;n] jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5
/ ;G' b/ agfpg ;3fp5F . o;y{ ;fnsf] ¿vsf] c;fWo} dxŒj /xs] f] 5 .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ;fnsf] ¿v sxfFsxfF kfOG5 <
v_ ;fnsf] kftaf6 s]s] agfpg] ul/G5 <
u_ ;fnsf] sf7 ;ae} Gbf a9L ss] f nflu ko| fu] ul/G5 <
3_ ;fn slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
ª_ ;fnsf] ¿vn] jftfj/0fnfO{ s:tf] agfp5F <

@= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ uf]7fnfx¿ ;fnsf] kftn] ==================== ahfpF5g\ .
v_ ;fnsf] sf7 ==================== agfpg] sfddf w]/} ko| fu] x'G5 .
u_ ;fnsf] h/f ==================== lgs} tn;Dd k'u]sf] xG' 5 .
3_ ;fnnfO{ ==================== klg elgG5 .
ª_ ufO{j:t'nfO{ e'OFdf cf]5o\ fOPsf] 3f;F nfO{ ==================== elgG5 .

#= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls n]v M
s_ ;fnsf] ¿v ;db' | 5p] df dfq kfOG5 .
v_ ;fnsf] sf7 cToGt alnof] xG' 5 .
u_ ;fnsf] sf7 bfp/f afNg dfq ko| f]u xG' 5 .
3_ l5lKkPsf] ;fnsf] afj] |mf afSnf] x'G5 .
ª_ ˆofn9f]sf agfpg ;fnsf] sf7 /fd|f] dflgG5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 101

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !&! df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= 7Ls zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ :ofp Ps ks| f/sf] ==================== kmn xf] .
v_ of] kmn ljz]if u/]/ ==================== 7fpdF f a9L kfOG5 .
u_ ljbz] L :ofpx¿ h'Dnf / d':tfªsf :ofp hlt ==================== xb'F g} g\ .
3_ of] kmn kf| oM ;ah} ;f] ==================== lsGg kfOG5 .

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a7] Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ :ofp t/fOd{ f kmN5 .
v_ :ofp vfg] dflg; /fu] L xG' 5 .
u_ gk] fndf :ofp hD' nf / d:' tfªdf a9L kmN5 .
3_ :ofp v]tL ug{ ls;fgnfO{ xf;} nf a9fpgk' 5{ .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ :ofp s:tf] kmn xf] <
v_ gk] fnsf] ahf/df kfOg] :ofp sxfFsxfaF f6 cfPsf x'G5g\ <
u_ :ofpsf kmfObfx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

pbfx/0fdf lbOPh;/L tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ M

pbfx/0f ========b====f==j====f==n====]====/==f==d======|/==L======k====9====o\ ====f==] ==.==========================
bfjf /fd|/L k9\5 .
s_ cfdf vfgf vfgx' G' 5 .

v_ ls;fg vt] df sfd u5{ . ============================================

102 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

u_ alxgL la:sg' ;'sfpF5] . ============================================
3_ r/f] ¿vdf uF'8 agfp5F . ============================================
ª_ u?' cfdf xfdLnfO{ k9fpgx' G' 5 . ============================================
r_ ljjs] lrq sf]5{ . ============================================
5_ cGhgf vfgf ksfpF5] . ============================================
h_ xfdL vn] v]N5fF} . ============================================
¹_ ltdL kfv] /f 3'D5f} . ============================================

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] s'g} Pp6f r/fsf] af/]df Pp6f cfTdsyf n]v .
@= ltdLn] hfg]sf] sg' } Pp6f ¿vsf] af/]df bz jfSo nv] .
#= lzIfs jf cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;f]w/] s'g} aL; j6f ¿vx¿sf] gfd nv] .

oL zAbx¿sf] cy{ hfg M

d ns] M kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu

d aF];L M kxf8sf] kmb] Lsf] ;Dd efu

d kmfF6 M rf/l} t/ ;Dd k/]sf] hldg

d 6f/ M gbLgfnfeGbf dfl:t/sf] l;rF fO gxg' ] hldg

d eGHofª M psfnf] jf 8f8F f] ;lsg] 7fpF

d rft} f/f] M a6j' fnfO{ ysfO dfg{ agfOPsf] zLtn 5xf/L

d ktL{ M v]tLkftL gxg' ] hldg

d l;d M ;wF} kfgL /;fO/xg] dlnnf] hldg

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 103

kf7 !) ufp“sf] ;D´gf

sljtf /d]z lIflth

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

cf]xf] ¤ d]/f] ufpF slt ;G' b/ 5 . d/] f] bz] df w]/} ufpxF ¿ 5g\ .

:ofaf; ¤ ltdLn] ufpFsf] af/]df ufpsF f dflg; ;/n
;'Gb/ lgaGw n]v]5f} . :jefjsf x'G5g\ .

104 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdL ufpFdf a:5f} ls ;x/df <
d ;x/df a:g]x¿ dWo] sf]xL ufpFdf uPsf 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ ufpF /fd|f] nfU5 ls ;x/ <
d xfd|f] bz] df ;x/eGbf ufpF w]/} 5g\ eGg] s'/f ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ :j/ lgsfn]/ k9 M
d xfd|f] bz] df w]/} ufpFx¿ 5g\ .
d kftnf] a:tL ePsf] 7fpnF fO{ ufpF elgG5 .
d ufpF lgs} /dfOnf] x'G5 .
d ufpFdf tfhf kmnkm" n / t/sf/L vfg kfOG5 .
d ;x/df a;s] f dflg;nfO{ ufpF hfFbf w]/} /dfOnf] nfU5 .
d ufpdF f w/] } ¿v, la?jf / jghªu\ n x'g] u5{g\ .
d ufpsF f] glhs vf]nf / gbLx¿ klg x'G5g\ .
d ufpdF f a;]sf dflg; lg/fu] L / bL3{hLjL xG' 5g\ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 105

;uF }sf] t:jL/ /d]z lIflthsf] xf] . logL slj tyf uLtsf/ xg' \ . logL syf klg
nV] 5g\ . logsf sljtf / syfx¿ ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df ks| fzg ePsf 5g\ .
;/n efiffdf /fd|f sljtf n]Vg] lIflth cfÇgf] ;dosf rlr{t slj xg' \ . logsf
uLtx¿ klg w/] } nf]slko| 5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘ufpFsf] ;D¹gf’ sljtfdf ufpF
5f]8/] ;x/df a;s] f] afnsn] ufpdF f k'u]/ u/]sf] /dfOnf] cg'ejnfO{ ;G' b/
zn} Ldf k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . ufpdF f kmnkm" nsf af]6x¿ x'G5g\ . ufOj{ :tx' ¿ xG' 5g\ . vt] LkftL
xG' 5 . lstfadf k9]sf s'/fx¿ cfÇg} cfvF fn] bV] g ;lsG5 . ufpFdf cfk"mn] /dfOnf] u/s] f] s'/f
sljtfdf Pp6f afnsn] ;D¹s] f] 5 . sljtf Wofg lbP/ k9, ga'¹]sf s/' f lzIfsn] atfpgx' 'g]
5.

w]/} w/] } /dfOnf] ef] o;kfln ufpF hfFbf
af6] af6 cfÇg} xftn] tfhf cf? l6kL vfFbf .

dfnL ufO{n] bw" lbGYof] cfFugdf kf7f] vN] Yof]
jl/kl/ xfdL a:YofF} cu]gfd] f cfuf] aNYof] .

o;k} fln hfgF] d}n] s;f] u/L wfg kmN5 zAbf {y af]6 M ¿v
sg' Ct'df kfgL k5{ slt j]nf x'/L rN5 . tfhf M :jR5, ;kmf
dfnL ufO{ M km/skm/s b'O{ /ª ePsf]
¿v klg r9F] d t kf8} L klg w]/} vn] ]F
lstfasf slt s/' f ;flF Rrs} g} bv] F] dn} ] . ufO{
kf7f] M afvf| sf] aRrf
sDKo6' /sf] v]neGbf ns' fdf/L v]n hftL cu]gf] M bfp/fsf] cfuf] afn/] vfgf
;x/df ;lD¹/’G5' ufpdF f ;Fu} v]Ng] ;fyL .
ksfpg] 7fpF
Ct' M df;} d, ;do
x/' L M atf;, rsf{] xfjf
kf8} L v]Ng' M kfgLdf vn] vN] g'
ns' fdf/L M n'Sb}l5Kb} vl] ng] afn v]n
;lD¹/’G5' M ;lD¹/xG5'

106 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
ufO{, cfFugdf, Ct', ;flF Rrs}, sDKo6' /

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
af6] , dfnL ufO{, cu]gf], x/' L, ns' fdf/L

#= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M
/dfOnf ] af;L
tfhf ¹6' f]
cfuf] g/dfOnf]
r9\g' kfgL
;frF f ] ghftL
hftL ¹g{'

$= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf hfbF f– vfbF f, hftL– ;fyL h:t} cGTodf no ldns] f
kfrF hf8] L zAb nv] .

%= z4' kf//] ;f/ M
cfug, jl/k/L, l/t,' sLtfa, sDk'6/

^= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
tfhf, kf7f, Ct,' kf8} L v]Ng,' wfg

&= dflysf] sljtfaf6 rGbl| jGb' nfus] f s'g} kfrF j6f zAb l6k .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 107

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s_ sljnfO{ o;kfln sxfF hfbF f /dfOnf] nfUof] <
==============================================================================
v_ cfFugdf s] v]NYof] <
==============================================================================
u_ Ct' eg]sf] s] xf] <
==============================================================================
3_ sljn] lstfasf s/' f ;fFlRrsd} f sxfF b]v] <
==============================================================================
ª_ ‘ufpFsf] ;D¹gfdf’ sljtfsf nv] s sf] x'g\ <
==============================================================================

#= sljtfsf] kªl\ Qm k"/f u/ M
============ klg r9]F d t ============ klg w/] } v]n]F
============ sf slt s/' f ;flF Rrs} g} bv] ]F ============ .

$= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a7] Ls egfOdf a7] Ls nv] M
s_ ufpdF f hfbF f /n] b]Vg kfOG5 .
v_ sljn] cfFugdf la/fnfs] f] aRrf bv] ] .
u_ sljn] ufpdF f cug] fdf cfuf] ans] f] b]v] .
3_ lstfasf s'/fx¿ ufpFdf bV] g kfOG5 .
ª sDKo6' /sf] vn] eGbf n'sfdf/L v]n /dfOnf] xG' 5 .

108 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ sljn] ufpFdf hfbF f s]s] s'/f bv] <]
v_ sljn] ufpdF f uPsf] df}sfdf sg' sg' sfd u/] <
u_ ;x/sf] t'ngfdf ufpFdf s] s/' f km/s xG' 5 <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

ufO{ rf/v'§] 3/kfnj' f hgfj/ xf] . ufO{ gk] fnsf] /fli6o«
hgfj/ klg xf] . ufOn{ ] b"w lbG5 . ufOs{ f] bw" kf]l;nf] x'G5 .
ufOs{ f] bw" af6 bxL, l3p cflb agfpg ;lsG5 . ufOn{ ]
3fF;, k/fn, sF8' f] cflb vfg] u5{ . ufOs{ f] b"w k~rfd[tdf
klg k|of]u ul/G5 . kh" fcfhf ubf{ k~rfdt[ agfOG5 .
ufO{sf] ufa] /n] lnkkft] klg ul/G5 . ufOs{ f] uf]a/n] lnk]sf] 7fpF z'4 / kljq xG' 5
eGg] dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿n] ufO{nfO{ nIdLsf] ¿kdf
ltxf/df k"hf u5g{ \ . ufO{ sfnf, ;t] f, /ftf / dfnL /ªsf klg xG' 5g\ . bO' { tLgyl/
/ª ePsf] ufOn{ fO{ dfnL ufO{ elgG5 .
s= tnsf zAbnfO{ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
3/kfn'jf, /fli6o« , kf]l;nf,] s8'F f,] k~rfdt[ , nIdL
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
!= ufO{ s:tf] hgfj/ xf] <

c_ jgdf a:g] cf_ 3/kfnj' f O= kfgLdf a:g]
@= ufO{sf] b"w s:tf] x'G5 <

c_ kfl] ;nf] cf_ cldnf] O= gl' gnf]
#= ufO{sf] bw" af6 s] agfpg ;lsbF g} <

c_ bxL cf_ l3p O= xn'jf

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 109

$= k~rfd[tsf] ko| fu] slxn] ul/G5 < O=k"hf ubf{

c_ vfhf agfpbF f cf_ vfgf ksfpFbf

u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= xfdf| ] /fli6«o hgfj/sf] gfd s] xf] <
@= ufO{sf] bw" af6 s]s] agfpg ;lsG5 <
#= ufOn{ ] s]s] vfG5 <
$= ufOs{ f] k"hf s;n] / slxn] u5g{ \ <
%= s:tf] ufOn{ fO{ dfnL ufO{ elgG5 <

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !&! df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s= cfhefl] n afnaflnsfx¿ ============ sf v]n a9L dg k/fpF5g\ .
v= w]/}a/] ;Dd sDKo6' /df vn] vN] bf ============ bV' 5 .
u= 6l] nlehgdf ============ x]l//xg' /fdf| ] s/' f xfO] g .
3= km;' {b ePdf ============ Jofofd xg' ] vfnsf vn] x¿ v]Ngk' 5{ .

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M

s= sDKo'6/df v]n v]Ng' /fdf| ] s'/f xf] .

v= sf6'g{ w]/} x]gx'{ F'b}g .

u= dfs} f ldnd] f cleefjs;Fu 3'Dg hfgk' 5{ .

3= gofF 7fpFdf 3D' g hfFbf gofF sf6'g{ x]g{ kfOG5 .

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ xfd|f] cfvF f lsg sdhf]/ x'G5 <
v_ gofF 7fpdF f 3D' g hfFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 <

110 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

Jofs/0f ;Lk

Wofg lbP/ k9 M
• :yfg a¹' fpg] zAbx¿ lj|mofljzi] f0f xG' 5g\ , h:t} M tn, dfly, otf, ptf, j/,

k/, tlNt/, dfl:t/, jfl/, kfl/ cflb
• ;do hgfpg] zAbx¿ ljm| ofljz]if0f x'G5g\ , h:t} M cfh, ef]ln, kl;{, cl:t,

kfx] f]/, cf3f},F clxn,] plxn] cflb .
• cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿ lj|mofofu] L xG' 5g\ , h:t} M ykSs, h'?Ss, d';'Ss,

;/f;/, skfsk, w'?w?' , d;' 'd;' ' cflb .
• k5fl8 c/L nfus] f zAbx¿ lj|mofof]uL xG' 5g\ M o;/L, p;/L, s;/L, To;/L,

a;] /L, ;:' t/L, /fd/| L cflb .
!= tnsf] tflnsfdf kfrF kfFr j6f ljm| ofofu] L zAbx¿ nv] M

s= :yfg a¹' fpg]

v= ;do a'¹fpg]

u= cgs' /0f a'¹fpg]

3= c/L nfu]sf zAb

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= sljtf k"/f u/ M
vn] /fdf| ] efF8fs6' L, /f]6L dL7f] ;]n .
;fyLefO s;};uF ug'{xG' g ¹]n ..

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 111

cfFvfel/ kfvfel/ ufpFa];F Lsf] 5fof,
nflu/G5 ;w}Fel/ cfÇg} bz] sf] dfof

===============================================
===============================================

===============================================
===============================================

wd{ wd{zf:q k|d'v
lxGb' j]b, k/' f0f a|Ådf, lji0f,' dx]Zj/
a4' lqlk6s
lj|ml:rog afOan uft} d a4'
d'l:nd lh;; j|mfO:6
s'/fg kf| k] m]6 dfx] Ddb

kf7 k/" f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
112 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

kf7 !! Tofu

syf

clua agk] fnL

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

cf]xf] ¤ t/sf/Ldf t v';fg{ L w]/} /x5] . :ofaf; ¤ ltdLn] ;a} vfgf vfP5f} .

nfg} , d/] f] k6] w]/} b'Vof] . sxLF ltdLn] af;L vfgf t vfPgf} <

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 113

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLnfO{ s:tf] vfgf dg k5{ <
d ltdL kL/f] vfG5f} ls vfFb}gf} <
d t/sf/L kL/f] eof] eg] s] u5f}{ <
d ltdLnfO{ afafn] slxNo} ufnL ug{e' Psf] 5 <
d ltdLn] c¿ s;}sf nflu cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ s'g} afgL 5f]8s] f 5f} <

tnsf jfSonfO{ Ps hgfn] k9 / c¿ ;an} ] ;uF ;Fu} eg M
d afafn] dnfO{ /fd|f] sk8f NofOlbgx' G' 5 .
d cfdfn] agfPsf] vfhf dL7f] xG' 5 .
d dn} ] s] vfg dg k/fpF5' eGg] d]/f cfdfafnfO{ yfxf 5 .
d afafcfdfn] d/] f] :jf:Yosf] af/]df Vofn ugx{' 'G5 .
d afafn] dnfO{ zlgjf/ gofFgofF 7fpFdf 3d' fpg nh} fgx' 'G5 .
d vfgf vfg] j]nfdf d slxNo} ¹u8f ulb{gF .
d d ;av} fn] t/sf/L, kmnkm" n, bw" , bxL vfg] u5'{ .

114 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

;uF }sf] t:jL/ clua agk] fnLsf] xf] . logL g]kfnL tyf g]kfn efiffdf sljtf, syf
tyf gf6s nV] 5g\ . afnaflnsfn] aˆ' g] u/L ;/n efiffdf syf nV] g] syfsf/
agk] fnLsf] kf7df /flvPsf] ‘Tofu’ syfdf Pp6f afnsn] cfÇgf] cfdfa'afsf]
v;' Lsf nflu cfk"mn] u/s] f] Tofusf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 3/df cleefjsx¿
cfk;df ¹u8f ubf{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] dgdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ eGg] s/' f syfdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 . afnsn] kL/f] vfg ;Sbg} eg/] cfdfn] t/sf/Ldf kL/f] g/fv]sfn] cfdf;Fu afaf
l/;fPsf] 36gfn] afnsnfO{ bM' vL agfPsf] 5 . pm t/sf/L vfg 5f]85\ / la/fdL k5{ . afnsn]
u/]sf] Tofusf] 36gf syfaf6 k9 clg s] ePsf] /x5] aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

‘s] ksfPsf] of] vNnf] g vNnf,] t}Fn] ksfPsf] t/sf/L tF} vfP/ a;=\ ==’ a'af l/;fP/ vfFb}
u/s] f] vfgf 5f8]/ r7' \g hfg'eof] . cfdfn] bLksnfO{ kn' 'Ss Psk6s x]//] a// cfF;'
¹fg'{eof] . cfdfa'afsf] of] Jojxf/n] bLks vfgf vfFb} 6\jfNn kb}{ x]l//Åof] . o:tf] b[Zo p;n]
k6sk6s b]vs] f] eP klg cfh p;nfO{ clt g/dfOnf] nfUof] .

p;sf] sfd] n dgdf 7]; nfUof] . p;n] dgdg} Pp6f ;ª\sNk u¥of] clg pbf; xb'F } :sn'
uof] . p;sf] dg :s'ndf klg czfGt eO/Åof] .

bLks cfdfnfO{ clt dfof uYof{] . pm
cfdfnfO{ b'MvL b]Vg ;Sb}gYof] . pm 3/ k'u]/
cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ ;sL vfgf vfP/ rf8F } ;'Tof] .
ef]lnkN6 vfgf vfbF } aa' fn] cfdfsf] tfl/km ub{}
xg' 'xG' Yof] . cfdfsf] xlF ;nf] cgx' f/ x]b{} bLks
d';'Ss xf:F of] .

‘xf], vfgf t o;/L kf] agfpgk' 5{ . d'vdf vfgf /fVgf;fy ;n' S' s lgNg ;lhnf] x'g] u/L’
aa' f eGb} x'g'xG' Yof] . bLkssf lbgx¿ o;/L g} laTg yfn] . pm :sn' ;dod} hfGYof] . u[xsfo{
ug{] / k9\g] sfd ;dod} uYof]{ t/ slxns] fxLF aa' fnfO{ 3'//] xY] of]{ . lsglsg a'afsf] Jojxf/

zAbf {y vNnf] M :jfb gePsf] u[xsfo{ M 3/df ul/g] sfd
Jojxf/ M sfdwGbf tfl/km M k|z;+ f, /fd|f] atfpg'
;ª\sNk M s'g} sfd ug{] c7f]6

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 115

p;nfO{ cln dg kb{}gYof] . xg' t p;n] a'af;uF w/] } ;ª\ut ug{ kfPsf] lyPg . aa' f laxfg
clkm; hfg'xG' Yof] / ;f¹F ca]/ kmls{g] ePsfn] ToltGh]n t bLks ;l' t;SYof] .

bLks b'AnfpbF } uof] . p;nfO{ lb;f a:g ufxf| ] xG' Yof] . t/ klg p;n] ;Sbf] s]xL gegL ;x]/
a:b} lyof] . pm lbglbg} b'AnfpbF } lyof] . crfgs Ps lbg pm la/fdL eof] .

p;nfO{ cfdfa'afn] xQkQ c:ktfn nfg'eof] . bLkssf cfdfa'afsf] cg'xf/df lrGtf
bl] vGYof] . /fd|/L hfFrk] l5 nfdf] ;f; kmb] {} 8fS6/n] eg], ‘tkfO{+x¿ cfdfa'af eP/ olt
nfkaf{x s;/L xg' e' of] < aRrfn] slt lbgbl] v lb;f u/]sf] 5g} eGg'xf;] \ t <’

8fS6/sf s/' f ;'g/] bLkssf cfdfaa' f ¹;ª\ª eP . bLkssf] k]6 sf7¹}F s8f lyof] .

pgLx¿ ¹g\ lrlGtt bl] vP . cfdfsf] cfFvf /;fpg yfNof] .

‘ltd|f] gfd s] xf,] afa’'

‘bLks ===’

‘P ¤ bLks xf,] slt /fd|f] gfd xlu . clg bLks, ltdL eft;uF ss] ] vfG5f} < 8fS6/
cª\snnfO{ eg t .’ k]6df 5fDb} 8fS6/n] eg] . bLksn] cfdfsf] cg'xf/ k'n'Ss x¥] of] .

‘eft vfG5', vfln clg lrgL=== .’ bLksn] eGof] . 8fS6/ ;fxa] n] k'n'Ss cfdfa'afnfO{
x]ge{' of] .

‘8fS6/ ;fx]a, b'O{ dlxgf eof] bLksn] t/sf/L, ;fu;AhL
gvfPsf] . d/] vfg dfGb}g . slxn] dg kb}g{ eG5, slxn]
k6] b'V5 eG5 . ToxL ;'Vvf lrgL eft vfG5 . d t x}/fg
e;} s’F] cfdfn] bLkssf] skfn ;'D;D' ofpbF } eGg'eof] .
aa' f sx] L ;zª\lst x'Fb} xg] {'xbF' } lyof] .

‘afa' bLks ¤ ltdL lsg t/sf/L vfbF }gf} < x]/, ltdLn]
xl/of] ;fu;AhL, t/sf/L, df5fdf;,' / ¹fn] s'/f k|z:t
vfgk' bg}{ <’ 8fS6/sf] s/' f ;g' /] bLksn] cfdfsf] cg'xf/
6\jfNn kb}{ x]¥of] .

zAbf {y ;ªu\ t M ;Fu;Fu} /xg] sfd x}/fg M lbSs
clkm; M sfof{no, sfd ug]{ 7fpF ;zª\lst M zªs\ f ug{],
nfkafx{ L M a]jf:tf ug,]{ dtna g/fVg]

116 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

‘a'afn] ;wF} cfdfnfO{ vNnf] t/sf/L ksfof} eg/] ufnL ug{'xG' Yof] . kl5 t/sf/L kL/f] ksfpg
yfNg'eof] . kL/f] t/sf/L ksfPkl5 aa' fn] cfdfnfO{ ufnL uge{' Pg . d kL/f] vfg ;lSbgF .
To;}n] dn} ] t/sf/L vfg g} 5f8F] . cfdfn] t ufnL vfg'k/g] lg ¤’

bLkssf s/' f ;'g]/ 8fS6/ cfZro{df kge{' of] . cfdfn] a// cf;F ' ¹fb{} bLksnfO,{ ‘d]/f] afaf’
eGb} 5ftLdf a:] ;/L 6fF:ge' of] .

‘;'Gg'eof] tkfOx{+ ¿n] ¤ xfd|f lj|mofsnfkx¿ afgLn] ubf{ afnsx¿df s:tf k|efj kbf{
/x]5g\ . xfdL 7fG5fF} Tofu egs] f] 7n" fn] dfq u5g{ \ . cx,F cfdfsf] v;' Lsf nflu bLksn]
t/sf/L g} vfg 5f]8\of] . o:tf s'/fx¿ cleefjsn] clt Wofg lbg'k5{ .’ 8fS6/n] bLkssf
cfdfa'afnfO{ ;D¹fpbF } eGg'eof] . bLkssf aa' f cSs g aSs eP, pxfnF fO{ cfÇgf] uNtL
dx;;' eof] .

‘5f/] f, cfhbl] v d kL/f] vfFlbgF . jfrf u/F], sfg ;dftF] n . ltdLn] klg cab]lv eft;Fu t/sf/L,
;fu;AhL vfgk' 5{ x} afa' .’ aa' fn] sfg ;dfTb} eGg'eof] .

bLksn] ‘x;\’ egL 6fpsf] xNnfof] .

‘n, xfdL ;a} ca zlgaf/ afndn] fdf hfg] x,} hfg] xf] <’ cfdfn] bLksnfO{ DjfOF vfbF }
eGge' of] .

‘x'/{] ¤ xf] cfdf . slt dHhf cfpg] eof] . d t
ldSsL dfp; vN] 5,' 3f8] f r95\ '=== ’

bLksn] eGb} uof] .

‘n n . afan' ] s] s] rfÅof} vn] fp5F fF} .’ a'afn]
cfdfsf] d'v xb] {} xf;F ]/ eGg'eof] .

8fS6/n] bLkssf] ufnf 5Fb' } eGge' of], ‘u8'
Ajfo’ .

zAbf {y kL/f] M v';fg{ L cflb vfgs] '/fdf xg' ] Ps jfrf M c7f6] , k|lt1f
ks| f/sf] t]lhnf] :jfb afndn] f M afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu

Tofu M c¿sf] enfOsf nflu s]xL s/' f cfof]hgf ul/g] d]nf jf
5f8] \g] sfd /dfOnf] sfo{jm| d
ldSsL dfp; M k|l;4 sf6'g{
cSs g aSs xg' ' M afN] g g;Sg'

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 117

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLgk6s nv] M
kn' 'Ss, bZ[ o, czfGt, ;'n'Ss, ;f¹F , ;'D;D' ofpbF }, 6\jfNn

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
vNnf], tfl/km, nfkafx{ , ;zª\lst, kL/f,] jfrf

#= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;ª\sNk lbSs

clkm; kl| t1f

x/} fg 5f8] g\ ] sfd

Tofu afnaflnsfsf] d]nf

afndn] f sfofn{ o

$= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfFrkfFr j6f zAb l6k .

%= dflysf] syfdf rGbl| jGb'sf] ko| fu] ePsf sg' } kfrF j6f zAb vfh] ]/ nv] .

^= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
Jojxf/, ux[ sfo{, ;ªu\ t, cSs g aSs xg' ,' ldSsL dfp;

&= s_ tnsf] jfSo z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
plgx¿ ¹g lrlGtt b]lvo] . cfdfsf] cfvf /;fpg yfno\ f] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ u[xsfHo{ cf_ u|Lxsfo{ O_ u[xsfo{ O_{ lu|xsfo{
@= c_ slxns] xL F cf_ sxLns] fxLF O_ slxns] fxL O{_ slxn]sfxLF
#= c_ ;fu;AhL cf_ ;fu;lAh O_zfu;AhL O_{ ;fu;ah\ L
$= c_ k|zZt cf_ k|z:t O_ k;| :t O_{ k|z:tf

118 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ‘Tofu’ syfsf n]vs sf] xg' \ <
==============================================================================
v_ bLksn] vfgf vfbF fvfbF } cfdfafafnfO{ lsg 6j\ fNn k//] x]¥of<]
==============================================================================
u_ bLks lsg d';S' s xfF:of] <
==============================================================================
3_ 8fS6/n] bLksnfO{ s] vfg ;Nnfx lbge' of] <
==============================================================================
ª_ afafn] s:tf] jfrf ug{'eof] <
==============================================================================

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls eP 7Ls / a]7Ls eP a7] Ls nv] M
s_ bLks cfÇgf afafnfO{ clt dfof uYof]{ .
v_ cfdfnfO{ v';f{gL g/fvs] f] vfgf dg kb{}gYof] .
u_ bLks afWo eP/ lrgL;Fu vfgf vfGYof] .
3_ bLkssf] s/' f ;'g/] 8fS6/ cfZro{df kg{e' of] .
ª_ bLkssf afafn] cfÇgf] uNtL ;Rofpge' of] .

#= s;n] egs] f] xf] <
s_ s] ksfPsf] of] vNnf] g vNnf] <
v_ d t x/} fg e;} sF] .
u_ ltdL lsg t/sf/L vfbF }gf} <

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 119

3_ d kL/f] vfg ;lSbgF .
ª_ cfhb]lv d kL/f] vflF bgF .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ bLksnfO{ lsg g/dfOnf] nfUof] <
v_ bLksn] lsg afaf;Fu w]/} ;ªu\ t ug{ kfPsf] lyPg <
u_ bLksn] lsg t/sf/L vfg 5f8s] f] lyof] <
3_ 8fS6/ s] s/' f ;g' /] cfZrod{ f kge'{ of] <
ª_ 8fS6/n] bLkssf cfdfafafnfO{ s]s:tf] ;Nnfx lbg'eof] <
r_ afafn] s] kl| t1f ug{e' of] <

#= Tofu syfaf6 ltdLn] s] s'/f l;Sof} < kfFr jfSodf nv] .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

xfdLn] cfk"m :j:y / lg/f]uL x'gsf nflu vfgkfgdf
Wofg lbg'k5{ . lrNnf,] kL/f,] cldnf] h:tf s/' fx¿
w/] } vfg'xF'b}g . xl/of] t/sf/L / kmnkm" n lgoldt
vfg'k5{ . kfgL kz| :t lkpg] afgL ugk{' 5{ . sfrF f]
lrgL vfg'xb'F g} . ;s];Dd bw" , bxL vfg] ugfn{ ] xfdL
:j:y / bL3{hLjL aGg ;S5fF} . slxNo} klg af;L vfgf vfg'xF'bg} . vfgf vfg'cl3 /
vfgf vfO;s]kl5 xft w'g] afgL a;fNg'k5{ . ksfPsf] vfgfnfO{ vNnf] jf gdL7f]
eGg] afgL /fd|f] xfO] g . kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] h] vfgx' G' 5 xfdLn] klg ToxL vfgf
vfgk' 5{ . cfkm" nfO{ 5§' } :jfbsf] vfgf rflxof] eg]/ slxNo} ¹u8f ug'{x'Fb}g . vfgf
vfg] j]nfdf xf;F Lv;' L vfg,] ;a} k|sf/sf t/sf/Lx¿ vfg], vfgf /fd/| L rkfP/ vfg]
dflg; ;wF} lg/f]uL x'G5 .

!= 7Ls pQ/df -µ_ /h] f nufpm M

s= xfdLn] lg/f]uL x'gsf nflu s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <

c= dgf]/~hg cf= vfgkfg O= k9fO

120 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

v= xfdLn] s] s/' f w/] } vfg'xF'b}g <

c= ;fukft cf= kmnk"mn O= kL/f]
O= sf]s
u= xfdLn] s] s/' f k|z:t lkpg'k5{ < O= vN] g hfg] jn] f

c= kfgL cf= cfi} fwL

3= xfdLn] xft sltv]/ wg' k' 5{ <

c= vfgf vfg] j]nf cf= :sn' hfg] j]nf

@= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
af;L, lrNnf, :jfb, ¹u8f, lg/f]uL

#= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s= vfgkfgdf Wofg glbg] dflg; lg/f]uL x'G5 .
v= kfgL k|z:t lkpg] afgL ugk'{ 5{ .
u= /fd/| L rkfP/ vfg] dflg; ;w}F /fu] L xG' 5 .
3= ul' nof] w/] } vfg'x'Fbg} .
ª= vfgf vfg] j]nfdf ¹u8f ug{x' 'bF g} .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s= :j:y /xgsf nflu s] ugk{' 5{ <
v= s;/L bL3{hLjL aGg ;lsG5 <
u= vfgf vfg] jn] fdf s] ug{'xFb' g} <

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !&! df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M

s= do/" n] klxn]b]lv g} ================= hfgs] f] lyof] .
v= kfj{tLn] p;sf] ================= dflggg\ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 121

u= do"/n] k6sk6s lh2L u/]sf] b]v/] ================= nfO{ c;fWo} l/;
p7\of] .

3= sf]xL klg ;a} s'/fdf ================= xg' ;Sb}g .
@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a7] Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M

s= do/" /fd|f] gfRg hfGg] r/f xf] .
v= do"/sf] cfjfh dL7f] 5 .
u= do/" lzjhLsf] dg kg{] r/f xf] .
3= kfj{tLsf] s/' f ;g' /] do"/ bªu\ k¥of] .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s= do/" nfO{ s] ug{ dg nfUof] <
==============================================================================
v= kfjt{ LnfO{ lsg l/; p7\of] <
==============================================================================
u= s] xfdL ;a} s'/fdf klxnf] xg' ;S5f}F <
==============================================================================

Jofs/0f ;Lk

tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;fgL gfgL vfgf vfG5] . ;fgf] afa' vfgf vfG5 .

122 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

bfh' sfof{no hfg'eof] . lbbL sfofn{ o hfg'eof] .

!= tnsf jfSonfO{ ldnfP/ sfkLdf n]v M
s= efO ljBfno uOg\ . v= alxgL lrq agfpbF } lyof] .
u= ;bLIff vfgf vfG5 . 3= ;fu} ft ;fgL s]6f xf] .
ª= pug{] n] dL7f] uLt ufO{ . r= d]/L afafn] dnfO{ 3d' fpg nh} fg'eof] .

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= cfkm" n] hfg]sf] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp6f syf sIffdf ;an} fO{ ;g' fpm .
@= ltdLnfO{ s:tf] syf dg k5{ < bz jfSodf nv] .

s]sf] k|tLs s] < M zflGtsf] kt| Ls
d ;]tf] k/]jf M lj/fw] sf] kt| Ls
d sfnf] ¹G8f M cfTd;dk{0fsf] k|tLs
d ;t] f] ¹G8f M /fli6«o zfs] sf] kt| Ls
d cfwf ¹'ss] f] ¹G8f M lzIff / ;Eotfsf] kt| Ls
d sdnsf] km" n M k]|dsf] kt| Ls
d 9's/' sf] hf]8L M vt/fsf] k|tLs
d b'O{ xf8sf] jm| ;dfly vKk/

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 123

kf7 !@ DoflS;d ufs] L{

hLjgL

tn ljZjkl| ;4 dflg;x¿sf] gfd / lrq lbOPsf] 5 x/] M

g]N;g dG8n] f Uoflnlnof] cNa6{ cfOG:6fOg

x]ng] sn] / /jLGb|gfy 7fs/' ;]S;lko/

124 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

DoflS;d uf]sL{

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLn] ljZjk|l;4 JolQmx¿nfO{ lrgs] f 5f} <
d dflg;x¿ s;/L ljZjkl| ;4 xG' 5g\ s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5<
d s] ltdLn] DoflS;d uf]sLs{ f] gfd ;g' s] f lyof} <
d ltdLn] ?; eGg] bz] sf] gfd ;'g]sf 5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k9 M
d ‘;lrg t]Gb'ns/’ ljm| s6] v]n]/ ljZjkl| ;4 eP .
d ‘/f]gfN8f’] km'6an v]n]/ ljZjkl| ;4 eP .
d ‘dfOsn HofS;g’ uLt ufP/ ljZjkl| ;4 eP .
d ‘;]/g] f ljlnoD;’ 6a] 'n 6]lg; vn] /] ljZjk|l;4 eOg\ .
d ‘DoflS;d uf]sL{’ lstfax¿ n]v/] ljZjk|l;4 eP .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 125

cfÇgf] hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{ sfd u/]/ bz] ljb]zdf gfd sdfPsf dflg;x¿sf] hLjgL cfÇgf]
b]zdf dfq xfO] g ljb]zdf klg n]lvG5, kl9G5 . hLjgdf ljz]if sfd u/]/ ;+;f/sf ;fd' cfÇgf]
/ b]zsf] gfd pRr /fVg] JolQmx¿dWo] w/] } rlr{t ;flxTosf/ DoflS;d uf]sLs{ f] hLjgL of]
kf7df lbOPsf] 5 .
DoflS;d uf]sL{ ;;+ f/e/ lrlgPsf ;flxTosf/ xg' \ . logL ?;sf gful/s x'g\ . logn] w]/}
/fdf| syfx¿ nv] ]sf 5g\ . logn] ;fgf] 5bF f w]/} bM' v kfPsf lyP . b'Mv u/]/ xs' s{] f ufs] L{n] ul/a,
c;xfo tyf sdhf/] x¿sf] kIfdf nv] s] f 5g\ . o; hLjgLdf logsf] hLjgsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf]
af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ufs] Ls{ f] hLjg syf s:tf] lyof,] aˆ' g kf7df lbOPsf] hLjgL Wofg lbP/
k9 . yk s'/f lzIfsn] a'¹fpgx' g' ] 5 .

DoflS;d ufs] L{sf] hGd ;g\ !*^* df /l;ofdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] lktfsf] gfd
DoflS;d k]:sf]e lyof] eg] dftfsf] gfd efef{/f k]:sfe] lyof] .

ufs] L{ rf/ jif{sf] xbF' f pgsf lktfsf] dT[ o' ePsf] lyof]
eg] ;ft jifs{ f] x'Fbf cfdfsf] klg d[To' ePkl5 uf]sL{
;fg} pd/] df cfdfafafsf] Gofgf] sfvaf6 jl~rt
ePsf lyP . 6'x'/f] eP/ afRF g'kbf{ pgn] afNosfndf
;fx|} bM' v ¹]Ng'k¥of] . olt x'FbfxF'b} klg pgL cfÇgf
xh'/af / xh'/cfdfsf] dfof kfP/ xs' {b+ } uP .

uf]sLs{ f xh/' afn] nu' f /ª\Uofpg] ;fgf]ltgf] Joj;fo
rnfPsf lyP . Tof] Joj;fo klg /fd|/L grn]kl5
pgsf] kl/jf/n] ;f:tL a]xfg] '{k¥of] . pgsf xh'/af xh/' cfdfnfO{ ;fF¹laxfgsf] uhf{]
6fg{ klg dl' :sn kg{ yfNof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf uf]sL{n] 3/d} al;/xg plrt 7fg]gg\ .

zAbf {y jl~rt M sg' } s'/f kfpg g;Sg' ;f:tL M bM' v
6'x/' f] M cfdfafaf gePsf,] a];xf/f uhf]{ M vfrF f]
Joj;fo M sfd, k];f plrt M pko'Qm

126 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

pgL cf7 jifs{ f] xF'bf sfdsf] vf]hLdf 3/ 5f8]/ lxF8] . pgn] Ps hgf k;n]sxfF uP/
h'Qf l;nfpg] sfd l;s] . ToxfsF f] cj:yf /fdf| ] ePg . To;n} ] pgL bM' vsf] ef/L af]s]/
h'Qf l;nfpg] 7fpF 5f8] ]/ cGt} lx8F ] .

gf} jif{sf] xbF' f ufs] L{ cleefjsljxLg x'g ku' ] . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgsf] lhGbuL cToGt
si6s/ aGg k'Uof] . pgn] so} f}F /ft vn' f cfsfzdl' g latfP . sfdsf] vf]hLdf
efF}tfl/P/ lx8F \bflx8F b\ } pgn] aNntNn ;fxs' f] 3/df 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd
kfP . csf{sf] 3/df sfd ug{ pgnfO{ Tolt ;lhnf] lyPg . gf} jifs{ f] ;fgf] afnsn]
;fxs' f] 3/df ef8F f dfˆg], n'uf wg' ] nufotsf yk' |} sfd u/] .

uf]sLn{ ] cfÇgf] lhGbuLdf c;n dflg;x¿ klg e6] ] . w/] }
bM' v ¹n] ]kl5 pgn] ljBfnosf] dv' ;Dd b]Vg kfP . t/
cf}krfl/s cWoog ug]{ cj;/ kfPgg\ . pgn] ;Dej
eP;Ddsf k':tsx¿ vfh] ]/ k9] . cfÇgf] bz] sf ljleGg
7fpFx¿sf] e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ klg uf]sLn{ ] kfP .

Ps lbg uf]sLs{ f] e6] ‘sf]/fn] ª] \sf’] gfds n]vs;uF
eof] . pgs} k]/| 0ffaf6 ufs] L{n] oyfy{ 36gfx¿nfO{
;d]6/] syf nV] g yfn] . cfÇgf] bz] sf bM' vL, ul/a,
dhb/' , el/of h:tf dflg;sf bM' v, kL8f / si6x¿nfO{
;d]6/] ufs] Ln{ ] ;flxTo /rgf ug{ yfn] .

c6\7fO; jif{sf] pd/] df ljjfxaGwgdf afFlwPsf uf]sL{n] ljjfxkl5 klg ;flxTo
nV] b} uP . ToxfFsf hf/x¿n] hgtfx¿nfO{ bM' v lbPsf lyP . ltg} bM' v / kL8fnfO{
;d]6]/ pgn] y'k}| syf / pkGof;x¿ n]v] .

zAbf {y cleefjsljxLg M cfdfafaf jf ;xf/f gePsf] ed| 0f M 3'Dg] sfd
si6s/ M bM' vk"0f{ hf/ M ?;sf k'/fgf afbzfxsf]
ef}Ftfl/P/ M otfptf /GylgP/ pkflw
cf}krfl/s cWoog M sIffdf uP/ k9\g]

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 127

pgsf d'Vo ;flxlTos sl[ tx¿df ‘cfdf’ pkGof;, ‘afhsf] uLt’ syf;ª\u|x,
‘cf/fdlko| gful/sx¿’ gf6s nufotsf kb5{ g\ .

‘cfdf’ pkGof; gk] fnL efiff / ljZjsf w/] } efiffdf cgj' fb u//] n]lvPsf] 5 . of]
ljZjkl| ;4 pkGof; xf] . hgtfnfO{ bM' v lbg] zf;ssf] lj/f]w u/]sfn] pgL hn] df
klg k/]sf lyP . Toltv]/ pgL nufot ;Q/L xhf/ dflg;x¿ hn] df k/]sf lyP .
hgtfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg] ufs] Ln{ fO{ h]ndf /fVbf rf/}lt/ lj/f]w ePkl5 pgL
hn] af6 d'Qm ePsf lyP . ;;+ f/sf ul/a b'MvL hgtfsf lk|o ag]sf uf]sL{n] ;g\
!(#^ df k|f0f Tofu u/] . pgL xfdf| ;fd' geP klg pgsf sl[ tdfkm{t cfh klg
pgnfO{ ;;+ f/el/sf dfG5]n] ;lD¹/xG5g\ .

zAbf {y s[lt M lstfa, Voflt d'Qm M 5'6sf/f kfPsf,] 5'6s] f]
;ªu\ x| M hDdf kfg{] sfd, ;ªs\ ng k|f0f Tofu ug{' M dg,'{ ;;+ f/ 5f8] g\ '
h]n M ck/fwL yG' g] 3/, ˆofnvfgf

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s n]v M
jl~rt, x'sb{+ ,} Joj;fo, ;f¹F laxfg, cleefjsljxLg, cfsfzd'lg, kL8f /
si6

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
jl~rt, Joj;fo, cleefjsljxLg, ef}tF fl/g', hf/

#= z'4 kf//] n]v M
s_ uf/] sLn] cfÇgf] hLGbuLdf czn dflg;x¿ klg e6] o\ f] .
v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf t -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ zflxlTos cf_ ;fxLlTos O_ ;flxlQs O{_ ;flxlTos
@= c_ 3fi] f0ff cf_ 3f]if9f O_ 3fiF] f0ff O_{ 3f];0ff

128 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

#= c_ ztfAbL cf_ ztfJbL O_ ;tfJbL O{_ ztfab\ L
$= c_ lb3{hLjg cf_ bL3h{ Ljg O_ lbu{hLjg O_{ bL3{ hLjg
$= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘o’ / ‘P’ nfus] f kfrF kfFr j6f zAb l6k .
%= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
6'x'/f], uhf]{ 6fg,'{ si6s/, ed| 0f, hn]
^= tnsf zAbnfO{ ltgsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbsf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M
plrt cgfk} rfl/s
cf}krfl/s 56' sf/f
b'Mv cg'lrt
ldng ;v'
dQ' m lj5f8]

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= DoflS;d ufs] Ls{ f] hGd sg' bz] df ePsf] lyof] <


v= cfÇgf cfdfafafsf] d[Tok' l5 ufs] L{ s;sf] ;xf/fdf x'lsP{ sf lyP <


u= ufs] L{ slt jif{sf] pd/] df 3/ 5f]8]/ sfd vfH] g lxF8s] f lyP <


3= ufs] Ln{ ] s;sf] k]|/0ff kfP/ ;flxTo nV] g yfn] <


ª= uf]sLn{ fO{ s;n] bM' v lbP <


;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 129

@= hf8] f ldnfpm M

DoflS;d k]:sfe] hGd

efef{/f k]:sfe] d[To'

cfdf dftf

;g\ !(#^ pkGof;

;g\ !*^* lktf

#= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a]7Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ DoflS;d uf]sL{ cd]l/sfdf hGds] f xg' \ .

v_ DoflS;d ufs] L{ ;fg}df 6x' '/f ePsf lyP .

u_ DoflS;d ufs] L{n] vf;} bM' v kfPgg\ .

3_ DoflS;d ufs] Ln{ ] cfdf pkGof; n]v] .

ª_ DoflS;d uf]sLn{ ] ljjfx u/]gg\ .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ cfÇgf] sfkLdf nv] M
s_ DoflS;d uf]sLs{ f] afNosfnsf] af/]df n]v .
v_ DoflS;d ufs] Ls{ f] k9fOsf] af/]df j0fg{ u/ .
u_ DoflS;d uf]sL{n] cfk"mn] nv] s] f ;flxlTos s[ltdf s] s/' fnfO{ ;d6] ]sf
5g\ <

130 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9M

dxfTdf ufGwLsf] jf:tljs gfd df]xgbf; s/drGb ufGwL xf] . dxfTdf ufGwLsf]
hGd ;g\ !*^( df ef/tsf] uh' /ftdf ePsf] lyof] . pgn] cªu\ ]h| x¿sf xftaf6
ef/tnfO{ :jtGq u/fP . pgnfO{ ef/tsf /fi6«lktf elgG5 . s;}nfO{ bM' v lbgx' F'bg} ,
rf/] L ug'{xFb' g} , ¹6' f] af]Ngx' Fb' g} eGg] dxfTdf ufGwLsf] ;f]rfOn] ubf{ pgL ljZjk|l;4
eP . cfÇgf cfdfafafsf] ;Ddfg u//] pgLx¿n] b]vfPsf] af6fd] f lxF8]/ g} pgL ;kmn
dflg; ePsf lyP . cfÇgf] bz] sf] enf] x'g] sfd ug'k{ 5{ eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .
k/LIffdf c;kmn eOG5 eg/] c¿sf] gSsn ug{x' 'bF }g . gSsn ug{' rf/] L ug{' xf] eGg]
dxfTdf ufGwLsf] egfOnfO{ xfdLn] klg u|x0f ugk'{ 5{ .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s nv] M
jf:tljs, /fi6l« ktf, cªu\ ]|h, k/LIff, gSsn, ux| 0f, ljrf/, ljZjk|l;4

@= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ dxfTdf ufGwL s'g bz] df hlGdPsf lyP <

c_ g]kfn cf_ ef/t O_ lrg

v_ dxfTdf ufGwLn] s;sf] xftaf6 ef/tnfO{ :jtGq agfPsf lyP <

c_ lx6n/ cf_ ox'bL O_ cª\u]|h

u_ dxfTdf ufGwL ef/tsf s] xg' \ <

c_ /fi6«klt cf_ k|wfgdGqL O_ /fi6l« ktf

3_ k/LIffdf gSsn ug'{ egs] f] s] xf] <

c_ rf/] L ug '{ cf_ /dfOnf] ug '{ O_ ldlxg]t ug'{

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
==============================================================================

v_ dxfTdf ufGwLn] s] of]ubfg lbPsf lyP <
==============================================================================

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 131

u_ dxfTdf ufGwL s;/L ;kmn dflg; ePsf lyP <
==============================================================================
3_ dxfTdf ufGwL s:tf] ljrf/ /fVy] <
==============================================================================
ª_ xfdLn] s'g egfOnfO{ u|x0f ugk{' 5{ <
==============================================================================

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 !&! df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= 7Ls zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g]kfnsf ================== xg' \ . -/fi6l« gdf{tf, /fi6«lktf_
v_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf lktfsf] gfd ===================== xf] .

-hªu\ axfb/' zfx, g/e"kfn zfx_
u_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] gk] fnsf] =============== u/] . -ljv08Ls/0f, PsLs/0f_
3_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ===================== lbP/ uP . -lbJodfnf, lbJofk] bz] _
@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a]7Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fHo ug'c{ l3 g]kfn 7n" f] lyof] .
v_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] w]/} /fHonfO{ Pp6} agfP .
u_ w/] } /fHonfO{ Pp6} agfpg] sfd PsLs/0f xf] .
3_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] cªu\ |]hnfO{ g]kfndf cfpg lbP .

132 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx s;sf 5f]/f lyP <
v_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] u/s] f] dV' o sfd s] xf] <
u_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] bz] / hgtfnfO{ s]s];Fu t'ngf uy]{ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

cgfb/ dWod cfb/ pRr cfb/
tF lrq agfp5F ;\ . ltdL lrq agfpF5f} . tkfO{F lrq agfpg'xG' 5 .
pm lrq agfp5F . pgL lrq agfpF5g\ . pxfF lrq agfpgx' 'G5 .

!= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ nv] M
s_ afaf sfofn{ o hfG5 .
==============================================================================

v_ efOn] vfgf vfO{ .
==============================================================================
u_ tF ljBfno hfgx' f;] \ .
==============================================================================
3_ ltdL 1fgL dfG5] 5;\ .
==============================================================================
ª_ pxfF t lxh} cfof] .
==============================================================================

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 133

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ;uF s} f] afs;df ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] ljZjk|l;4 sg' } v]nf8Lsf] kmf]6f] 6fF; .

@= g]kfnsf s'g} k|l;4 JolQmsf] af/d] f bz jfSo nv] .

ufpvF fg] syf – 5ftf
d Psv§' ] bfO bn} fdf gc6fO{ s] xf] < – nf/} f]
d vv} } a"9f d cl3 hfG5' s] xf] < – cfUnf]
d jNnf 3/sf] g/] kNnf 3/ ;/] s] xf] < – 9ª' u\ f
d lxF8b\ } 5 kfOnf d]6b\ } 5 s] xf] < – yn} L
d sfg tfGbf dv' afp5F s] xf] < – bfDnf]
d lbgel/ ;'Tg] /ftel/ p7\g] s] xf] < – 6fk] L nufPsf]
d wfgL{ g la;f}nL b'O{ xftn] prfnL s] xf] < – df]xL kf/s] f]
d nx/f tfGbf kx/f ys{G5 s] xf] < – s'rf]
d ;fgL;fgL gfgLsf xftel/ r/' L s] xf] < – 5fof
d cfkm" htf uof] pt} hfg] s] xf] < – rªu\ f
d p8\5 r/f] xf]Og, k'R5/ 5 hgfj/ xfO] g s] xf] <

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
134 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

kf7 !# l9sL hf“tf]

lgaGw

tnsf lrq / ltgsf] gfd Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

xnf] cf]vn gfªn\ f]

3§ 8fs] f] gfDnf]

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff # 135

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
d ltdLn] l9sL bv] ]sf 5f} < of] sxfF x'G5 <
d ltdLn] hfFtf] bv] ]sf 5f} < o;n] s] u5{ <
d ltdLn] gfªn\ f] b]vs] f 5f} <
d kfgL 3§ eg]sf] s] xf] yfxf 5 <
tn afs;df ufpF3/df xg' ] sx] L j:tx' ¿sf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/ k9 M
xnf,] hj' f, cf]bfg, r'nf], cu]gf], 7]sL, dbfgL, xlF ;of, slrof, vk' f{, aGr/f], tfKs,]
esf/L, 8f]sf], 8fnf], uG' bL| , bg' f, 6k/L, af]xf]tf, uf}jf, sf]bfnf,] sfb] fnL, s6' f], sf]n,
;Gb';, lksf,{ rs6L, dfGbf| ]

136 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

xfd|f ufp3F /df w]/y} l/ 3/]n' cf}hf/x¿ 5g\ . crn] lah'nLaf6 rNg] ljleGg ks| f/sf d]l;gx¿
cfPsf 5g\ . t/ c¹} ufp3F /df xftuf8] fn] rnfpg] cf}hf/x¿ ko| f]u xG' 5g\ . ltdLx¿dWo]
sltkonfO{ o:tf ;fwgx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L gx'g ;S5 . of] kf7df ufpF3/df w]/} k|of]u x'g]
l9sL / hftF fs] f] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . l9sL hfFtf]eGbf afx]s c¿ klg 3/n] ' ;fwgx¿
xG' 5g\ . ltdLx¿ cfÇgf] cleefjs tyf lzIfs;uF o:tf ;fwgx¿sf] af/d] f ;fw] . ;Dej
eP;Dd To:tf ;fwgx¿ xg] {] ko| f; u/ . ltgsf] af/d] f w/] } s'/f hfGg / a'ˆg sf]l;; u/ . l9sL
/ hfFtfs] f] af/d] f kf7af6 w]/} s/' f l;Sg] 5f} . ga'¹s] f s'/f lzIfsaf6 aˆ' g] 5f} .

hf8f] labfdf d cfÇgf dftflktf;Fu ufpF uPsf] lyPF . dnfO{ labfdf ufpF hfg tyf
ToxfFsf k'/fgf ;fdfgx¿ xg] { / ltgLx¿sf] af/d] f hfGg w]/} /dfOnf] nfU5 . o;kfln
klg ufpFaf6 s]xL l;s/] cfpg] ljrf/ lyof] . xfdL ufpF k'Ubf ;f¹F k/s] f] lyof] .
To;n} ] Tof] lbg vfgf vfP/ ;T' of}F . efl] nkN6 laxfg} cgf7} f] cfjfhn] d/] f] lgbf| v'Nof] .
cfdf, sfsL, sfsf, Ps} 7fpdF f xg' x' 'Fbf] /x5] . pxfFx¿ s]xL sfd ug{'xF'b} lyof] .
sfsfn] v§' fn] s]xL rnfpge' Psf] lyof] . cfdf / sfsL gfªn\ f]df kL7f] /fv]/ 5fGg'xbF' }
lyof] . dnfO{ cgf}7f] nfUof] .

‘tkfO+n{ ] s] rnfpg'ePsf] sfsf <’ of]
‘l9sL xf] afa' .’ l9sLsf] af/]df hfGg]
OR5f eof] . d}n] afafnfO{ l9sLsf] af/]df
cfkm" nfO{ sx] L atfOlbg cg'/f]w u/]F . pxfnF ]
dnfO{ o;/L a¹' fpg'eof] – l9sL g]kfnL
;dfhdf cToGt nfs] lk|o s'6fO tyf lk;fOsf] ;fwg xf] . o;nfO{ ufp3F /df wfg
s6' \g, lrp/f agfpg, tyf rfdn, ds} sf]bf] cflb lkwF ]/ kL7f] agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .

zAbf {y gfª\nf] M af;F sf] rfo] faf6 ags] f] bfn, nfs] lk|o M gfd rn]sf], w]/n} ] lrgs] f]
rfdn s]nfpg] efF8f] ;fwg M ;fdfg, j:t'
cgf}7f ] M gf}nf], crDdsf]
l9sL M v§' fn] lyr]/ pkmf/L wfg cflb
s'6\g] ;fwg

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 137

afafn] dnfO{ l9sLsf] glhs} nu/] bv] fpFb} eGg'eof] – l9sL sf7af6 ag]sf] xG' 5 .
l9sL agfpg bO' { j6f sf7sf lsnfx¿ glhsglhs} ufl8Psf xG' 5g\ . tL lsnfx¿df
hldgeGbf cln dfly Kjfn kfl/Psf] xG' 5 . ToxL Kjfndf ldNg] u/L Pp6f nfdf]
alnof] ux|fF} sf7 hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . lsnfdf ;dft/] uf8] fn] Tof] sf7sf] Ps 5p] df
lyrk] l5 csf{] 5]p prflnG5 .

l9sLsf] dv' kl§ Kjfn agfP/ Pp6f ufn] f] sf7 hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 . To;nfO{ d;' n
elgG5 . d';nsf] 6'Kkf] kg{] 7fpdF f eO' dF f cfv] n /flvPsf] x'G5 . cf]vn alnof]
9'ª\ufnfO{ vf]k]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . sfsfn] l9sLsf] k'R5/df uf]8fn] wsN] g'ePsf] bZ[ o
bv] fpFb} afafn] eGg'eof] – pM To;/L lyrk] l5 cufl8sf] efu dfly p7\5 clg To;nfO{
5f8] k] l5 d';nn] cfv] ndf ePsf] rfdnnfO{ w'nf] agfp5F .

l9sLdf bO' { k|sf/sf d;' nx¿sf]
k|of]u xG' 5 . wfg s'6g\ ] / kL7f]
agfpg] d';nsf] 6K' kf]df kmnfdsf
bfFth:tf] ;fwg 7fl] sPsf] xG' 5 .
To;nfO{ ufn] f] kmnfdn] aflF wPsf] xG' 5
h;nfO{ ;fFaL elgG5 . csf]{ ks| f/sf]
d;' ndf bfFt /flvPsf] xbF' g} . o;nfO{
lrp/f agfpg] jn] fdf k|ofu] ul/G5 .
sfsf l9sL rnfpgx' Fb' } lyof] . sfsL rfdnsf] 3fg xfNgx' bF' } lyof] . cfdf eg] kL7f]
l5Gsgx' F'b} lyof] . l9sLsf] af/d] f olt w]/} s'/f hfgk] l5 d /dfpFb} 3/leq l5/F] .

3/leq xh/' cfdf Pp6f 9ª' \ufnfO{ 3'dfpgx' 'Fb} lyof] . dnfO{ Tof] klg cgf}7f] nfUof] .
kml] / xQkQ afafnfO{ afn] fpg uPF . afafnfO{ xh'/cfdfn] rnfpg'ePsf] ;fwg

zAbf {y d;' n M wfgrfdn cflb s6' \g ko| f]u ;faF L M d;' nsf] 6K' kfdf hfl] 8Psf]
ul/g] ;fwg 3fg kmnfdsf] rSsf
cfv] n M l9sLdf xg' ] 9'ª\ufsf] vfl] kN6f] M s'6\bf jf lk:bf Ps k6sdf
b[Zo M cfvF f cufl8 b]lvg] j:t' l¹lsg] dfqf

138 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

b]vfP/ To;sf] gfd ;f]w]F . afafn] ‘Tof] hfFtf’] xf] eGge' of] . ca dnfO{ hfFtf]sf] af/d] f
klg hfGg] OR5f eof] . afaf;uF cg/' fw] u/k] l5 pxfnF ] atfpge' of] – hftF f] gk] fnL
ufpFx¿df kL7f] agfpg tyf bfn agfpg k|of]u ul/g] k'/fgf] ;fwg xf] .

hftF fd] f Pp6f 7"nf] ufn] f] 9ª' \ufnfO{
hldgdf ufl8Psf] xG' 5 . To;sf]
aLrdf vfk] /] Kjfn kfl/Psf]
x'G5 . To;df bx|f] sf7 7fl] sPsf]
xG' 5 h;nfO{ 7]pnf] elgG5 . 7p] nf]df
Pp6f kmnfdsf] df]6f] lsnf 7fl] sG5 .
To;nfO{ dfgL elgG5 . csf{] cln ;fgf]
uf]nf] 9ª' \ufsf] aLrdf Kjfn kfl/Psf]
x'G5 . To;nfO{ dfgLdf 3;' fP/ eO' dF f ufl8Psf] 9ª' \uf dfly /flvPsf] x'G5 . dfly
/flvPsf] 9ª' u\ fsf] 5]pdf ;fgf] Kjfn agfP/ Pp6f sf7 7fl] sPsf] xG' 5 . To;nfO{
xftf] elgG5 . xftfd] f ;dft/] hftF fn] fO{ 3d' fOG5 . hftF fs] f] aLrsf] Kjfnaf6 lkWF gk' g]{
s'/f /flvG5 clg hfFtfn] fO{ 3'dfOG5 . w/] }a/] hftF f] 3'dfPkl5 kL7f] tof/ xG' 5 .

afafn] hfFtfs] f ;a} efu b]vfP/ clg rnfPkl5 d}n] ;a} s/' f /fd/| L a¹' ]F . hftF fn] fO{
g} ljsf; u/]/ kL7f] agfpg] dl] ;g, ldn agfOPsf] xf] eGg] s/' f klg a'¹F] . dn} ]
l9sL / hfFtfs] f] af/]df w]/} s'/f l;Sg kfPF . cr]n l9sL hfFtf]sf] k|ofu] 36\b} uPsf]
5 . x/fpbF } hfg nfu]sf] gk] fnL k/' fgf 3/n] ' oGqx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfPsfn]
o;kflnsf] d/] f] ufpsF f] ofqf w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ eof] .

xftf ] M hftF f] rnfpg] sf7sf] laF8 ldn M cGg jf cGo j:t' s6' \g] jf

zAbf {y dfgL M hfFtf]sf] tNnf] efudf 7f]lsg] k]Ng] sf/vfgf

kmnfdsf] 8G8L 3/]n' oGq M 3/df rnfpg] jf kfOg] ;fwg

7p] nf ] M hfFtf]sf] aLrdf 7f]lsg] sf7

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 139

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
v'§f, ;fF¹, lgb|f, cToGt, Kjfn, 9'ªu\ f

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
l9sL, cToGt, nfs] lko| , d;' n, ;fFaL, cf]vn

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
/dfOnf], gk] fnL, ufp,F dnfO{, xfdL, laxfg}

$= s_ z4' kf//] n]v M
3/eLq xh/" cfdf opm6f 9u+' fnfO 3"dfpg'xF'b} lyof] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf ufn] f] 3]/f nufpm M
!= b:[ o bZ[ o lb|Zo
@= uflbPsf ] uf8LPsf ] ufl8Psf]
#= ljsf; jLsf; lasf;
$= dxTjk'0f { dxŒjk"0f { dxŒjk0' f{

%= cIf/nfO{ ;N' 6o\ fP/ zAb agfpm M
nfp] 7] – 7p] nf]
O6fs', bfs] f], gw;f, oslkn| f,] Onf]df/

^= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
k'/fgf], glhs, ufpF, ;fF¹, nfdf,] ;fgf,] /dfOnf]

&= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ ko| fu] ePsf kfrF kfrF zAbx¿ l6k .

140 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

dftflktf lk:bf jf e'6\bf Ps k6sdf l¹lsg] cGgsf] dfqf

bZ[ o hfFtf] rnfpg] sf7sf] ;fwg

3fg gfn} f]

xftf] cfdfaa' f

cgf}7f] cfFvf cufl8 b]lvg] j:t'

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ sfsfn] s] rnfpge' Psf] lyof] <
v_ hfFtf] 3'dfpg ;dfOg] sf7nfO{ s] elgG5 <
u_ l9sLsf] cf]vndf k:g] uf]nf] sf7nfO{ s] elgG5 <
3_ l9sLdf lrp/f agfpg s:tf] d';n k|of]u x'G5 <
ª_ l9sL hfFtf] sxfF k|ofu] x'G5 <

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls / a]7Ls egfOdf a7] Ls n]v M
s_ sfsL rfdnsf] 3fg xfNgx' bF' } lyof] .

v_ l9sL hfFtf] ;x/df kfOG5 .

u_ l9sL hftF f] ufpF3/df k|rlnt 5g\ .

3_ hfFtf] 9ª' u\ fn] ags] f] xG' 5 .

ª_ l9sL hftF f] lahn' Laf6 rN5g\ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 141

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ l9sLdf 3fg xfNg vf]k]/ agfOPsf] 9ª' u\ fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
v_ hfFtfs] f] tNnf] 9ª' u\ fdf 7f]lsPsf] sf7sf] gfd s] xf] <
u_ 7]pnf]df 7f]lsPsf] kmnfdsf] df]6f] lsnf]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
3_ l9sLsf] d'vkl§ 7fl] sPsf] ufn] f] sf7nfO{ s] elgG5 <
ª_ l9sLsf] d';ndf kmnfdsf] bftF afWF g] kmnfdnfO{ s] elgG5 <

$= ltdLn] l9sL / hfFtfs] f] af/d] f s]s] s'/f l;Sof} < cfk"mn] hfg]sf] s/' f bz
jfSodf n]v .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9M

a/kLknsf] ¿vnfO{ 9'ª\uf jf OF6fn] 3/] ]/ a:g
nfos agfPsf] 7fpnF fO{ rf}tf/f] elgG5 . rft} f/fd] f
ef/L afs] ]/ cfPsf dflg;x¿ ef/L la;fP/ ysfO
df5g{ \ . sf]xL ToxfF a;/] ;fdflhs s'/f u5g{ \ /
ljsf;sf ofh] gf agfpF5g\ eg] sf]xL rf}tf/fs] f]
9ª' u\ fdf ;'t]/ ;:' tfpF5g\ . rft} f/f] ;a}sf] ;f¹f ynf]
xf] . rft} f/f]df ljleGg 7fpsF f dflg;;uF e]63f6 /
lrghfg klg x'G5 .

gk] fnL ;dfhdf rf}tf/f] agfP/ ;dfh;j] f ug{] k/' fgf] k/Dk/f rlncfPsf] 5 .
sltko dflg;x¿n] cfÇgf :juL{o dftflktfsf] ;D¹gfdf rft} f/f] agfpg] u5{g\
eg] sltkon] cfÇgf] dgsfdgf k"/f xf;] \ eg/] klg rf}tf/f] agfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
rf}tf/f]sf] glhs} kfgLsf] wf/f] klg agfOPsf] kfOG5 . 6f9f6f9faf6 cfPsf ofq',
a6'jf ;a}n] lr;f] kfgL lkpFb} rf}tf/fs] f] zLtn 5fofdf ysfO df/]/ cfgGb dx;';
u5{g\ .

142 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
9ª' \uf, ysfO, ;fdflhs, :juL{o, k/Dk/f, lkpFb,} lr;f], zLtn

@= tnsf /h] f -√_ lrÅg nufpm M O_ t'n;L
s_ rft} f/fd] f s]sf] ¿v xG' 5 <

c_ kLkn cf_ ;'Gtnf

v_ rft} f/f]df dflg;x¿ ef/L la;fP/ s] u5{g\ <

c_ df5f df5{g\ cf_ r/f df5{g\ O_ ysfO df5{g\
u_ rf}tf/f] s:tf] ynf] xf] <

c_ JolQmut ynf] cf_ ;f¹f ynf] O_ 7Ug] ynf]
3_ rf}tf/fs] f] glhs} s] xG' 5 <

c_ kfgLsf] wf/f] cf_ tn' ;Lsf] d7 O_ zfr} fno

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ s:tf] 7fpnF fO{ rf}tf/f] elgG5 <
==============================================================================

v_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf s:tf] rng rlncfPsf] 5 <
==============================================================================

u_ dflg;n] s;sf] ;D¹gfdf rft} f/f] agfp5F g\ <
==============================================================================

3_ rft} f/f]sf] glhs} s] agfOPsf] xG' 5 <
==============================================================================

ª_ rft} f/fd] f a;/] dflg;x¿ s:tf] dx;'; u5g{ \ <
==============================================================================

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff # 143

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !&@ df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= 7Ls zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ a; ================ df rNg] oftfoftsf] ;fwg xf] . -hndfu{, :yndfu_{
v_ /flÇ6ª af8] { ============ df rNg] oftfoftsf] ;fwg xf] . -jfod' fu{, hndfu{_
u_ xl] nsK6/ ============= df rNg] oftfoftsf] ;fwg xf] . -:yndfu,{ jfod' fu_{
3_ s]an' sf/ ================ df r8g\ ] ;jf/L ;fwg xf] . -jfo'dfu,{ tf/dfu{_

@= 7Ls egfOdf 7Ls -µ_ / a]7Ls egfOdf a]7Ls -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ hldg / kfgLdf dfq} rN5g\ .
v_ ‘uf8f’ hndfud{ f rNg] oftfoftsf] ;fwg xf] .
u_ rf}/F Ln] ;fdfg af]S5 .
3_ tf/df klg oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ rN5g\ .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ hndfu{, :yndfud{ f rNg] oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] gfd n]v .
v_ ;8s guPsf] 7fpdF f ss] :tf oftfoftsf ;fwg x'G5g\ <
u_ lj1fgn] oftfoftdf s] s:tf] rdTsf/ u/]sf] 5 <

144 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff #

Jofs/0f ;Lk

Psjrg axj' rg
xfdL k:' ts k9\5f}F .
d k:' ts k9\5' . ltdLx¿ l;gd] f x5] f{} .
pgLx¿ lrq agfpF5g\ .
ltdL l;gd] f x5] f}{ . ;fyLx¿ es'G8f] vN] 5g\ .
ljBfyL{x¿ k|fy{gf ub}{ 5g\ .
pgL lrq agfpF5g\ .

;fyL esG' 8f] v]N5 .

ljBfyL{ k|fy{gf ub}{ 5 .

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ n]v M
s= d uLt ufpFb} 5fF} .
v= alxgLx¿ ?dfnns' fO v]Nb} 5] .
u= xfdL sk8f w'G5' .
3= vn] f8Lx¿n] ufn] xfGof] .
ª= uLtf uLt ufpF5g\ .

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ufpF3/df ko| f]u xg' ] s'g} ;fwgsf] af/d] f cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] clg
To;sf] af/]df Pp6f cg'R5]b nv] .

@= ufpF s:tf] xG' 5 < ltdLn] hfg]sf s/' fx¿ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff # 145

gk] fndf klxnf] dlxnf s]

sf] ;u/dfyf r9\g]
/fi6k« lt
d kf;fªNxfd' zk] f{ ;efd'v
d ljBfbj] L e08f/L dbg k/' :sf/ kfpg]
d cfG] ;/L 3tL{ dGqL
d kfl/hft P;Pn;Ldf ky| d
d åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL ljdfg rfns
d ng' f e§ kw| fgfWofks
d /Iff /f0ff /fhb"t
d cª\u'/afaf hf]zL dxfsfJosf/
d laGbZ] j/L zfx OlGhlgo/
d a'g" nfld5fg] l;l8cf]
d sflGt dNn dlxnfgt] [
d piff g]kfn kw| fgGofofwLz
d dª\unfb]jL l;+x
d ;'zLnf sfsL{

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
146 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff #

kf7 !$ v';L d]/f] ;fyL

sljtf b]jL gk] fn

tnsf jfSox¿ ;an} ] cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

dnfO{ ;a}n] dfof ubf{ v';L nfU5 .
d/] f /fd|f cIf/ b]v]/ u?' cfdf v';L x'ge' of] .

xfd|f] /fd|f] Jojxf/ bv] /] kz'x¿ klg v;' L x'G5g\ .
v';L /xg] dflg; ;'vL x'G5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 147

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLnfO{ sltv]/ v';L nfU5 <
d jiffo{ fddf kfgL kbf{ ltdL slQsf] v;' L xG' 5f} <
d dflg; lsg v;' L /xg'k5{ <
d dflg;afx]s c¿ sfs] f] v;' L /xg ;S5g\ <

;Fus} f] a]ng' df lbOPsf zAbx¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .

xfF;f] k;| Gg

v;' L ?jfO b'Mv
kL8f cf;F ' pdª\u

148 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff #

;uF }sf] t:jL/ 8f= b]jL gk] fnsf] xf] . logL nfs] lk|o slj xg' \ . logn] ltdLx¿
h:tf ;fgf gfgLx¿sf nflu klg w]/} sljtfx¿ n]vs] f 5g\ . of] kf7df /flvPsf]
‘v;' L d/] f] ;fyL’ sljtfdf :jtGqtfkj" {s afFRg kfpFbf ;a} v';L xG' 5g\ eGg] s/' f
l;sfOPsf] 5 . k"mn k'mNg kfpbF f, d[u plk|mg kfpFbf, cGwsf/ x6fpFb} rGb|df
pbfpg kfpbF f w]/} v';L xG' 5g\ . ks| [ltsf ljleGg tŒjx¿ cf–cfÇg} ;'/df rNg
kfpbF f v';L x'G5g\ . gbL aUg kfpbF f / afbn uhg{ kfpFbf v';L x'G5g\ . To:t} xfdLnfO{ klg cfÇgf]
sfddf /dfOnf] nfU5 . /dfOnf] nfUg'sf] cy{ v;' L xg' ' xf] . vN] bf, vfg kfpFbf, gfrufg ubf{
xfdLnfO{ /dfOnf] nfU5 . v';L eP/ a:g] dflg; w]/} ;v' L x'G5 . pm w]/} ;kmn xG' 5 . sljtf no
xfn/] k9 . yk s/' f sIffdf lzIfsn] a'¹fpgx' g' ] 5 .

v';L 5 ki' k kmN' gdf
v;' L 5 ldu{ 8N' gdf
v;' L lnP/ /ftdf
pbfpFb} 5 rGb|df .

u8o\ fªu\ u5{ afbn
v';L pdf5{ dfbn
d;' S' s xf:F 5 sf]lknf
/ 55{ Hof]lt rlDsnf .

gbL v;' L 5 aUgdf
r/f v';L 5 p8g\ df
gofF k|sfzsf] v';L
5l/G5 lgTo ;o" d{ f .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff # 149

v';L laxfg cfpF5 zAbf {y ki' k M k"mn
gofF pdª\u Nofp5F ldu{ M du[
v';L x/]s /ftdf pbfpFb} M pbo xbF' }
k|;Gg e} lgbfpF5 . pdfg{' M pAhfpg'
lgTo M ;w}F
d afS] 5' xftdf v';L pdª\u M v';L
d /fV5' ;fydf v';L k;| Gg M v;' L
d bM' v 5'GgF So} u/L So} M sx] L
lg/fz xG' gF So} u/L . lg/fz M cfzf gePsf]

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
k'ik, pbfpFb}, u8\ofª\u, d';'Ss, rlDsnf, gofF, lgTo, pdªu\ , lg/fz
@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
k'ik, pbfpbF }, lgTo, pdªu\ , lg/fz
#= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
lgTo v';L
pdfg'{ pHofnf]
ks| fz ;w}F
k;| Gg pAhfpg'

150 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff #