Green Sungava Nepali 4

pmF 6 kfNg]n] s]xL s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ . pFm6nfO{ afWF g] 8f]/L jf l;jm| L alnof] xg' k' 5{ .
dflg; a:gsf] nflu o;sf] 9f8df afFlwPsf] u2L alnof];uF sl;Psf] xg' k' 5{ . pm6F sf]
z/L/df h'/fs] f] ljz]if dxŒj x'G5 . h/' f]n] g} pFm6nfO{ w/] } lbg;Dd vfgf gvfP klg afRF g
;Sg] zlQm lbO/xG5 . To;n} ] pFm6sf] h'/f]df 3fp gxf];\ eg]/ v'a Vofn ug'{k5{ . o;sf]
z/L/df ;do;dodf /fF} a9g\ ] ePsfn] sf6/] 5f6] f] kfgk'{ 5{ . Pp6f pmF6af6 jifd{ f kfrF
lsnf;] Dd pmg kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . pm6F sf] pmg sDdn, Hofs6] , cf]e/sf]6 tyf cGo
afSnf sk8f agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 . pmF6nfO{ klg dflg; tyf cGo hLjx¿nfO{ h:t} /fu]
nfUg ;S5 . To;n} ] jn] fj]nfdf o;sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug'k{ 5{ .

pm6F d?el" dsf] hxfh xf] . d?el" d ePsf b]zx¿df
pmF6nfO{ vt] hf]Tg, ;fdfg af]Sg, kfgL cf;] fg{ k|of]u
ul/G5 . sltko 7fpFdf pm6F nfO{ kqklqsf tyf lr7Lkq
cf];fg{] dfWodsf ¿kdf klg k|ofu] ul/G5 . d?e"ld ePsf
b]zx¿df pmF6nfO{ 3D' tL k':tsfno, 3'DtL cf}ifwfno
cflbsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u xG' 5 . pm6F sf] bw" cToGt
kfl] ;nf] tyf nfebfos xG' 5 . o;sf] bw" nfO{ cf}ifwLsf]
¿kdf klg k|ofu] ul/G5 . Pp6f :j:y pmF6n] lbgsf] bz
ln6/;Dd b"w lbG5 . pFm6sf] bw" n] dfln; ubf{ x8\8L tyf
5fnf;DaGwL w]/} /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . pmF 6sf] b"w d?e"ldsf dflg;x¿sf] cfl8nf] vfB
kbfy{ xf] . dflg;x¿ pmF6sf] df;' klg vfG5g\ . o;sf] 5fnf ;'6s;] , Hofs6] nufotsf
;fdfgx¿ agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

d?el" d If]qsf dflg;x¿sf nflu pmF 6 cToGt pkofu] L hgfj/ xf] . pmF6 To; Ifq] sf
dflg;x¿sf] hLjgsf] cleGg cª\u ag]sf] 5 . ToxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] ;DkGgtf pgLx¿;Fu
/x]sf] pFm6sf] cfwf/df lgwf/{ 0f xG' 5 . o;n] d?el" dsf nflu dfq xf]Og† ToxfFsf
dflg;x¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;xofu] u/]sf] x'G5 .

sDdn M pmgaf6 ags] f] cf]8g\ ] Gofgf] 3D' tL cf}ifwfno M 3l' d3d' L sfd ug]{ cf}ifwL

sk8f, sDan k;n

zAbf {y k/LIf0f M hfrF nfebfos M kmfObf jf nfe xg' ]

kf]l;nf] M w]/} tfut lbg] vfBkbfy{ M vfg]s/' f, vfg] rLhaLh

3D' tL k':tsfno M 3d' L3'dL sfd ug]{ k':tsfno cleGg cª\u M g56' l\ 6g] jf dxŒjk0" f{ cªu\

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 151

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
rf/v§' ,] ufOa{ fv|f, Aofsl6o« g, d?el" d, bftF , cltl/Qm, kl| j|mof, :tgwf/L, vfB

@= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
kf]l;nf], 3D' tL cfi} fwfno, vfBkbfy{, ;xof]uL hLj, dn' fod

#= s_ tnsf] jfSo z'4 kf/]/ nv] M

h'/fn] ] g} pF6nfO{ w]/} bLg;Dd vfgf gvfP klg afRg ;Sg] ;lQm lb/xG5 .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAb lrg]/ ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm M

!= c_ cfi} fwfno cf_ cf};wfno O_ cfi} fwno

@= c_ kl/If0f cf_ k/LIf0f O_ k/LS5]0f

#= c_ d?el' d cf_ d?e"dL O_ d?el" d

$= c_ pmF6wgL cf_ pF6wgL O_ pm6F wlg

$= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

kmf}h l3rf]{

k/LIf0f htg;uF /fVg] sfd

nfebfos g/d vfnsf] afSnf] 8:gf

;~ro hfrF

u2f nfe x'g]

ub{g ;]gfsf] 7"nf] bn

%= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

;lhnf] af;L

dfly c;lhnf]

sdnf ] tn

df6] f] ;fx|f]

tfhf xflgsf/s

nfebfos c;xof]u

;xof]u kftnf]

152 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ pmF6 s:tf] df};ddf kfOg] hgfj/ xf] <
v_ AoflS6«og pmF6 / c/laog pmF6df s] km/s x'G5 <
u_ pmF6sf] v'§fsf] kGhf s:tf] x'G5 <
3_ pm6F sf] gfsleq afn'jf gl5gs'{ f] sf/0f s] xf] <
ª_ pmF 6sf] 5fnfaf6 ss] ] agfpg ;lsG5 <

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ pmF6 bO' v{ §' ] hgfj/ xf] .

v_ pm6F ;al} t/ kfObF }g .

u_ pm6F sf v'§f nfdf x'G5g\ .

3_ pm6F nfO{ v]tLkftLsf] sfddf klg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

ª_ h/' f] pFm6sf] cgfjZos cªu\ xf] .

#= sf]i7saf6 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ pm6F sf] prfO ===================== ld6/ cUnf] x'G5 . -% bl] v ^, @ bl] v #_

v_ pmF 6n] ===================== klg vfG5 . -3fF;, df;_'

u_ pmF6sf] kfrg k|lj|mofdf =========== ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . - kfrsn], lkm6ls/Ln_]

3_ sfdsf] k|sl[ tcg;' f/ pFm6 ===================== k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . -b'O,{ rf/_

ª_ pm6F n] ===================== lsnf];Ddsf] jhg afS] g ;S5 . -$))), $))_

r_ pmF6 st} g/f]lsO{ ================= lsnf]ld6/;Dd lxF8g\ ;S5 . -@)), !))_

5_ pm6F sf] z/L/df ===================== sf] ljz]if dxŒj xG' 5 . -h/' f,] ;'8F _

h_ pm6F ===================== hxfh xf] . -;db' |sf], d?e"ldsf_]

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 153

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ pm6F sf] z/L/ s:tf] x'G5 <
v_ pmF6 s:tf] 7fpdF f kfOG5 / o;n] s] s/' f vfG5 <
u_ pmF6n] oftfoftsf] If]qdf s;/L ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5 <
3_ pm6F sf] b"wsf] lsg a9L dxŒj /x]sf] 5 <

%= pm6F n] ug{] sfdx¿ ss] ] xg' \ < j0f{g u/ .
^= pmF6nfO{ lsg d?e"ldsf] hxfh elgPsf] xf] <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9

u}F8f gfssf] 8fF8Ldf vfu x'g] 7"nf] / e2f cfsf/sf] rf/v'§] zfsfxf/L hªu\ nL hgfj/
xf] . of] ljZjsf bn' e{ jGohGtx' ¿dWo] Ps xf] . ljZj jGohGt' ;/+ If0f sf]ifn] klg
o;nfO{ bn' {e tyf ;ª\s6df /xs] f] jGohGt'sf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/s] f] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
u8F} fsf] t:jL/ Ps ;o ?lkofsF f] gf6] df cªl\ st u/s] f] 5 . o;sf] efn] aRrfnfO{ s6] f /
kf]yL aRrfnfO{ s6] L elgG5 . u8F} fsf] z/L/ df6] f3] f6f] x'G5 . o;sf sfg / cfFvf ;fgf
xG' 5g\ . o;sf] z/L/ ljleGg v08v08df ljefhg ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] 5fnf
cToGt ;fxf| ] / afSnf] x'G5 . u8F} fsf] Pp6f 5f6] f]5f6] f] vfnsf] k'R5/ x'G5 . o;sf v'§fx¿
vDafh:tf df]6f x'G5g\ . o;sf v§' fdf x'g] v/' s8f x'G5 . uF8} fsf] lha|f] w/] } v;f| ] /
afSnf] x'G5 . o;n] ¿vsf xfuF fx¿df /x]sf v;f| kftx¿ klg ;lhn} rkfpg ;S5 .
g]kfndf kfOg] Psl;Fu] uF}8f ;+;f/d} k|l;4 5 .
!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
8f8F L, zfsfxf/L, hª\unL, ;/+ If0f sfi] f, cª\lst, Psl;Fu,] lhaf| ]

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ u8F} f s:tf] ¿k ePsf] hª\unL hgfj/ xf] <
======================================================================================

v_ ljZj jGohGt' ;+/If0f sf]ifn] u8}F fnfO{ s:tf] hgfj/ egs] f] 5 <
======================================================================================

u_ u8F} fsf sfg / cfFvf s:tf x'G5g\ <
======================================================================================

154 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

3_ uF8} fsf k'R5/ / v§' f s:tf xG' 5g\ <
======================================================================================

ª_ s'g uF8} f ;+;f/d} kl| ;4 5<
======================================================================================

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ uF}8f df;+ fxf/L hgfj/ xf] .
v_ u}8F f ljZjsf bn' e{ jGohGt'x¿dWo] Ps xf] .
u_ xhf/sf] gf6] df u8F} fsf] lrq xG' 5 .
3_ u}F8fsf] 5fnf cToGt ;fxf| ] / afSnf] x'G5 .
ª_ u}8F fsf] lhaf| ] w/] } v;f| ] / afSnf] xFb' g} .

$= u}8F fsf] af/d] f cfÇg} zAbdf bz jfSodf j0f{g u/ .

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !(( df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ lxpF lrtj' f ================== k|hfltsf] df+;fxf/L hgfj/ xf] .
v_ r§fgL lxdfnL If]q lxpF lrt'jfsf] ================== xf] .
u_ lxpF lrtj' fsf gfssf 7"nf Kjfnn] o;nfO{ ================== ;3fpF5 .
3_ lxpF lrt'jfsf] ================== sfnf kxFn] f yfK] nfx¿ xG' 5g\ .
ª_ lxpF lrt'jfsf] nfdf] / nrsbf/ ================== xG' 5 .
@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ lxpF lrt'jf blIf0f tyf dWo Pl;ofsf lxdfnL If]qdf kfOG5 .
v_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] z/L/df xNsf v/} f] /ªsf] nfdf / afSnf eT' nf x'G5g\ .
u_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] sfgn] o;nfO{ z/L/ ;Gtn' g ug{ ;3fp5F .
3_ lxpF lrt'jf lxpbF l] v 8/fp5F .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 155

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ lxpF lrtj' fx¿ s:tf :jefjsf x'G5g\ <

v_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] gfs / dv' s:tf] x'G5 <

u_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] gfssf] 7n" f] Kjfnn] s] ug{ ;3fp5F <


Jofs/0f ;Lk

c¿sf] k/]| 0ffåf/f sfd ePsf] a¹' fpg] lj|mofnfO{ k]|/0ffys{ lj|mof elgG5 .

k]|/0ffys{ lj|mof k|ofu] ePsf] jfSo k/|] 0ffy{ jfSo xf] .

k/]| 0ffys{ jfSo agfpbF f Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ M

– lbOPsf] jfSodf ‘gof’F stf{ yKg] -stf{ gfd jf ;jg{ fd h] yk] klg xG' 5 ._

– k'/fgf] stf{df ‘nfO’{ hf]8\g,]

– k|]/0ffy{ ljm| of /fv]/ jfSo k/" f ug]{ .

h:t} M efO k95\ . – cfdf efOnfO{ k9fpg'x'G5 .

alxgL xf:F 5] . – afaf alxgLnfO{ xF;fpg'xG' 5 .

tnsf jfSonfO{ k|]/0ffy{s agfpm M

s_ ljBfyLx{ ¿ sljtf n]V5g\ .

v_ s]6f] vN] 5 .

u_ alxgL ?G5] .

3_ ;d' g xfF:5 .

ª_ ;'lgtf 8'lN5g\ .

r_ hd'gf lkhf vflG5g\ .

156 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

5_ sfsf sfd ug{'x'G5 .
h_ ltdL lrq agfpF5f} .
¹_ tF ykSs a:5;\ .
`_ pgL ;a]/} p7\l5g\ .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ltdLn] hfgs] f] s'g} Pp6f hgfj/sf] af/d] f Pp6f cg'R5]b nv] .
@= tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f cg'R5b] nv] M
s5j' f – kfgL / hldg bj' } 7fpdF f a:g ;Sg] hLj – z/L/df w]/} s8f vfn]

xg' ] – vfn] leq l5/]/ Hofg hfu] fpg] – s5j' fsf] bfFt gxg' ] – cf]7h:tf] rR' rfs] f]
leqkl§ df;'s} wfl/nf] efu x'g] – s5'jfnfO{ ;ae} Gbf al' 4dfgL hLj dflgg] –
;+;f/df /x]sf hLjx¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L afFRg ;Sg] hLj – lxGb'x¿ s5j' fnfO{
lji0fs' f] cjtf/ dfGg] .

d dflg;h:t} xf:F g] hgfj/ xfOgf
d l/;fPsf] jn] fdf /ftf] kl;gf lgsfNg] hgfj/ uF}8f
d ;]tf] /ut ePsf] hLj ;fª\nf]
d tLg j6f d6' ' xg' ] hgfj/ cS6fk] ;
d ;a}eGbf a9L afRF g] k|f0fL s5'jf
d k]6df bftF xg' ] hLj uuF 6f]
d cG8f gkf/L aRrf hGdfpg] r/f rd]/f]
d lha|f]af6 kl;gf lgsfNg] hgfj/ ss' /'
d kv6] f gePsf] kIfL lsjL

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 157

kf7 !$ st{Jo

sljtf >Lxl/ k'mofn“

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

ljBfyLn{ ] auFr} fdf k"mn /fk] ] . efO d';S' s xf:F of] .

xfdL ldn/] k95\ f}F . xfdL 1fg l;S5fF} .

158 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pQ/ b]pm M

d st{Jo eg]sf] s] xf] < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5<
d s] ltdLn] s;s} f] pkbz] ;'gs] f 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ s:tf] j]nfdf l/; p7\5 <
d ltdL slt lbgdf g'xfpF5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ k"mn km'n]sf] bV] bf s:tf] nfU5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d xfdLn] k"mnsf] sf]lknfnfO{ l6Kg'xF'b}g .
d xfdL c;Eo aGgx' b'F g} .
d s;};Fu ¹u8f gu/L ldn]/ a:g] afgL a;fNg'k5{ .
d ;kmf;U' 3/ /xg] dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ .
d w/] } rNg] afgL /fd|f] xf]Og .
d xfdLn] cfÇgf] eljio ;G' b/ agfpg'k5{ .
d xfdLn] w]/} s/' f l;Sg] / aˆ' g] afgL a;fn]df 1fg a9b\ 5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 159

;uF }sf] t:jL/ >Lxl/ km'ofnF sf] xf] . pgL k|l;4 slj x'g\ . pgn] yk' |} sljtfx¿
nv] ]sf 5g\ . of] kf7df /flvPsf] ‘st{Jo’ sljtfdf sljn] ltdLh:t}
afnaflnsfn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ st{JonfO{ l;sfPsf 5g\ . sljn] sljtfdf
k"mndf yS' g gx'g,] s;;} Fu l/;fpg gxg' ,] ldn/] a:g'kg]{, dgdf s;n} fO{ klg
g/fdf| ] ;f]Rg gx'g,] kmfx] f]/df vN] g gx'g] h:tf s/' fx¿nfO{ xfdf| ] st{Josf]
¿kdf lrgfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L g'xfP/ ;kmf;'U3/ /xg, s;;} Fu ¹¹} u8f gug{ klg sljn]
l;sfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} cfÇgf] eljio /fd|f] agfpg] ;kgf bV] g'kg,]{ ;dfhsf] / bz] sf] sLlt{
/fVg'kg{] h:tf s/' fx¿ xfdf| st{Jo x'g\ eg/] sljn] atfPsf 5g\ . afFsL s/' fx¿ yfxf
kfpg sljtf k9 . ga'¹]sf] s'/f cfÇgf lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] x} .

;;fg' afnaflnsf ud/] So} d eGb5'
ltdL d';S' s xfF; x} d dGqd'Uw aGb5' .
gy'Sg' x/] km" ndf c;Eo aGgx' G' g x}
x/s] km" nk"mndf ;'uGw km]l/ ?G5 x} .

l/;fO afˆg'x'Gg x} /dfO vN] g'kb5{
k'mn]/ Ps;fydf ldn]/ k9\gk' b{5 .
;/fkn] To;} ;wF} s'efj dfq 5b{5
r;Ss xG' 5 lrQdf b'v/] cfF;' ¹b5{ .

zAbf {y ;;fg' M ;fgf;fgf c;Eo M ;Eotf gePsf], v/fa
dGqdU' w M s'g} s/' f ;g' ]/ n6\7 k/s] f] lrQ M cfTdf, dg

cj:yf

160 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

s'rfn rfnn] lx8F ] cdn] lgTo a9\b5
s'efjgf x6fpFb} ;j' fRo af]Ng'kb{5 .
st} gv]Ng' gfndf gaGg' x/] kmf]x/L
gkm:g' hfn¹n] df gx' fO aGg' ;'U3/L .

grNg' afnaflnsf n8]/ rf6] nfUb5
ldn/] a:g' ;fydf s7f/] sfn efUb5 .
eljio Tof] agfpg] cgs] :jKg b]Vg' 5
;dfhsf] / bz] sf] ;'sLlt{ ufg n]Vg' 5 .

ltdL t cfh sfl] knf – ag/] km" n km' Nb5f}
x/fe/f htftt} ;'uGw dfq 5b{5f} .
;b}j l;Sg' aˆ' gn' ] cg]s 1fg a9\b5
g/fl] sO{ gbL;/L ltdL t aUg'kb5{ .

zAbf {y s'rfn M g/fdf| ] rfn, v/fa :jefj cgs] M w/] y} l/
cdn] M d]n gePsf] :jKg M ;kgf
lgTo M ;wF} ;s' Llt{ M c;n sfd u/]afkt /xg] gfd
s'efj M g/fdf| ] ljrf/ ufg M uLt
;'jfRo M dL7f] afn] Ljrg x/fe/f M jl/kl/sf] xl/ofnL jftfj/0f
gfn M kmfx] f]/ aUg] gfnL ;b}j M ;w}F
hfn¹n] M 5n5fd, 5nsk6, 5Ng] sfd
s7f/] sfn M cK7o\ f/f] ;do

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 161

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;kmf cIf/df tLgtLg k6s nv] M
d;' S' s, dGqd'Uw, afˆg,' r;Ss, lrQ, ;j' fRo, :jKg, ;'sLlt{

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
;;fg' ,dGqdU' w,s'rfn,hfn¹n] ,;s' Llt{,x/fe/f

#= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

c;Eo dg

lrQ v/fa

lgTo gfnL

gfn w]/y} l/

cgs] ;wF}

$= dflysf] sljtfdf ePsf ‘eGb5' – aGb5'’, 5b5{ – ¹b5{ , a9\b5– kb5{ , nfUb5–
efUb5 h:t} cGTodf no ldns] f kfFr hf8] L zAb vfh] /] n]v .

%= z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
tLdL, ;'uGb, dLn]/, ;"afRo, kmfx] fl] /, ;U' u/L, ela:o, Uofg

^= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
se' fj, cdn] , ;j' fRo, s7f]/, sfn, :jKg, ufg, cg]s

&= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/sf] k|ofu] ul/Psf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb l6k .

*= 3/ – 8/, sfd – gfd h:t} cg'k|f; ldNg] zAbx¿sf] kfrF j6f hf8] L agfpm .

162 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ ‘st{Jo’ sljtfsf nv] s sf] xg' \<
=====================================================================================

v_ s] u/]df c;Eo algG5 <
=====================================================================================

u_ xfdLn] s;/L k9\g'k5{ <
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3_ xfdLn] s:tf] af]nL afN] gk' 5{ <
=====================================================================================

ª_ xfdL s] h:t} aUg'k5{ <
=====================================================================================

#= sljtfsf] kªl\ Qm k"/f u/ M
eljio Tof] agfpg] cgs] ========================== b]Vg' 5
========================== / b]zsf] ;s' Llt{ ========================== n]Vg' 5 .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ k"mndf /xs] f] ;u' Gw lsg ?G5 <
v_ sljtfdf s:tf s'/fx¿ dgdf glng elgPsf] 5 <
u_ sljn] s]s] gug"{ eg]sf 5g\ <
3_ xfdLn] b]z / ;dfhsf nflu s] sfd ug'k{ 5{ <

%= sljn] st{Jo sljtfdf s'gsg' s'/f ug{ / sg' s'g s'/f gug{ egs] f 5g\ < n]v .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 163

tnsf] uLt no xfn/] ufpm M

x]/ ;fyL cfsfzdf afbnsf] 3/] f
afbnleq l¹lnldnL rGb|dfsf] 8]/f .

rGb;| o" { ¹G8f xfdL gk] fnLsf] zfg
3fdh:t} ¹ndNn a'4 lbG5g\ 1fg .

d/] f ;fgf cf“vfn] d/] f ;fgf xftn]
g]kfn b]v] uf/} jzfnL lxdfn n]Vg yfn] .

gk] fn xf] 3/ d]/f] lxdfn xf] lz/
b]zsf] zfg a9fpg] gk] fnL x“' jL/ .

d t d/] } g]kfnsf] kU' 5' 8f8“ fkfvf
hlt x¥] of] x]¿“ nfU5, c3fp“bg} g\ cf“vf .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
l¹lnldnL, a4' , uf/} jzfnL, zfg, c3fpb“ g} g\, 8f“8fkfvf
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ rGbd| fsf] 8/] f sxfF 5 <
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v_ xfdLnfO{ 1fg s;n] lbG5 <
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u_ bz] sf] zfg s;n] a9fpF5 <
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164 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

3_ s] x]//] cfFvf c3fpFb}gg\ <
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ª_ s'g s/' fnfO{ hlt x/] ] klg x¿] xF ]¿F nfU5 <
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@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ cfsfzdf rGbd| fsf] 3/] f b]lvG5 .
v_ rGb;| "o{ ¹G8f g]kfnsf] zfg xf] .
u_ d]/f cfFvf / xft 7n" f7"nf 5g\ .
3_ gk] fnL jL/ x'G5g\ .
ª_ gk] fnLx¿ 8fF8fkfvfdf kU' b}gg\ .
#= g]kfnsf] af/d] f cfÇg} zAbdf bz jfSodf j0f{g u/ .

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 @)) df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ /fli6«o lrÅgn] =========================== nfO{ lrgfpF5 .
v_ xfd|f] bz] sf] /fli6«o kIfL =========================== xf] .
u_ xfdf| ] bz] sf] /fli6o« /ª =========================== xf] .
3_ /fli6«o lrÅgnfO{ =========================== ugk{' 5{ .
@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ xfdf| ] bz] sf] /fli6«o km" n sdn xf] .
v_ xfdf| ] bz] sf] /fli6o« hgfj/ ufO{ xf] .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 165

u_ /fli6o« lrÅgsf] dfWodaf6 /fi6«sf] klxrfg ¹NsG5 .

3_ /fli6o« lrÅgsf] clncln ckdfg u/] klg s]xL xbF' }g .

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ /fli6o« lrÅg eGgfn] s] a'l¹G5 <
v_ xfdf| ] stJ{ o s] xf] <
u_ xfd|f /fli6«o lrÅgx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

sfn egs] f] ;do xf] . jfSodf stf{n] ug]{ sfdsf] ;do a¹' fpg cfpg] ljm| ofsf]
cj:yfnfO{ sfn elgG5 . sfnn] clxn]sf] ;do, klxns] f] ;do / kl5sf] ;do a¹' fp5“ .

sfn tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
!= e"t sfn
@= jtd{ fg sfn
#= eljiot\ sfn

e"t sfn M et" sfnn] lats] f] ;donfO{ a'¹fp5F . e"t sfnsf ljm| ofsf] cGTodf P“,
of}“, O;,\ of,} ge' of,] of], O,{ P cflb hfl] 8G5g\ .

jtd{ fg sfn M jtd{ fg sfnn] clxns] f] ;donfO{ a¹' fp“5 . jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofsf]
cGTodf 5', 5f“}, 5;,\ 5f}, g'x'G5, 5], l5g,\ 5g\ cflb hfl] 8G5g\ .

eljiot\ sfn M eljiot\ sfnn] kl5sf] ;donfO{ a¹' fp5“ . eljiot\ sfndf ljm| ofsf]
cGTodf g] 5,' g] 5f“,} g] 5;,\ g] 5f}, gx' 'g] 5, g] 5,] g] l5g,\ g] 5g\ cflb
hf]l8G5g\ .

tnsf jfSox¿ sg' sfnsf x'g\ < lrg]/ nv] M

s_ d 5ftf cf]95\ ' . ==============================================

v_ pgLx¿ uf7] fnf] uP . ==============================================

166 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

u_ ef]ln 3fd nfUg] 5 . ==============================================
3_ pxfF xfdLnfO{ k9fpgx' 'G5 . ==============================================
ª_ dn} ] sljtf jfrg u/]F . ==============================================
r_ tgh' f 8fS6/ aGg] 5] . ==============================================
5_ ;g' Gbf hgsk'/ uO{ . ==============================================

tn lbOPsf lj|mofx¿ sg' sfnsf x'g\ < lrg/] ldNg] sf7] fdf n]v M
k9\5, kl9g\, ;G' g] 5', x¥] of},F vfG5;\, a]ln;,\ eGg] 5f},F x'g] 5, xf:F gx' 'G5, vf]Sge' of,]
hfg'x'g] 5, eGof}, nV] 5g\, b]Vg] 5g\, hfG5o\ f}, a:of,] xg] ]{ 5

jt{dfg sfn et" sfn eljiot\ sfn

sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf ;ªs\ ]tsf] ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

s_ d dfdf3/ hfG5' . -eljiot\ sfn_

v_ xfdL va' gfR5f}F . -e"t sfn_

u_ efO pQL0f{ eof] . -jtd{ fg sfn_

3_ ;flgdf va' gfRgx' G' 5 . -e"t sfn_

ª_ tF /ftel/ ?G5;\ . -e"t sfn_

r_ xfdL ldlxg]t u5f{F} . -eljiot\ sfn_

5_ pgLx¿ xfF;] . -jt{dfg sfn_

h_ ltdLn] lxdfn b]Vof} . -eljiot\ sfn_

¹_ ljBfyL{x¿ bfl} 8P . -jt{dfg sfn_

`_ xfdL kz'klt hfG5f}F . -et" sfn_

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 167

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= ltdLnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} Pp6f sljtf sfkLdf nv] .
@= ‘d]/L cfdf’ zLifs{ df Pp6f sljtf n]v .
#= afFsL x/kmx¿ ykL tnsf] sljtf k/" f u//] sfkLdf nv] M
lxdfnsf] lxpF /fd|f] kxf8sf] jg
t/fO{sf] kmf6F /fdf| ] dw];sf] dg .
t/fO{sf r95\ g\ dfly n]ssf ¹5{g\ tn
hfGbg} g\ oL g]kfnLn] slxNo} ug{ 5n .

tnsf ufpF vfg] syf M

!_ aflx/ ;'g leq rfFbL, rfbF LnfO{ ksfP/ dv' leq vfFbL s] xf] < wfg / rfdn

@_ cfdfsf] wft] L gfk]/ ;lsGg, afafsf] k;} f ug/] ;lsGg s] xf] < cfsfz / tf/f

#_ lsGg]n] nufpg kfpbF g} , nufpgn] ] b]Vg kfpbF }g s] xf] < sfqf]

$_ xg' klg xf] 5g klg 5, rflxbF f klg rflxFb}g, vfh] ]/ klg kfOFbg} s] xf] < eO' rF fnf]

%_ b'O{ alxgLsf] Pp6} d'bf| s] xf] < lrD6f

^_ ;fgf] ;fgf] ¿v 5, r9g\ nfO{ bM' v 5 s] xf] < l;:g'

&_ ;'l/nf] ¿vdf Pp6} kft s] xf] < kGo'

*_ tn dfbn ahfpg] dfly 5d5d gfRg] s] xf] < rªu\ f p8fPsf]

(_ lsGgn] ] /fVbg} , kfpg]n] lsGbg} s] xf] < pkxf/

!)_ lbgel/ ;T' 5, /ftel/ p75\ s] xf] < nf6fs] f];/] f]

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
168 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

kf7 !% cfunfuL

syf gf/fo0f ltjf/L

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M

cfunfuL x'Fbf bdsnn] xfdLn] l5d]sLnfO{
cfuf] lgefpF5 . d2t u¥ofF} .

rt} j}zfv dlxgfdf w/] } dnfO{ d/] f] ;fyLn]
x/' Latf; rN5 . w]/} dfof u5{ .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 169

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] df}lvs pQ/ bp] m M

d s] ltdLn] cfunfuL ePsf] bv] ]sf 5f} <
d cfunfuL eof] eg] s] ug'{k5,{ ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d l5d]sL eg]sf] s] xf] <
d xfdLn] cfÇgf] l5d]sLnfO{ s;/L ;xofu] ugk'{ 5{ <
d ltdL cfÇgf] l5ds] L ;fyL;Fu slQ /dfpF5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d r}tj}zfv dlxgfdf w]/} cfunfuL x'g] u5{ .
d km;' n] agfPsf 3/x¿df cfunfuL xg' ] a9L ;Defjgf xG' 5 .
d cfunfuL ePdf l5ds] LnfO{ u'xfg{k' 5{ .
d 7n" f dflg;x¿sf] ¹u8fn] ;fgfnfO{ klg c;/ k5{ .
d s;;} uF ¹}¹u8f ug'{x'bF g} .
d ;fdfGo ¹u8fnfO{ la;/{] l5ds] L;Fu /fdf| ] ;DaGw agfpgk' 5{ .

170 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

;uF s} f] t:jL/ gf/fo0f ltjf/Lsf] xf] . pgL kl| ;4 syfsf/ xg' \ . pgn] y'k}|
syfx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ . of] kf7df /flvPsf] ‘cfunfuL’ syfdf l5d]sLsf]
dxŒjnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . xfdL ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xfF} . ;dfhdf ;a};Fu
ldn]/ a:g] xg' fn] dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs k|f0fL elgPsf] xf] . ;dfhdf a:bf
slxns] fxLF l5d]sLx¿;uF ;fgfl] tgf] ¹}¹u8f x'G5 . t/ xfdLx¿n] Tof]
s'/fnfO{ lnP/ slxNo} klg l5d]sL;Fusf] ;DaGw 66' fpg'xb'F }g . xfdLnfO{ s'g} klg ;do
cfktl\ jkt\ cfOnfUg ;S5 . slxn] af9L klx/f] cfpF5 . slxn] e"sDk hfG5 . slxn]
cfunfuL x'G5 . To:tf] j]nfdf cfÇgf cfkmGt / l5d]sLsf] ;xfotf gkfpg] xf] eg]
xfdLnfO{ ufx|f] k5{ . o; syfdf /3g' Gbg sfsfn] cfkt\ kbf{ s;/L ;xof]u ug'e{ Psf] 5
eGg] s/' f bv] fOPsf] 5 . afFsL s'/f syf k9]/ a'¹ .

‘cfuf] nfUof] ¤ cfuf] nfUof] ¤¤’

crfgs d/] f] sfgdf dflg;x¿n] lrRofPsf], s/fPsf,] xNnf u/]sf] cfjfh k¥of] . d /
lbbL ev{/ :s'naf6 cfP/ 6;' 'Ss dfq s] a;]sf lyof}F – 6f]ndf t cfuf] nfus] f] xNnfn]
pTkft dRrfpg yflnxfNof] .

xfdf| a'af xNnf ePsf] lbzftkm{ bfl} 8xfNg'eof] . cfdf, lbbL / d Ps 7fpFdf en] f eof}F .
ca s] ug]{ < 6f9f dn} ] b]v]F – wj' F}w'jfF p7]sf] . Psl5gkl5 g} cfuf]sf] nKsf klg bv] ]F . kml] /
Psl} 5gdf cfuf] ;lNsP/ bgbg 3/x¿ 89b\ } u/]sf] b]lvg yfNof] .

laxfgsf] k9fO lyof] xfdf| ] . udL{ ofd ;?' eof] ls lbp;F fs] f] k9fOnfO{ laxfg ;fl/lbO{
xfNgx' 'GYof] ;/x¿n] . h7] sf] dlxgf . 3fd klg rsf]{ . r}tjz} fvdf rNgk' g{] x/' L of] h7] df
cfP/ dHhfn] rns] f] lyof] . kml] / lxhf]cl:t t cfhsf] h:tf] lyPg xfjf, x'/L – æof] cfh
cfuf] nfu/] 6f]n g} ;dfKt kfl/lbgnfO{ kf] xf] ls o:tf] x/' L rns] f]<Æ

zAbf {y pTkft dRrfpg' M p208 dRrfpg' cfuf]sf] nKsf M cfufsf] Hjfnf

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 171

Psl} 5gdf aa' f bfl} 8Fb} cfpge' of] – æx'bF }g, ca xfdf| ;fdfgx¿ ;a} 3/af6 l¹Sg'k5{ .
xfd|f] 3/nfO{ klg cfuf]n] 89fpF5 .Æ a'af eGg'xFb' } lyof] .

Toltjn] f xtf/–xtf/ cfdfn] ælogLx¿nfO{ vfg lbg] d]/f] ;l' 4 klg sxfF uof]Æ eGb} dnfO{
/ lbbLnfO{ eft vfg lbFb} xg' 'xG' Yof] . dnfO{ vfg s] dg nfUYof], tk} lg hlt ?R5 xtf/–
xtf/ vfPF . rf/ uf;F hlt vfPF x'Fnf .

æn n, ca 5f]8 vfgcfg] ,{ ;a} ldn/] ;fdfg aflx/ nufF} .Æ a'af s/fpFb} ;fdfg aflx/
l¹Sg yfNg'eof] .

xfd|f] 3/sf] 5fgf km;' sf]
lyof], v/n] 5fPsf] . To;n} ]
xfd|f] 3/nfO{ hNgaf6 arfpg
;lsFb}g c/] . a? 3/sf hDd}
;fdfgx¿ rflxF arfpg'k5{
c/] . Ps}l5gdf xfd|f]
3/df a'afsf y'k}| ;fyLx¿
en] f eO;Sg'ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFx¿ wdfwd xfdf| ] 3/leq
k;]/ ;fdfgx¿ aflx/ l¹Sb} xg' 'x'GYof] .

xfdf| ] 3/eGbf klZrdkl§ Pp6f kSsL 3/ lyof] . Tof] 3/ /3g' Gbg sfsfsf] lyof] .
/3g' Gbg sfsf klg xfd|f] 3/df cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . /3'gGbg sfsfnfO{ xfdf| ] 3/df b]v/]
d 5Ss k/]sf] lyPF . pxfF / d]/f afafn] Ps lbg va' } ¹u8f ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . tF tF / d
d, df/fdf/h:tf,] sf6fsf6h:tf] .

ætF kfhLsf] 3/df d Hofg uP kfOnf 6]lSbgF .Æ

æhf–hf ¤ tF cfÇgf] 3/sf] /fhf xf]nf;\ – d cfÇgf] 3/sf] ¤Æ

zAbf {y 89fp5F M hnfp5F km'; M 3fF;, k/fn
;l' 4 M al' 4 tF tF / d d ug{' M ¹u8f ug{'
?R5 M ?lr nfU5

172 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

o:t} s–] s] egfeg uge'{ Psf] lyof] – /3'gGbg sfsf / d]/f afafn] . xft xfnfxfn rflxF
x'g kfPsf] lyPg . c¿x¿ l5ds] L sfsfx¿n] 5'6o\ fOlbg'ePsf] lyof] . To; ¹u8f k/]sf]
lbgbl] v cfh} xf] /3g' Gbg sfsfnfO{ d}n] xfd|f] 3/df v'§f 6]s]sf] bv] ]sf] .

hx] f;] \, To; lbgbl] v /3g' Gbg sfsf dnfO{ dg kg{ 5f]8]sf] lyof] . t/ cfh pxfnF fO{ xfdf| ]
3/df ;xof]u ul//xs] f], afafl;t af]nrfn ul//xs] f] b]Vbf crDd dflg/x]sf] lyPF dn} ] .
/3g' Gbg sfsf v/fa dfG5] xf] h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] dnfO{ . t/ cfh xfdf| ] 3/df cfP/
xfd|f] 3/ / ;fdfgx¿nfO{ cfunfuLaf6 arfpg ;xofu] ul//x]sf] bV] bf pxfF g/fd|f] dfG5]
xg' 'xG' g /x]5 h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ .

æn n ltdLx¿ ;a} hgf xfdf| ] 3/ hfcf] .Æ eGb} /3'gGbg sfsfn] dnfO,{ lbbLnfO{ /
cfdfnfO{ sfsfsf] 3/df k'¥ofpge' of] . pxfsF f] 3/s} cufl8 k'¥ofpg xfdf| ] 3/af6
ePe/sf ;fdfg cf];fl/g yfn] . d, lbbL / cfdf xfdf| ] ;fdfg ePg/] uO{ a:of}F .

;fdfg cf];fl/bF } lyof] . l6gsf afs; cf;] fl/P . sf7sf] k/' fgf] b/fh, ;'Tg] vf6, s;' L{ –
af, afsf ;fyLx¿ / /3'gGbg sfsfx¿ eP/ cf];f/] . ;fgf–;fgf ;fdfgx¿b]lv lnP/
7n" f–7"nf ;fdfgx¿ ;a} cf];fl/P .

cfufn] ] 7n" f] pTkft dRrfO{ g} /x]sf]
lyof] . Psl5gd} xfd|f] 3/ xx' '/{ L aNg
yfNof] . cfdf t 3/ hns] f] b]v]/
w'?w'? ?g yfNg'eof] . lbbL klg ?g
yfNg'eof] . /3'gGbg sfsfsL >LdtL
sfsLn] cfk"m klg ?Fb} d/] L cfdfnfO{ /
lbbLnfO{ s6] fs]6LnfO{ h:t} cuF fnf] xfn/]
kmN' ofpg yfNg'eof] . d s] u/fF} < /fp] mF
ls xf;F F" < sx] L a'ˆg g;s/] cndNn
kl//x]F .

zAbf {y cf;] fl/g M cf;] f/ k;f/ x'g cndNn M csdSs
km'Nofpg M kmsfpg

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 173

/3'gGbg sfsfsf] ;fgf] 5f/] f] deGbf kmR' r] lyof] . pm / d ToxLF a;]/ v]Ng yfNof}F . /lj
lyof] p;sf] gfpF . /3'gGbg sfsfsf] 3/ / xfd|f] 3/sf] aLrdf /x]sf] rf}/df ;w}F ;f¹F df
xfdL vN] bYofF} . /3g' Gbg sfsf / d]/f] a'af aLr ¹u8f ePbl] v d}n] /ljnfO{ xfd|f] ;d"xdf
v]nfpg 5fl8lbPsf] lyPF . d xsf//] p;nfO{ k7fOlbGy]F .

cfh p;s} 3/df pm dl;t vN] g nfus] f]
lyof] . dnfO{ 7"nfa8fsf] ¹u8fdf laTyfdf
cfk"m klg k/]sf] h:t} nflu/Åof] . d clns
7"nf] km'Rr]n] of] deGbf ;fgf] kmR' r]nfO{
lsg To;/L xn] f u/]sf] xn'F f eGb} cfh d
ck;f]r dflg/xs] f] lyPF . /, cfunfuLsf]
7n" f] xNnfvNnfl;t dtna g/x¹] F} u/L
/ljl;t /dfO–{ /dfO{ v]n v]ln/xs] f] lyPF .

6fn] df cfuf] nfUof] . ;f/f km;' sf 3/x¿
89/] v/fgL eP . lbgel/sf] xfjfsf] tf08j klg aGb eof], xfjf axg 5fl] 8;s]sf] lyof] .
ars] f lyP t s]xL kSsL 3/x¿ . To;df /3'gGbg sfsfsf] 3/ klg lyof] .ækL/ ug{k' bg{}
bfO ¤ tkfO{+sf] 3/ gagG' h]n oxLF xfd}| 3/df a:g'k5{ .Æ /3g' Gbg sfsf d]/f] a'afl;t
elg/xg'ePsf] lyof] .

xfdLnfO{ t ¹g\ s]sf] kL/ ¤ /lj / d Pscfk;df ldn]/ v]n v]Ngd} Jo:t lyof}F . km'Rr]
/lj / d olt w/] } ;fob klxn] slxNo} ldns] f lyPgf}F .

xsf//] M ufnL u//] kSsL 3/ M l;dG] 6 / 58n] ag]sf,] 9nfg
laTyfdf M a]sf/df Jo:t u/s] f] 3/
ck;f]r M kZrfQfk
zAbf {y dtna M jf:tf M vfnL xft gePsf], sfd
tf08j dRrfpg ' M pkbf| ] dRrfpg ' ul//xs] f] cj:yf

174 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
lrRofPsf,] pTkft, ;lNsP/, klZrdkl§, cf];fl/bF ,} x'x'/{ L,cndNn, xNnfvNnf

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
cfuf]sf] nKsf, ?R5, c/,] kmN' ofpg, xsf//] , ck;fr]

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
pTkft dRrfpg,' 89fpg,' tF tF / d d xg' ,' cf;] fl/g' ,cndNn kg{,' tf08j dRrfpg'

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
/3' gGbg sfsf n] d]/L aa' fl;t eGge' of] kL/ ug{' kbg{} bfO tkfO+s{ f] 3/

gagG' hn] olxF xfd|} 3/df a:g k5{ .
v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ j}zfv cf_ j};fv O_ a}zfv O_{ j}zfv\

@= c_ 88fp5F cf_ 88fp5 O_ 89fpF5 O_{ 99fpF5

#= c_ kl:rdkl§ cf_ klZrdk§L O_ klZrdkl6 O_{ klZrdkl§

$= c_ tf08j cf_ tf08j\ O_ tfG8j O{_ tfG8a

%= tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

cfuf] az] 'l4

;l' 4 kfgL

kSsf ?jfpg

km'Nofpg a]dtna

dtna sRrf

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 175

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;'l4 v/

km'; a'l4

kSsf jf:tf

laTyfdf alnof]

dtna ljm| ofzLn

Jo:t a]sf/df

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cgR' 5]b k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M
xfdf| ] 3/eGbf klZrdkl§ Pp6f kSsfsf] 3/ lyof] . Tof] 3/ /3g' Gbg sfsfsf]

lyof] . /3g' Gbg sfsf klg xfdf| ] 3/df cfpge' Psf] lyof] . /3'gGbg sfsfnfO{ xfdf| ]
3/df b]v/] d 5Ss k/s] f] lyPF . pxfF / d/] f afafn] Ps lbg v'a} ¹u8f uge'{ Psf]
lyof] . tF tF / d d, df/fdf/ h:tf], sf6fsf6 h:tf] .

s= dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/j6f ;jg{ fd zAb l6k .
==================, ==================, ==================, ==================

v= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 rf/ j6f rGb|laGb' - _F nfu]sf zAb l6k .
==================, ==================, ==================, ==================

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ 6f]ndf s] s'/fn] pTkft dRrfpg yfNof] <
v_ s'g dlxgfdf x/' L rns] f] lyof] <
u_ 3/ sn] ] 5fPsf] lyof] <
3_ ss;sf aLrdf ¹u8f ePsf] lyof] <
ª_ /lj sqf] lyof] <

176 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

@= kf7sf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 clg tnsf egfOx¿ s;sf x'g\, n]v .

s_ xfd|f] 3/nfO{ klg cfuf]n] 89fpF5 .
v_ logLx¿nfO{ vfg lbg] d/] f] ;'l4 klg sxfF uP xf]nf .

u_ tF kfhLsf] 3/df d Hofg uP klg kfOnf 6]lSbgF .

3_ hfhf tF cfÇgf] 3/sf] /fhf xf]nf;\ d cfÇgf] 3/sf] .

ª_ bfO ¤ tkfOFs{ f] 3/ gag'Gh]n oxLF cfÇgf] 3/df a:g'k5{ .
#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ cfunfuLn] kSsL 3/x¿ ;a} ;dfKt eP .
v_ /3g' Gbg sfsf / afafsf aLrdf ¹u8f ePsf] lyof] .
u_ cfunfuL x'bF f sfx] L klg cfPgg\ .
3_ /lj ;fgf] lyof] .
ª_ cfunfuLn] sfsf;uF sf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ eof] .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ afafn] bf}l8bF } cfP/ s] eGge' of] <
v_ cfunfuL lsg eof] / To;n] s] c;/ kf¥of] <
u_ cfunfuLkl5 afafnfO{ s;n] s] eg]/ ;fGTjgf lbof] <
%= cfunfuLn] s]s:tf] g/fd|f] 36gf 36o\ f] / To; 36gfn] s:tf] /fdf| ] s'/fsf] ;'?jft

u/fof] <

tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9

Ps lbg eujfg\nfO{ kY[ jLsf] e|d0f ug]{ OR5f nfUof] . pgn] dfG5s] f] ¿k wf/0f u/] clg
kY[ jLsf ljleGg 7fp“sf] e|d0f u/] . 3d' 3fdsf] jm| ddf pgL dlGb/, ;x/, ufp“, hªu\ n
nufotsf w/] } 7fpd“ f k'u] . pgn] st} w/] } wgL dflg;x¿ b]v] eg] st} cToGt ul/ax¿
e]6] . Pp6f dlGb/sf] 5]pdf Pp6f levf/L leIff dfUb} lyof] . pm eujfg\nfO{ ;D¹“b}

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 177

cfkm" nfO{ ;DkGg agfOlbg cg'/fw] ub}{ lyof] . eujfgn\ ] p;sf] s/' f ;g' ] .

eujfgn\ fO{ Tof] levf/Lsf] k/LIff lng] OR5f eof] clg pgn] cfÇgf] ei] f levf/Lsf] ¿kdf
kl/jtg{ u/] clg ToxL levf/Lsf] 5]pdf uP/ cfk"mnfO{ leIff lbg cg/' f]w u/] . klxnf]
levf/Ln] æcfk"m t dxfbj] pQfgf] k/, s;n] b]nf j/Æ eGb} cfÇgf] yn} fa] f6 Ps u]8f]
ds} l¹Sof] / levf/L¿kL eujfg\nfO{ lbof] . eujfg\ v;' L eP/ cufl8 a9] . pgL c¿
7fp“sf] e|d0fdf lgl:sP . eujfgn\ fO{ Ps u8] f] ds} lbPsf] levf/L cfk"mn] sx] L kfp“nf
eg]sf] t pN6f] c¿nfO{ lbg'k¥of] eGb} lg/fz eP/ cfk"m a:g] kf6Llt/ uof] . kf6Ldf ku' ]/
p;n] cfÇgf] yn} f]af6 ;a} ;fdfg gfª\nfd] f vGofof] . gfª\nf]df vGofPsf] ds}sf] yk' |fd] f
p;n] Ps 6'jm| f ;g' bV] of] . cfÇgf] yn} f]df ;'g kmn] f k/]kl5 p;n] To;sf] /x:o a'ˆof] .
levf/LnfO{ Ps u8] f] ds} lbPsf] eP/ cfÇgf] Ps u]8f] ds} ;g' ePsf] 7fGb} levf/LnfO{
w/] } ds} lbg kfPsf] eP w]/} ds} ;g' x'g] /x5] eGg] ;fr] ]/ pm k5'tfof] . cfk"mn] hlt c¿sf]
pksf/ xg' ] sfd ul/G5 cfkm" nfO{ klg O{Zj/n] Tolt g} ;3fp5“ g\ eGg] s/' f Tof] levf/Ln]
aNn rfn kfof] .

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 @)) df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ ================== ;dodf cfunfuLsf] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 .
v_ cfuf] ================== nfO{ geO{ gx'g] s/' f xf] .
u_ ================== df k'/fgf sf7n] ag]sf 3/x¿ x'G5g\ .
3_ ;'Tg] j]nfdf ================== lgefP/ dfq ;'Tgk' 5{ .
ª_ ljgfz x'ge' Gbf klxn] g} ================== x'g' w]/} a'l4dfgL x'G5 .

178 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ xl/of kftx¿df cfunfuL xg' ] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 .

v_ r'/f]6sf 76' faf6 klg cfunfuL xg' ;S5 .

u_ jgefh] hfg] dflg;sf sf/0fn] klg cfunfuL x'g ;S5 .

3_ nfO6/, ;nfO{ cflb a"9fa"9Ln] ge]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ cfunfuL xg' ] sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
v_ cfunfuLaf6 aRg ss] ] s/' fdf ;fjwfg x'gk' 5<{
u_ s] ug'{ al' 4dfgL xf] <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

sfnsf] kIf M sg' } vf; ;dodf lj|mofn] a¹' fpg] sfdsf] cj:yfnfO{ sfnsf] kIf
elgG5 . kIfn] sfd xg' ÷] ePsf,] x'b“ } u/]sf], ;lsPsf] tyf sfd sg'
cj:yfdf 5 eGg] a'¹fp5“ . ;fdfGo, ck"0f{ / k0" f{ u//] sfnsf tLg
kIfx¿ 5g\ .

sfn÷kIf ;fdfGo ck0" f{ k0" f{

et" d uPF . d hfbF } lyPF . d uPsf] lyPF .
jt{dfg xfdL uofF} . xfdL hfFb} lyof}F xfdL uPsf lyof}F .
eljiot\
d hfG5' . d hfFb} 5' . d uPsf] 5' .
xfdL hfG5f}F . xfdL hfbF } 5fF} . xfdL uPsf 5fF} .

d hfg] 5' . d hfFb} x'g] 5' . d uPsf] x'g] 5' .
xfdL hfg] 5f}F . xfdL hfbF } xg' ] 5f}F . xfdL uPsf xg' ] 5f}F .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 179

;ªs\ t] sf] ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ . -ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
s= d eft vfG5' . -;fdfGo et" _
v= xfdL 3'Dg hfG5f}F . -k"0f{ jtd{ fg_
u= ltdLn] kf7 k9g\ ] 5f} . -ck0" f{ et" _
3= tkfO+{ /fd|f] gfRg'xG' 5 . -k"0f{ eljiot_\
ª= ;Gbz] lr7L n]V5 . -ck"0f{ eljiot\_
r= ;'lgtLn] uLt ufOg\ . -;fdfGo eljiot_\
5= d ef]ln ot} a:5' . -k0" f{ e"t_
h= clDasf xfFl;g\ . -;fdfGo jt{dfg_
¹= p;n] sljtf n]Vof] . -;fdfGo et" _
`= ltdL k/LIffdf ky| d x'G5f} . -ck"0f{ jtd{ fg_
6= /ldnf ux[ sfo{ u5]{ . -k"0f{ e"t_
7= d dfdf3/ hfG5' . -;fdfGo jtd{ fg_
8= ltdLn] df]afOn rnfPsf 5f} .

tnsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ ;fdfGo et" df kl/jtg{ u/ M
d k/LIffdf k|yd xG' 5' . dnfO{ aa' fn] Ogfd lbgx' G' 5 . ljBfnoaf6 klg k/' :sf/

kfpF5' . efO v'a /dfp5F . pm klg k|yd x'g] u/L k9\5 . xfdL ldn]/ k95\ f}F, ldn/]
v]N5f}F .

tnsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ k0" f{ jt{dfgdf kl/jtg{ u/ M
/lhgf dfdf3/ hfG5] . p;sf] efO klg pm;Fu} hfG5 . dfdf pgLx¿nfO{ gofF nu' f

lbg'xG' 5 . pgLx¿ w/] } /dfpF5g\ .

tnsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiotd\ f kl/jt{g u/ M
d ldlxg]t u/]/ k95\ ' . k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s NofpF5' . 7"nf] ePkl5 b]zd} sfd u5{'

. b]z ljsf;df of]ubfg lbG5' . d wg sdfpg ljbz] hfGgF .

180 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] M
Ps hgf Jofkf/Ln] afbF / kfNg' ====== afFb/n] Jofkf/Lsf] ;j] f ug{' ======== Jofkf/L

;'Tg' ========== afFb/n] kªv\ f xDsfpg] sfd ug'{ ========= Jofkf/Lsf] gfsdf l¹Fu+ f
a:g' ========= afbF /n] l¹uF f] wkfpg' ============= w/] }k6s l¹uF f] wkfPkl5 afbF /nfO{
l¹Fufb]lv l/; p7g\ ' ========= glhss} f] t/af/n] l¹FufnfO{ xfGg' =====l¹uF f] p8\g' =====
Jofkf/Lsf] gfs sfl6g' .

@= ltdLn] hfgs] f] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

ljleGg j:t'sf nflu k|l;4 :yfgx¿ M

t/sf/L – l7dL vs' '/L – ef]hk'/ df5f – afxl| a;]
bxL – eQmk/'
s?jf – kfNkf skmL – uN' dL rfs' – 6fv] f
tfKs] – jL/uGh
tn] – vfs] gf gf;kftL – kmlk{ª cfn ' – d'9]

rfdn – gj' fsf]6 :ofp – d:' tfª

hg' f/ – l;Gwn' L 9fsf 6f]kL – kfNkf

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 181

kf7 !^ ?? If]q

lgaGw

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

xfd|f] b]zdf w/] } ;G' b/ xfdLx¿ o;kfln gofF
7fpFx¿ 5g\ . 7fpdF f 3D' g hfFb} 5f}F .

b]zleq} 3D' g] sfdnfO{ b]zaflx/ 3'Dg] sfdnfO{
cfGtl/s ko6{ g elgG5 . afÅo ko{6g elgG5 .

182 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

l/8L If]q kfz'kt\ If]q j/fx If]q

n'lDagL Ifq] d'lQm If]q kfyLe/f

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] dfl} vs pQ/ bp] m M

d ltdL s'gs'g 7fpFdf 3'd]sf 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg{] 7fpF s'g xf]<
d wflds{ :yn jf tLy{:ynsf] af/]df ltdLnfO{ s] yfxf 5 <
d ltdLn] l/8L eGg] 7fpFsf] gfd ;'gs] f 5f} <
d ltdL gofF 7fpFsf] af/d] f hfGg rfxG5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfxf ¤ dn} ] o;kfln gofF 7fpF 3'Dg] cj;/ kfPF lg .
d xfdf| ] ljBfnon] xfdLnfO{ z}lIfs ed| 0f nh} fbF } 5 .
d xfdLn] cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] af/d] f k|rf/k|;f/ ug{'k5{ .
d b]zljb]zdf 3'Dg] dflg;nfO{ ko6{ s elgG5 .
d ko{6gn] bz] ljsf; ug{ d2t k¥' ofp5F .
d ;g' s] f] s'/feGbf bv] s] f] s'/f a9L e/kbf{] x'G5 .
d km';{bsf] ;dodf gofgF ofF 7fpxF ¿df 3D' g hfg'k5{ .
d o;kfln xfdLn] l/8Lsf] ed| 0fdf hfg] ljrf/ u/]sf 5f}F .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 183

gk] fndf w/] } /fd|f /fd|f 7fpxF ¿ 5g\ . sg' } 7fpF k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf ;G' b/ 5g\ eg] s'g}
7fpF wflds{ b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . tL 7fpxF ¿df bz] ljbz] sf ko{6sx¿ 3'Dgsf nflu
cfpF5g\ . s'g}sg' } 7fpxF ¿ k'/fgf] ;dobl] v g} rlrt{ /xs] f x'G5g\ . g]kfndf kj" {b]lv
klZrd;Dd cg]sf}F 3D' g / bV] g nfos 7fpxF ¿ 5g\ . To:tf 7fpFx¿dWos] f] Ps xf] l/8L . of]
7fpF g]kfnsf] klZrd If]qdf cjl:yt 5 . ??sf] gfdn] klg lrlgg] pQm 7fpF sfnLu08sL
gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt 5 . ToxfF ljleGg d7dlGb/x¿ /xs] fn] To; 7fpFnfO{ wflds{
:yn elgPsf] xf] . ToxfF /x]sf] sfnLu08sL gbLn] To; 7fpnF fO{ c¹} ;'Gb/ / /d0fLo
agfPsf] 5 . k/' fgf] ;dosf /fhfdxf/fhfx¿;d]t Tof] 7fpF ;'Gb/ ePsfn] ToxfF a:g] uy]{
elgG5 . w/] } dflg;x¿n] dg k/fPsf] pQm :yfgsf af/d] f n]lvPsf] tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/
k9 / l/8Lsf] af/]df yk s'/f a¹' .

g]kfn kf| sl[ ts tyf ;f:+ s[lts ¿kdf w/] } wgL 5 . oxfF wfld{s tyf k|fs[lts ¿kdf k|l;4
7fpxF ¿ w/] } 5g\ . ;of}F jif{ cl3b]lv rrfd{ f /xs] f o:tf Ifq] x¿ g]kfndf w]/} 5g\ . wflds{
cfwf/df g]kfndf k|l;4 rf/ If]qx¿ 5g\ . tL xg' \ j/fx If]q, d'lQm Ifq] , kfz'kt\ If]q /
?? If]q . ?? If]qsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] l/8L u'NdL lhNnfdf /x]sf] Ps kljq wfld{s If]q xf] .

l/8L klZrd gk] fnsf] 7"nf] Jofkfl/s sG] b| a6' jnbl] v &) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df kb{5 .
sfnLu08sL gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt of] 7fpsF f] k"jt{ km{ kfNkf / :ofª\hf, klZrdtkm{
unkm" n uk' mf, d"n af6f], /ftfdf6fsf] kf}jf / yf]uf{ /xs] f 5g\ To;}u/L pQ/tkm{ UjfbL /
sfnLu08sL gbL 5g\ eg] blIf0ftkm{ l/8L vf]nf / e6s'jf h:tf 7fpxF ¿ 5g\ . rf/l} t/
kxf8x¿n] 3l] /Psf,] l/8L sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] lgs} ;G' b/ 7fpdF f cjl:yt 5 .

zAbf {y k|fsl[ ts M k|s[lt;DaGwL d'lQm If]q M d:' tfª lhNnfdf /x]sf]
;f:+ sl[ ts M ;:+ s[lt;DaGwL kljq wfld{s :yn
wflds{ M wd{;DaGwL
kl| ;4 M gfd rns] f] Jofkfl/s sG] b| M Jofkf/sf] sG] b|
j/fx If]q M kj" L{ gk] fnsf] kl| ;4 Ps kljq M z4'
cjl:yt M /xs] f]
wflds{ :yn kfj} f M ofqLx¿ a:g] 7fpF
kfzk' t\ If]q M kz'klt Ifq]

184 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

?? If]q of] 7fpFsf] kf}/fl0fs gfd xf] . o;nfO{ l/8L Ifq] klg eGg] ul/G5 . ?? Ifq] o;sf]
gfdfª\sg s;/L eof] eGg] af/]df cgs] egfOx¿ k|rngdf /xs] f 5g\ . o; ;Gbed{ f ??
cyft{ \ du[ n] bj] bQ ClifsL k'qLnfO{ cfÇgf] b"w r;' fO{ x'sf{Psf] sf/0fn] ltgnfO{ ??sGof
elgof] . kl5 ltg} sGofn] oxfF s7f]/ tk:of u/L d'lQm kfPsf] of] 7fpF pg} sGofsf]
gfdaf6 ‘?? Ifq] ’ egL lrlgg yfNof] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ?? If]q eGg] zAb kl/jt{g
eO{ w/] } kl5 dfq ‘l/8L Ifq] ’ aGg uPsf] eGg] dfGotf kfOG5 . To;}u/L wfld{s dfGotf
cg';f/ dflg; hGdbF } tLg j6f C0f – bj] C0f, lktC[ 0f / ClifC0f lnP/ cfPsf] x'G5 .
?? 5p] df /x]sf] sfnL u08sLdf :gfg u/]kl5 tL C0f kvflng] dfGotfsf ;fy o;
If]qnfO{ C0fL eGg yflnof] . kl5 oxL ‘C0fL’ zAb ‘l/8L’ aGg uPsf] xf] eGg] wf/0ff klg
kfOG5 . du/ efiffdf ‘l/’ eg]sf] sfnf] / ‘8L’ eGgfn] kfgL eGg] cy{ nfU5 . sfnf] kfgL
aUg] If]q cyft{ \ sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/df /x]sfn] o;nfO{ ‘l/8L’ elgof] eGg] ts{ w]/}
alnof] bl] vG5 .

kf| rLg sfndf 7n" f7"nf Clifd'lgx¿n]
tk:of ug]{ 7fpFsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] l/8L cToGt
kljq tLy:{ yn dflgG5 . o; 7fpdF f df3]
;ª\j|mflGt, Clifsz] pT;jsf ;fy}
jif{el/sf cf}F;L, kl" 0f{df, u|x0f nfu]sf] ;do
/ k|To]s zlgaf/ ljz]if dn] f nfUg] ub5{ .
oxfF nfUg] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] dn] f df3] ;ª\j|mflGtsf] xf] . o; lbg bz] ljb]zaf6 ko{6s /
wflds{ tLyfn{ 'x¿ o; 7fpdF f dn] f eg{ cfpF5g\ . l/8L If]qsf] glhs} aUg] sfnLu08sL
gbLdf :gfg ugf{n] k0' o k|fKt x'G5 eGg] wflds{ dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF :gfg ugfn{ ] d"v{tf

zAbf {y gfdfª\sg M gfd /fVg] sfd Clif C0f M tk:of ug]{ JolQm jf Clif
kr| ng M rrf{ C0f
Clif M tk:of ug{] JolQm C0fL
kq' L M 5f]/L ts{ M l/g nfus] f]
sGof M s'df/L s6] L tLy{:yn M ljrf/
b]jC0f M b]ptfsf] C0f M wds{ d{ ul/g] 7fp,F kljq
lktC[ 0f M d/]sf cfÇgf k'vf{x¿sf] C0f tLyfn{ '
:gfg M gx' fpg] sfd :yn
M tLy{ ug{ hfg] JolQm

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 185

x/fpg] / o; gbLsf] kfgL lkpgfn] kfrglj|mof ;xh xg' ] dfGotf klg /x]sf] 5 . l/8L
If]qdf w]/} d7dlGb/x¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] Clifsz] dlGb/, u0fz] dlGb/, lji0f'kfb'sf, ;'uGw
ljxf/ cflb lgs} rlr{t 5g\ . sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/df kfOg] zflnuf| dsf] sf/0fn] klg
of] 7fpFsf] dxŒj c¹} a9]sf] xf] . sfnLu08sL zflnuf| d kfOg] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq gbL xf] .
zflnu|fdnfO{ lji0f' eujfgs\ f] kfpsf] rjm| dflgG5 .

l/8L ahf/df k/' fgf k|sl[ tsf 3/x¿ 5g\ . l/8L ahf/bl] v kfl/kl§sf] kxf8df /x]sf]
xg'dfgs\ f] ljzfn kf| sl[ ts dl" t{ / uk' mfn] of] 7fpFsf] kf| rLgtfnfO{ ¹NsfpF5 . oxfFsf] csf{]
ljzi] ftf egs] f] Pl] txfl;s kIf xf] . w/] } klxnb] l] v g} of] 7fpF pRrkb:y JolQmx¿sf]
uGtJo /x]sf] kfOG5 . eLd;g] yfkf, hªu\ axfb'/ /f0ff nufotsf JolQmx¿sf] Kof/f]
7fpFsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] l/8Ldf gk] fnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfn] ;ToZj/ dxfb]jsf]
dlGb/ / eLd;g] kf}jf agfPsf 5g\ . h4' zdz]/ /f0ffn] cu{nLdf b/af/ agfPsf lyP
h'g clxn] klg 5 . ;fy} oxfF /fhkl/jf/sf] s'g} klg ;b:osf] bx] fj;fgkl5 ltgLx¿sf]
c:t' ;]nfpg] k/Dk/f;dt] /x]sf] kfOG5 .

kf| rLgsfnbl] v g} oxfF ljleGg
;:+ st[ ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf
ePsfn] of] Ifq] lzIffsf] s]Gbs| f]
¿kdf klg ljsl;t xF'b} cfPsf]
5 . o; If]qdf lzIffh{gsf
nflu 6f9f6f9faf6 ljBfyL{x¿
cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] 7fpF
u'NdL, c3f{vfrF L, afUnª' ,
:ofªh\ f / kfNkfsf] aLrdf kg{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ tL 7fpxF ¿sf] Jofkfl/s s]Gbs| f] ¿kdf
klg lrlgG5 . of] If]q wfld{s :yn dfq geP/ of] eu] sf] dV' o Jofkfl/s sG] b| klg
xf] . k|frLgsfnb]lv of] u'NdL, kfNkf, :ofªh\ f, c3f{vfFrL, afUn'ª, ?sd' /fN] kf nufot

zAbf {y kfrglj|mof M vfPsf] rLh kRg] sfd pRrkb:y M pRr kbdf a:g]
zflnuf| d M sfnLu08sLdf kfOg] Ps cun{ L M l/8L glhs} /x]sf] 7fpsF f]

ks| f/sf] sfnf] 9ª' \uf gfd
k|frLgtf M k/' fgf]kg, k/' fgf] bl] vg] b]xfj;fg M d[To'
P]ltxfl;s M Oltxf;;DaGwL kf| rLgsfn M w/] } klxn]

186 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

cGo cf;kf;sf hgtfx¿sf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . oxfF ;8s oftfoftsf]
;l' jwf xg' 'k"j{ klg dflg;x¿ cfkmF}n] af]s/] tyf vRr8sf] dfWodaf6 ;fdfgx¿ 9j' fgL
uby{ ] . k|frLgsfndf ef6] , sf7df8fF} pkTosf tyf dw]; cfpghfgsf nflu of] 7fpF
kfos kYof]{ . u'NdL lhNnfsf] k|jz] åf/ /x]sf] of] 7fpF eP/ c3fv{ frF L, afUn'ª / :ofª\hf
lhNnfnfO{ ;8s oftfoftn] hf8] ]sf] 5 . l/8L Ifq] nfO{ 5fP] / ef/t rLg hf8] g\ ] sfnLu08sL
sf]l/8f/] lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sfn] klg of] 7fpF eljiodf c¹ dxŒjk"0f{ aGg] bl] vG5 . oxfF /x]sf
kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;fwg hn, hªu\ n, hldg tyf vlgh kbfyx{ ¿sf] pRrtd k|ofu] u/L oxfF
pBfu] wGbf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] 7n" f] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

gk] fnsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ko6{ sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] l/8L Ifq] nfO{ bz] ljbz] df ;dt]
k|rf/k|;f/ u/L c¹ ljsl;t tN' ofpg ;s] o;n] To; If]qsf] dfq geP/ l;ªu\ f] bz] sf]
ljsf;df ;d]t ljz]if el" dsf v]Ng ;S5 .

zAbf {y k|j]zåf/ M k|jz] ug]{ jf l5g{] 7fpF pRrtd M ;ae} Gbf pRr, dflysf]
kfos kg]{ M sfdsfh ug{ ;lhnf] kg{] ko{6sLo :yn M ko{6sx¿ cfpg]hfg] 7fpF
sfnLu08sL sfl] /8f/] M sfnLu08sLsf]

lsgf/df ags] f] ;8s

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ clg tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf n]v M
kf| sl[ ts, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, kl| ;4, Jofkfl/s, Clif, C0f, zflnuf| d
@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
;f:+ sl[ ts, j/fx Ifq] , kfz'kt\ Ifq] , wfld{s, cjl:yt, Clif, bj] C0f, C0fL
#= z4' kf//] nv] M
s_ of] 7fp u'lNd, c3fv{ frL, afUnª' \u, :of+hf / kfNkfsf] aLrdf kg{] ePsfn]

o;nfO{ tL 7fpFx¿sf] Jofkf/Ls sG] b|sf] ¿kdf kgL lrlgG5

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 187

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M O_{ kl| ;4\
!= c_ k|l;4 cf_ k;| L4 O_ k|lz4 O{_ ;ª\j|mfgl\ t
@= c_ ;+jm| flGt cf_ ;ª\jm| flGt O_ ;ªs\ f| lGt O_{ zflnuf| d
#= c_ zflnu|fd\ cf_ zfnLs/fd O_ ;flnu|fd O_{ cf3f{vfFrL
$= c_ c3fv{ frL cf_ c3f{vfFlr O_ c3f{vfFrL

$= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
zflnu|fd, Pl] txfl;s, tLy:{ yn, pRrtd, ko6{ sLo :yn, kj| ]zåf/, sf]l/8f]/

%= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbl;t hf]8f ldnfpm M

kr| ng 5f]/L

k'qL sd' f/L s]6L

sGof rngrNtL

:gfg tLy{ ug{ hfg] JolQm

ts{ d[To'

tLyfn{ ' gx' fpg] sfd

b]xfj;fg ljrf/

kf| rLgsfn ofqLx¿ a:g] 7fpF

kfj} f w]/} klxn]

^= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

kj" { ckljq

kf| rLg klZrd

kljq cfwf

k0' o jfl/kl§

kfl/kl§ lj:yflkt

:yflkt cljsl;t

ljsl;t cfwl' gs

l;ª\uf] kfk

&= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘If’/ ‘5’ sf] k|of]u ePsf kfrF kfrF j6f zAb n]v .

188 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

*= wd{ ± Os ˜ wfld{s ePh:t} tnsf zAbx¿af6 gofF zAb agfpm M
cy{ ± Os ˜ ======================= ;:+ sl[ t ± Os ˜ =======================
gLlt ± Os ˜ ======================= ;dfh ± Os ˜ =======================
e"uf]n ± Os ˜ ======================= lj1fg ± Os ˜ =======================
z/L/ ± Os ˜ ======================= d"n ± Os ˜ =======================

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ g]kfnsf kl| ;4 rf/ wfld{s Ifq] x¿ sg' s'g xg' \ <
=====================================================================================
v_ l/8L sg' gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt 5 <
=====================================================================================
u_ l/8Lsf] kf}/fl0fs gfd s] xf] <
=====================================================================================
3_ ;ToZj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ s;n] agfPsf x'g\ <
=====================================================================================
ª_ l/8L s'gs'g 7fpsF f] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| xf] <
=====================================================================================
@= sfi] 7saf6 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ l/8L uN' dL lhNnfdf /xs] f] Ps kljq ============= Ifq] xf] . -cflys{ , wflds{ _
v_ l/8L a6' jnbl] v =================== lsnfl] d6/ pQ/df kb{5 . -^), &)_

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 189

u_ sfnLu08sLdf :gfg u/k] l5 tL =================== kvflng] dfGotf 5 .

-kmf]xf/] , C0f_

3_ k|Tos] ================= l/8Ldf ljz]if d]nf nfUg] ub5{ . -cfOtaf/, zlgaf/_

ª_ =================== sf/0fn] klg l/8Lsf] dxŒj c¹} a9]sf] xf] .

-zflnu|fdsf, afnj' fsf_

r w/] } klxnb] l] v l/8L =================== JolQmx¿sf] uGtJo /x]sf] kfOG5 .

-lgDg kb:y, pRrkb:y_

5_ l/8L =================== sG] bs| f] ¿kdf klg lrlgG5 . -Jofkfl/s, /fhgLlts_

h_ l/8Ldf sfnLu08sL =================== lgdf0{ f xbF' } 5 . -sfl] /8f/] , sj] nsf/_

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ l/8L kfNkf lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 .

v_ l/8Ldf uft} d a4' n] tk:of u/s] f lyP .

u_ hªu\ axfb/' /f0ff l/8Ldf uPsf lyP .

3_ h'4 zdz/] n] cun{ Ldf b/af/ agfPsf lyP .

ª_ l/8L lzIffsf] s]Gb| xf] .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ l/8L s'g 7fpdF f cjl:yt 5 <
v_ l/8L gfd s;/L /xg uof] <
u_ l/8LnfO{ lsg wfld{s :yn elgPsf] xf] <

%= l/8L eGg] 7fpsF f ljzi] ftfnfO{ cfÇg} zAbdf aofg u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

kzk' ltgfy lxGb'x¿sf cf/fWob]j x'g\ . kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/ sf7df8f}F lhNnfsf]

b]pkf6gl:yt jfUdtL gbLsf] lsgf/df /xs] f] 5 . o; If]qnfO{ kfzk' t\ If]q klg

elgG5 . kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/df ;'gsf] klx/g;lxtsf] tfdfsf] bO' t{ n] 5fgf 5g\ .

190 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

dlGb/df rf/ j6f rfFbLsf 9fs] f 5g\ . dlGb/sf] d"nåf/ cufl8 lkQnsf] 7n" f] ;fF9] 5 .
o;sf] gfd gGbL xf] . gGbLnfO{ a;fx klg elgG5 . kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ jl/kl/ wd{zfnf,
kf6Lkfj} f, ;Qn ejg /x]sf 5g\ . dlGb/sf] lgdf0{ f cToGt snfTds 5 . dlGb/sf]
k|jz] åf/df snf / eJotfn] ;an} fO{ cfslif{t ug]{ l;+xsf hf8] L /flvPsf 5g\ . dlGb/sf]
pQ/tkm{ cfo3{ f6 /xs] f] 5 . ToxfF lxGbx' ¿sf] cGTo]li6 ul/G5 . kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf]
cf;kf;df Zni] fdfGts jg, uÅ' oZj/L dlGb/, ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ /x]sf 5g\ .
kz'kltgfydf lzj/flqsf] lbg ljz]if dn] f nfU5 . o; lbg ;+;f/e/sf lxGb' bzg{ fyL{x¿
kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ cfpF5g\ .

!= lgjb] gdf k/]sf tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf ;f/ M
cf/fWobj] , dn" åf/, lkQn, cfslif{t, bz{gfyL{, cGTol] i6, Zn]ifdfGts, u'ÅoZj/L

@= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ kzk' ltgfy s;sf cf/fWob]j xg' \ .

c_ lxGb ' cf_ af}4 O_ lj|ml:rog

v= kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ ePsf] Ifq] nfO{ s] elgG5 <

c_ kzk' lt Ifq] cf_ Zni] fdfGts Ifq] O_ kfz'kt\ If]q

u_ dlGb/sf] cufl8 /xs] f] gGbLnfO{ s] klg elgG5 <

c_ a;fxf cf_ p7fxf O_ 7ufxf

3_ kz'kltsf] dlGb/df slxn] 7n" f] d]nf nfU5 <

c_ lzj/flq cf_ sfn/flq O_ dxf/flq

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf] 5fgf] k"/} ;'gsf] xf] .

v_ kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/df rf/ j6f rfFbLsf 9f]sf 5g\ .

u_ kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf] k5fl8kl§ gGbL 5 .

3_ kz'kltgfy jfUdtL lsgf/df 5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 191

$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/ sxfF cjl:yt 5 <
v_ kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/sf] j/k/ s]s] s'/fx¿ 5g\ <
u_ kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf] cf;kf;df sg' s'g dlGb/x¿ 5g\ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 @)) df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ km]jf tfn kf]v/fsf] k[YjLrf]saf6 ========================= k/ 5 .
v_ kmj] f tfndf ========================= lxdfnsf] 5fof b]lvG5 .
u_ r}tjz} fvdf oxfF ;f/} ========================= rN5 .
3_ ;'/Iffsf nflu ========================= klg nufpg ;lsG5 .
ª_ km]jf tfn g]kfnsf] ========================= xf] .
@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ kmj] f tfn cf7 xhf/ /f]kgLdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
v_ km]jf tfnn] kf]v/fnfO{ cToGt ;'Gb/ agfPsf] 5 .
u_ dflg;x¿ kmj] f tfndf b]jLnfO{ e6] \g dfq} cfpF5g\ .
3_ afx|} alxgf oxfsF f] df};d ;kmf xG' 5 .
#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ tfnaf/fxL dlGb/ sxfF cjl:yt 5 <
v_ dflg;x¿ km]jf tfndf lsg cfp5F g\ <
u_ 8ª' \uf r8\bf lsg rgfvf] x'g'k5<{

192 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

Jofs/0f ;Lk

;d"xjfrL zAb M s'g} j:ts' f] w/] } dfqf jf ;d"x a'¹fpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ ;dx" jfrL
zAb elgG5 .

tnsf ;dx" jfrL zAbx¿ k9 M ldqsf] – d08nL
km" nsf] – u'R5f e]8fsf] – ayfg
k:' tssf] – rfª gf6] sf ] – vft
l;kfxLsf] – kmfh} dflg;sf ] – eL8
e]8fsf] – ayfg s/] fsf ] – 3/L
;fusf ] – d7' f]

!= tnsf zAbsf] ;d"xjfrL zAb nv] M k:' tssf] – =================
ldqsf] – ================= e]8fsf ] – =================
gf]6sf ] – ================= s]/fsf] – =================
e]8fsf ] – =================

@= ;d"xjfrL zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

s]/fsf] d7' f]

k"mnsf] eL8

l;kfxLsf] 3/L

dflg;sf ] u'R5f

;fusf ] kmfh}

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 193

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df ‘dgsfdgf’ zLifs{ df Pp6f lgaGw nv] M
uf/] vf lhNnfdf /x]sf] – dgsfdgf eujtLsf] dlGb/ – lxGbx' ¿sf] cf/fWo –

dgsf] OR5f k/" f ug{] b]jLsf] ¿kdf dflgg] – dlGb/;Dd hfg sa] n' sf/sf] Joj:yf
– sl' /g6f/af6 s]an' sf/ r9/] !) ldg6] df dlGb/ kU' g ;lsg] – cToGt eL8ef8
xg' ] – kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efudf /xs] f] – dlGb/ j/k/ vfgkfg tyf a;fj] f;sf
nflu ;'ljwf – j/k/sf] ;G' b/ bZ[ o b]lvg] – ljZjel/sf lxGbx' ¿sf cf:yfsf] sG] b| .
@= ltdL 3d' ]sf] s'g} 7fpsF f] af/d] f Pp6f cgR' 5b] nv] .

gk] fnsf kd| 'v tfnx¿ M

/f/f kmj] f a]ugf; R5f] /f]Nkf

¿kf au] gf; kmf]S;'G8f] ltlnrf]

a'nan' uf];fOFs0' 8 3f]8f3f]8L d}bL

vKt8 gGbefph " OGb;| /fj] /

kf7 k"/f u/s] f] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
194 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

;'gfO ;Lk

kf7 !
bfh] ]{ ;/:jtL dfljsf] sIff $ df k9g\ ] ljBfyL{ xf] . bfh] ]s{ f] :jefj c¿sf] eGbf km/s 5 . pm sd
afN] 5 . k9fOnv] fOdf eGbf vn] sb' df a9L ?lr /fV5 . To;}n] p;sf cfdfafaf a9L lrlGtt x'gx' 'G5 .
bfh] ]{n] eljiodf 7n" f] vn] f8L aGg] ;kgf bv] ]sf] 5 . lgoldt laxfg p7k] l5 pm l;w} es'G8f] lnP/
v]Ng lg:sG5 . vn] sb' df w/] } ;do lbPsfn] p;n] cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ klg k"/f ug{ EofpbF g} . h;n]
ubf{ ljBfnodf klg pm lzIfsx¿sf] gh/df 7u ljBfyL{sf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . 3/df cfdfafn] /
:s'ndf lzIfsx¿n] p;nfO{ lgoldth:t} ufnL ul//xg'xG' 5 . t/ pm ;fyLefOx¿sf aLrdf eg] lgs}
ldng;f/ 5 . ljBfnosf] jflifs{ f]T;jdf cfofl] ht vn] s'b k|ltofl] utfsf] k/' :sf/ ljt/0f ;df/f]xdf
bf]h{]sf cfdfaf klg cfpge' Psf] lyof] . ;ae} Gbf w]/} k'/:sf/ bf]h]n{ ] g} kfof] . p;n] k/' :sf/ kfpFbf
w/] } ljBfyL{x¿n] hf8] bf/ tfnL ahfP . of] s/' fn] pm ;fyLefOsf aLrdf slt w]/} ldng;f/ 5
eGg] s'/f yfxf eof] . sfoj{ m| d ;lsPkl5 cfdfaf / u?' n] bfh] {n] fO{ ;D¹fpg'eof] . ‘afa' ¤ ltdLn]
vn] s'bdf hlt /fd|f] u/s] f 5f}, k9fOdf klg Tolt g} /fdf| ] u/ x} . 7"nf] vn] f8L x'gsf nflu vn] sb' sf
;fy;fy} k9fOdf klg /fd|f] xg' k' 5{ . s/' f] a'ˆof} lg <’ bf]h{n] ] :jLs[lt;"rs 6fpsf] xNnfof] .

kf7 @
cb'jfsf] ;]jgn] skm / jfo';DaGwL /f]u xg' lbFb}g . o;sf] ;j] gn] ef]s nfU5 / kfrgzlQmnfO{
alnof] agfpF5 . Hj/f] cfPsf] jn] fdf cb'jf / k'lbgfsf] /; lkpgfn] Hj/f] x/fp5F . cbj' fsf] 6j' |mf
sf6]/ gg' 5/]/ vfbF f slAhotsf] ;d:of x65\ / ef]s nfU5 . cbj' fsf] /;df dx /fv]/ rf6\gfn]
vf]sL sd xG' 5 . cb'jf /fvs] f] lrof lkpgfn] ?3f nfUbf cf/fd ldN5 . af/Daf/ pN6L ePdf cb'jfsf]
/;df Kofhsf] /; ldnfP/ lkpgfn] pN6L /fl] sG5 . cb'jf / kl' bgfsf] /;df yf/] } gg' ldnfP/ lkpgfn]
k]6sf] b'vfOdf cf/fd ldN5 . lgoldt cbj' fsf] ;]jg ugf{n] 5fnf nfdf] ;do;Dd hjfg b]lvG5 .
;w}F laxfg vfnL k6] df cbj' f rkfpgfn] 5fnf cfsif{s / ;kmf bl] vG5 . cbj' fsf] /;nfO{ cg'xf/df
nufpgfn] klg 5fnf rlDsnf] bl] vG5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 195

kf7 #

hfkfgsf] af/]df s]xL tYox¿ M
hfkfg ;fgf;fgf ^ xhf/eGbf a9L 6fkx' ¿ ldn]/ ags] f] Pl;ofnL /fi6« xf] .
hfkfgsf] /fhwfgL ;x/sf] gfd 6f]lsof] xf] .
hfkfg ;d'b|sf] aLrdf /xs] f] ;fgf 7n" f w/] } kxf8x¿ ePsf] bz] xf] .
hfkfgsf] &) k|ltzteGbf a9L ee" fu kxf8n] 9fss] f] 5 .
hfkfgsf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] lxdfnsf] gfd km' hL xf] .
hfkfgdf b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L Hjfnfd'vLx¿ /xs] f 5g\ .
hfkfg ;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf a9L e"sDk hfg] b]z xf] . ToxfF jif{df ;fgf7"nf !% ;oeGbf a9L

e"sDk hfg] u5{ .
hfkfgsf] /fli6o« v]nsf] gfd ;d' f] xf] .
hfkfgLx¿ hg} wd{ dfG5g\ . of] wd{ a4' wda{ f6 ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
hfkfgnfO{ ;o" f{b] osf] b]z elgG5 .

kf7 $
dflg;x¿ cfÇgf] hLjg rnfpg sfd u5g{ \ . v]tdf sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{ ls;fg elgG5 . 3/ agfpg,
kvf{n nufpg 9ª' \uf df6f] tyf afnj' f, l;d]G6sf] sfd ug]{ dflg;nfO{ 8sdL{ elgG5 . sf7sf] sfd
u/]/ kmlgr{ /x¿ agfpg] dflg; l;sdL{ xf] . n'uf l;nfpg] dflg; ;r" Lsf/ xf] eg] ;/;kmfOsf] sfd
ug{] dflg; s'rLsf/ . ;dfrf/ n]Vg] dflg; kqsf/ xf] eg] ;flxTo l;hg{ f ug{] dflg; ;flxTosf/ .
la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug{] dflg; 8fS6/ xf] eg] ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg] dflg; rfns xf] . 3/, kn' cflbsf]
l8hfOg ug]{ JolQm OlGhlgo/ xf] . ljBfyLn{ fO{ k9fpg] dflg; lzIfs xf] . kx| /Ln] hgtfsf] ;/' Iff u5{
eg] ;g] fn] b]zsf] ;/' Iff u5{ . dflg; ljleGg k];fsf xG' 5g\ . cfk"m hg' k;] fdf eP klg Odfgbf/ eP/
sfd ug]{ dflg; ;wF} ;kmn xG' 5 .

kf7 %
j}s'07 dfgGw/, ;dL/ tfdfª / ld/f /fO{ k|l;4 v]nf8L x'g\ . pgLx¿ bf8} sf dfWodaf6 rlrt{
5g\ . u0fz] yfkf, /fh' zfSo / xl/ v8\sf gk] fnsf kl| ;4 km' 6an vn] f8L xg' \ . ;ªl\ ugf jB} tyf
bLks lji6n] t]SjfG8f] v]naf6 cfkm" nfO{ lrgfPsf 5g\ . ljgfb] bf;, kf/; v8s\ f / 1fgG] b| dNn
ljm| s]6 v]nf8L xg' \ . pgLx¿n] gk] fnnfO{ lj|ms6] sf dfWodaf6 ljZjdf lrgfPsf 5g\ . uf}l/sf l;+x
kf8} L v]nf8L xg' \ . pgn] ;fg} pd]/df g]kfnsf nflu w]/} kbs lhts] L l5g\ . lgdf >]i7 / sf]lknf
pkt]| L g]kfnL dlxnf elnan l6dsf vn] f8L x'g\ . s]zj >]i7, ;lhg dxh{g / clg; lu/L r]; v]nf8L
x'g\ . logLx¿ ljb]zdf ;dt] rlr{t 5g\ . k'/g /fO{ tyf bLks dxhg{ alS;ªsf vn] f8L xg' \ . oL
vn] f8Lx¿n] g]kfnsf] gfd /fVg w/] } kl/>d u/]sf 5g\ .

196 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

kf7 ^

ug{'xG' g x]nf

– n]vgfy 1jfnL

;fg' cfvF f 7n" f]7n" f] ;+;f/nfO{ bV] 5 .

;fg' ¿v 7"nf] eO{ 3fdkfgL 5S] 5 ..

;fg} x'G5 7"nf7n" f dflg;sf] d6' ' .
;fg' rLh hxfF klg kU' 5 ;'6';'6' ..

;fg} x'G5 a'Na'nfpg] wf/f] d"nkfgL .
;fg} xG' 5 xfDn] x]g]{ of] cfFvfsf] gfgL ..

;fg';fg' kf]v/Ldf df5f x/] tftF L .
;fg} rLh xl' s{P/ 7"nf] x'G5 ;fyL ..

7n" f7] "nf] 3/sf] klg hu xG' 5 ;fg' .
;fg} xG' 5 lsnfsfF6L 7n" f] xG' 5 5fg' ..

;fg' egL ug'x{ 'Gg sfx] LnfO{ klg xn] f .
xfQL klg kg{ ;S5 sldnfsf] km] nf ..

kf7 &
afnclwsf/ eGgfn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] lgDg clwsf/ eGg] a'l¹G5 M
afnaflnsfx¿n] plrt :jf:Yo, dfof, / :ofxf/ kfpg'k5{ .
x/]s afnalnsfn] ljBfno uP/ k9\g kfpgk' 5{ .
:j:y / kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f vfg kfpg' afnclwsf/ xf] .
afnaflnsfx¿n] lglZrt ;do vN] g / dgf/] ~hg ug{ kfpg'k5{ .
;'/Iff kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . o;sf nflu cleefjs, ;dfh / /fi6«n] pgLx¿sf]

;+/If0f ugk{' 5{ .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s >d kg{] sfd u/fpgx' b'F g} .
afnaflnsfx¿n] ljleGg j:t' 36gf cflbsf] ;r" gf kfpgk' 5{ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 197

kf7 *
clxn] kY[ jLdf kb| i" f0f a9b\ } 5 . kY[ jLdf a9\b} u/]sf] k|b"if0fsf sf/0f kY[ jLeGbf aflx/ /xs] f] xfjfsf]
tx afSnf] xbF' } 5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] tftfk] g aflx/ hfg lbFbg} h;n] ubf{ k[YjL tfT5 . k[YjLdf tftfk] g
a9\b} hfgs' f] cy{ jftfj/0f laug| ' xf] . o;f] xF'bf kfgL kg{] ;dodf kb{g} , gkg]{ ;dodf w/] } k5{ .
hf8f]df sd hf8f] / udLd{ f Hofbf udL{ x'G5 . gbLx¿df kfgL sd xG' 5 . lxdfn kUng] j|md a9\5 .
af9Lklx/f] hfg,] hldg aUg] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfp5F g\ . s[lif pTkfbgdf sdL cfp5F . o;n] ubf{
vfBkbfys{ f] cefjsf sf/0f dflg;x¿nfO{ ;d:of k5{ . k[YjLdf a9\g] k|bi" f0fsf sf/0f ljleGg
ks| f/sf /fu] km}nFb} 5g\ . jftfj/0f k|bi" f0fs} sf/0f oL ;a} ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'g] ePsfn] jftfj/0f
;/+ If0fsf nflu Wofg lbg'k5{ . hª\un hf]ufpg'k5{ . ¿v gePsf 7fpdF f ¿v /fK] g'k5{ .

kf7 (
kn] ]sf] vf; gfd P8\;g c/fGt] 8f] gfl;d]Gtf] xf] . k]ns] f] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf cToGt bogLo lyof] .
pgsf a'af dhb/' L uy]{ . b'Mvlhnf] u/]/ pgLx¿sf] uh' f/f rn]sf] lyof] . ;fF¹ laxfgsf] uhf]{ 6fg{
klg pgLx¿nfO{ dl' :sn lyof] . ‘xg' ] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft’ eg¹] }F pgL ;fgb} ]lv g} km'6an egk] l5
dl/d6] \y] . k'm6an lsg/] vN] g ;Sg] Ifdtf geP klg pgdf k'm6ank|lt cToGt 7n" f] ?lr lyof] . pgn]
;8sd} km'6an l;s] . pgL kmf6s] f dfh] fdf klqsf a/] /] xfNy] / To;nfO{ km'6ansf] ¿kdf vN] g]
uy{] . pgsf ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿ eg] pgnfO{ lh:sfpFy] . pgL;Fu km'6an v]Ng ?rfpbF }gy] . ;fyLx¿sf]
bJ' o{jxf/sf sf/0f pgsf] dg s'lF 8GYof] t/ klg kmf6s] f yfq] f dfh] fsf] an agfP/ vN] g eg] pgn]
slxNo} 5f8g] g\ . kn] n] ] afNosfndf h'Qf klg nufpg kfPgg\ . af| lhndf ‘k]n’] eGgfn] vfnL v'§fn]
km'6an v]Ng] dflg; eGg] al' ¹G5 .

kf7 !)
;lnd gk] fnuGhdf a:5 . pm /dhfgsf] jt| a:5† Ob dgfpF5 . Obdf ;a] O{ ksfP/ vfG5 . u0fz] sf]
3/ at} 8L xf] . pgLx¿ uf}/f kj{ wd' wfd;uF dgfpF5g\ . /z] d bfª lhNnfsf] ndxL eGg] 7fpdF f
a:5 . pm yf¿ ;db' fosf] xf] . yf¿x¿sf] ;db' fodf df3L ljzi] f ¿kn] dgfOG5 . ;fg] fdsf] 3/
;fn] 'v'Da'df 5 . pm zk] f{ hfltsf] xf] . pgLx¿ Nxf;] f/ dgfpF5g\ . Nxf;] f/df vfK;] ksfp5F g\ .
afa'nfn l;/fxfdf hGds] f] xf] . pm dw];L xf] . pgLx¿sf] ;db' fodf 57 kj{ w]/} pT;fxsf ;fy
dgfOG5 . ;fg'dfofsf] 3/ eQmk'/df 5 . pgLx¿ la:s]6 hfqf v'a /f}gssf ;fy dgfp5F g\ . ;gdfg
lnDa" xf] . pgLx¿sf] ;db' fodf pwF f}nL peF fn} L ljzi] f kjs{ f] ¿kdf dgfOG5 . g]kfndf km/skm/s
hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ . pgLx¿n] dfGg] ;+:sl[ t tyf dgfpg] kjx{ ¿ km/skm/s 5g\ . oL
ljleGg ks| f/sf ;:+ s[ltx¿n] g]kfnnfO{ l;uF f/s] f 5g\ .

198 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

kf7 !!
cfÇgf] j/k/ 36s] f] sg' } 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ syf nV] g ;lsG5 . syf nV] bf ;a}eGbf klxnf
ljifosf] 5gf6] ul/G5 . cfk"mn] 5gf6] u/s] f] ljifodf ;x' fpg] sx] L kfqx¿sf] sNkgf ul/G5 .
To;kl5 ljifoj:tn' fO{ tL kfqsf dfWodaf6 cufl8 a9fOG5 . syf n]Vbf kfq /xs] f] :yfg, ;do,
jftfj/0f cflbsf] rrf{ ul/G5 . ljifosf] yfngL sxfaF f6 ug{,] kfqnfO{ sxfFsxfF k'¥ofpg], 36gfsf]
ljsf; s;/L ug]{ eGg] of]hgf agfOG5 . syfdf kfqx¿nfO{ s'/fsfgL ug{ nufP/ ;j+ fb k|:tt'
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] gu/]/ cfkmF}n] 36gfsf] j0f{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . syfnfO{ /f]rs agfpg /dfOnf
k;| ª\ux¿ /fVg klg ;lsG5 .

kf7 !@
OG6/g6] ljB'tLo kl| jlwcGtu{t ljsf; ePsf] ljZjJofkL ;~hfn xf] . of] sDKo'6x¿sf] o:tf] ;dx"
xf] h;df ;+;f/el/sf sDKo'6/ / To;;uF ;DalGwt pks/0fx¿sf] Pscsf;{ Fu ;Dksd{ f /xs] f]
;"rgf cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g6] sf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csfd]{ f hf]l8g], va/,
lrqx¿, lel8of] cflb k7fpg] sfddf ;xhtf xG' 5 . OG6/g6] sf] k|ofu] cfhsf] ljZjdf x/s] If]qdf
clgjfo{ tŒjsf] ¿kdf xg' yfns] f] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, Jofkf/, ;"rgf, kl| jlw cflbsf Ifq] df OG6/g6]
geO{ gx'g] xg' yfn]sf] 5 . aª} s\ , c:ktfn, ;~rf/dfWod cflbdf t of] geO{ xbF' }g . OG6/g]6nfO{
sltko b]zdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf klg lng yflnPsf] 5 . clxn] t df]afOndf klg ;lhn};Fu
OG6/g]6 rnfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf] hg' 7fpFdf ePsf eP klg cfkmGt tyf Oi6ldqx¿;Fu ;Dks{
ug{ OG6/g]6n] ;3fpF5 . of] cfhsf] ;dosf] clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] .

kf7 !#
lxpF lrtj' f la/fnf] kh| fltsf] df+;fxf/L hgfj/ xf] . of] blIf0f tyf dWo Pl;ofsf lxdfnL If]qdf
kfOG5 . r§fgL lxdfnL Ifq] o;sf] jf;:yn xf] . of] n's/] /xg] :jefjsf] xG' 5 . of] af3 tyf
lrtj' feGbf w]/} ;fgf] xG' 5 . o;sf] yt' g' f] 5f]6f] xG' 5 / gfssf Kjfn 7"nf xG' 5g\ . lxdfnL Ifq] df
clS;hg sd x'g] ePsfn] o;sf gfssf 7"nf Kjfnn] o;nfO{ ;f; km]g{ ;3fp5F . o;sf] z/L/df
xNsf v}/f] /ªsf] nfdf / afSnf eT' nf x'G5g\ . o;sf] z/L/el/ sfnf kxnF] f yf]Knfx¿ xG' 5g\ . o;sf]
5ftL ;]tf] x'G5 eg] cfFvf gLnf] / xl/of] /ªsf] xG' 5 . o;sf kGhf 7"nf xG' 5g\ h;n] ubf{ lxpdF f lxF8\g
;lhnf] xG' 5 . o;sf] nfdf] / nrsbf/ kR' 5/n] o;nfO{ z/L/ ;Gtn' g ug{ ;3fp5F .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 199

kf7 !$
;;+ f/sf ;a} b]zx¿n] cfkm" nfO{ lrgfpg sg' } g s'g} lrÅg tfs] ]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf lrÅgx¿nfO{ To;
b]zsf] /fli6o« lrÅg elgG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGbf b]znfO{ lrgfpg] lrÅgnfO{ /fli6o« lrÅg elgG5 .
xfdf| ] b]z g]kfnn] klg sx] L /fli6o« lrÅgx¿ tf]s]sf] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lrÅg eGb5fF} .
/fli6o« lrÅgx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{', ltgnfO{ dfof ug'{ xfdf| ] stJ{ o xf] . logn] xfd|f] bz] nfO{ lrgfp5F g\ .
xfdf| ] b]zsf] /fli6o« lrÅgx¿ ljleGg ks| f/sf 5g\ . tL lrÅgx¿ /fli6o« kIfL 8fFk]m, /fli6«o km" n
nfnLu'/f;F , /fli6o« /ª l;lds| , /fli6«o hgfj/ ufO{, /fli6«o ¹G8f tyf /fli6o« uLt xg' \ . /fli6«o
lrÅgsf] dfWodaf6 /fi6s« f] klxrfg xg' ] ePsfn] lognfO{ cfb/ ugk'{ 5{ .

kf7 !%
;'Vvf ;dodf cfunfuLsf] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 . o:tf] ;dodf ¿vsf kftx¿ ;s' ]sf x'G5g\ .
;fgf;fgf xfuF fx¿ ;s' ]/ ¹/]sf x'G5g\ . ;'s]sf k/fn tyf kftkltª\u/x¿df cfufn] ] rfF8} l6K5 .
cfunfuL x'g] ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . jgef]h uPsfx¿n] cfuf] glgefpbF f cfunfuL x'g;S5 .
glgefO{ kmlnPsf r'/f6] sf 7'6fx¿af6 klg cfunfuL x'g;S5 . 3/df lahn' L ;6 xF'bf, 6s' L aQL
9Nbf jf s6] fs]6Lx¿n] xf;] gk¥' ofpbF f cfunfuL x'g;S5 . cfuf] dflg;nfO{ geO{ gx'g] s'/f xf] t/
cfuf];uF v]nfFrL ubf{ o;n] ljgfz lgDTofpg ;S5 . ufpFdf k/' fgf sf7n] ags] f 3/x¿ x'G5g\ .
sf7df cfuf] ;lhn} nfU5 . To;n} ] vfgf ksfPkl5 cfuf] lgefpg,] ;T' g] jn] fdf aQLx¿ lgefP/
dfq ;T' g], ;nfO{ tyf nfO6/x¿ ;fgf gfgLx¿n] ge]6g\ ] 7fpFdf /fVg] h:tf ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿
ckgfpgk' 5{ . cfuf] nfu]/ ljgfz x'ge' Gbf klxn] g} ;r]t xg' ' w/] } al' 4dfgL x'G5 .

kf7 !^
km]jf tfn kf]v/fsf] k[YjLrf]saf6 kfFr lsnfl] d6/ k/ 5 . of] tfn cf7 xhf/ /f]kgLdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
gk] fnsf] /f/f tfnkl5sf] bf];f| ] 7n" f] tfn km]jf tfnsf] aLrdf tfnaf/fxLsf] dlGb/ 5 . df};d ;kmf
ePsf] jn] fdf km]jf tfndf df5fk'R5]« lxdfnsf] 5fof bl] vG5 . of] tfnn] kf]v/fnfO{ cToGt ;G' b/
agfPsf] 5 . oxfF gk] fnLx¿ dfq geP/ ljZjsf ljleGg 7fpsF f dflg;x¿ 8ª' \uf r9\g tfnaf/fxLsf]
bz{g ug{ / t:jL/ lvRg cfp5F g\ . r}tj}zfvdf oxfF ;fx}| xfjf rN5 . To;}n] 8'ªu\ f r9\bf rgfvf]
x'g'k5{ . ;/' Iffsf nflu nfOkm Hofs6] klg nufpg ;lsG5 . c¿ ;dodf oxfFsf] df};d kf| oM ;kmf
xG' 5 . km]jf tfn g]kfnsf] uf/} j xf] .

200 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $