Green Sungava Nepali 4

lnª\u kl/jt{g M kl' nªu\ df ePsf] zAb jf jfSonfO{ :qLlnªu\ df tyf :qLlnª\udf
ePsf] zAb jf jfSonfO{ k'lnª\udf kl/jtg{ ug'{nfO{ lnªu\ kl/jt{g
elgG5 .

sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

s_ ;fgL gfgL w'?w?' ?G5] . -kl' nª\u_

v_ bfh'x¿ sfofn{ olt/ hfge' of] . -:qLlnªu\ _

u_ ufOn{ ] 3f;F vfof] . -k'lnªu\ _

3_ elthL rsrs ul5g{ \ . -kl' nªu\ _

ª_ efGhfn] dL7f] uLt ufP . -:qLlnªu\ _

r_ tFn} ] ;G' b/ lrq agfPsf] 5;\ . -:qLlnªu\ _

5_ cUnL gflosf gflrg\ . -kl' nª\u_

h_ afR5f]n] b"w vfof] . -:qLlnª\u_

tnsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ kl' nª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M
dfOh' / sfsL ahf/ hfg'ePsf] 5 . cfdf dlGb/ hfg'eof] . alxgL leq a;]/ lrq

sfb] {] 5] . lbbL vfgf agfpg nfUg'ePsf] 5 . d eg] u[xsfo{ ul//x]sL 5' .

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ :qLlnª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M
legfhn' ] ufos / gfosnfO{ e6] g\ e' P5 . k'mkfh' klg uLt ;G' gx' G' 5 . ;flgdf klg

l;gd] f xg] { ?rfpgx' 'G5 . dfdfn] efGhfnfO{ pkxf/ lbge' of] .

:qLlnªu\ a'¹fpg] bz j6f zAbx¿ l6k clg ltgnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u u/ .

kl' nª\u a¹' fpg] bz j6f zAbx¿ l6k clg ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 101

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= sIffsf b'O{bO' { hgf ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ ‘jghªu\ nsf] dxŒj’ zLifs{ df s'/fsfgL u/ .
@= ‘¿v /fk] fF’} eGg] ljifodf bO' { ;fyLsf aLrdf x'g] s/' fsfgL nv] .

g]kfnsf jghª\undf kfOg] ljleGg cfi} fwLd"ns jg:kltx¿ M

of;fu{ 'Daf h6fd;L vo/ kl' bgf

l3ps'df/L gLd kfFrcf}Fn] ;ku{ Gwf

x/f{] a/f{] lr/fOtf] cdnf

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
102 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

kf7 ( lstfa

cfTdsyf

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

k':tsfnodf slt w/] } xfd|f] 3/sf] b/fhdf w/] }
lstfa /x5] g\ . lstfax¿ 5g\ .

aa' f gofF lstfa k9\g'x'G5 . xfdLn] k':ts kb| zg{ L
cjnf]sg u¥ofF} .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 103

jb] s/' fg

afOan lqlk6s

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] df}lvs pQ/ bp] m M

d lstfasf] af/d] f ltdLnfO{ s] s/' f yfxf 5 <
d lstfadf slt w/] } s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\, ltdLn] cg'dfg u/]sf 5f} <
d ltdL lstfasf] pTklQsf] af/d] f hfGg rfxG5f<}
d lstfasf] efjgfnfO{ s] ltdLn] a'¹]sf 5f} <

tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ sIffdf Ps hgfn] p7]/ k9 clg ;a}n] Pp6} :j/df eg .

d d;Fu w]/} lstfax¿ 5g\ .
d lstfan] xfdLnfO{ 1fg lbG5 .
d lstfadf w/] } s/' fx¿ ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ .
d lstfanfO{ xfdLn] ;+/If0f ugk'{ 5{ .
d lstfaljgfsf] hLjg ck"/f] x'G5 .

104 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

cfTdsyf egs] f] cfÇgf] syf xf] . cfkm" n] cfÇgf] af/]df egs] f] s'/fnfO{ cfTdsyf elgG5 .
cfTdsyf n]Vbf h]sf] af/]df nl] vG5, cfk"m ToxL aGgk' 5{ clg d eg]/ nV] gk' 5{ . kf7df
lstfasf] cfTdsyf lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF lstfa cfkm}F af]ns] f] 5 . p;n] cfÇgf] kl/ro,
pTklQsf] syf, dxŒj cflbsf] af/]df rrf{ u/s] f] 5 . cfTdsyf JolQmsf] af/]df klg
nV] g ;lsG5 . hg' JolQmsf] n]Vg] xf] cfkm" ToxL ag/] p;sf] af/]df d eg/] rrf{ ug{'k5{ .
ltdLx¿ of] kf7 k9]kl5 o:tf cfTdsyfx¿ n]Vg ;Sg] xg' ] 5f} . tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/
k9 clg cfTdsyf s;/L n]lvFbf] /x5] eGg] s'/f Wofg lbP/ a'ˆg] ko| f; u/ . o;df
ltdLx¿nfO{ lzIfsn] ;3fpg'xg' ] 5 .

d lstfa x'F . dnfO{ dflg;x¿n] k':ts jf
u|Gy klg eG5g\ . dfgj Oltxf;sf] cf/De
;uF ;uF } d]/f] hGd ePsf] xf] . d ;?' b]lv g}
cfhsf] h:tf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf]Og .
dflg;x¿n] ;'?df ¿vsf] kftdf, af]jm| fdf,
9ª' u\ fdf tyf sf7sf kf6Lx¿df nV] g hfgs] f
xg' \ . la:tf/} dflg;n] sfuh agfof] clg d]/f]
hGd eof] . cf/Dedf d clxns] f] h:tf] a'§]bf/, ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s lyOgF . Toltv]/ d sfnf]
cIf/ dfq ePsf] ;fbf xG' yF] . la:tf/} ljsl;t x'g] j|mddf d}n] cfw'lgs ¿k kfPsf] xF' .

dflg;x¿n] 7n" f] ldlxg]taf6 ljleGg cIf/x¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . cIf/sf] cfljisf/
ePkl5 dflg;n] cfÇgf] s'/f n]Vg ;Sg] eof] . nv] ]/ /fvs] f] s'/f gx/fcf;] \, vf]h]sf]
j]nfdf kfOof;] \ eg/] g} dflg;n] dnfO{ agfPsf] xf] . sfuhsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 t
d/] f] :j¿k g} kl/jtg{ eof] . ;'?;'?df dflg;x¿ sfuhdf xftn} ] n]v]/ lstfa tof/

zAbf {y k':ts M lstfa, uG| y ljsl;t M ljsf; ePsf]
u|Gy M k':ts, lstfa a'§b] f/ M a§' f ePsf]
dfgj M dflg; cfsif{s M dg nf]Eofpg]
cf/De M ;?' jft cfljisf/ M gofF s'/f kQf nufpg] sfd

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 105

kfy]{ . la:tf/} la:tf/} dflg;n] tof/L cIf/sf] lgdf{0f u¥of] . tL cIf/x¿nfO{ ldnfP/
5fKg] dl] ;gsf] klg cfljisf/ u¥of] . To:tf] dl] ;gnfO{ k|]; eGg yflnof] . k]|;sf] ljsf;
ePkl5 nV] g] sfdsf] ;§f 5fKg] sfos{ f] yfngL eof] . 5kfOsf] dfWodaf6 d ;of,}F xhf/fF}
;ªV\ ofdf lj:tfl/t x'g k'uF] .

cfh ;;+ f/e/ d dflg;x¿sf] 1fgsf] ;f| ]t tyf e08f/sf] ¿kdf l:jsfl/Psf] 5' . cfh
;;+ f/sf w/} }h;f] efiffdf d pknAw 5' . d/] f] Ifq] lbg k|ltlbg km/flsnf] aGb} uPsf]
5 . lxhfc] fh d Oltxf;, wd{, ;+:sl[ t, /fhgLlt, ;~rf/, ul0ft, ;flxTo, sfgg' , lj1fg
nufotsf If]qdf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5' . lj1fg / kl| jlwsf If]qdf d}n] 7n" f] km8s\ f] df/s] f]
5' . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g6] sf] ljsf;kl5 t d ljZje/ km}ng yfns] f] 5' .

d ljleGg cfsf/x¿df el] 6G5' . d]/f] cfsf/ ;fgf,] d¹f}nf jf 7n" f] h:tf] klg xG' 5 .
;;+ f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] uG| y dxfef/t d]/f] 7n" f] ¿ksf] gd'gf xf] . d ;a} dflg;sf] ;f¹f
xF' . d lxGbx' ¿sf] wfld{s uG| y j]b, k/' f0f / uLtf dfq geO{ O;fOx{ ¿sf] afOan,
af}4dfuLx{ ¿sf] lqlk6s / d'l:ndx¿sf] s/' fg klg xF' . dflg;x¿ cfÇgf] hfthflt
cg;' f/sf] efiff tyf ;+:sl[ tsf s/' fx¿ nv] ]/ dnfO{ ;'Gb/ kf5g{ \ . d ljleGg k|sf/sf
t:jL/ tyf lrqx¿n] ¹g\ /fd|f] b]lvg yfn]sf] 5' . cr]n dflg;x¿ dleq 1fgsf s/' f
dfq xfO] g d]/f] ;G' b/ :j¿ksf nflu klg ;r]t x'G5g\ .

cr]n d gePsf] 3/ xF'b}g . ;fgf gfgLx¿
dnfO{ ¹f]nfdf af]s/] ljBfno hfG5g\ . d
ljBfyL{sf] lxt};L x'F . pgLx¿ dnfO{ clt dfof u5{g\ /
d klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{' . 3/df dnfO{ ¥ofs /
b/fhdf ;hfP/ /fV5g\ . dflg;sf 3/sf rf]6fsf7] f
;a} 7fpFdf d}n] :yfg kfPsf] 5' . olt dfq geO{ ljleGg
;ª\3;+:yf / ;fj{hlgs ejgx¿sf sf7] fdf ;d]t

zAbf {y :j¿k M agfj6 af}4dfuL{x¿ M a'4 wd{ dfGgx] ¿
lj:tfl/t M kml} nPsf] t:jL/ M kmf]6f]
l:jsfl/Psf] M :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lxt};L M lxt lrtfpg], ;fyL
sfgg' M gLltlgod ;fjh{ lgs ejg M ;an} ] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 3/

106 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

d uj{ ub}{ a;s] f] 5' . d sfofn{ ox¿sf] zfe] f ag]sf] 5' . d/] f] ;fy / ;xofu] ;a}nfO{
rflxG5 . dflg;x¿ dnfO{ k9/] 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, lzIfs, /fhgLlt1, ;flxTosf/ cflb
aG5g\ . jtd{ fg ljZjdf k9]sf dflg;sf] dxŒj Hofbf xG' 5 . To;n} ] dflg;x¿ k9\gsf
nflu w]/} ;do / ;DklQ vr{ u5g{ \ . dg nufP/ k9\g] dflg;x¿nfO{ d ;wF} ;xof]u
ul//xG5' .

dflg;n] d]/f] ;'/Iffsf nflu k':tsfno agfPsf] x'G5 . k:' tsfno d/] f] 3/ xf] . ToxfF dnfO{
cToGt htg u//] /flvPsf] x'G5 . dflg;x¿n] ;lhn} k9g\ ;sg" \ eg]/ dnfO{ k':tsfnodf
ljifosf] cfwf/df /fd/| L ldnfP/ /flvG5 . cr]n 6f]n6f]ndf, sfof{nox¿df, ljBfno
tyf sn]hx¿df dnfO{ /fVg k':tsfno agfOPsf] xG' 5 . dnfO{ ToxfF /xg v'a} cfgGb
nfU5 . OG6/g6] sf] ljsf; ePkl5 t d]/f] :j¿k klg km]l/Psf] 5 . dnfO{ OG6/g6] df klg
/fVg yflnPsf] 5 . OG6/g]6df d sfuhsf] lstfasf] ¿kdf xfO] g, l8lh6n ¿kdf xG' 5' .
dnfO{ ljZjsf] hg' 7fpdF f eP klg sDKo6' /sf] cufl8 a;]/ k9g\ ;lsg] ;'ljwfsf] ljsf;
klg dflg;x¿n] u/]sf 5g\ .

;a} dflg;x¿ /fd|} xG' 5g\ eGg] 5}g . s]xL dflg;x¿ v/fa klg xG' 5g\ . sf]xL hyfefjL
s/] ]/ dnfO{ kmf]xf/] agfpF5g\ . sfx] L d]/f kfgf Roft/] dnfO{ s'¿k agfp5F g\ . sg' } dflg;sf]
ljrf/ g} v/fa x'G5 . ddfly g/fdf| s/' fx¿ nV] 5g\ . g/fdf| lrqx¿ klg agfp5F g\ .
dflg;n] agfpg] d]/f ;a} ¿kx¿ /fdf| dfq xG' 5g\ eGg] 5}gg\ . v/fa dflg;sf] xftaf6
d v/fa} ¿kdf klg aGg ;S5' . cfÇg} :j¿ksf] af/d] f o:tf] eGg'kbf{ dnfO{ ;fx}| bM' v
nfU5 . b'Mv nfu/] s] ug'{ / < d}n] cfÇgf] sf/0f /fd|f dflg;x¿nfO{ laufgx{' G' g . To;}n]
c;n dflg;n] dnfO{ lrg]/ ko| f]u ugk{' 5{ . d]/f] ;bk' of]u ug]{x¿;uF d ;w}F k;| Gg x'G5' .

zAbf {y uj{ M uf}/j k:' tsfno M k':ts /fVg] 3/
/fhgLlt1 M /fhgLlt ug{] dflg; s¿' k M g/fd|f]
;flxTosf/ M ;flxTo nV] g] dflg; ;b'kof]u M ;xL ko| fu]

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 107

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
Oltxf;, a'§]bf/, cfljisf/, ;ªV\ of, l:jsfl/Psf, /fhgLlt, kl| jlw, j]b, ;ª\3;+:yf

@= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
ljsl;t, cf/De, :j¿k, sfg'g, lxt};L, af}4dfuL{

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
u|Gy, dfgj, cfsif{s, lj:tfl/t,uj,{ k':tsfno

$= s_ z'4 kf//] n]v M
dfgL;x¿ dnfO k8/] 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, lzIfs, /fhgLtL1, ;flxTosf/

cfbL aG5g .

v_ z4' zAb lrg]/ ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm M

!= c= ;ª;:yf cf= ;ª\3;;+ y\ f O= ;ª\3;+:yf
O= ;fjh{ lgs
@= c= ;fjh{ gLs cf= ;fah{ lgs O= af}4dfuL
O= /fhgLltUoF
#= c= af}4dfuL cf= af4} dfuL {

$= c= /fhgLlt1 cf= /fhlglt1

%= dflysf] kf7af6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfFr cf6] f zAb vf]h/] n]v .

^= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

k':ts cfsf/

dfgj pkofu]

uj { ;?' jft

:j¿k uf/} j

cf/De dg'io

;bk' of]u uG| y

&= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
cf/De, ljsl;t, 1fg, ;G' b/, ;xofu] , ;fjh{ lgs

108 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ lstfanfO{ c¿ s'gsg' gfdn] lrlgG5 <
v_ lstfasf] hGd gx'Fb} dflg;x¿n] ss] ]df nV] g] uy]{ .
u_ k|];sf] ljsf;kl5 s] s'/fdf kl/jtg{ cfof] <
3_ clxn] lstfa sg' s'g ¿kdf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 <
ª_ lstfasf] 3/nfO{ s] elgG5 <

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ dfgj ljsf;;uF } k]|;sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
v_ lstfasf] Ifq] lbg kl| tlbg ;f3F /' f] aGb} uPsf] 5 .
u_ lstfa 1fg lbg] dfq} xfO] g ;G' b/ klg x'g'k5{ .
3_ k9s] f dflg;x¿sf] dxŒj 36b\ } uPsf] 5 .
ª_ k:' tsfno k':tssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu agfOG5 .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ sfuhsf] hGd s;/L eof] <
v_ lstfax¿ sxfFsxfF kfOG5g\ <
u_ lstfa s'gs'g ¿kdf 5flkPsf x'G5g\ <
3_ k':tsfno eg]sf] s] xf] / ToxfF s] kfOG5 <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9

gk] fn w/] } hfltsf hgtfx¿sf] a;f]jf; ePsf] b]z xf] . k"jL{ gk] fnsf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df
lnDa" tyf /fO{sf] a;fj] f; 5 eg] lxdfnL k|b]zdf zk] f{x¿ w]/} 5g\ . klZrdL tyf
dWoklZrdL If]qdf u?' ª, ysfnL tyf du/x¿ / dWo gk] fnsf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df
tfdfª ;db' fosf] a;fj] f; w]/} 5 . sf7df8fF} pkTosf gj] f/x¿sf] k'/fgf] jf;:yn xf] .
kj" L{ t/fOd{ f /fhjz+ L, ;tf/, ¹f“u8x¿ ldn]/ a;s] f 5g\ . hgsk/' j/k/ dl} yn ;d'bfo

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 109

/ n'lDagLb]lv gk] fnuGh;Dd cjw ;db' fo cfk;L ;be\ fj / Pstfsf] pbfx/0f ag]/
a;s] f 5g\ . d}lyn / cjw ;d'bfodf klg ljleGg hfthfltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF hlt
hfltx¿ 5g\ Tolt g} efiff / ;:+ s[lt klg kfOG5 . o;afx]s, cGo y'k|} hfthfltx¿
gk] fndf /xs] f 5g\ . ljleGg /ª / af:gfsf dgf]/d km" nx¿n] auF}rfsf] zf]ef a9fP¹F}
ljleGg hfthfltx¿ / pgLx¿sf] leGgleGg efiff, ;:+ sl[ t tyf cfk;L ;be\ fj / Pstfn]
gk] fnsf] zfe] f a9fPsf] 5 . o:tf] ljljwtfdo gk] fn g} gk] fnLx¿sf] uf/} j xf] .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfx¿df s'gs'g hfltsf] a;fj] f; /xs] f] 5 <
v_ u'?ª tyf du/ hfltx¿ kf| oM s'g Ifq] df a:g] u/]sf] kfOG5 <
u_ g]jf/x¿sf] k'/fgf] jf;:yn s'g 7fpF xf] <
3_ cjw ;db' fosf dflg;x¿ s;/L a;]sf 5g\ <
ª_ g]kfnLx¿sf] uf}/j s] xf] <

@= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ k"jL{ lxdfnL k|bz] df ======================== w/] } 5g\ .
v_ dWo gk] fnsf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df ======================== ;db' fosf] a;fj] f;

w/] } 5 .
u_ ======================== df /fhjz+ L, ;tf/, ¹fu“ 8x¿ ldn/] a;]sf 5g\ .
3_ hlt hfltx¿ 5g\ Tolt g} ======================== klg kfOG5 .
ª_ cfk;L ;b\efj / Pstfn] ======================== zf]ef a9fPsf] 5 .

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -×_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ z]kf{x¿ klZrd gk] fndf a;fj] f; u5{g\ .

v_ ¹fFu8x¿sf] a:tL kj" L{ t/fO{ xf] .

u_ d}lyn ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ hgsk/' j/k/ a;f]jf; u5g{ \ .

3_ g]kfnsf hfthfltx¿sf] tn' gf auFr} fsf km" n;uF ug{ ;lsG5 .

ª_ ljljwtfdo gk] fn xfdf| ] clezfk xf] .

110 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !(* df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ k]n]sf] vf; gfd =============================== xf] .
v_ pgsf a'af =============================== uy{] .
u_ pgL ;fgb} ]lv g} =============================== eg] kl5 dl/d6] y\ ] .
3_ pgsf ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿ eg] pgnfO{ =============================== .
ª_ a|flhndf ‘kn] ]’ eGgfn] =============================== eGg] al' ¹G5 .

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ kn] s] f] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf cToGt bogLo lyPg .
v_ b'Mvlhnf] u/]/ pgLx¿sf] uh' f/f rns] f] lyof] .
u_ ;f¹F laxfgsf] uhf{] 6fg{ klg pgLx¿nfO{ d'l:sn lyof] .
3_ pgn] eJo :6l] 8oddf g} km6' an l;s] .
ª_ k]nn] ] afNosfndf gofgF ofF h'Qf nufpg kfP .

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ k]n]sf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
v_ kn] ]sf] dg lsg s'Fl8GYof] <
u_ ;?' ;'?df k]n] s]sf] esG' 8f] agfP/ vN] y] <

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 111

Jofs/0f ;Lk

Psjrg JolQm jf j:ts' f] Pp6f dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 . ljBfyL,{ k':ts,
d, t“, afv|f,] r/f], 5fgf], ¿v, 3/ h:tf zAbn] Pp6f eGg] a¹' fp5“ g\ . To;}n] oL
Psjrgsf zAb x'g\ .

ax'jrg JolQm jf j:ts' f] PseGbf a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ axj' rg elgG5 . ljBfyL{x¿,
k:' tsx¿, xfdL, ltdLx¿, afvf| x¿, r/fx¿, 5fgfx¿, ¿vx¿, 3/x¿ h:tf
zAbn] PseGbf a9L eGg] a'¹fPsf 5g\ . To;}n] oL ax'jrgsf zAb xg' \ .

gfd,;jg{ fd, ljzi] f0f tyf lj|mofn] cnucnu jrg a'¹fpF5g\ .

gfd ;jg{ fd ljzi] f0f lj|mof

Psjrg ax'jrg Psjrg ax'jrg Psjrg axj' rg Psjrg ax'jrg
s]6f] s]6fx¿ d, tF, xfdL, 5f6] f] 5f6] f n]V5' n]V5f}F
ltdL ltdLx¿
5f]/f] 5f/] fx¿ pm, pgL pgLx¿ cUnf] cUnf hfG5] hfG5g\

;ªs\ t] sf] ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

s= s]6f] sfd u5{ . -ax'jrg_

v= ;fyLx¿ 3/ hfG5g\ . -Psjrg_

u= afaf sfof{no hfg'eof] . -ax'jrg_

3= oL lstfax¿ s;sf x'g\ < -Psjrg_

ª= efO ljBfnoaf6 cfP5 . -ax'jrg_

r= ltdLx¿ jgefh] uof} . -Psjrg_

5= km" naf/Ldf k"mn km'Nof] . -axj' rg_

h= pgLx¿n] lstfa Roft]5g\ . -Psjrg_

¹= d xfF:5' . -axj' rg_

`= xfdL /dfp5F f}F . -Psjrg_

112 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df ‘ufO’{ zLifs{ df Pp6f cfTdsyf n]v M
3/kfnj' f === ;;+ f/e/ kfOg=] ==rf/v'§] hgfj/=== gk] fnsf] /fli6o« hgfj/===3fF;

k/fn vfg=] == b"w lbg]=== bw" af6 bxL, df]xL, l3p cflb aGg]=== uf]a/ vt] af/Ldf
xfNg, Uof; lgsfNg sfd nfUg=] ==lxGbx' ¿n] ufOn{ fO{ bj] L nIdLsf] ¿k dfGg]===
ltxf/df ufOs{ f] kh" f xg' ]== dflg;sf nflu w]/} pkofu] L hgfj/ .
@= kf7df lbOPsf] zn} Ldf ‘3/’ zLifs{ df 5f]6f] cfTdsyf n]v .

slj / pkflw nIdLk|;fb bj] sf6] f
efg'eQm cfrfo{
dxfslj dft] L/fd e§
cflbslj nv] gfy kf}8o\ fn
o'jfslj l;l4r/0f >]i7
slj lz/f]dl0f dfwj l3ld/]
ou' slj ufk] fnk;| fb l/dfn
/fi6s« lj zDe'k;| fb 9'ªu\ ]n
cfw'lgs slj clnldofF
cfzs' lj wd{/fh yfkf
nfs] slj
sljsz] /L

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 113

kf7 !) g]kfnsf 5f/] f

uLt >j0f ds' f?ª

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

cxf] ¤ d/] f] b]z slt ;G' b/ 5 . ;a} ldn/] sfd u/] b]z aGb5 .

cfxf ¤ hª\undf slt /fd|f] xfdL cfÇg} b]zsf ;|f]taf6
u'/f;F k'mns] f] . ljsf; u5f}{F .

114 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] dfl} vs pQ/ bp] m M

d s] ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] b]zsf] dfof nfU5 <
d efUo eg]sf] s] xf,] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5<
d xfdLn] cfÇgf] efUo s;/L agfpg ;S5f}F <
d ldq / zq' egs] f] s] xf], ltdLn] To;af/d] f s] hfgs] f 5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ :j/ lgsfn/] k9 M

d xfdL g]kfnLsf ;fVv} 5f]/f xf}F .
d xfd|f] b]zdf ljsf;sf w/] } ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ .
d xfdLn] xfd|f] bz] sf] l;dfgfsf] /Iff ug{k' 5{ .
d lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOs{ f dflg; Psh'6 eP/ a:gk' 5{ .
d xfdLn] ldqnfO{ ;Ddfg jf cfb/ ugk{' 5{ .
d b]zsf] s'enf] xg' ] sfd ug{] dflg; xfd|f zq' xg' \ .
d xfdLn] cfÇg} b]zleq agfPsf sk8fx¿ nufpgk' 5{ .
d g]kfn /x] dfq} xfdL g]kfnL /xg ;S5fF} .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 115

;uF s} f] t:jL/ >j0f ds' f?ªsf] xf] . ltdLx¿n] ‘dflydfly ;n} ª' \u]df rf/}F L 8'nfpg]nfO{
==’ uLt ;'gs] f 5f} < of] uLt logn] g} nv] s] f x'g\ . logsf b]z vfH] b} hfb“ f, hLjgsf]
no / la;] gurL{sf] aofg -sljtf;ª\ux| _ lxps“ f] b/af/ / ;'g /] l;of/fd -uLt
;ªu\ x| _, onDa/ -gf6s_ k|sflzt 5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘g]kfnsf 5f]/f’ uLt klg
logn] g} n]vs] f xg' \ . gk] fnL ;flxTodf of] ;dosf cToGt rlr{t slj d'sf?ª
b]znfO{ dfof u/]/ sljtf n]V5g\ . cfÇgf] b]zsf] df6fd] f kl;gf aufpg'k5{ . df6f]nfO{ dfof ug{] dflg;
g} wtL{sf] ;Gtfg xf] . oxLF cGgsf afnf ¹n' fpg'k5{ . bz] sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;a} hgf h'6\g'k5{ . cfÇgf]
b]zsf] ljsf; cfkm}Fn] ug]{ xf] . c¿n] cfP/ ljsf; ul/lbg] xfO] g . To;n} ] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu xfdL
g} h'6\gk' 5{ eGg] s'/f of] uLtn] atfPsf] 5 . uLt no xfn]/ k9, yk s'/f lzIfsn] l;sfpgx' 'g] 5 .

af¹F f] vg lap 5/ efUo cfkmF} sf]/
clg eG5 gk] fnn] d]/f] ;fVv] 5f/] f .

d]rLsfnL kl;gfn] l;dfgf ;Rofpg" zAbf {y afF¹f] M pTkfbg gx'g,] ?vf] hldg
xFl;ofsf] n}a/Ldf sfb] fnf] /dfpg" . lap M aLh
;fVv] M cfÇg,} ;fVv}
lsNnfh:tf] 5ftLleq u/' f;F xs' g{ ' 5 kl;gf M kl/>d, ldlxg]t
ca kml] / t/fO{b]lv kxf8 pSng' 5 . l;dfgf M lsNnf, b'O{ /fi6s« f

gk] fnL xf] g]kfnd} ltd|f] g]kfn vfh] aLrsf] ;Ldf
c¿nfO{ xf]Og cfÇgf] gfd cfkmFn} fO{ ;fw] . d/' L M w]/}
xf/ M dfnf
ldq cfP d/' L dfof ;ofF} km" nsf] xf/ l;?kft] v's/' L M ;fgf] cfsf/sf] v's'/L
zq' cfP l;?kft] v's/' Lsf] wf/ . wf/ M xlF ;of, v's/' L cflbsf]

?jf sft vfF8L ag' bf/} f cfÇg} hf8] sf6\g]kl§sf] wfl/nf] efu
clg eG5 gk] fnn] d]/f] ;fVv] 5f]/f . ?jf M skf;
vf8F L M 3/d} ag' s] f] sk8f
116 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ bf}/f M rf/ 7fpFdf afFlwg,] 6fsF

gePsf] sldhh:t} nufpg]
sk8f

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ clg tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf n]v M
af¹F f], dr] LsfnL, xFl;of, 5ftLleq, u/' f;F , l;?kft], vf8F L

@= zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
afF¹f], ;fVv,] l;dfgf, l;?kft] v's/' L, vfF8L

#= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

lap dfnf

kl;gf w/] }

d/' L kl/>d,

xf/ skf;

?jf aLh

$= dflysf] uLtaf6 ‘rGb|laGb’' sf] ko| fu] ePsf kfrF j6f zAb l6k .

%= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
af¹F f,] l;?kft,] d/' L, xf/, vfF8L

^= s_ tnsf] zAbnfO{ z4' kf//] ;f/ M
d]rLsfln, 5flteLq, vs' l' /, vf8L, zq", xl;of

&= vfh] – ;f]w, ;Rofpg – /dfpg h:tf clGtddf no ldns] f zAbx¿ sljtfaf6
vfh] /] n]v .

*= tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

afF¹f] zq'

/dfpg k/fO{

pSng ' uP

ldq g/dfpg

cfP cfjfb

;fVv] cfn] g{ '

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 117

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= dflysf] uLt no xfn]/ k9 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ ‘gk] fnsf 5f/] f’ uLtsf n]vs sf] xg' \ <
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v_ xfdLn] cfÇgf] efUo s;/L sf]g'{k5{ <
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u_ xfdLn] xFl;ofsf] n}a/Ldf s] ug'{k5{ <
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3_ xfdLn] sxfbF ]lv sxfF;Dd pSngk' 5{ <
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ª_ xfdLn] s:tf sk8f nufpgk' 5{ <
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#= uLtsf] kªl\ Qm k/" f u/ M
gk] fnL xf] ===================================== ltdf| ] gk] fn vfh]
c¿nfO{ xfO] g cfÇg} ===================================== cfkmFn} fO{ ;f]w .

$= Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ xfd|f] 5ftL s:tf] 5 <
v_ cfÇgf] gfd s;nfO{ ;f]Wgk' 5{ <
u_ gk] fnLn] gk] fn sxfF vf]Hgk' 5{ <
3_ g]kfnLn] ldqnfO{ slt dfof lbG5g<\
ª_ xfdL zq'nfO{ s:tf] vs' '/Lsf] wf/ b]vfpF5f}F <

118 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ g]kfnLx¿ s;/L g]kfnsf] ;fVv] 5f/] f x'g ;S5g\ <
v_ xfdL gk] fnLsf] st{Jo s] xf] <
u_ g]kfnsf 5f/] f uLtn] xfdLnfO{ ss] ] l;sfPsf] 5 <

^= gk] fnsf 5f]/f uLtdf elgPsf s/' fx¿nfO{ cfÇg} z}nLdf aofg u/ .

tnsf] cgR' 5]b Wofg lbP/ k9

dn} ] ;fgfd] f cIf/ lrGg yfnb] l] v g} lxdfn / g]kfn ;u“ ;“u} nV] g / k9g\ hfgs] f] x'“ . To;}n]

d lxdfnljgfsf] g]kfn / gk] fnljgfsf] lxdfn sNkgf klg ug{ ;lSbg“ . d ;u/dfyfsf]

b]zdf 5' . ;u/dfyfh:t} lz/ 7f8f] kf//] ljZjsf] ;fd' :jfledfgL eP/ afR“ g l;sfpg]

jL/ k'vfx{ ¿sf] Tofu / alnbfgsf] kl| tkmn d/] f] lxdfn ;f“Rr} d/] f] ljZjf;sf] sG] b| xf] .

h;/L xfd|f kv' fx{ ¿ j/} L;fd' ¹'sg] g\ To;u} /L lxdfn klg slxNo} ¹'Sbg} . lxdfnL xfjf,

lxdfnL kfgL tyf lxdfnL ;+:s[ltn] ags] f] d]/f] /utel/ lxdfn 5 . d]/f] lxdfn xb] f{ dfq

;'Gb/ 5g} , of] t zfGt :jefjsf] tk:jLh:t} 5 . of] pksf/L 5 hf] cfÇgf] yfKnfd] f

6G6nfk'/ 3fd, 3g3f]/ jiff{ tyf s'lx/f] / zLt yfK5 clg xfdLnfO{ cd[t;dfg :jR5

kfgL lbG5 . pQ/lt/ nx/} pleP/ d]/f] b]zsf] ;Ldf/Iffdf tg} fy /xs] f] lxdfn kUn]/

k|z:t gbLgfnfx¿ aus] f 5g\ . tL gbLx¿af6 lah'nL pTkfbg u/]/ xfdL ;DkGg aGg ;S5f“} .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

cIf/, ;u“ ;u“ }, :jfledfgL, s]Gb|, ;:+ sl[ t, 6G6nfk'/, ;Ldf/Iff

@= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s_ lxdfn s] ub{g} <

c_ klUnFb}g cf_ 6lNsFbg} O_ ¹S' b}g

v_ xfd|f] /ut s:tf] ;:+ s[ltn] ags] f] 5 <

c_ lxdfnL cf_ kxf8L O_ hªu\ nL

u_ lxdfn s:tf] 5 <
c_ Clifh:t } cf_ tk:jLh:t } O_ hf]uLh:t}
3_ lxdfn kUn]/ s] ags] f 5g\ <

c_ gbL cf_ kxf8 O_ cfO;ljm| d

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $ 119

ª_ lah'nL pTkfbg u/]/ xfdL s:tf aGg ;S5f}F <

c_ ljkGg cf_ sªu\ fn O_ ;DkGg

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ s] s'/fsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g <

v_ xfdL gk] fnLx¿sf] ljZjf;sf] s]Gb| s] xf] <

u_ g]kfnLsf] /utel/ s] 5 <

3_ gk] fnn] g]kfnLnfO{ s] lbPsf] 5 <

ª_ gk] fnsf gbLx¿af6 xfdLn] s] kmfObf p7fpg ;S5f}F <

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 !(* df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ ;lnd /dhfgsf] j|t a:5† pm ======================== dgfpF5 .
v_ yf¿ ;d'bfodf ======================== ljz]if ¿kn] dgfOG5 .
u_ ======================== ;d'bfodf 57 kj{ w]/} pT;fxsf ;fy dgfOG5 .
3_ eQmk/' sf gj] f/x¿ ======================== =dgfpF5g\ .
ª_ lnDax" ¿ ljzi] f ¿kdf ======================== dgfp5F g\ .

@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ a}t8Llt/ uf}/f kj{ w'dwfd;Fu dgfOG5 .
v_ z]kf{ hfltx¿ Nxf];f/df vfK;] ksfp5F g\ .
u_ t/fOs{ f dflg;x¿ ljz]ifu/L pFef}nL dgfpF5g\ .
3_ ;a} hfthfltn] dgfpg] kj{x¿ Ps} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .

120 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ /];d, afa'nfn / ;gdfgn] s'gsg' kj{ dgfpF5g\ <

v_ ltdLn] dfGg] kj{sf] af/d] f ltdLnfO{ s] yfxf 5 < kfrF jfSodf j0fg{ u/ .

u_ g]kfnnfO{ ss] n] ] l;Fuf/]sf 5g\ <

Jofs/0f ;Lk

d, xfdL, t,F ltdL, ltdLx¿, tkfO{,+ xh/' , pm pgL, pgLx¿, pxfF h:tf zAbx¿n]
k'?if / :qL bj' }nfO{ a¹' fpF5g\ . o:tf zAbx¿nfO{ k'?if elgG5 .

k'?if tLg ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ M

!= klxnf] k'?if @=bf];|f] k'?if #= t;] |f] k'?if

!= klxnf] k'?if M klxnf] k?' ifn] afN] g] JolQmnfO{ a'¹fp“5 . o;nfO{ jQmf klg elgG5 .
@= bf;] |f] k?' if M bf;] |f] k'?ifn] ;'Gg] JolQmnfO{ a¹' fp“5 . o;nfO{ >ft] f klg elgG5 .
#= t];|f] k?' if M t];|f] k?' ifn] jQmf / >ft] fsf] s'/fsfgLsf] ljifonfO{ a¹' fp5“ . o;nfO{

ljifo klg elgG5 .

sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ªs\ t] sf ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
s= d kfv] /f hfG5' . -bf];|f] k'?if_
v= ltdL sfd u5f{} . -t];f| ] k'?if_
u= p;n] sk8f wfo] f] . -klxnf] k?' if_
3= tF k9/] a:5;\ . -klxnf] k?' if_
ª= pxfFn] klqsf k9\g'eof] . -bf];|f] k?' if_
r= tF egs] f] dfG5;\ . -t];|f] k'?if_
5= xfdL lbgx'F n]V5fF} . -bf];|f] k'?if_
h= pgLx¿ dnfO{ dfof u5g{ \ . -bf];f| ] k?' if_

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 121

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] x/kmx¿ yk]/ sljtf k/" f u/ M
x]bf{ klg slt /fdf| ] sldnfsf] tftF L
sldnf¹}F ldNgk' 5{ xfdL ;fyL;fyL .

Pstfd} an xG' 5 cgs] tfdf km' 6
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;a;} uF dL7f] afN] g] l;Sgk' 5{ snf .

l/;/fu ubf{vl] / cfÇg} xG' 5 gfz
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================================================================

================================================================
@= ltdLnfO{ /dfOnf] nfu]sf] s'g} Pp6f sljtf cfÇgf] sfkLdf n]v .

gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf 7n" f] sg' /ªu\ zfnf bz/y /ªu\ zfnf
tfn /f/f tfn
s] ;] – kmf]S;G' 8f] d"lt{ ;fFufsf] dxfb]jsf] dl" t{
l;+xb/af/ :t"k af}4gfy
/fli6o« lgs~' h hfgsL dlGb/
b/af/
dlGb/

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
122 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

kf7 !! Psfut| f

syf

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

w/] } g]kfnLx¿ ljb]z hfG5g\ .

vfn] fkfl/ 7n" f] hª\un 5 .

d Wofg lbP/ k95\ ' .

pm ¹f]nf afs] ]/ ljbz] lxF8o\ f] .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 123

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] dfl} vs pQ/ bp] m M

d s] ltdLn] ljbz] uPsf dflg; bv] s] f 5f} <
d dflg;x¿ ljb]z lsg hfG5g\, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d Psfu| lrQ eg]sf] s] xf,] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d dflg; s;/L ;kmn xg' ;S5, ltdLn] ljrf/ u/]sf 5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ :j/ lgsfn/] k9

d xfdL :jbz] d} a;]/ bz] sf] ;]jf ug{'k5{ .
d hª\unsf] af6f] PSn} lx8F \g'x'bF }g .
d gbL jf vfn] f] tbf{ slt ulx/f] 5, ljrf/ u/]/ dfq} tgk'{ 5{ .
d cfkt\ kbf{ O{Zj/nfO{ ;D¹g] dflg;sf] :jefj xf] .
d Psfut| f g} dflg;sf] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ xf] .
d PslrQ eP/ sfd ubf{ dfG5] ;kmn x'G5 .

124 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

ltdLnfO{ syf slQsf] dgk5{ < syf k9/] /dfOnf] t x'G5 g} syfaf6 w/] } 1fgug' sf s'/fx¿
l;Sg klg kfOG5 . To:t} syfx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f /dfOnf] syf xf] ‘Psfut| f’ . s'g} klg sfdnfO{
PslrQ eP/ jf Wofg lbP/ ug{n' fO{ Psfut| f elgG5 . xfdLn] sfd ubf{ dg w]/l} t/ afF8\g'xF'b}g . of]
u/f}F ls Tof] u/fF} eg/] dg ljrlnt xFb' f Pp6f klg ;kmntf xft gkg{ ;S5 . o; syfdf cfPsf]
x'6'/n] fO{ gbL tbf{ 7n" f] cfkt\ cfOnfus] f] 5 . gbLsf] aLrdf kU' bf x'6/' ] 8A' g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .
Tof] ;dodf x'6'/]n] sltv]/ /fdnfO{ ks' f/s] f] 5 eg] sltv]/ si[ 0fnfO{ / lzjnfO{ k'sf/]sf] 5 .
p;sf] k'sf/ ;a} eujfg\n] ;g' s] f 5g\ . t/ x6' /' n] ] c¿ eujfg\nfO{ klg k'sf/]sf] x'gfn] c¿n]
arfpnfg\ eGg] cfzfdf s;n} ] klg p;nfO{ 8'Agaf6 arfpg ;ss] f 5}gg\ . x'6'/n] ] Ps hgfdf
dfq ljZjf; u/]sf] eP p;sf] Hofg aRg] lyof] . afsF L s'/f syfaf6 l;s .

w]/} klxns] f] s/' f xf] . nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL gk/s] f sf/0f vt] L ls;fgL u/]/ afFRg]
klZrd gk] fnsf] hghLjg cToGt sl7g x'gk'Uof] . kfgL gk/s] f sf/0f v]tLkftL ePg .
ufpdF f clgsfn nfUof] . w/] } afns tyf j4[ x¿ csfnd} dg{ yfn] . vfgfsf] cefjdf
dflg;x¿sf] Hofg hfg yfNof] . /fu] sf] dxfdf/Ln] ufpnF fO{ ;fx}| ;tfof] . ufpsF f
oj' fx¿ ufpF 5f8]/ cGt hfg yfn] . ;x/ k;]/ bO' { k};f sdfpg ;lsGYof] ls eg/] ufpF
5f8\gx] ¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9b\ } uof] . To;} ufpsF f] Pp6f kl/jf/df x6' /' ] gfpsF f] Pp6f s6] f]
a:Yof] . p;n] klg ;x/ uP/ s]xL k;} f sdfpg] clg kmlsg{ ] ljrf/ u¥of] .

Ps lbg laxfg ;a/] } p7]/ x6' '/] ;x/lt/ nfUof] . ufpFd} hGd]xs' {]sf] x6' /' ] PSsfl; ufpF
5f]8/] hfgk' bf{ s]xL pbf; ePsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ ;x/ s:tf] 5 eGg] yfxf lyPg . ;x/
hfbF f sg' af6f] hfgk' 5{ eGg] klg yfxf lyPg . p;n] ufpdF f ef]s} dg{e' Gbf ;x/ klg
bl] vg] clg afFRg klg kfOg] ljrf/n] g} ufpF 5f]8s] f] lyof] . ofqfsf j|mddf pm dgdg}
;f]Rb} lyof], ‘;x/ s:tf] xfn] f < ToxfF s:tf dfG5] xf]nfg\ < cfkm" n] lrgs] f dflg;x¿ klg
e]l6Pnfg\ ls < s]xL sfd kfP t /fdf| ] eof,] gkfP s] ug]{ xfn] f <’ dgdf cgs] ts{gf ub{}
pm cl3 al9/x]sf] lyof] .

zAbf {y hghLjg M hgtfsf] /xg;xg csfn M ;do gcfOs{ g
clgsfn M w]/s} f] ljgfz ug{] /fu]
j[4 M cGgsf] cefjn] xg' ] xfxfsf/ dxfdf/L M dgdf v]Ng] ljrf/

M w]/} pd]/ lat]sf,] a"9f] tsg{ f

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 125

pm 3gf hª\undf k:of] . hªu\ ndf cUnf ¿vx¿ lyP . dL7f kmnx¿ klg lyP . r/fsf]
dL7f] :j/ klg ;'lgGYof] . æhª\undf t af3, efn' h:tf lx;+ s| hgfj/x¿ klg x'G5g,\
cln xf]; u/]/ lxF8];\ x} .Æ p;n] cfpg] jn] fdf cfdfn] eg]sf] s/' f ;Dˆof] . p;n] cln
xtf/xtf/ 8u] rfNof] . hª\un sfl6;sk] l5 pm Pp6f gbLsf] 5]pdf k'Uof] . gbL tg]{ s'g}
pkfo b]vg] . gbLsf] lsgf/lsgf/} lxF8\g yfNof] .

w]/}a]/ lsgf/df lxF8]kl5 cln
k/ p;n] Pp6f dflg; gbL
tb{} u/s] f] b]Vof] . p;nfO{ nfUof],
æToxfFaf6 tg{ ;lhnf] /x]5 . d
klg ToxLF ku' /] dfq t5{' .Æ p;n]
¹fn] faf6 clnslt ds} l¹Sof] .
9'ªu\ fdf a;]/ s'?ds?' d rkfof] .
lsgf/af6 cFhn' Ldf lnP/ yf]/} kfgL
lkof] . æca eg] kfl/ tg{k' 5{ .Æ
slxNo} gt/]sf] vf]nf] w/] } ulx/f] kf] 5 ls eGg] 8/n] pm xQkQ vfn] fdf hfg ;s]g . p;n]
hQ' f kms' fNof], ;?' jfn dfly ;f¥of] clg la:tf/} kfgLdf 6]Sof] .

æcK7/] f] k/]sf] jn] fdf eujfg\ ;lD¹g'k5{ .Æ crfgs p;n] xh'/cfdfn] egs] f] s'/f
;Dˆof] . æ/fd ¤ /fd ¤¤ /fd ¤¤¤Æ eGb} pm cl3 a9\of] . gbL ulx/f] /x5] 3F8' feGbf dfly kfgL
cfPkl5 p;n] xh'/cfdfsf] s'/f kml] / ;Dˆof] . æs[i0f ¤ s[i0f ¤¤ si[ 0f ¤¤¤Æ eGb} cl3 a9g\
vfH] of] . kfgL 36]sf] klg lyPg clg p;n] ;lhnf];Fu tg{ klg ;ss] f] lyPg . pm lg/Gt/
ko| f; eg] ub{} lyof] . pm cufl8 a9fF} ls ga9fF} eg]/ ;f]Rg yfNof] . ToxfaF f6 kms{g ;Sg]
;fdYo{ klg p;df /x]g . pm cl3 a9b\ } uof] .

kfgL c¹} dfly cfof] . sDd/;Dd 8a' k] l5 p;n] km]l/ ælzj ¤ lzj ¤¤ lzj ¤¤¤Æ eGb} s?0f
k'sf/ u¥of] . kfgL c¹ dfly rl9;s]sf] lyof] . kfgL k6] af6 5ftLsf] efu;Dd kU' of] .
Psl} 5g p;n] ;f]Rof,] æcfkt\ljktd\ f O{Zj/ g} ;xfos x'G5g\ eGy] . dnfO{ klg ;xof]u

zAbf {y 3gf hª\un M w/] } afSnf] hªu\ n ;fdYo{ M zlQm, tfut
lx+;s| M c¿nfO{ dfg],{ lx;+ f ug]{ s?0f M bofn] el/Psf]
8u] M kfOnf

126 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

unf{g\ lg t . s] u¿F kms]/{ hfpmF ls cufl8 a9fF} < x] eujfg\ ¤ kms]{/ hfFbf klg Hofg
aRbg} . hªu\ nsf hgfj/x¿sf] cfxf/f x'g'k5{ . a? lxDdt gxf/L cufl8 g} a9g\ k' 5{
dn} ] . h;/L eP klg kfl/ tg{ kfP t sx] L pkfo cjZo lg:sGYof] xfn] f .Æ pm cufl8
al9/Åof] . la:tf/} kfgLdf kfOnf rfNb} cufl8 a9b\ } hfbF f p;n] hlt cl3 uof]† gbL Tolt
ulx/f] 5 eGg] yfxf kfof] .

kfgLn] 5ftL;Dd 8a' ]kl5 pm
ælji0f' ¤ lji0f' ¤¤ lji0f' ¤¤¤Æ eGb}
cl3 a9\of] . ca eg] kfgL
p;sf] 3fF6L;Dd k'Uof] . ptf of]
;Dk0" f{ 36gf xl] //x]sf bj] tfx¿
Pscfk;df dv' fd'v ug{ yfn] .
/fdnfO{ s[i0f hfnfg\ / x6' '/]nfO{
arfpnfg\ eGg] nfUof] . si[ 0fn]
;fr] ], æx6' '/n] ] /fdnfO{ klg afn] fPsf] 5 pgL hfnfg\ / arfpnfgÆ\ . lzjn] lji0f' hfnfg\
clg x6' '/]nfO{ gbL kf/ u/fpnfg\ eGg] ;f]r]5g\ . t/ lji0fn' ] eg] x6' /' ]sf] ;xfotfsf nflu
c¿ b]jtfx¿ g} hfnfg\ eGg] 7fg] .

otf kfgL s6] fs] f] lrpF8f]af6 dflylt/ rl9;s]sf] lyof] . cfk;df sf] hfg] eGg] lgZro
u/]/ bj] tfx¿ ;xof]usf nflu hfg gkfpFb} x'6/' ]sf] cfjfh aGb eof] . pm stf x/fof,]
stf lanfof], kQf] ePg . otf bj] tfx¿n] gdL7f] b'Mv dfg] . æs6] fn] ] Psfu| elQm u/]sf]
eP Ps hgfnfO{ g} af]nfpYF of] . Pp6fdf ljZjf; geP/ w/] n} fO{ ux' f¥of] h;n] ubf{ p;n]
k'sf/] klg xfdL cfkm" nfO{ af]nfPsf] xf] jf xfO] gsf] l:yltdf k¥ofF} . s'g} klg sfddf
PslrQ eP/ nfu] dfq sfd ;kmn xG' 5 . w/] }lt/ dg 8'nfP/ ul/Psf] sfd slxNo} ;kmn
xFb' g} . x6' '/n] ] klg cfÇgf] elQmdf Psfu|tf b]vfPg . Psfut| f gePs} sf/0f p;n] Hofg
u'dfof] .Æ bj] tfx¿n] u'gug' u/] .

zAbf {y b]jtf M eujfg,\ O{Zj/ PslrQ M dg Ps} 7fpFdf nufpg]
Psfut| f M Pp6} s/' fdf Wofg lbPsf] ug' u'g sfd

cj:yf M ga'l¹g] cfjfhdf ul/g]
s/' fsfgL

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 127

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
o'jf, cefj, hªu\ n, chF n' L, 9ª' \uf, slxNo}

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
dxfdf/L, 8]u, j[4, clgsfn, b]jtf, ;fdYo{

#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
;x/, xQkQ, cufl8, O{Zj/, Hofg, u'gug' fpg'

$= z4' kf/]/ n]v M

s_ s]6fn] ;fr] \of] s] u¿ kms{/] hfpm ls cufl8 a9f}

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ euafg \ cf_ euj\ fg\ O_ eujfg\ O_{ eujfg
O{_ cfkt\ljkt\
@= c_ cfkbljkt cf_ cfkt\lakt O_ cfktl\ jkt O_{ chF 'ln
O{_ ;ª+ V\ of
#= c_ chn' L cf_ cFh'nL O_ cGh'nL

$= c_ ;ª\Vof cf_ ;V+ of O_ zª\Vof

%= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

s?0f gal' ¹g] cfjfhdf ul/g] s/' fsfgL

PslrQ afSnf]

csfn hgtfsf] b}lgs ultljlw

hghLjg bofn] el/Psf]

u'gug' dgnfO{ Ps} 7fpdF f nufpg]

3gf j]nf geOs{ g

^= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nv] M
klZrd, afFRg, cl3, dL7f, lx+;s| , dfly, 8'Ag', kfl/, ljZjf;, ;kmn

&= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv] .

128 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ufpdF f lsg clgsfn nfUof] <
=====================================================================================

v_ hªu\ ndf x6' /' ]n] lsg xtf/xtf/ kfOnf rfNof] <
=====================================================================================

u_ x'6/' ] xQkQ lsg vf]nfdf hfg ;sg] <
=====================================================================================

3_ x'6/' ]n] vf]nf tbf{ ss;nfO{ afn] fof] <
=====================================================================================

ª_ x'6/' n] fO{ lsg eujfgx\ ¿n] arfPgg\ <
=====================================================================================

@= tnsf egfO ss;sf x'g\ < dflysf] syf k9]/ kQf nufpm M
s_ x'6/' n] ] /fdnfO{ klg afn] fPsf] 5† pgL hfnfg\ / arfpnfg\ .
v_ hªu\ ndf t af3efn' h:tf lx;+ s| hgfj/ klg x'G5g\† xf]; u/]/ lx8F ;] \ x} .
u_ s'g} klg sfddf PslrQ eP/ nfu] dfq sfd ;kmn xG' 5 .
3_ cK7/] f] k/]sf] jn] f eujfg\ ;lD¹gk' 5{ .
ª_ cfktl\ jktd\ f O{Zj/ g} ;xfos x'G5g\ eGy] .
#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -×_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ ufpF 5f]8]/ hfgk' bf{ x6' '/] w]/} v;' L ePsf] lyof] .
v_ gbLdf kfgL 36s] fn] x'6/' ] ;lhn} kfl/kl§ k'Uof] .
u_ w/] }lt/ dg 8'nfP/ ul/Psf] sfd ;kmn x'Fbg} .
3_ hª\undf r/fsf] dL7f] :j/ ;l' gGYof] .
ª_ x6' /' ]n] PslrQ eP/ gbL t/s] fn] bj] tfx¿ k|;Gg eP .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 129

$= ‘Psfu|tf’ syf k9L tnsf 36gfnfO{ j|md ldnfP/ n]v M
x6' '/n] ] 9'ªu\ fdf a;]/ s'?ds'?d ds} rkfpg',
x'6/' ] gbLsf] 5]pdf kU' g',
x'6'/] ;x/lt/ nfUg,'
x6' '/]sf] lrp8F fa] f6 dfly;Dd kfgL cfpg'
x6' /' ] 3gf hª\undf k'Ug',
x'6/' ] sDd/;Dd 8A' g,'
b]jtfx¿n] u'gu'g ug'{,
x6' '/] 5ftL;Dd 8A' g',
x6' /' s] f] cfjfh aGb xg' ',
ufpsF f oj' fx¿ ufpF 5f8]/ cGt hfg yfNg' .

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ x'6'/] lsg ufpF 5f]8/] lx8F s] f] lyof] <
v_ x6' /' n] ] gbLdf gk'uG' hn] ;Dd ss] ] u¥of] <
u_ x'6/' n] ] gbL tg{ s:tf] k|of; u¥of] <
3_ x'6'/] d/]kl5 bj] tfx¿n] s] eg] <

^= ‘Psfu|tf’ syf k9]kl5 ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9

g]kfndf cgs] f}F ;fxl;s vn] x¿ xG' 5g\ . oxfF x'g] To:tf cg]s vn] dWo] aGhL rflxF
ljZjd} kl| ;4 dflgG5 . d o;kfln labfdf aGhL x]g{ uPsf] lyPF . d;uF efO klg uPsf]
lyof] . aGhL l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] ef]6]sf;] Ldf ags] f] gofF k'ndf ;~rflnt /x]5 .
ljzi] fu/L of] ljbz] L ko6{ sx¿sf] nflu agfOPsf] /x5] . aGhL vn] vN] g ljbz] Lx¿ dfq
xfO] gg\† gk] fnLx¿ klg cfpbF f /x]5g\ . Ps hgf v]nf8L eGb} lyP, æv'§fdf 8f]/L afFw]/ tn
xfdkmfNbf t Psk6s d[Tos' f] d'vdf k'u]/ cfPsf] cg'ej x'G5 .Æ d}n] ToxfF gk] fnLeGbf
t ljb]zLx¿ g} w/] } bv] F] . ef6] ]sf];L gbLdf /x]sf] gofF kn' af6 !^) ld6/ tnsf] vfFr] df
dflyaf6 x]bf{ klg sxfnLnfUbf] /x5] . dflg;x¿ s;/L xfdkmfn]sf xf]nfg\ eg]/ d]/f] d6' '
g} sfDof] . ToxfF vf;} 8/fpgk' g]{ t sx] L /x]g5 . cToGt cge' jL k|lzIfsx¿ w/] } rgfvf]

130 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

eP/ a:bf /x]5g\ . OR5's v]nf8Lx¿sf] /Qmrfk nufotsf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u//] dfq
v]Ng lbOg] /x]5 . d}n] ToxfF dflg;x¿ hfFRg a;]sf 8fS6/x¿sf] ;dx" klg bv] F] . dn} ]
t vN] g] cf6F ul/gF . xfdL h:tf sd pd]/sfx¿nfO{ vN] g lbOFbf] /xg] 5 . d 7"nf] ePkl5
Psrfl] 6 aGhL cjZo vN] g] 5' .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
;fxl;s, ef]6s] f];L, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, ;~rflnt, k|lzIfs, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, hfFRg

@= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

s_ l;Gw'kfNrfs] df aGhL hDk s'g gbLsf] k'ndf ag]sf] 5 <

c_ ;g' sf];L cf_ tfdfsf];L O_ ef6] ]sf;] L

v_ aGhL hDk ljz]if u//] s:tf ko6{ ssf nflu agfOPsf] /x]5 <

c_ :jbz] L cf_ ljbz] L O_ :yfgLo

u_ kl| zIfsx¿ s:tf xFb' f /x]5g\ <

c_ cge' jL cf_ cN5L O_ l;sf?

3_ ToxfF dflg;nfO{ hfRF gsf nflu s;sf] ;d"x /x]5 <

c_ k|x/L cf_ ;]gf O_ 8fS6/

ª_ s'g pd]/sf dflg;x¿n] aGhL hDk vN] g kfOFbf] /x]g5 <

c_ afns cf_ o'jf O_ t?0f

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ aGhL hDk s:tf] vn] xf] <

v_ slt j]nf dT[ o'sf] dv' df cfPsf] h:tf] cg'ej xb'F f] /x]5 <

u_ ef]6]sf;] L gbLsf] kn' slt ld6/ cUnf] 5 <

3_ aGhL hDksf k|lzIfsx¿ s;/L a:bf /x5] g\ <

ª_ aGhL hDk vN] g]x¿sf] ljzi] fu/L s'gs'g :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ul/bF f] /x5] <

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 131

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !(( df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ syf s:tf] ljwf xf] <
v_ s] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ syf nV] g ;lsG5 <
u_ syf nV] bf ;ae} Gbf klxn] s] s/' fsf] sNkgf ug'{k5{ <
3_ syfdf s'gsg' s/' fsf] rrf{ ul/G5 <
ª_ syfdf s'gsg' s/' fsf] of]hgf agfpgk' 5{ <

@= 7Ls pQ/ 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ syf n]Vbf ;ae} Gbf klxnf ======================= 5gf6] ul/G5 .

-ljifosf,] lstfasf_]

v_ ljifoj:tn' fO{ tL kfqsf dfWodaf6 ======================= a9fOG5 .

-k5fl8, cufl8_

u_ kfqx¿nfO{ s'/fsfgL ug{ nufP/ ======================= k:| t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

-;j+ fb, n8fOF_

3_ syfnfO{ /fr] s agfpg ======================= k;| ªu\ x¿ /fVg klg ;lsG5 .

-g/dfOnf, /dfOnf_

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a7] Ls eP -×_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ syf sfNklgs ljwf xf] .

v_ syfdf kfqx¿ xF'b}gg\ .

u_ syfdf kfqx¿sf aLr ;+jfb xG' 5 <

3_ /dfOnf /dfOnf k;| ªu\ n] syf g/dfOnf] xG' 5 .

ª_ syfdf 36gfsf] j0fg{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

132 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $

Jofs/0f ;Lk

ljelQm M gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf k5fl8 hf]l8g cfpg] n], af6, åf/f, nfO{, nflu, b]lv,
sf,] sf, sL ÷ /f,] /f, /L ÷ gf], gf, gL, df, dfly cflbnfO{ ljelQm elgG5 .

ljelQm ;ft ks| f/sf 5g\ .

ljelQm lrÅg jfSo
ky| df ljelQm
låtLof ljelQm n,] af6 dn} ] u[xsfo{ u/]sf] 5' .
tt[ Lof ljelQm
nfO{ xl/n] efOnfO{ lk6o\ f] .
rty' L{ ljelQm
n,] åf/f,af6 p;n] n6\7Ln] cfk“ ¹f¥of] .
k~rdL ljelQm d}n] p;nfO{ kmfg] af6 va/ lbP“ .

ifi7L ljelQm nfO,{ nflu, lglDt cfdfn] dnfO{ :ofp lbge' of] .
d]/f] lglDt lstfa d'Vo ;fyL xf] .
;KtdL ljelQm
bl] v, af6 ¿vaf6 kft ¹¥of] .
pm lxhf]bl] v la/fdL 5 .

sf,] sf, ls, /f,] d/] f] efO, cfÇgf] dfG5,] /fdsf aa' f
/f, /L, gf,] gf, gL lji0f'sL 5f/] L, d/] f ;fyLx¿

df, dfly 6]a'ndf P]gf 5 .

tnsf jfSodf tf]lsPcg;' f/ ljelQm lrÅg e/ M -t[tLof ljelQm_
s_ efOn] n67\ L ================== cfkF ¹f¥of] . -k|ydf ljelQm_
v_ cfdf ================== ;fOsn NofOlbg'eof] . -låtLof ljelQm_
u_ xfdLn] ;fyL ================== af6fdf e]6o\ f}F . -k~rdL ljelQm_
3_ afaf lxhf] ================== la/fdL x'g'xG' 5 . -ifi7L ljelQm_
ª_ sfsf ================== 5f]/L 7"nL eO5] . -rty' L{ ljelQm_
r_ ;fyLn] d ================== gofF vn] f}gf lbP . -;KtdL ljelQm_
5_ 5fgf ================== la/fnf] a;s] f] 5 . -tt[ Lof ljelQm_
h_ bfh' a; ================== cfpge' of] . -rty' L{ ljelQm_
¹_ of] sfd d/] f ================== ;fdfGo xf] .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 133

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= tn lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] M
Ps lbg Pp6f efs] f] af3n] d';f] ;dfTg' === d';fn] ] cfkm" w]/} ;fgf] ePsfn] cfkm" nfO{

gdfg{ cg/' fw] ug{' ==== d;' f]n] cfkm" n] k/]sf] j]nfdf af3nfO{ ;3fpg] jrg lbg' ====
af3n] d;' f]h:tf] ;fgf] hLjn] s] ug{ ;S5 / eg]/ jf:tf gug{' ==== d;' f] bn' f]leq k:g'
===== Ps lbg l;sf/Ln] hfn yfKg' clg af3 To;df kg'{ ===== l;sf/L aGbs' afs] ]/
glhs} cfpg' ===== d';f]n] hfn sfl6lbg' clg af3 dQ' m xg' ' ==== d';f] ;fgf] eP klg
p;sf] ;xofu] af3sf] nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'g' .
@= s'g} syfsf] k':ts k9 clg cfk"mnfO{ dg k/s] f] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

gk] fndf dgfOg] rf8kjx{ ¿ M ufOh{ fqf hg} k"l0f{df
b; F} ltxf/ DxM k"hf la:s6] hfqf sz' ]cfF;} L
tLh s[i0ffi6dL
Ob Nxf;] f/ ljm| ;d; dftftLy{ cf;F} L u9LdfO{ d]nf
;ªj\ m| flGt kmfu' kl" 0fd{ f
gfu k~rdL a4' hoGtL u7d] ª\un

pFwfn} L pFefn} L u'? kl" 0fd{ f

uf}/f kj{ 57 kj{ df3 ]

rt} ] b;}F /ftf] dT5G] b|gfysf] ofqf

kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL
134 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

kf7 !@ dfs{ hs' /au{

hLjgL

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

lbbL km];a's rnfpg'x'G5 . afaf OG6/g6] df ;dfrf/
k9g\ 'x'G5 .

dn} ] dfdfsf] Od]n kfPF . efO OG6/g6] df ud] vN] 5 .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 135

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] df}lvs pQ/ bp] m M

d s] ltdLn] km];a'ssf] af/]df ;g' s] f 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ OG6/g]6sf] af/d] f s] s/' f yfxf 5 <
d ltdL OG6/g6] sf af/d] f hfgsf/L lng rfxG5f} <
d km];as' s;n] agfPsf x'g\ ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d sDKo'6/n] dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5{ <
d sDKo6' / k|fu] f| ldª egs] f] s] xfn] f < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] ltdL klg gofgF ofF vfh] / cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxG5f} <

tnsf t:jL/ x/] clg zAbx¿ k9 M

sDKo'6/ Nofk6k dfa] fOn 6]lnkmf]g cfOkmfg]

u'un km;] a's ljlslkl8of o6' a' 6l\ j6/

h's/au{ dfsfg]{ L Go'6g h]D; jf6 Uoflnlnof]

136 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff $

of] ;;+ f/df lgs} rlrt{ dflg;x¿ klg 5g\ . sg' } dflg;n] ;dfh;]jf u//] rrfd{ f cfPsf
xG' 5g\ . sg' } dflg;x¿n] gofFgofF s'/fx¿ kQf nufP/ rrf{df cfPsf x'G5g\ . o;/L rrfd{ f
cfPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+;f/el/sf w/] } dflg;n] lrg]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf dflg;x¿dWo] gofF
s'/fx¿ kQf nufP/ rrfd{ f cfPsf Ps ;kmn JolQm x'g\ dfs{ hs' /au{ . ltdLn] dfa] fOn jf
sDKo'6/df bv] ]sf] km];a'ssf] ;'?jft ug{] h's/au{ ;fg} pd]/df 7n" f] sfd ug{] dflg;x¿dWos] f
Ps x'g\ . cfkm" n] sn]hdf k9\bfvl] /af6} sDKo'6/;DaGwL gofFgofF s/' fx¿ kQf nufpg ;kmn
ePsf h's/aun{ fO{ ;+;f/el/sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ lrGb5g\ . ;;+ f/el/sf ;a} b]zsf dflg;x¿n]
rnfpg] u/s] f] km];as' nfO{ hs' /aun{ ] g} ljZjel/ k¥' ofpg ;kmn ePsf x'g\ . ltg} h's/au{sf]
af/d] f yk s'/f yfxf kfpg tnsf] hLjgL k9 x} .

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ ltdLnfO{ km];as' sf] af/d] f yfxf
5 < dfa] fOn, Nofk6k jf sDKo6' /df OG6/g]6
hf8] ]/ cfÇgf cfkmGt, ;fyLefO tyf lrghfgsf
dflg;x¿sf] xfnva/ yfxf kfpg tyf pgLx¿sf]
kmf]6f,] lel8of] xg] { / pgLx¿;uF cg'xf/ xb] }{ s/' f ug{
ldNg] ;fwg xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 cfÇgf ;fyLefO
/ cfkmGtx¿sf] xfnva/ yfxf kfpg] dfq xf]Og,
pgLx¿n] gofFgofF 7fpdF f uP/ lvrs] f kmf]6fx¿
;dt] bV] g kfOG5 . ;fy} cfÇgf] xfnva/ c¿nfO{ atfpg / c¿sf] xfnva/ cfkm" n]
yfxf kfpg;dt] dflg;n] o;sf] ko| f]u ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . km];as' sf cGo w]/} ;'ljwfx¿
klg 5g\ . of] ;;+ f/sf ;ae} Gbf w]/} dflg;n] ko| f]u ug{] nfs] lk|o ;fdflhs ;~hfn xf] .

;+;f/el/ g} k|rlnt of] km;] as' sf ;:+ yfks dfs{ hs' /au{ x'g\ . pgsf] hGd dWod
juL{o kl/jf/df ;g\ !(*$ d] !$ df laot KnG] ;, Goo' f]s{, cdl] /sfdf ePsf] lyof] .

zAbf {y lrghfgsf M lrgh] fgs] f, kl/ro vn' ]sf dWodjuL{o kl/jf/ M vfgnfpg l7Ss kU' g]
cfkmGt M cfÇgf] dfG5] kl/jf/
;+:yfks M ;:+ yf :yfkgf ug{] JolQm

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 137

h's/aus{ f afafsf] gfd P8jf8{ hs' /au{ / cfdfsf] gfd s/g] sDkg] / xf] .

hs' /au{ ;fgb} ]lv lh1f;' :jefjsf lyP . pgn] sIff ^ df k9b\ f klxnfk] 6s sDKo6' /
rnfPsf lyP . sDKo6' /n] dflg;nfO{ s]s:tf sfdx¿ lbg ;S5 xfn] f eGg] lrGtg
h's/au{df knfpbF } uof] . To;kl5 pgn] sDKo6' / k|fu] f| ldªx¿ cToGt ulx/f] ¿kdf k9g\
/ nV] g yfn] .

sDKo6' / k|fu] f| ldª tyf sDKo6' / u]d agfpgdf ulx/f] ?lr /fVg] h's/aun{ ] lg/Gt/sf]
k|of;kl5 hs' g6] gfd u/s] f] ;Ç6j/] agfPsf lyP . o;nfO{ cfÇgf] 3/sf] sDKo'6/ / snh] sf]
sDKo'6/sf] aLrdf hf8] g\ ] sfd u/] . of] g} km];a's cfljisf/sf] k|f/lDes sfo{ lyof] .

OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 w/] } dflg;x¿n] ;fdl" xs ¿kdf ;r" gfx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg]
dfWodsf] vfh] L ug{ hs' /au{ cxf/] fq nfluk/] . pgn] 5fqfjf;sf] sf7] faf6 km;] as'
agfpg ;?' u/] . *% 8n/ kl| tdlxgf lt//] pgn] Pp6f ;e{/ ef8fdf lnP / lbg/ft
To;af6 gofF ;Ç6j]/ ;~hfn agfpg nfluk/] . geGb} h's/aun{ ] cfkm" n] k9\g] xfj8{ {
ljZjljBfnosf $) xhf/ ljBfyLx{ ¿n] Pscfk;df ;Dks{ ugs{ f nflu Pp6f ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] lgdf0{ f u/]/} 5f8] . ;g\ @))$ kma] 'j| /L $ df km;] a'ssf] ;?' jft eof] .

;'?;?' df of] ;~hfn snh] Ifq] df lgs} nfs] lko| eof] . Toltv]/ o;sf] gfd ‘b km;] a's’
lyof] . sx] L dlxgfkl5 of] ;~hfn o/' fk] el/ rlr{t eof] . ;g\ @))% df o;sf] gfd ‘km;] as' ’
/flvof] . km;] a's clxn;] Dd cfOkU' bf ;;+ f/sf w/] } dfG5n] ] dg k/fPsf] ;~hfnsf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ePsf] 5 .

df;'sf ;fl} vg hs' /au{ hLjhGtn' fO{ klg cToGt dfof u5{g\ . pgsf] glhssf] ;fyL
egs] f] g} pgn] kfn]sf] ss' '/ xf] . pgL ss' '/;uF w/] } ;do v]Ng ?rfpF5g\ . o;f] ubf{
gofgF ofF s/' fx¿ ;fR] g ;lsG5 eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .

zAbf {y lh1f;' M lh1f;f /fVg] 5fqfjf; M 5fq5fqf a:g] 7fpF
;Ç6j]/ M sDKo'6/sf] k|fu] |fd ljZjljBfno M pRr:t/sf] k9fO x'g] 7fpF
cfljisf/ M gofF rLhsf] l;h{gf ug]{ sfd lgdf{0f ug'{ M agfpg'
kf| /lDes M ;'?sf] rlr{t M rrfd{ f /xs] f]
sfo{ M sfd :yflkt M :yfkgf ePsf]
cxf/] fq M /ftlbg ;fl} vg M ?lr /fVg]

138 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

‘d kf| yg{ f u5{' ls km];a's / cGo
OG6/g]6 k|ljlwn] dflg;nfO{ ;xofu]
u/f;] \ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;~rf/ / ;ª\ul7t
ug{df km;] a'sn] x/lbg k|of; u/f;] \ .
k;} f sdfpg' d/] f] ?lrsf] s'/f xf]Og .
k;} f sdfpF5,' wgL x'G5' eg]/ dn} ] km];as'
agfPsf] xf]Og† of] t dflg;sf] lxtdf
k|of]u xf];\ eGg] d/] f] rfxgf xf]’ eGg]
ljrf/ ePsf h's/au{ ;fdflhs sfo{x¿df klg ?lr /fV5g\ . ;;+ f/df ;fg} pd/] df
ca{klt aGg ;kmn h's/aun{ ] km;] as' df /xs] f] cfÇgf] nufgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f bfg ug{] 3f]if0ff
u/s] f 5g\ . ;fg} pd]/df 7n" f] sfd u/]/ w]/} ;DklQ sdfpg] / ;an} ] lrGg] JolQmx¿sf]
kª\lQmdf dfs{ h's/aus{ f] gfd cu:| yfgdf cfpF5 . logL ‘6fOd k;g{ ckm b Oo/ @)!)’
åf/f k/' :s[t ePsf 5g\ .

h's/aun{ ] agfPsf] km;] as' n] cfh w]/} dflg;x¿sf] hLjgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfPsf]
5 . b]zljb]zsf cfÇgf cfkmGtx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ of] dfWodn] 7"nf] ;xofu] u/]sf] 5 .
km];as' af6 dflg;x¿ w/] w} ]/} 1fgjw{s s'/fx¿ l;Sg / b]Vg ;S5g\ . km;] a's clxn]
dflg;sf] hLjgsf] cTofjZos ;fwgdWos] f] Ps d'Vo ;fwgsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf]
5 . o:tf] nf]slko| ;fwgsf lgdft{ f dfs{ hs' /au{ clxn] klg sDKo'6/sf gofFgofF ;Ç6j]/
/ l8hfOlgªsf] vfh] Ldf nfluk/]sf 5g\ .

zAbf {y ;ªu\ l7t M Psh6' ePsf] 1fgjw{s M 1fg lbg]
lx:;f M efu, c+z l8hfOlgª M ¿k/v] f ldnfpg] sfd
cu:| yfg M ;ae} Gbf cufl8sf] 7fpF
cTofjZos M clt cffZos

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff $ 139

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ clg tLgtLg k6s sfkLdf n]v M
OG6/g6] , cxf/] fq, ljZjljBfno, cu|:yfg, 1fgjws{ , cTofjZos, cfljisf/

@= zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
cfkmGt, dWodjuLo{ kl/jf/, cfljisf/, cxf/] fq, lgdf{0f ug,{' ;fl} vg

#= z'4 kf//] nv] M

s_ h's/ju{ eG5g\ d kf| y{gf u5{" sL km];as" / cGo OG6/g]6 kj| Llwn]

dfgL;nfO{ ;xof]u u/f;] .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ ;fd'lxs cf_ ;fdl" xs O_ zfdl" xs O{_ zfdx" Ls

@= c_ ;ª\ul7t \ cf_ ;+3l7t O_ ;ªul7t O_{ ;ª\ul7t

#= c_ kª\lQm cf_ k+lQm O_ kª\Ult O{_ k+lQm

$= c_ 1fgjb{s cf_ Uofgjw{s O_ 1fgjw{s O_{ 1fgjws{ \

$= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
lrghfgsf, ;Ç6j/] , sfo,{ ljZjljBfno, ;ª\ul7t, cu|:yfg

%= hf8] f ldnfpm clt cfjZos
lh1f;' :yfkgf ePsf]
k|f/lDes lh1f;f /fVg]
rlr{t 1fg lbg]
:yflkt rrfd{ f /x]sf]
cTofjZos ;'?sf]
1fgjw{s

^= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
w]/,} ;fdflhs, ?lr, Toltv/] , dfof, lxt, cfÇgf,] k'/:st[ , ;lhnf]

&= dflysf] hLjgLaf6 ‘o’/ ‘P’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfFrkfrF j6f zAb nv] .

140 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s= km;] as' sf ;:+ yfks sf] xg' \ <
====================================================================================

v= dfs{ h's/au{sf] hGd s:tf] kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] <
====================================================================================

u= ;?' ;'?df km];a's sg' Ifq] df a9L nfs] lko| eof] <
====================================================================================

3= km];as' sf] k|f/lDes gfd s] lyof] <
====================================================================================

ª= hs' /au{ sg' k'/:sf/af6 k/' :s[t ePsf 5g\ <
====================================================================================

@= sf]i7saf6 7Ls pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ km;] a's =================== ;fdflhs ;~hfn xf] . -nfs] lko| , e8\lsnf]_

v_ h's/au{ km];a'ssf =================== xg' \ . -lj:yfks, ;:+ yfks_

u_ km];as' n] dflg;nfO{ =================== u/]sf] 5 . -;xof]u, b?' kofu] _

3_ =================== bl] v km;] a'ssf] ;?' jft eof] . -;g\ @))$, ;g\ @))%_

ª_ hs' /au{ =================== sfo{x¿df ?lr /fV5g\ . -wfld{s, ;fdflhs_

#= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ hs' /au{ an] fotdf hGds] f x'g\ .

v_ hs' /au{ ;fgb} l] v lh1f;' :jefjsf lyP .

u_ h's/aun{ ] u'unsf] cfljisf/ u/] .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $ 141

3_ km;] a's Pp6f ;fdflhs ;~hfn xf] .

ª_ hs' /au{ ;fg} pd]/df cak{ lt eP .

$= hf]8f ldnfpm M hGd ldlt
laot KnG] ; lktf
;g\ !(*$ hGd:yfg
s/g] sDkg] / k/' :sf/
P8jf8{ h's/au{ cfdf
6fOd k;g{ sDKo6' / ;Ç6j/]
xfj8{ { ljZjljBfno
hs' g]6

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] n]v M
s_ km];as' eg]sf] s] xf] <
v_ h's/au{sf] afNosfnLg :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
u_ km;] as' cfljisf/sf] k|f/lDes sfo{ s] lyof] <
3_ h's/aus{ f] gfd s'g If]qdf cu|:yfgdf cfpF5 <
ª_ dfs{ hs' /au{sf] hLjgL k9/] ltdLn] s] 1fg kfof} <

^= dfs{ h's/aun{ ] km];a'ssf] cfljisf/ s;/L u/] < j0fg{ u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9

ul' UnPNdf] dfsf{g] Lsf] hGd ;g\ !*&$df O6fnLsf] anfG] of ;x/df ePsf] lyof] . logL
;fg}bl] v j}1flgs k|of]udf /dfpFy] . pgsf lktf 5f/] fsf] lj|mofsnfk b]v/] v';L xbF' }gy] t/
cfdfn] eg] va' ;xofu] ulyg{ \ . logn] aL; jifs{ } pd]/df ljgftf/ ;Gb]z k7fpg] oGq
agfP . logL @@ jifd{ f nG8g uP clg cfÇgf] ko| f]u b]vfO{ ;an} fO{ rlst kf/] . logn]
jfo/n];sf] sDkgL klg :yfkgf u/] . dfsf]{gLn] cfsfzjf0fL, 6]lnu|fd, /l] 8of] h:tf
tf/sf] k|of]u geP/} ;Gb]z k7fpg] oGqx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . ;fgb} ]lv lj1fgsf If]qdf
rfdTsfl/s sfox{ ¿ ug]{ dfsfg{] Ln] ## jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\ !()( df efl} tszf:qdf gf]a]n
k/' :sf/ kfP . logn] logn] !(@@ df pgs} oGqsf] ko| f]u u//] nG8gdf klxnf]k6s

142 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

/]l8of] ;j] f ;'? eof] . cfÇgf] ljlzi6 cfljisf/x¿sf dfWodaf6 ;;+ f/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{]
dxfg\ j}1flgs dfsfg{] Lsf] !(#* df lgwg eof] .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s n]v M
ul' UnPNdf], j}1flgs, ljm| ofsnfk, jfo/n;] , 6]lnuf| d, rfdTsfl/s

@= tnsf ;xL pQ/df /]hf -µ_ lrÅg nufpm M

s_ dfsf{]gLsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] lyof] <

c_ hd{gL cf_ O6nL O_ km| fG;

v_ dfsfg]{ Ln] sg' b]zdf cfÇgf] k|ofu] bv] fP/ ;a}nfO{ rlst kf/] <

c_ nG8g cf_ cd]l/sf O_ O6nL

u_ dfsf]g{ Ln] s'g sDkgLsf] cfljisf/ u/] <

c_ ;Ç6j]/ cf_ xf8{j/] O_ jfo/n;]

3_ dfsfg{] Ln] s'g k/' :sf/ kfP < O_ cf:] sf/
c_ /f]dg Dofuf;]; ] cf_ gfa] n]

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

s_ dfsf]{gLsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] xf] <
====================================================================================

v_ dfsf{]gL s'g sfddf /dfpFy<]
====================================================================================

u_ dfsf]{gLn] @) jif{sf] pd]/df s] u/]/ b]vfP <
====================================================================================

3_ dfsf]{gLn] s:tfs:tf jfo/n]; ;fwgx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] <
====================================================================================

ª_ nG8gdf klxnf]k6s /]l8ofs] f] ;?' slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
====================================================================================

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 143

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 !(( df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M
s_ sDKo6' /af6 =================== cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 .
v_ OG6/g6] sf] k|ofu] ljZjsf =================== If]qdf clgjfo{ x'g yfns] f] 5 .
u_ =================== cflbdf t of] geO{ x'Fb}g .
3_ clxn] t =================== klg ;lhn;} Fu OG6/g6] rnfpg ;lsG5 .
ª_ of] cfhsf] ;dosf] =================== cfjZostf xf] .
@= 7Ls eP -µ_ a]7Ls eP -Â_ lrÅg nufpm M
s_ sltko bz] df OG6/g6] geP klg sfd rN5 .
v_ OG6/g]6ljgf Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf{] sDKo6' /df va/
k7fpg ;lsG5 .
u_ lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb Ifq] df OG6/g6] clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .

3_ df]afOnaf6 klg OG6/g6] rnfpg ;lsG5 .
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ OG6/g]6af6 s'gsg' s/' fdf ;xhtf xG' 5 <
=====================================================================================
v_ OG6/g6] sg' s'g Ifq] df clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 <
=====================================================================================
u_ OG6/g]6n] s'gsg' s'/fdf ;3fpF5 <
=====================================================================================

144 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff $

Jofs/0f ;Lk

s/0f cs/0f M xf] jf 5 eGg] cy{nfO{ s/0f elgG5 . s/0fn] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbG5 .
5, xf,] 5g,\ k9\5, uof] cflb zAbn] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbPsf 5g\ oL
s/0f x'g\ . To:t} xfO] g jf 5g} eGg] cyn{ fO{ cs/0f elgG5 . cs/0fn]
gsf/fTds cy{ lbG5 . 5}g, xf]Og, k9\bg} , uPg cflb zAbn] gsf/fTds
cy{ lbG5g,\ oL cs/0f x'g\ .

sg' } klg jfSonfO{ cs/0f agfpbF f ljm| ofkbdf ‘g’ yKgk' 5{ .

!= tnsf jfSox¿ s/0f÷cs/0f s] x'g\, lrg/] n]v M

s_ d w/] } ?G\5' . ===============================================

v_ pm rsrs ub{g} . ===============================================

u_ aa' f vfgf ksfpgx' 'Gg . ===============================================

3_ cfdfn] uf8L rnfpg'eof] . ===============================================

v= tnsf jfSonfO{ ;ª\st] sf ;xfotfn] kl/jtg{ u/ M

s_ d k95\ ' . -cs/0f_

v_ xfdL kf]v/f uPgfF} . -s/0f_

u_ ltdLx¿n] ;kmntf kfof} . -cs/0f_

3_ dfdf dnfO{ e]6g\ cfpg'eof] . -cs/0f_

ª_ laxfg 3fd nfus] f] lyPg . -s/0f_

r_ s]6fx¿ rsrs ub}{ 5g\ . -cs/0f_

5_ alxgL ykSs al:bg . -s/0f_

h_ tFn} ] /fd/| L nv] s] f] lyO;\ . -cs/0f_

¹_ pgL ldng;f/ 5}gg\ . -s/0f_

`_ dl0fn] ;'Gtnf l6Kof] . -cs/0f_

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff $ 145

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= dxŒjk0" f{ sfd u/s] f sg' } Ps rlrt{ JolQmsf] af/]df lzIfs jf cleefjs;uF
hfgsf/L lnP/ 5f]6f] kl/ro nv] .

@= ltdLn] gfd ;g' s] f] jf k9]sf] cfwf/df ;;+ f/df k|l;4 ePsf bz hgfsf] gfd
nv] .

#= lzIfs tyf cleefjssf] ;xof]udf kf;fªNxfd' z]kfs{ f] af/]df Pp6f cg'R5]b
n]v .

cfljisf/s cfljisf/ lzIfssf] ;xL
OnS] 6f« ]lgs Aof6L« cN;]Gb«f] efN] 6f
6]lnkmf]g cnS] hG] 8/ u|fxd jn]
6]lnlehg h]= Pn a]o8{
lahn' Lsf] lrd yfd] ; cNjf Pl8;g
38L P= Pn= la|u]8
xjfO{hxfh /fO6 ab| ;{
kmfpG6g] k]g jf6/ d]g
ydfl{] d6/ Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL
lkl| G6ª k;]| u'6g] ju{
xl] nsK6/ a|S] j6]
;fOsn Dofsldng
df6] /;fOsn 8\ofdn/

kf7 k/" f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyLs{ f] :t/

146 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff $

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k6] df kRrL; ln6/;Dd kfgL ;~ro u//] /fVg ;Sg] cªu\ xG' 5 . To;n} ] pm6F w/] } lbg;Dd

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;Sg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ d?e"ldsf] hxfh elgG5 .

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¹f8Ldf k;/] cfgGbn] rg{ ?rfpg] pmF 6 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ ePsfn] pmF 6wgLn] 3fF;sf
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