NEPALI GRADE 8 2076

 नेपाली

क ा८

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

नेपाल सरकार  

िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय

पा म िवकास के    

सानोिठिम, भ पुर     

gk] fnL

sIff *

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/'

ks| fzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|

;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/'

© ;jfl{ wsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' df
lglxt /x]sf] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|ofh] gsf
nflu o;sf] k'/} jf cfl+ zs efu xa' x' ks| fzg ug{, kl/jtg{ u//] k|sfzg ug,{ s'g}
ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo kl| jlwaf6 /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

ky| d ;+:s/0f M lj=;=+ @)&@

kl/dflht{ bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^

db' 0| fM hgs lzIff ;fduL| s]Gb| ln=
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .

dN" o ?=

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb,| ;dGjo tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' g' cg'/f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;¬´fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflb{s :jfut ub5{ . tkfO“n] lsgs] f] kf7\ok':tsdf sg' } ql' 6
ePdf glhssf] ljt/saf6 pSt k':ts ;f6g\ ;Sg'xg' ] 5 .

xfdf| ] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|n] ljBfno txsf
kf7o\ jm| dtyf kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug{] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbbF } cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f
/fi6k« d|] , /fli6o« tf kl| tsf] ;dk0{ f / nfs] tflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ gl} tsjfg,\
cgz' fl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;hg{ zLn eO{ ;dfjz] L ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; xg'
cfjZos 5 .pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL cfwf/et" 1fg tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] ljsf; xg' h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyLx{ ¿df snf tyf ;f}Gbo{ k|ltsf] cg/' fu / dfgjLo dN" o dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6o\ x¿kl| tsf]
;rt] tf ;lxt ltgsf] ;/+ If0f, ;j+ w{g ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf d"ns ;dfhsf]
lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] k¥' ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnª\u, efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t / Ifq] nufotsf
ljljwtfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt ;r]t eO{
lhDdj] f/L jxg ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^( nfO{ dn" cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf
;e' mfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;u“ ;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L /
cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of]
kf7o\ k:' ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

kf7\ok':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L lbjfs/ 9'ª\u]n,
kf| =8f= sb] f/k;| fb zdf,{ kf| =8f=/fdgfy cfe] mf, /dz] k;| fb e66\ /fO,{ rGbs| fGt e;' fn, xl/k;| fb
lg/fn} f, 8f= uLtf v/n] , dwk' ;| fb ltldlN;gf, l;l4axfb/' dxhg{ nufotsf dxfge' fjsf] ljzi] f ofu] bfg
/xs] f] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cWofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ug{ sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf
dxflgbz]{ s 8f= n]vgfy kf8} ]n, >L u0f]zk|;fb e66\ /fO{ / >L lrgfs'df/L lg/fn} fsf] ofu] bfg
/x]sf] 5 . o; k:' tssf] rf/ /ªdf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >Lxl/ >i] 7af6 ePsf]
xf] . o; kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{df ;n+ Ug ;a}k|lt kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb
k|s6 ub5{ .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]uaf6
kf7\ojm| dåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xof]u kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{
;s];Dd ljm| ofsnfkdv' L / ?lrs/ agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k':tsnfO{ cem} kl/ist[
kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;dt] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
/xg] xb“' f ;Da4 ;as} f] /rgfTds ;e' mfjsf nflu kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| xflbs{ cg/' f]w ub5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lj= ;+= @)&^
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|

ljifo;"rL

PsfO ljifoj:t' ljwf ki[ 7 ;ªV\ of

!= gk] fn sljtf !
^
@= efUo syf !$
#= b]jsd' f/L yfkf hLjgL @#
#@
$= u|Gylrq ka| Gw #&
$&
%= lgj]bg lgj]bg %@
^= ldqtf syf ^)
^*
&= l;k / >d sljtf &%
*)
*= e"ufn] ljb\ xs{ u?' ª hLjgL *$
(%
(= ks| l[ t / jftfj/0f k|aGw !)#
!)(
!)= Pp6f 36gf syf !!%
!@@
!!= bfh'nfO{ lr7L lr7L !@&
!@= d]/f] 3/ sljtf !#%
!$#
!#= lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg jfb ljjfb
!%#
!$= ;flxTosf/ /jLGbg| fy 7fs'/ hLjgL

!%= 7u ;dfltof] syf

!^= sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 k|aGw
!&= xfdL Pp6} xf }“ Psfªs\ L
!*= cfx\jfg sljtf

!(= l;x+ / :ofnsf] syf syf

@)= g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t k|aGw

@!= ;/ cfOHofs Go6' g hLjgL

@@= :jfledfg syf

! gk] fn l;l4r/0f >]i7

gk] fn Kof/f] / kljq bz]
;f}Gbo{ wf/f axg] czi] f .
;ªu\ Ltsf] d"n km'6L ljzfn

5NsL /x] em}F noa4 5fn ..

kfgf v'nf kjt{ kqkq
5g\ j0f{ emF} j[Ifntf ljlrq .
vfn] f, r/fsf] Wjlg ux' \o dGq

g]kfn l;ª\u} ax'dN" o tGq ..

gofF gofF hLt cgs] hf]8\b}
of] b]zsf] OHht dfg yKb} .
HofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fg ;f/f

5g\ cfh xfd|f alnof ;xf/f ..

cz]if – ;a}, ;d:t ux' \o – uf]Ko, /x:odo
noa4 – ;ª\uLtdo, nx/df af“lwPsf] dGq – bj] b]jLaf6 c;fwf/0f zlSt k|fKt
5fn – j]un] aUbf aGg] kfgLsf] nx/,
ug{ hlkg] zAb jf jfSo, l;l4
kfgLsf] p7s] f] t/ª\u kf| Kt ug{ hlkg] zAb, j]bsf Crf

kq kq – kfg}kfgf axd' "No – w/] } df]n kg{], cgdf]n
j0f{ – ¿k, /ª, j0f{dfnfsf cIf/ tGq – b]jbj] Lsf] pkf;gf ug{] ljlw
ntf – nx/f]
ljlrq – /ªu\ Lrª\uL, ljleGg /ªsf,] cgf7} f] ePsf] zf:q jf ljBf, zf;g k4lt

gk] fnL, sIff * HofdL – Hofnfdf sfd ug],{ dhb/'

1

of] bz] sf] l;h{gsf] lgldŒf
k'vf{x¿sf] kl;gf / /St .
xfd|f] ax]sf] 5 g;f g;fdf

8f¥] ofpbF } :ju{ 5'g] lbzfdf ..

ljklŒf kbf{ klg xfFl;xfF;L
tof/ e} r9g;d]t kmfF;L .
afFr] arfP / /d] /dfP
;ª\3ifn{ ] of] dn' 's} hufP ..

k'vf{ – afh]a/fh', klxn]sf k:' tf, k"jh{
ljklŒf – cfkt\
;ª3\ if{ – j|mflGt, n8fO

cEof;

!= ‘gk] fn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;u“ ldnL ;dx" df no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .

@= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

;xf/f, Kof/f], kmf;“ L, kl;gf, ljho
-s_ xfd|f] b]z xfdLnfO{============== nfU5 .
-v_ HofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fgx¿ o; b]zsf ============ xg'  \ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fdf kv' fx{ ¿sf] ============ aus] f] 5 .
-3_ of] b]z arfpg kv' f{x¿ ================ r9g\ ;d]t tof/ eP .

#= tn lbOPsf] sljtfz+ k"/f u/ M

gk] fn Kof/f] =====================================
;f}Gbo{ =================================== cz]if
========================== dn" km6' L ljzfn

emF} noa4 ================ =====================

2 g]kfnL, sIff *

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ Ps jfSodf nv] M

-s_ kl;gfsf wf/f sxfF axG5g\ <
-v_ xfd|f kj{tx¿ s] h:tf 5g\ <
-u_ xfdf| alnof ;xf/f sf] sf] x'g\ <
-3_ kv' f{n] of] dn' s' df hfu/0f Nofpg s] u/] <

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ sljtfdf sljn] gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tfsf] j0fg{ s;/L u/s] f 5g,\ :ki6 kf/ .
-v_ sljtfdf xfd|f k'vf{x¿n] b]zsf lglDt lbPsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ s;/L j0f{g

ul/Psf] 5, n]v .

^= ‘gk] fn’ sljtfsf] dV' o efj n]v .

&= JofVof u/ M

HofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fg ;f/f
5g\ cfh xfd|f alnof ;xf/f .

zAbe08f/

*= pN6f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfpm M

h:t} M gofF = k'/fgf]
OHht vn' f :ju{ r9g\ kljq
aGb cfn] g{ zflGt aO] Hht g/s ckljq

(= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M

b]z M ==================== ljzfn M = ===================
kj{t M ====================
Wjlg M ==================== j[If M ====================
lht M ====================
ls;fg M ====================

/St M ====================

ljklŒf M ==================== ;ª3\ if { M ====================

g]kfnL, sIff * 3

!)= tnsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

Kof/f,] dGq, dfg, ;ª\uLt, k'vf{

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!!= tnsf zAb z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ M

tGq, noa4, ux' \o, Wjlg, j0f{

!@= sljtfsf] t;] |f] Znfs] z4' ;“u ;f/ .
!#= ;'g / n]v M

;f}Gbo,{ OHht, HofdL, jI[ f, k'vf{, ljklŒf

!$= tnsf hf]8L zAbx¿ z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] /] km/s
cy{ ae' m M

b]z – åi] f, gzf – g;f, lbzf – lb;f, lbg – bLg

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!%= k9, ae' m / u/ M

kf7df ko| fu] ePsf bz] , wf/f, ;ªu\ Lt, kfgf, kjt{ , jI[ f, ntf, vfn] f, OHht, HofdL,
l;kfxL, ls;fg, kl;gf, /St, g;f, :ju{ cflb gfd zAb xg'  \ . gfd zAbn] sg' } JolSt,
j:t,' 7fp“, gbL, ;d"x, efj cflbnfO{ a'emfp5“ g\ . gfd kfFr ks| f/sf xG' 5g\, h:t} M

JolStjfrs hfltjfrs ;dx" jfrs b|Jojfrs efjjfrs

cfzf/fd, lxdfn, lstfa, xn' , ayfg, ;g' , gg' , Uof;, bof, dfof, l/;,
8fN] df, ;ljtf, ufO,{ ufp,F kmfh} , emK' kf,] bw' , bxL, lrgL, hjfgL, k0' o,
hgs, gk] fn, ;x/, ?v, /f;, yk' f|,] u0f, kfgL, df6f,] ldqtf, ul/aL,
ef/t, dr] L, dlGb/, kmn, hGtL, ;g] f, afnj' f, xfjf, nv] fO, ;v' ,
kfv] /f, n'lDagL, b]jtf, b]z, kN6g, aufn, wn' f,] wfg, bM' v, ?jfO,
u'NdL, /fdfo0f, dflg;, gbL, ayfg, hgtf, rfdn, lk7f,] v;' L, ofj} g,
ltxf/, 57 r/f ;ef bfn, wj' f,F rfbF L ljZjf;, lzIff

4 g]kfnL, sIff *

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf JolStjfrs, hfltjfrs,
;dx" jfrs, b|Jojfrs / efjjfrs gfdsf kfrF kfrF cf6] f pbfx/0f n]vL jfSodf
k|ofu] u/ .

!^= ltdf| ] sIffsf7] fdf ePsf bzcf6] f j:ts' f gfd zAb nv] /] sIffdf ;g' fpm  .

!&= pbfx/0f x/] L PsjrgnfO{ axj' rg / axj' rgnfO{ Psjrgdf kl/jtg{
u/L n]v M

pbfx/0f M d gk] fnL x“' . xfdL g]kfnL xf}“ .

-s_ pm g]kfnL afN] 5 . . ================================================ 

-v_ . ============================================= =  xfdL ljBfyL{ xf“ } .

-u_ ?v kjt{ df 5 . . = ======================================================= 

-3_  . ============================================= xfdL b]znfO{ dfof u5f}{ F .

-ª_ HofdL sfd u5 { . . ===========================================================================

-r_ . =================================================  xfdL kl;gf aufp“5f} “ .

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!*= vfnL 7fpd“ f pkoS' t zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M

slt, :jfledfg, bz] , ;f}Gbo{, k/fO
5 ;'Gb/ of] slt ============================================== xfd|f]
==================================================== gfgf 5 lxdfn /fd|f]
vfn] f / emgf{ =========================================== 5g\ d'xfg
arfO/fV5' d t ==================================  .

!(= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] zLif{sdf sljtf nv] /] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

g]kfnL, sIff * 5

@ efUo

;'wf lqkf7L

æP Û s] ToxfF 6'n6' 'n' x/] /] a;]sf] xF < slxNo} dfG5n] ] vfPsf] b]vs] f] 5g} ;\ <Æ wg] ;fxn' ]
k'G6n] fO{ xsfb}{ eGof ] .

kG' 6] dem/] Ldf a;/] rn' flt/ x]l//xs] f] lyof ] . wg] ;fx' eft vfbF } lyof] . yfndf clnslt
eft, clg jl/kl/ srf/} f / Kn]6df y'k}| vfg] s/' f bv] /] kG' 6] 5Ss k//] al;/xs] f]
lyof] . æTolt yf]/} eft vfg Toqf] ltx'g lsg rflxPsf] xfn] f < ;ae} Gbf klxnf s] vfg]
xfn] f < ;ae} Gbf kl5 s] vfg] xfn] f < Tolt w/] } v]t eP/ klg ;fxn' ] lsg Tolt yf]/}
eft vfPsf] xfn] f <Æ pm ;fR] b} lyof ] .

wgL/fd r7' \g lg:sFbf k'G6] h:sn] f] aflx/} lyof ] . wgL/fdn] xftdf NofPsf] b'weft
h7' N] gfsf] 9'ªu\ fdf /flvlbof ] . ss' /' n] skfsk bw' eft vfPsf] b]v/] k'G6n] ] 36' 'Ss ys'
lgNof] . p;n] ;f]Rof,] æ;fxs' f] 3/sf] s's'/ x'g' kf] hftL /x]5 .Æ

æss' /' sf] eftdf rf]v] nfpnf;\ df/] f ÛÆ wg] ;fx'n] xsf/]sf] :j/df eGof ] .

kG' 6s] f] afa' wgs] f] v]taf/Lsf] /]vb]v uYof {] . kG' 6] klg afas' f] kl5 nfu]/ wg]sf]
3/df hfGYof ] . pm ToxfF cfÇgf] 3/sf] eGbf ;a} yf]s km/s b]VYof ] .

kG' 6s] f] afan' ] 5f/] fnfO{ :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbPsf] lyof ] . lbp;F f]sf] vfhf vfg] 56' \6Ldf
s]6fx¿ es'G8f] vN] y ] . pm 5p] df a;]/ xl] //xGYof ] . s6] fx¿ hfgL hfgL p;nfO{
es'G8fn] xfGy ] . æP o;nfO{ kf] nfu5] Æ eGy] / unn xf:F y ] .

dem/] L M 3/leq r'nf], cf]5o\ fg / sf7] fsf cltl/St vfnL 5f]l8Psf] larsf] 7fpF
srf/} f M efh] gsf ;fduL| dWo] ltxg' , t/sf/L cflb xfNg] efF8f,] a6s' f]
ltxg' M eftl;t d'5/] vfOg] emfn] t/sf/L
h:s]nf] M 3/sf] d"n 9fs] fafx]ssf] csf{] 9fs] f
h'7]Ngf M h'7f] kmfNg] ul/Psf] 7fp,F h'7f ef8F f dfemg\ ] 7fpF

6 g]kfnL, sIff *

pm :s'ndf cfÇgf] km'6s] f uf]8f xY] of]{ . ;fyLx¿sf uf8] fdf gofF gofF hŒ' ff b]VYof] .
;fyLx¿sf emf]nf xY] of]{ / cfÇgf] emf]nf xY] of ]{ . x/]s s'/f km/s b]v]/ Tof] km/s
x'g'sf] cy{ vf]HYof] . pm dgdg} cy{ klg klxNofpFYof] . æpgLx¿ wgL 5g,\ d ul/a
5' .Æ t/ pm sfx] L s;/L wgL xG' 5 / sf]xL s;/L ul/a xG' 5 eGg] s/' fsf] cy{ eg]
e]66\ fpFbg} Yof ] .

kG' 6n] ] Ps lbg xh'/cfdf;uF ;f]Wof], æxh/' cfdf xfdL lsg ul/a ePsf <Æ

æefUosf] v]nÆ xh'/cfdfn] cfkmFn} ] bv] ]sf] h:tf] u//] hjfkm lbOg \ .

æefUo egs] f] s] xh/' cfdf <Æ ;fyLx¿sf] es'G8fsf] v]nsf] s'/f t p;nfO{ yfxf
lyof ] . efUon] klg To:t} esG' 8f] v]Ng] xf] ls Û clg p;n] lbp;F f] ;fyLx¿n] tfsL
tfsL esG' 8fn] xfgs] f] 7fpF ;D' ;'Dofof] .

æefUo eg]sf] bp] tfn] xfdf| lgwf/df nv] ]sf] s'/f xf] . 5}6Lsf lbg lgwf/df nl] vP hlt
dfq} kfp5F dfG5n]  ] .Æ xh/' cfdfn] 5|6} Lsf af/]df w]/} s'/f atfOg \ . To;;Fu hfl] 8Psf
syf klg ;g' fOg\ .

k'G6]n] km]l/ lbp;F fs] f] ;fyLx¿sf] vn] ;lDemof ] . ;fyLx¿n] em' lSsPsf] h:tf] u//] tfsL
tfsL cfkmn" fO{ lxsfP{ sf] ;lDemof ] . p;n] To; v]nnfO{ efUosf] vn] ;Fu tn' gf u¥of] .
ToxL es'G8f] s;n} fO{ /dfOnf] aGg,] s;n} fO{ bM' v aGg] ;Dem\ of] / es'G8fn] bv' fPsf]
kfv'/f] km]l/ d;' f¥of ] .

p;sL alxgL ev/{ } hGds] L lyO { . pm 56} fF} lbgsf] kt| LIff ul//xs] f] lyof ] . b;F} cfpg]
an] fdf klg ;don] o;/L g} la:tf/} kfOnf] ;fYof {] . ToxL ;do clxn] klg ;f/} nf;] ]
alg/xs] f] lyof ] . kG' 6n] fO{ lgs} ar] g} eO/xs] f] lyof ] . cfh aNn alxgL hGds] f] 5 lbg eof ] .

æcfdf Û cfh alxgLsf] 5}6L xlu ÛÆ kG' 6n] ] pT;'s xF'b} ;f]Wof] .

æxf], t/ tnF fO{ lsg oqf] rf;f] lg <Æ cfdfn] u/L elgg\ .

uf]8f M v6' 6\ f
56} L M afns hGds] f] 56} fF} lbg /ftdf ul/g] pT;j jf sd,{ 56} f}F lbgsf] /flq, hg' lbg afnssf]

efUo efjLn] nV] 5 eGg] k/Dk/fcg;' f/ /fte/ afnssf glhs} aŒfL aflng]
kt| LIff M sg' } sfd xg' ] cfzfdf ul/Psf] kvfO{ , af6f] x/] fO
kfOnf] M k}tfnf], sbd
nf];] M l9nf] :jefjsf]
a]rg} M rg} jf ;v' zflGt gePsf], czfGt

g]kfnL, sIff * 7

æxh/' cfdfn] eGge' Psf], 56} L egs] f] t dflg;sf] efUo n]lvg] lbg c/ ] . 5}6Lsf] /flt
aRrfsf] l;/fgLdf sfkL, snd /flvlbgk' 5{ c/,] /ftel/ aŒfL lgEg lbg' x'Fb}g /] . clg
b]ptfn] cfP/ ;6' S' s efUo n]v/ hfG5g\ c/] . dfG5n] ] efUodf n]v]sf] s/' f dfq} kfpF5
/] .Æ kG' 6n] ] cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ s/' f cfdfnfO{ atfof ] .

Toltv/] } kG' 6]sf] a'af klg cfOkU' of ] . pm 5f/] fsf] s'/f ;'g/] 5Ss k/]g . p;n] eGof],
æk'G6], xfdLn] t]/f] 56} Ldf bp] tfnfO{ t/] f] efUo nV] g lbPgfF} lg .Æ

æTo;f] eP d/] f] lgwf/ vfnL 5 t af <Æ kG' 6n] ] crDd dfg/] ;f]Wof] .

æxf], t/] f] lgwf/ vfnL 5 .Æ kG' 6]n] cfkm" / cfk"m;uF k9g\ ] ;fyLx¿sf lardf lsg
leGgtf 5 eGg] s'/f aNn kf] a'em]F eGg] 7fGof] .

ælsg vfnL /fvs] f] t af d/] f] lgwf/ <Æ p;n] c;Gtl' i6 hgfof] .

æt]/f] dfq} xfO] g, t/] L alxgLsf] lgwf/df klg c¿nfO{ sx] L nV] g glbg ] .Æ cfdfsf] s'/f
;g' /] kG' 6] lvl;Ss k¥of] .

cfdfn] ;DemfpbF } elgg,\ æx/] \ kG' 6,] xfdf| ] efUo c¿nfO{ nV] g lbg' xbF' g}  . c¿n] nl] vlbPsf]
efUo af]s/] lxF8\g] ePsfn] dflg;x¿ xfdL h:tf b'MvL x'g] u/]sf x'g \ .Æ

kG' 6] cem} 5Ss k¥of], ælgwf/leq efUo nV] g] rflxF s;/L t < Æ

afa'n] kG' 6]nfO{ glhs} tfGof ] . la:tf/} p;sf] 6fpsf] d;' f¥of ] . lgwf/df DjfOF vfof] .
5f]/fnfO{ cFufnf] xfNb} p;n] eGof], ækG' 6], efUo lgwf/df xfO] g, hLjgdf nl] vG5 .
sd{sf] sndn] efUo nV] gk' 5{ . tFn} ] klg cfkmg\ f] efUo cfkmF} nV] g] xf] . alxgLn] klg
cfkmF} nV] 5 ] .Æ

æsd{sf] snd eg]sf] s] lg af < Æ kG' 6] cln v';L bl] vof ] .

æsd{sf] snd eg]sf] sfd xf] . dfG5n] ] hlt w]/} ldlxgt] u¥of,] plt p;sf] efUo
alnof] / /fdf| ] x'G5 . cfÇgf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg] dflg;nfO{ bM' v rflxF cln a9L x'G5 .Æ

æaf Û wg] ;fxe' Gbf tkfO{F a9L sfd ug{'xG' 5 . efUo rflxF p;sf] /fdf| ] lsg ePsf] lg <
of] t sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn' eg] emF} ePg / <Æ p;n] wgL/fdn] b'weft NofP/
ss' /' nfO{ lbPsf] bZ[ o emnSs ;De\mof] .

c;Gt'li6 M ;Gt'i6 gePsf] efj, ckz| Ggtf
lvl;Ss M la:tf/} jf d'v yf/] } vf]n/] xf:F g] sfd

8 gk] fnL, sIff *

æafa,' d}n] w]/} sfd ug{ dfq hfg]F, To;nfO{ efUo;Fu hf8] g\ hflggF . sfd u/k] l5
efUo ablng'k5{ eGg] s/' f ev/{ a'e\mb} 5' . d w]/} sfd u5'{ t/ bw' eft pgLx¿ vfG5g\
lsg < lsgls >d ug;{] Fu kz| :t hldg 5}g . hldg x'gx] ¿;Fu >dsf] d"No a'em\ g] dg
5g}  . To;}n] 5f]/f, ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfd|f] efUol;t hf8] g\ ] s/' f ugk'{ 5{ /
cfÇgf] efUo cfkm} F nV] g'k5 { . dnfO{ plxNo} o:tf] s/' f ae' mfOlbg] klg sfx] L ePg . ca
d cfkm"n] ae' m]sf] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ klg ae' mfpFb} hfG5' .Æ

æaf, tkfOF{ dnfO{ l;sfpg'xf;]  \ . d d]/f] efUo cfkmF} n]Vb} hfG5' x} <Æ

kG' 6] ;fRF r} x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] em}F klxnb] ]lv kl/>dL / ldlxg]tL klg lyof] .
afa'sf] s/' f ;'gk] l5 pm k'm?ªª\ k//] alxgLsf 5]pdf uof ] . cl3 cfÇgf] lgwf/df afa'n]
DjfOF vfP h;/L g} p;n] klg alxgLsf lgwf/df RjfSs DjfOF vfof] . ;fy} cfÇgf] efUo
cfkmF} n]Vg] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] sNkgfdf lgdUg x'g yfNof] .

>d M kl/>d, ldlxg]t 9
dN" o M dxŒj, ul/df

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cgR' 5b] k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ kG' 6] lsg 5Ss k/]/ x]l//xs] f] lyof] <
-v_ lbpF;f]sf] 5'66\ Ldf s6] fx¿ s] uy{] <
-u_ xh/' cfdfsf] ljrf/df efUo s] xf] <
-3_ sds{ f] snd egs] f] s] xf] <
-ª_ dfG5s] f] efUo s;/L alnof] / /fd|f] xG' 5 <

#= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf] < nv]  M

-s_ efUo eg]sf] bp] tfn] xfd|f lgwf/df nv] s] f] s/' f xf] .

g]kfnL, sIff *

-v_ xfdLn] t/] f] 56} Ldf bp] tfnfO{ t]/f] efUo n]Vg lbPgf}F lg .
-u_ sds{ f] sndn] efUo n]Vg'k5 { .
-3_ of] t sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn' eg] emF} ePg / <
-ª_ ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfd|f] efUol;t hf]8g\ ] s'/f ug{'k5{ .

$= l7s pQ/df l7s -√_ lrxg\ nufpm M

-s_ wgL/fd s;sf] gfd xf] <
-c_ a'afsf] -cf_ cfdfsf] -O_ ;fx'sf]
-v_ æxfd|f] efUo c¿nfO{ nV] g lbg' xbF' g} .Æ of] egfO s;sf] xf] <
-c_ k'G6]sL xh/' cfdfsf] -cf_ kG' 6]sL cfdfsf] -O_ k'G6]sf afas' f]
-u_ wgn] ] bw' eft NofP/ s;nfO{ lbof] <
-c_ kG' 6]nfO{ -cf_ r/fnfO{ -O_ ss' /' nfO{

%= pQ/ nv] M

-s_ k'G6]n] lsg 36' 'Ss ys' lgNof] <
-v_ kG' 6]n] lsg 5}6f}F lbgsf] kt| LIff ul//xs] f] lyof] <
-u_ kG' 6]n] lsg c;Gtl' i6 hgfof] <
-3_ k'G6s] f afa' lsg ul/a aGg ku' ] <
-ª_ xfdLn] s;/L cfÇgf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg ;S5fF} <
-r_ ‘efUo’ syfaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

^= efj :ki6 u/ M

ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfdf| ] efUol;t hf]8g\ ] s/' f ug'{k5{ / cfÇgf] efUo
cfkmF} nV] gk' 5 { .

10 g]kfnL, sIff *

zAbe08f/

&= ldNg] cy{ 5fg/] hf]8f ldnfpm M

h:t} M 5Ss — crDd
5Ss, cy,{ bp] tf, lgwf/, cfdf, >d, eujfg,\ ldlxgt] , crDd, dftf, tfTko,{ nnf6

*= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

h:t} M wgL — ul/a
wgL, w]/}, b]ptf, alnof], gofF, c;Gt'li6, yf]/}, k'/fgf, ul/a, ;Gt'li6,

sdhf]/, bfgj

(= -s_ k9 / ae' m M

sfd rflxF tkfO{F ug]{ t/ efUo rflxF wgL/fdsf] /fd|f] x'g] lsg < of] t sfd ug]{
sfn' ds} vfg] efn' ePg / Û

kG' 6] ;fFRr} x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] emF} ;fg}bl] v kl/>dL / lh1f;' klg lyof] .
dflysf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf pvfgn] ;q" fTds sygnfO{ ae' mfPsf 5g \ . pvfgnfO{

nfs] fl] St klg elgG5 . pvfgn] cleJolStnfO{ /f]rs, :ki6 / dflds{ agfp5F g\ .

-v_ tnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

ug{] eGg] xgd' fg\ ku/L uY' g] 98] ,' OGbs| f cufl8 :jus{ f] aofg, cfP cfkF uP em6f/f,]
xfŒfLsf] dv' df lh/f, gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 69] f], afFb/sf xftdf gl/jn

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!)= tnsf zAb z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M

56} L, 6n' '6n' ', h'7]Ngf, h:sn] f]

!!= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm M

lhUof;', DjfO, 3t' 'Ss, a]rOg, kl/zdL{

g]kfnL, sIff * 11

!@= kf7af6 k'G6,] 3'6S' s, ys' h:tf x:| j psf/ x'g] bzcf6] f zAbx¿ vfh] /]
nv]  .

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!#= k9 / ae' m M

-s_ pm dgdg} cy{ nufpYF of] klg . pgLx¿ wgL 5g\, d ul/a 5' .
-v_ xfdLn] eg]sf] ;g' ,\ tnF} ] klg t]/f] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg] xf] .

-u_ tkfOF{ dnfO{ l;sfpgx' f]; \ . d cfkmF} n]Vb} hfG5 ' .

dflysf jfSodf /v] fªl\ st pm, pgLx¿, d, xfdL, tF, cfkm,F} tkfOF{ h:tf zAbx¿n]
;jg{ fdnfO{ ae' mfPsf 5g\ . ;jg{ fd gfd kbsf] ;6\6fdf ko| fu] xG' 5 . d'Vo ¿kdf
;j{gfd rf/ ks| f/sf 5g\ . h:t} M

k?' ifjfrs ;jg{ fd bz{s ;j{gfd ;DaGwjfrs ;jg{ fd kZ| gjfrs ;j{gfd

d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, of], oL, logL, Tof,] hf], h], hg' , hf] hf,] h'g sf], s], s'g, sf]

tkfOF{, pm, pgL, pxfF, ToxfF h'g, h] h,] hg' ;'s} sf], s] s], s'g

ltgL, xh'/, cfkm" s'g, s]xL, s'g},

sg' } s'g}

dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L kf7af6 ;jg{ fd ko| fu] ePsf kf“rcf6] f
jfSox¿ vf]h]/ nv]  .

!$= k9, ae' m / u/ M

-s_ /ftel/ aŒfL lgEg lbg' xFb' }g /] .
-v_ lsg vfnL /fvs] f] t af d]/f] lgwf/ <
-u_ d d]/f] efUo cfkm}F nV} b} hfG5' x} .
-3_ 56} Ldf bp] tfnfO{ t/] f] efUo nV] g lbPgfF} lg .
dflysf jfSodf cfPsf /,] t, x}, lg h:tf uf9f cIf/sf zAb lgkft x'g \ . lgkft

PSns} f] s'g} cy{ x'bF }g . t/ jfSodf ko| f]u ePkl5 eg] To;sf] ljzi] f cy{ xG' 5 .
lgkftn] egfOnfO{ ;G' b/ agfpg ljzi] f e"ldsf v]ns] f] x'G5 .

kf7af6 lgkft ko| fu] ePsf kfr“ cf]6f jfSo vfh] /] n]v .

12 gk] fnL, sIff *

!%= t, kf,] Sof/,] lg, rflx,“ nf,} n lgkftsf] ko| f]u u/L Ps Pscf]6f jfSo
agfpm .

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!^= tn lbOPsf a“'bfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp6f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St
zLifs{ klg bp] m M

s'g} 7fpFdf Pp6f 7'nf] hª\un x'g' ============ sfu / sf]OnL ToxL
hª\undf a:g' ============== b'jd} f /fdf| ] ldqtf xg' ' ============= Ps lbg
b'j} sf7df8fF} 3'Dg lx8F g\ ' ============== ufb] fj/L k'Ug'=============== :ofn
sfsf;uF e]6 x'g' ========================= ;fFem ;a} hª\unL hgfj/ hDdf
eP/ :ofn sfsfsxfF /dfOnf] sfo{jm| d ug{' ============================ ;a}n]
cfÇgf] kl| tef bv] fpg' ============= sfu / sfO] nLn] uLt ufpg' ================
sfusf] :j/ s;n} fO{ dg gkg'{ ================= ;an} ] sfO] nLsf] k|z;+ f ug'{
================== sfunfO{ s;}n] jf:tf gu/]sfdf l/; p7\g' ================
pm v'?v'? cfÇgf] af6f] nfUg' ============== :ofn / sf]OnLn] sfunfO{
;Demfpg' / gl/;fpg cg/' f]w ug'{ ============ sfun] dfGg' ========== ;a}
hgf ldn]/ a:g] jfrf ug' { .

!&= ltdLn] ;g' s] f] jf k9s] f] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

g]kfnL, sIff * 13

# b]jsd' f/L yfkf

c;n aGg xf;} nf lbg] JolStnfO{ k|]/s JolStTj elgG5 .
xfdL xf;} nf kfP/ g} c;n aGg] ko| Tg u5fF{} / cfjZos
s'/f l;S5f}F . xfd|f cfdfafafx¿n] vfg, lxF8\g,
k9g\ sf nflu xf;} nf lbg'eof] . To;}n] xfdL oL sfddf
;Ifd ePsf xf F} . To:t} lzIfs, ;fyL, cfkmGtx¿n]
klg xf};nf lbg] ub{5g \ . ljZjdf ;dfh, ;flxTo /
lzIffsf Ifq] x¿ eg] w/] } km/flsnf 5g\ . Toxf;F Dd
k'u/] ;an} fO{ c;n sfddf xf;} nf lbg] JolSt yf/] } dfq
xG' 5g \ . o:tf k/]| s JolStdf bj] sd' f/L yfkfsf] gfd w/] }
cufl8 cfpF5 . pgL gk] fnL ;flxTo, ;dfh / lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;a}nfO{ xf;} nf lbg]
k|]/s JolSt xg' \ .

bj] sd' f/L yfkfsf] hGd ef/tsf] bflhl{ nª If]qcGtu{t v/;fªdf ePsf] xf] . pgL
lj=;+= !(*% jz} fv @ ut] hGd]sL lyOg\ . pgL dftf /dfb]jL / lktf x:taxfb'/
s6'jfnsL sfG5L 5f]/L xg'  \ . pgsf kltsf] gfpF aa/l;+x yfkf xf ] . pgL ;fgb} ]lv w]/}
k|ltefzfnL lyOg\ . pgL ljBfyL{ sfndf hfrF df ;wF} k|yd xl' Gyg\ . pgn] kj| l] zsf
pŒfL0f{ u/L :jf:Yo If]qdf l8Knf]df u/s] L lyOg\ . pgL ljjfxkl5 lj=;=+ @)@@ df
g]kfn cfOg\ / ljleGg Ifq] df sfd ug{ ;?' ul/g\ .

bj] sd' f/L yfkf afnaflnsfx¿ g} b]zsf eljio lgdft{ f xg' \ eGg] wf/0ff /flVyg\ .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g} c;n / lzlIft kfg{ ;flxTo /rgfdf nflug\ . To;/L g}
afnaflnsfx¿sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf; ug{ afn ;+:yf / ;dfh;j] fdf ;dlk{t eOg\ .

k]|/s – xf};nf lbg]
lgdft{ f – agfpg]
rft} kmL { – rf/}lt/

14 gk] fnL, sIff *

pgsf] ljrf/df dflg;sf] dV' o st{Jo ;j] f xf] . ;an} fO{ ;]jfdf k|/] 0ff lbg pgn]
k'/:sf/sf] klg Joj:yf ul/g \ . pgL cfhLjg ;j] fdf lxdfn em}F cl8u agL ;a}sf]
k]/| 0ff ;|f]t algg\ .

afn ;flxTodf bj] s'df/L yfkfsf] ljlzi6 :yfg 5 . pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf afn
;flxTosf w]/} lstfax¿ n]vs] L 5g \ . pgsf afnsyf 5f]6f / ld7f 5g\ . ltgdf
afnsx¿sf] :jefj, ?lr / afgLJojxf/sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . afn dgfl] j1fg
egs] f] afnssf] leqL dgsf] s/' f a'em/] To;nfO{ k:| t't ug'{ xf] . afns dgsf] k:| tl' t
ePsf sf/0f pgsf syfnfO{ afn dgf]j}1flgs syf elgG5 . pgn] klg afnssf]
cGtd{gdf k'uL syfx¿ n]vs] L 5g \ . To;n} ] lognfO{ afn dgfj] 1} flgs syfsf/
elgG5 . pgdf c;n jftfj/0f / ;sf/fTds ;Gbz] n] g} afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;G' b/
eljio lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf; lyof ] . pgsf afn ;flxTo;DaGwL /rgf w/] }
5g \ . ‘k0' ofTdf cfdf’, ‘/fdsf] syf’, ‘syfsf] a6n' f’] , ‘kn| o kt| LIff’, ‘6k/L’, ‘efs] tl[ Kt’,
‘b]js'df/L yfkfsf k|ltlglw syfx¿’ cflb pgsf ;flxlTos /rgf x'g\ . pgL
;Dkfbs /xL ks| fzg ePsf] ‘lxdfn lszf]/’ klxnf] g]kfnL afn klqsf xf] . pgn]
afnaflnsfx¿sf dgsf efjgf a'em]/ afn klqsfnfO{ lgs} /f]rs agfpg] k|oTg
ul/g\ . pgsf /rgfx¿df /fi6«elStsf] ;Gbz] klg kz| :t kfOG5 . pgs} k|/] 0ffn]
gk] fnL ;flxTo / afn ;flxTo n]vgdf w/] n} ] kj| ]z u/ ] .

bj] sd' f/Ln] :jf:Yo Ifq] df klg sfd ul/g \ . pgn] lj/f6gu/sf] afn dlGb/df lt;

jif{;Dd sfd u/]/ c;n ;]jfsf] pbfx/0f lbOg\ . pgn] ufpF ufpdF f 3'd/] afns,

dlxnf, j4[ nufot w]/} czSt / la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/ ul/g\ . :jf:Yo If]qdf sfd ubf{

pgnfO{ ;dfh;j] f ug]{ k|]/0ff k|fKt eof] . pgn] lxdfn dlxnf ;ª\3, gk] fnL ;flxTo

;Dd]ng cflbaf6 ;dfh;j] f ;?' ul/g\ . To;kl5 ljljw ;fdflhs ;:+ yfdf sfd ul/g\ .

pgL b]z ljb]zsf ljleGg sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL algg \ . pgL c;xfo, pTkLl8t, ljkGg /

/f]uu|:t dfgj ;db' fosf] bM' v, lk/ x6fpg ;wF} tTk/ /lxg\ . pgL ljleGg ;fdflhs,

;f+:sl[ ts / z}lIfs ;:+ yfdf klg sfo{/t lyOg\ . pgL lj/f6 ;flxTo ;+:yfsf] cWoIf

eOg \ . afn ;flxTo ;dfh, u'?sn' ljBfno, g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg cflb ;+:yfdf klg

pgL ;lj|mo eOg \ . o; k|sf/ pgn] cgs] fF} ;:+ yfdf /x/] ;dfh ;j] fdf pNnv] gLo

of]ubfg ul/g\ .

stJ{ o – ug{k' g{] sfd, bfloTj Joj:yf – aGbfa] :t

c;xfo – ;xofu] L gePsf,] a];xf/f ljkGg – ul/a

gk] fnL, sIff * 15

bj] sd' f/L yfkf afnaflnsfx¿sf] x/] rfx / lzIffdf ;jfl{ ws ?lr /flVyg \ . pgL k9fpg]
sfddf klg Hofb} l;kfn' lyOg \ . b]jsd' f/L ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/df ljZjf;
ulyg{  \ . ;s];Dd To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ ko| f; ulyg{  \ . afndq} L jftfj/0fdf lzIff
lbg ;a}nfO{ ;Nnfx lblGyg\ . pgsf] of] ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] w]/}nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]
lyof] . ljleGg ;df/f]xdf ;xefuL eP/ pgn] /fvs] f ljrf/x¿af6 ;a} ke| fljt xG' y ] .
pgsf ljrf/ hLjg pkofu] L / ;f/ulet{ klg lyP .

bj] s'df/Ln] cfkm\g} vr{df aa/l;+x yfkf ;]jf u7' L :yfkgf ul/g\ . pgL axd' 'vL k|ltefsL
wgL lyOg\ . pgn] ljleGg Ifq] df lbPsf] ofu] bfgsf] sb/:j¿k pgnfO{ pŒfd sFj' /
k/' :sf/, kl| tef k/' :sf/, dxG] b| k1| f k/' :sf/ cflbaf6 ;Ddfg ul/of ] . pgL ;j] f kbs, uf]/vf
blIf0fafx', /Tg>L :j0f{ kbs cflbaf6 klg lje"lift eOg\ . pgsf] sd{zLn hLjgaf6
ke| fljt eP/ pgnfO{ lj=;=+ @)%% df gful/s clegGbg klg ul/of] .

b]jsd' f/Ln] lj=;+= @)^* jz} fv @@ ut] clGtd lj>fd lnOg \ . pgn] o; wtL{af6
labf lnP klg pgsf clj:d/0fLo sfdn] pgnfO{ cd/ agfPsf] 5 . gk] fnL ;flxTo,
afn ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfdf pgn] slxNo} glgEg] lbof] afn]sL 5g\ . ;fdflhs
;j] fsf Ifq] df pgL ;as} f] pbfx/0f ags] L 5g \ . lzIff ;j] fdf pgL To;/L g} afnsbl] v
j4[ ;Ddsf nflu k|/] s JolStTj ags] L 5g \ . pgn] afn ;]jfnufot dfgj ;j] f /
/fi6« ;]jfsf lglDt c;n ky kb| zs{ sf] sfd u/]sL 5g \ . pgL lzIff, ;flxTo / ;dfh
;]jfsf Ifq] df k|/] 0ffsL dx' fg ags] L 5g\ .

clGtd lj>fd – dT[ o'
clj:d/0fLo – la;{g g;lsg]
kqsfl/tf – kqklqsfsf nflu ;fdu|L ;ªs\ ng, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg ug]{ sfd
ky kbzs{ – af6f] b]vfpg]
dx' fg – dn" ;f| ]t

16 g]kfnL, sIff *

cEof;

!= kf7 kfnk} fnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9]sf] klg ;g'  .

@= Ps jfSodf pQ/ eg M

-s_ b]js'df/Lsf] hGd sxfF / slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ b]jsd' f/L yfkfn] lsg afn ;flxTosf] k':ts nV] g yflng\ <
-u_ bj] s'df/Ln] cfÇg} vrd{ f sg' ;+:yf :yfkgf ul/g\ <

-3_ bj] s'df/L yfkf sg' s'g If]qdf pbfx/0f ag]sL 5g\ <

#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

-s_ b]js'df/L yfkfsf] hGd:yfg afn dlGb/
-v_ klxnf] gk] fnL afn klqsf cWoIf
-u_ dfgjsf] d'Vo st{Jo eljio
-3_ bj] sd' f/Ln] lt; jif;{ Dd ;]jf u/]sf] ;+:yf v/;fª
-ª+ _ lj/f6 ;flxTo ;+:yf ;j] f
lxdfn lszf]/

$= l7s pQ/df l7s -√ _ lrxg\ nufpm M

-s_ bj] sd' f/L yfkfn] u/]sf] gofF sfd s] xf] <
-c_ afn syf nv] g -cf_ afn klqsf k|sfzg

-O_ afn gf6s d~rg -O{_ afn dlGb/ ;~rfng
-v_ bj] s'df/L cWoIf /xs] f] ;:+ yf s'g xf] <

-c_ lj/f6 ;flxTo ;:+ yf -cf_ afn klqsf ks| fzg

-O_ afn gf6s d~rg -O{_ cGt/f{li6«o d~r

%= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“ e/L jfSo k"/f u/ M

-s_ c;n sfddf xf};nf lbg] JolSt ================== xG' 5g \ . -yf/] }, Hofb,} c;fWo}_
-v_ afnaflnsfx¿ g} bz] sf eljio ================================ xg' \ . -ef/, lgdf{tf, v]nf8L_
-u_ g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]jsd' f/Lsf] ================= :yfg 5 . -ulx/f,] ljlzi6, rsf{]_

g]kfnL, sIff * 17

-3_ lxdfn lszf/] klxnf] gk] fnL=============== xf ] . -afn klqsf, lxdfn lzz', afn
;flxTo_

^= pQ/ nv] M

-s_ bj] sd' f/Ln] afn ;flxTosf] Ifq] df s:tf] sfd u/s] L 5g\ <
-v_ b]jsd' f/LnfO{ lsg pRr ljrf/ ePsL JolSt elgG5 <
-u_ b]js'df/L yfkfnfO{ s] sf/0fn] gful/s clegGbg ul/of] <
-3_ b]js'df/L yfkfnfO{ lsg k|/] 0ffsL d'xfg dflgG5 <
-ª_ b]js'df/L yfkfn] s] s:tf ;Ddfg / k/' :sf/ kfOg\ <

&= bj] sd' f/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] ofu] bfgsf] rrf{ u/ .

*= kf7sf] rfy} f] cg'R5]b k9L rf/cf]6f a'“bfx¿ l6k/] ;f/f+z nv]  .

zAbe08f/

(= tn 5\of;ld; kf//] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f x]/L
ldNg] zAb 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M

pbfx/0f M ;Ifd = cIfd
lzlIft, kTgL, ;xfo, clzlIft, klt, ljkGg, yf]/}, c;xfo, ;DkGg, ;lj|mo,

w/] }, lglijm| o, c;n, ?lr, v/fa, gld7f,] c?lr, ld7f]

!)= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M

hu, k/|] 0ff, lgdft{ f, cd/, pbfx/0f, Joj:yf, rft} kmL,{ xf;} nf, stJ{ o, cl8u,
cfofh] s

!!= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

cfkmGt, cfhLjg, dfgj, ;dlkt{ , /fi6e« lSt, k]|/0ffbfoL, dx' fg

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!@= l7s pRrf/0f u/ M

k/]| s, kl| tefzfnL, ky kb| zs{ , /fi6;« j] f, :j0f{ kbs, kf| T] ;fxg, ;du,| pbfx/0f

18 g]kfnL, sIff *

!#= l7s lxHh] ePsf] zAb 5fg/] n]v M

-s_ ;GttL zGtlt ;Gtlt
-v_ ljljw lalaw ljjLw
-u_ ljei" fLt lje"lift lael' ift
-3_ jfnd}qL afndq} L afndl} q
-ª_ k|bzs{ k|bif{s kb;{ s

-r_ clj:d/l0fo clj:d/0fLo cla:d/gLo

!$= lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/0f u/ M

-s_ st{Jo, eljio, JolStTj, cl:tTj, cGofo, sGof, dfGo
-v_ 6f7f], tftf], tf/f, 6f9f, 7fd, yfd, 8fd, bfd, 8/, b/
-u_ hg, emg,\ hfg, emfg, 8f7F , bftF , 3fd, bfg, wfg, u0' f, ug'
-3_ cd/, cj;/, c;/, c;f/, ;fa'g, ;fpg, ;F'8, ;'g

-ª_ z4' , a4' , a|xd\ , adf,{ dfem, ;fbf, ;femf

!%= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cgR' 5]b lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ nv]  .

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!^= k9, ae' m / u/ M

-s_ tnsf] cgR' 5b] df /v] fª\lst kbx¿sf] sf/s klxrfg u/ M
b]js'df/L yfkfn] w/] } sl[ tx¿ nl] vg\ . pgn] afn ;flxTon] gk] fnL ;flxTosf]
e08f/ el/g \ . pgn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ bl/nf] kfOnf rfNg l;sfOg\ . pgn]
bogLo cj:yfaf6 afn ;flxTonfO{ prflng \ . g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf pgsf] 7n' f]
ofu] bfg 5 .
dflysf jfSodf /v] fª\lst kbn] ljm| ofkbsf dfWodaf6 u/s] f sfdsf] el" dsf JoSt
u/s] f 5g\ . dflysf] cgR' 5b] df /v] fªl\ st kbn] sf/ssf] sfd u/s] f 5g \ .

gk] fnL, sIff * 19

sf/s / ljelStsf af/d] f yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k9 M

ljelSt lrxg\ ljelSt sf/s cy{
ky| df stf{
n,] låtLof sd{ h;n] sfd u5{ .
nfO{ tt[ Lof s/0f hg' sfd ul/G5 .
n], af6, åf/f rty' L{ ;Dk|bfg h;sf] dbtn] sfd ul/G5 .
nfO{ k~rdL ckfbfg h;sf lglDt sfd ul/G5 .
b]lv, af6 ifi7L hxfaF f6 56' l\ 6P/ sfd xG' 5 .
sf,] sf, sL, /f,] /f clws/0f cfk;df gftf jf ;DaGw
/L, gf,] gf, gL ;KtdL a'emfp5F  .
df s'g} s/' f /xg] jf cl8g] cfwf/
a'emfpF5 .

-v_ sf/saf/] cem :ki6 kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/0fx¿
o;k|sf/ lbOPsf 5g\ M

stf{ M h;n] sfd u5{ .
-c_ b]js'df/Ln] /fd/| L kl9g\ .
-cf_ pgn] syf nl] vg \ .
-O_ ;/sf/af6 rg' fj 3fi] f0ff eof] .
sd{ M h'g sfd ul/G5 .
-c_ bj] s'df/Ln] k:' ts kl9g\ .
-cf_ pgn] lgaGw n]lvg \ .
-O_ k]dfn] 8fN] dfnfO{ el] 6g\ .
s/0f M h;sf] dbtn] sfd ul/G5 .
-c_ bj] sd' f/L cfkm\g} kl| tefn] kl| ;4 algg\ .
-cf_ pgL cfkm\g} ldlxg]tn] ;kmn eOg\ .
-O_ ;flxTosf/x¿ sndn] ;;+ f/ lhT5g\ .

;Dkb| fg M h;sf lglDt sfd ul/G5 .

-c_ bj] sd' f/Ln] afnaflnsfnfO{ lstfa lbOg\ .

20 g]kfnL, sIff *

-cf_ pgn] gk] fnL ;flxTonfO{ dfof ul/g \ .
-O_ xfdLn] bj] sd' f/LnfO{ >4f ugk'{ 5 { .
ckfbfg M hxfFaf6 5'6l\ 6P/ sfd x'G5 .
-c_ bj] sd' f/L yfkf bflhl{ nªaf6 gk] fn cfOg \ .
-cf_ pgn] bogLo cj:yfaf6 ;dfhnfO{ dfly prflng \ .
-O_ pgn] ;fgb} ]lv sljtf nV] g yflng\ .
clws/0f M s'g} s/' f /xg] jf cl8g] cfwf/ ae' mfpF5 .
-c_ bj] sd' f/Ldf kl| tef lyof ] .
-cf_ pgsf] d'6d' f gk] fnL ;dfhsf] dfof lyof ] .
-O_ pgn] afnsx¿df bz] sf] eljio b]lvg\ .

!&= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ªs\ ]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv/] vfnL 7fp“ k/" f
u/ M

-s_ cK;/f ============== gofF lstfa lslgg \ . -ky| df ljelSt_
-v_ ;fg] ' efO ================= afn] fplF 5g\ . -låtLof ljelSt_
-u_ xl/ laxfg} =============== k9\b} 5 . -k~rdL ljelSt_
-3_ uf]kfn snd =============== lr7L nV] 5g \ . -t[tLof ljelSt_
-ª_ 38L 6a] n' ============== 5 . -;KtdL ljelSt_

!*= /v] fªl\ st zAbsf] sf/s 56' \ofpm M

-s_ lrqnv] fn] Ogf/af6 afN6Ldf kfgL lems]/ NofOg\ / efOnfO{ lbOg\ .
-v_ ;Gtfi] fn] n67\ Ln] ;k{nfO{ lxsfo{ f ] .
-u_ dgfh] n] sndn] lr7L nv] ]/ cfkm\gf] ;fyLnfO{ k7fP .

g]kfnL, sIff * 21

l;h{gfTds cEof;

!(= tnsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL nv] M

;flxlTos gfd M kfl/hft

jf:tljs gfd M lji0fs' d' f/L jfOaf

hGd M lj=;+= !(($ jz} fv

hGd:yfg M bflh{lnªsf] lnlF uof lrof aufg -ef/t_

dftflktf M cdt[ fb]jL / sfn'l;x+ jfOaf

lzIff M aL=P=
;ªnUgtf
M ‘/fNkmf’ eGg] ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj, k|ultzLn
nv] s ;ª3\ sf] :yfkgf, clvn gk] fn dlxnf d~r / aGbL
;xfotf lgof]usf ;+:yfks cWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/
;ª\u7gsf ;:+ yfks pkfWoIf

ks| flzt s[ltx¿

syf ;ªu\ |x M ‘cflbd bz] ’, ‘;8s / k|ltef’ cflb

sljtf ;ª\ux| M ‘cfsfªI\ ff’, ‘kfl/hftsf sljtf’ cflb

pkGof; M ‘lz/Lifsf] k"mn’, ‘dxŒffxLg’, ‘a}F;sf] dfG5]’ cflb

lgaGw ;ªu\ x| M ‘cfwL cfsfz’

cfTd ;+:d/0f M ‘wk' L ;Nnf / nfnLu/' f;F sf] kmb] df’

;flxlTos ljzi] ftfx¿

ku| ltjfbL b[li6sf0] f / j|mflGt r]tgfsf] k|efj k/s] f]

ul/a, b'MvL tyf c;xfokl| t ljz]if ;xfge' l" t /fVg]

;flxTon] ;dfh ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg] ljrf/ JoSt ug{] ;ª3\ if{zLn ;flxTosf/

;Ddfg / k/' :sf/ M dbg k'/:sf/ -@)@@_, o'u1fg k/' :sf/ -@)@&_ kf08'lnlk
k'/:sf/ -@)$(_, uª\sL j;'Gw/f k/' :sf/ -@)$(_ cflb

d[To' M lj=;=+ @)%) j}zfv %, sf7df8fF}

22 gk] fnL, sIff *

$ uG| ylrq

OGba| xfb'/ vqL

dflg; l;hg{ zLn kf| 0fL xf ] . p;n] cfkm" hGd]sf] ks| [ltdf cgs] l;h{gf / lj/f6\ snfsf
:j¿kx¿ b]v]sf] 5 . ks| l[ tsf dgdf]xs snf;u“ /dfpb“ } dflg; cfkm"n] klg ks| [ltaf6
w/] } snf l;ss] f] 5 . k|sl[ taf6} p;n] snfsf] cfljisf/ klg u/s] f] 5 . k|sl[ tn]
l;h{gf u/]sf lxdfnx¿ d;' S' s d:' s/' fPsf] bv] ]kl5 dflg; nf]leG5 . To;nfO{ cfkmg\ f]
dgel/ ;hfp“b} sfkLsf kfgfdf ptfg{] ko| Tg u5{ . To;df /v] f sf5] {, /ª e5{ . clg
p;sf] snf sfuhsf kfgfel/ l;u“ fl/G5 / lrqsnf hGdG5 . oxL lrqsnf dfgj
;Eotfsf] ljsf;;“u} ljljw If]q, ljwf, ;:+ sf/ / ;:+ sl[ t x'b“ } cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs
o'u;Dd cfOkU' bf dflg;n] ljleGg snf;uF kl/lrt xg' ] df}sf kfPsf] 5 . kf| rLg u|Gydf
ljifoj:ts' f] efj;u“ }  sfl] /Psf lrqsnf dfq geP/ dl" ts{ nf, jf:ts' nf, gT[ osnfn] dfgj
dgnfO{ nf]EofPsf 5g\ . lrqsnfn] dfgj hLjgsf] jf:tljstf ae' mfPsf] 5, Oltxf;sf]
lrq lvr]sf] 5 / jt{dfgnfO{ ;hfPsf] 5 . dflg;n] lstfasf ;'Gb/ lrqx¿ x5] ,{
kqklqsfdf cgs] y/L lrqx¿ / JoªU\ o lrq x/] ]/ d:' s/' fp“5 . st} dfgj hLjgsf]
;hLj lrq b]V5 eg] st} ;fdflhs b'/j:yf ;d]l6Psf JoªU\ o lrqx¿ e6] 5\  . oL ;a}
lsl;dsf snfsf] pTklŒfsf] cfwf/ e"ld k|frLg o'ubl] v ;'? ePsf] uG| ylrq xf] .

lrqsnfsf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;;u“ }
hfl] 8Psf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;“u} wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfsf]

u|Gylrq – uG| y jf zf:qsf] syfdf cfwfl/t lrq
dgdfx] s – dgnfO{ df]lxt jf d'Uw kfg,{] dgnfO{ nfE] ofpg]
cfljisf/ – kQf nufpg] sfd, gofF s'/fsf] vf]hL
jf:t'snf – 3/, b/af/, b]jfno cflb lgdf0{ f ug]{ z}nL, ljzi] f snf
;hLj – lhp“bf], gd/s] f]
b'/j:yf – g/fd|f] cj:yf
cfwl' gs – clxn]sf], jt{dfg

g]kfnL, sIff * 23

ljsf; ePsf] xf] . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfpb“ } lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx¿ k/Dk/fut
lrqsnfcGtut{ kb5{ g \ . cfwl' gs lrqsnfsf] ;?' jft eg] lgs} kl5 dfq ePsf] kfOG5 .
k/Dk/fut gk] fnL lrqx¿df kf}jflrq, uG| ylrq, dx' f/lrq, bZ[ olrq cflb kb{5g \ .
oL ljljw lrqx¿dWo] uG| ylrqsf] ljzi] f dxŒj /lxcfPsf] 5 . uG| ylrq nlnt snfsf]
b[Zoeb] cGtut{ kb5{  . g]kfndf kfOPsf kf| rLg lrqx¿ u|Gylrq x'g\ . 5fkfvfgfsf]
cfljisf/ x'ge' Gbf klxn] dflg;x¿n] cfjZos kg]{ lrqx¿ xftn] sf]y {] . To:tf lrqx¿

x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿df n]lvPsf ljifoj:t' / efj;u“ ldNg] vfnsf xG' y] . oxLFaf6
uG| ylrqsf] pTklŒf ePsf] xf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/G5 . o:tf uG| ylrqx¿ Hofb} ;"Id ¿kdf
sf]l/Psf xG' 5g \ .
kf| rLg sfnbl] v g} u|Gysf] aflx/L uftfdf lrq agfOGYof] . To;} u/L leqL efudf
klg lrq agfOGYof ] . o;sf/0f u|GylrqnfO{ aflx/L / leqL u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k:' tssf] kfgf jf leqL efusf] ;'/Iffsf nflu uftf agfpg] rng
5 . k|frLg ;dodf uG| ysf uftf agfpg kf| oM sf7sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿ k|ofu]
ul/Gy ] . o:tf uftfsf b'jl} t/ To; u|Gydf cfwfl/t eP/ lrqx¿ agfOGYof] . tL
lrqx¿nfO{ uftflrq elgG5 . k:' tsleq j0fg{ ul/Psf ljifoj:tx' ¿nfO{ ;/n tl/sfn]

kf}jflrq – sfuh, sk8f cflbdf n]lvPsf bj] Lb]jtfsf] lrq n]lvPsf,] k|frLg z}nLsf] lrq
nlntsnf M dgsf] efj JoSt ug]{ lrq, d"lt{, jf:t,' lzNk, ;ª\uLt cflbsf] snf
5fkfvfgf M 5kfO ug{] 7fp“ jf k|;]
x:tlnlvt M xftn] nl] vPsf]
;"Id M clt ulx/fOdf uP/ efj JoSt ug,{] clt ;fgf ljifo j:tn' fO{ ;d]6g\ ]
/]vflrq M /]vf tfg/] sf]l/Psf lrq
24 gk] fnL, sIff *

ae' mfpg ljifo jf k|;ªu\ cg';f/ /v] flrq jf /ªu\ Lg lrq kfgfsf] 5]pdf agfOGYof ] .
cfjZostfg;' f/ kfgfsf] tn jf dfly klg lrqx¿ sf]g]{ ul/GYof ] . o;/L ljifoj:ts' f]
j0fg{ nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ u/L agfPsf lrqnfO{ clxn] j0fg{ fTds /v] flrq klg elgG5 .

kf| rLg sfndf sfuhsf] cfljisf/ gePsf] x'gfn] tf8kq cyjf efh] kqdf uG| ylrq
sfg] {] k/Dk/f lyof] . tf8kq tf8 ?vsf nfdf nfdf kft ;'sfP/ To;df n]Vg xg' ]
u/L tof/ kfl/G5 . tf8sf kftx¿ tLg OGr hlt rf}8fO / la; OGr hlt nDafOsf
xG' 5g\ . To:t} efh] kq Psk|sf/sf] n]sfnL hftsf] ?vsf] af]jm| f xf] . o:tf af]jm| fnfO{
nfdf] lstfasf kfgf h:tf] ¿kdf lgsfn]/ ;s' fO{ ltgdf lrq sf]l/G5 . o;/L efh] kq,
tf8kq tyf sfuhdf n]lvPsf o:tf kf| rLg u|GynfO{ x:tlnlvt uG| y elgG5 . log}
u|Gyx¿df ko| f]u ePsf lrqnfO{ uG| ylrq elgG5 .

b;f}“ ztfAbLsf] k|1f kf/ldtf g]kfnL lrqsnfdWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lrqsnfdf
cfwfl/t u|Gy xf] . of] u|Gylrq 89] xft hlt nfdf] tf8kqdf agfOPsf] 5 . of] lrq
lj=;=+ (&& df /fhf zªs\ /bj] sf] ;dodf agfOPsf] lyof] . o;df tndfly sf7sf] kmNofsdf
c7f/ cf6] f af}4 b]jLb]jtfsf k~ra'4, rt';tf/f, ah|;Œj, aŒfL, k"mn / zªv\ lnPsf
b]jLbj] tfsf lrq 5g\ . o;df /ftf] /ªsf] k|wfgtf 5 . xfn of] lrq kf6gl:yt dxfaf4}
d08nsf zfSox¿sf] lhDdfdf 5 .

u|Gylrqdf snfsf/n] ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df /ª tyf u/uxgf, sk8f / d'vsf]
xfpefp ldnfP/ lrq sf]b5{ g \ . snfsf/x¿n] d'Vo b]jtf, ;xfos b]jtf / /fIf;sf
lrqdf leGgfleGg} /ªsf] k|ofu] ub5{ g\ . u|Gylrq agfp“bf snfsf/n] kf| s[lts /ªsf]

k|ofu] ub{5g \ . u|Gylrq lgdf0{ f ubf{ tf8kq Pjd\ efh] kqnfO{ rsf{] 3fd gkg{] u/L

5fofdf ;s' fOG5 . lognfO{ cfjZos kg{] cfsf/df sfl6G5 / To;nfO{ kfgLdf 8a' fP/

kml] / 3fddf ;'sfOG5 . o;nfO{ zª\v jf zflnuf| dn] 3f]6/] lrNnf] kf/k] l5 dfq lrq

sfl] /G5 . To;nfO{ ls/fn] gsf6f;] \ eg/] xl/tfn gfds ljif nufOG5 . lstfasf

kfgfnfO{ Psk6\l6af6 af“w/] k':tssf] cfsf/ agfOG5 . To; k:' tssf] aflx/ sf7sf]

tf8kq M tf8 hftsf] ?vsf] kft
ef]hkq M lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] Ps k|sf/sf] ?vsf] afj] |mfaf6 lgsflnPsf] kq
k1| f kf/ldtf M 1fgsf] k"0ft{ f ePsf], Ps kl| ;4 af}4 u|Gydf sf]l/Psf] lrq
k~ra'4 M cnfl} ss zlSt ePsf kfrF a'4sf] ;d"x
rt;' tf/f M k|1f kf/ldtf lrqdf cªl\ st Zj]t, xl/t cflb rf/ tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x
ah;| Œj M Ifdf dfUg], a'4sf] Ps cjtf/
zflnu|fd M sfnLu08sLsf] lt/df kfOg] rjm| lrxg\ ;lxtsf] lji0fs' f ¿kdf kh" f ul/g] ljz]if kTy/

/ª\uLg lrq M w/] } k|sf/sf /ªsf] k|ofu] ul/Psf /ª\uLla/ªu\ L lrq

g]kfnL, sIff * 25

kftnf] kmNofssf] uftf /fv]/ af“lwG5 . To:tf u|Gydf n]Vg af;“ sf] snd ko| fu]
ul/G5 . lrqdf /ª nufpg r/fsf] Kjf“v tyf snfsf/ cfkmF}n] agfPsf] hgfj/sf]
/f“}sf] a;| ko| fu] ul/G5 . n]vgsf lglDt s6';, cfFk / cdnfsf kftnfO{ w/] } a]/ ksfP/
sfnf] d;L agfOG5 . oxL d;Lsf] ko| f]u u/]/ uG| y n]Vg] / /]vflrq sf]g]{ ul/G5 .
k/Dk/fbl] v ljsl;t ePsf] u|Gylrqn] clxn] Jofks ¿k ux| 0f u/s] f] 5 . clxn]
cfP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fpg klg ljleGg lrqx¿sf] k|ofu] ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o:tf
u|Gylrqx¿n] eGg vfl] hPsf ljifoj:t' / dgfe] fjnfO{ vn' :t ¿kdf ae' mfp“5g\ .
To;n} ] lbg kl| tlbg o;sf] nfs] lko| tf a9b\ } uPsf] 5 . clxns] f] kmf6] fu] f| kmLsf] ljsf;;dt]
klxns] f log} u|Gylrqaf6 ePsf] xf ] . cfw'lgs o'udf cfOk'Ubf klg u|Gylrqsf] dxŒj
emg\ a9\b} uO/xs] f] 5 . o;sf] ko| fu] af6 xfdLn] cfkm\gf] snf / l;knfO{ sg' } g sg' }
¿kdf k:| tt' u/L hLjgfk] ofu] L agfpg ;Sg'k5 { .

dgfe] fj M dgsf] ljrf/, dgl:ylt
hLjgf]kof]uL M hLjgsf nflu pkofu] x'g]

cEof;

!= kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5b] kfn}kfnf] ;:j/jfrg u/ .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ dfgj dgnfO{ nf]Eofpg] snf s'g s'g xg' \ <
-v_ uG| ylrq nlnt snfsf] sg' e]bcGtut{ kb{5 <
-u_ s:tf lrqnfO{ uftflrq elgG5 <
-3_ tf8kq s;/L tof/ kfl/G5 <
-ª_ k|frLg ;dodf lrq agfp“bf snfsf/n] s'g /ªsf] k|ofu] uy{] <
-r_ xfdLn] s'g s'g snf;uF kl/lrt xg' ] df}sf kfPsf 5f}“ <

#= tnsf egfO l7s eP l7s -√_ lrx\g / al] 7s eP al] 7s -_ lrxg\
nufpm M

-s_ u|Gylrq lgdf{0f ubf{ tf8kq Pjd\ ef]hkqnfO{ 5fofdf ;s' fOGYof ] .

26 gk] fnL, sIff *

-v_ clxn] ;fdflhs b'/j:yfk|lt JoªU\ o ul/Psf lrqx¿ kfO“b}gg \ .
-u_ kf}jflrq cfw'lgs lrqcGtut{ kb{5 .
-3_ gk] fndf kfOPsf kf| rLg lrqx¿ uG| ylrq xg' \ .
-ª_ uG| ysf uftf agfpg k|foM sf7sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿ k|of]u ul/G5 .

$= kf7af6 pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL 7fp“df e/ M

-s_ cfwl' gs lrqsnfsf] ;'?jft eg] ================= dfq ePsf] xf] .
-v_ ljifoj:ts' f] j0fg{ nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ agfOPsf lrqnfO{ ========== klg elgG5 .
-u_ g]kfnL lrqsnfdWo] ;a}eGbf k/' fgf] b;f}“ ztfAbLsf] ============ /xs] f] 5 .
-#_ uG| ylrqn] eGg vfl] hPsf] dgfe] fjnfO{ ================= ¿kdf a'emfp5F g\ .

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ lrqsf] hGd s;/L eof] <
-v_ klxn] uG| ysf] aflx/L / leqL efudf s] s:tf lrqx¿ agfOGy] <
-u_ sfuhsf] cfljisf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] u|Gylrqx¿ s;/L sfl] /Gy] <

^= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ uG| y nV] g] / /v] flrq sf]g{] sfddf k|of]u ul/g] /ª / j:t'x¿sf] lgdf0{ f
s;/L ul/G5 <

-v_ lrqsnfsf] ljsf;df u|Gylrqsf] s] s:tf] el" dsf /xs] f] 5, :ki6 kf/ .

&= efj :ki6 u/ M

-s_ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} wd{, ;+:sl[ t, ;fdflhs dN" o / dfGotfsf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 .

-v_ xfdLn] cfkmg\ f] snf / l;knfO{ sg' } g sg' } ¿kaf6 k:| t't u/L hLjgfk] ofu] L
agfpg ;Sgk' 5{ .

*= uG| y ± lrq = ‘uG| ylrq’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘lrq’ hf8] /] gof“ zAb agfpmM

d'xf/, bZ[ o, kf}jf, /v] f

g]kfnL, sIff * 27

(= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

dgfe] fj, tf8kq, k/Dk/f, b/' j:yf

!)= ldNbf] cy{ 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

kfj} flrq 3/, b/af/, bj] fno cflb lgdf{0f ug]{ l;k

jf:t'snf dgnfO{ df]lxt jf dU' w kfg{] dgdf]xs sfuh, sk8f cflbdf
b]jLb]jtfsf] lrq n]lvPsf,] k|frLg zn} Lsf] lrq

u|Gylrq sfnLu08sLsf] lt/df kfOg] rjm| lrx\g eO{ lji0f'sf ¿kdf kh" f
ul/g] ljzi] f kTy/

zflnu|fd uG| y jf zf:qsf] syfdf cfwfl/t lrq

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!!= z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M

;Eotf, zflnuf| d, u|Gylrq, ah;| Œj, k~ra'4

!@= lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ n]v M

kmf6] f]uf| kmL, /ª\uLg lrq, cfljisf/, k1| f kf/ldtf

!#= z4' u/L ;f/ M

dt' Ls{ nf, ;'Id, kpjfrLq, lg/\dfg, kfYok:' ts

!$= kf7af6 ‘o’ / ‘P’ nfus] f bz bzcf]6f zAbx¿ vfh] /] nv]  .
!%= kf7 k9L tflnsfdf kfr“ kf“rcf6] f zAbx¿ e/ M

Osf/ nfus] f O{sf/ nfu]sf psf/ nfus] f pmsf/ nfu]sf
lrq, =========== ;hLj, =========== pkxf/, ============ cfkm," ===========

28 g]kfnL, sIff *

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f kIf c1ft cEo:t
!^= k9, ae' m / u/ M k0" f{

sfn
ck0" f{

jt{dfg n]V5f} n]Vb} 5f} n]vs] f 5f} — —
et" nV] of} n]Vb} lyof} nv] ]sf lyof} nv] 5] f} n]VYof}
eljiot\ nV] g] 5f} n]Vb} xg' ] 5f} n]v]sf xg' ] 5f} — —



sfn egs] f] jfSodf ljm| ofkbn] atfpg] ;do xf] . kIf egs] f] sfnleqsf] klg
;do xf ] . o;n] ljm| ofkbsf] ;fdfGo, ck0" f,{ k0" f,{ c1ft / cEo:t cj:yfnfO{ ae' mfp5F  .
dflysf] tflnsfdf tLgcf6] } sfn / ;a} kIfsf lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . Pp6f
sfnsf] ljm| ofkbnfO{ csf{] sfndf / Pp6f kIfsf] ljm| ofkbnfO{ csf{] kIfdf kl/jtg{ u//]
bv] fOPsf] 5 . o;/L ul/g] kl/jtg{ nfO{ sfn / kIfsf cfwf/df ul/g] kl/jtg{ elgG5 

kf7df elgG5, sf]l/GYof,] ldNb5, x'Gy] h:tf ljm| ofkbx¿ ko| f]u ePsf 5g \ . o:tf
c¿ kfr“ cf]6f lj|mofkbx¿ l6k/] dflysf] h:t} tflnsf agfP/ ;a} sfn / kIfdf s]
s:tf ¿k xG' 5g\, b]vfpm .

!&= kf7af6 jtd{ fg / e"t sfnsf kf“r kf“rcf6] f jfSox¿ l6k / tL
jfSonfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .

!*= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn M

-s_ dxz] uG| ylrq x5] { . -ck0" f{ eljiot\_

-v_ ;/f]h /fdf| ] lrq agfp5“  . -cEo:t e"t_

-u_ km'jf{ v?' v'? lrq sf]5{ . -ck0" f{ eljiot_\

-3_ xfdL b[Zolrq x5] fF} . -cEo:t et" _

-ª_ p;n] /fdf| ] lrq agfof] . -k0" f{ jt{dfg_ 29

g]kfnL, sIff *

-r_ ;l/tfn] kfj} flrq xl] /g \ . -ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
-5_ pgLx¿n] ;ªu\ |xfnodf lrqx¿ x]/5] g\ . -k0" f{ eljiot\_
-h_ d}n] ‘uG| ylrq’ kf7 k9] F . -ck0" f{ jtd{ fg_

!(= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;ªs\ ]tsf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ ;Ltf /fd|f] lrq ====================================== . -agfp M ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
-v_ pm tfd|kqdf lrq ==================================== . -sf]/\ M cEo:t e"t _
-u_ ;Gtdfg w/] } kfj} flrq =============================== . -agfp M ck"0f{ et" _
-#_ kf;fªn] /fdf| /fd|f lrq ============================ . -sf/] \ M k0" f{ jtd{ fg_
-ª_ ltgLx¿ 57 kj{df w]/} lrq ==================== . -agfp M ;fdfGo eljiot_\
-r_ /fdnvgn] lrqdf /ª ============================= . -e/\ M k0" f{ eljiot_\
-5_ ;lngfn] /fdf| ] j[Œflrq ============================== . -Nofp M c1ft et" _
-h_ xfdL /fd/| L x]//] lrq sf]g{ ======================= . -l;s\ M ;fdfGo eljiot_\

@)= eljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] ko| fu] u/L kfr“ jfSodf cfÇgf] nIo
atfpm .

30 g]kfnL, sIff *

l;h{gfTds cEof;

@!= tn lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df ‘d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf !%) zAbdf
g36fO{ Pp6f k|aGw nv]  .

d"lts{ nfsf] ;?' jft kf| rLg sfnbl] v ePsf] ==================== wfld{s sfo{x¿df
d"ltk{ "hfsf] ljzi] f dxŒj /xs] f] ============ klxn]bl] v g} dlGb/x¿ agfpg] /
eujfgs\ f dl" tx{ ¿ :yfkgf u//] k"hf ug]{ rng /xs] f] =========== clxn] cfP/
pkxf/ lbgsf nflu klg dl" t{ agfpg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePsf] =========== klxnf
dl" t{x¿ agfpFbf sf7, 9'ªu\ f, wft' / df6fsf] ko| fu] ul/g] ========= d"ltx{ ¿
agfpFbf wfld{s ljlw ljwfgcg';f/ sbF' ]/ agfOg] =========== jtd{ fg ;dodf
dl" tx{ ¿ agfpbF f ljleGg dfWod / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] ul/g] ======= dl" tx{ ¿ agfpg
d]l;g, ljB'tLo cfh} f/, /a/, d}g, wft' cflbsf] ko| f]u ul/g] ====== dl" t{ agfpFbf
bj] tfnfO{ jo:s, sfd] n, cfsifs{ , ;G' b/ z/L/, sd j:q, lz/df d's'6,
u/uxgf cflb nufPsf] agfpg] ============= d"lt{snf clxn] lbg k|ltlbg
nfs] lk|o xbF' } uPsf] ============= g]kfnL ;dfhdf wflds{ b[li6n] d"lts{ nfsf]
ljzi] f dxŒj /x]sf ] .

@@= cfkmn" ] hfgs] f,] ;g' s] f] jf bv] s] f] sg' } snfsf af/d] f Ps ;o zAbdf
g36fO{ j0f{g u/ .

gk] fnL, sIff * 31

% lgj]bg

ldltM @)&!÷!)÷)!

>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks, ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfp “ .
cfbz{ dfWolds ljBfno,
lbufdsf6] , uN' dL .

dxf]bo,

pko'{St ljifodf uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ oxL df3 !^ ut] /fli6«o
:t/sf] sljtf kl| tofl] utf ;DkGg x'g nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf eof] . gk] fnsf] kh| ftflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf clj:d/0fLo ofu] bfg lbPsf ;lxbx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf ;f] sfo{j|md cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] /x]5 . ljBfno txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] lardf x'g] pSt kl| tof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf
gk] fn k1| f kl| ti7fg, sdnfbL, sf7df8f“n} ] u/]sf] /x5]  . To; kl| tofl] utfdf ;xefuL
xg' sf nflu cfkmn" ] k9b\ } u/s] f] ljBfnosf] l;kmfl/; cfjZos kbf]{ /x5]  .

d o; ljBfnosL Ps ldlxg]tL, hx] ]gbf/ 5fqf x '“ . o; ljBfnoåf/f ;~rflnt ljljw
cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL eO{ k'/:sf/ klg kf| Kt ub{} cfO/xs] L 5 ' . d ljutdf
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] cfof]hgf u/s] f] lhNnf :t/Lo sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf ;dt] ky| d
eO;s]sL 5 ' . o;sf ;fy} d}n] Ifq] Lo :t/sf] sljtf k|ltofl] utfdf klg k|yd :yfg kf| Kt
u/s] f] s'/f oxfnF fO{ cjut g} 5 .

ctM /fli6«o :t/sf] sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf klg ;xefuL eP/ cfkm\gf] kl| tef k|:t't
ug{] d]/f] OR5f 5 . o; ljBfnosf] ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf ;xefuL eP/ k'/:sf/ kf| Kt ug{
;s]df ljBfnosf nflu klg uf}/jsf] ljifo x'g] 5 . To;}n] pSt k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL
xg' sf nflu ljBfnosf] tkm{af6 l;kmfl/; ul/lbg'x'g >Ldfg\ ;dIf of] lgjb] g k;] ub5{ '.

cf1fsf/L 5fqf
t'n;f ljZjsdf{
sIff *, /f=] g+= !$

32 gk] fnL, sIff *

;lxb M bz] sf nflu cfkmg\ f] hLjg ck{g] JolSt
l;kmfl/; M lnlvt jf dfl} vs cgd' f]bg
h]x]gbf/ M a'l4dfg,\ kl| tefzfnL
lgoldt M ;w}“ l7s ;dodf pkl:yt xg' ]
kl| tofl] utf M kl| t:kwf{
cjut M hfgsf/L, 1fg

uf/} j M OHht, cfb/, ;Ddfg, k|lti7f

cEof;

!= kf7df lbOPsf] lgjb] g ;:j/jfrg u/ .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ of] lgjb] g slxn] n]lvPsf] xf] <
-v_ ;"rgf sg' klqsfdf ks| fzg ePsf] lyof] <
-u_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <
-3_ sljtf kl| tofl] utf s;sf] ;Ddfgdf ul/Psf] /x]5 <
-ª_ sljtf k|ltof]lutfsf] cfofh] gf s;n] u/s] f] /x]5 <

-r_ lgj]bsn] sljtf kl| tofl] utfdf efu lng rfxgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

#= tn lbOPsf] lgjb] gsf] 9fr“ fcg';f/ 56' 6\ } Pp6f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ M

ldlt M ================
;Dafw] g / kb M =================
sfof{nosf] gfd / 7]ufgf M ==========
ljifo M ==============
lgj]bgsf] ax] f/] f M ========
lgj]bssf] gfd M =========

7]ufgf M ==============

gk] fnL, sIff * 33

$= tn lbOPsf ljifodf lgjb] g nv] M

-s_ ljBfnosf] k':tsfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf kqklqsf pknAw u/fOlbg cg/' f]w
u/L ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .

-v_ ljBfnon] ul/a tyf hx] ]gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug{] 5fqj[lŒf cfkm"n] kfpg
cg'/f]w u/L cfÇgf] ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .

zAbe08f/

%= ldNg] cy{ 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M

cfufdL ljut cjut uf/} j
hfgsf/L OHht cfpFbf] lat]sf] ldng;f/

^= lhNnf ± :t/Lo = ‘lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]8/]
gof“ zAb agfpm M

ljBfno, If]q, Onfsf, j8f, 6fn]

&= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nv] M

cfjZos, h]xg] bf/, 7n' f], lht

*= cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

kl| tofl] utf, clj:d/0fLo, cltl/St, ky| d, k'/:sf/

pRrf/0f / lxHh]
(= z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

k|hftflGqs, k1| f k|lti7fg, /fli6«o, :t/

!)= kf7df lbOPsf] lgjb] g /fd|f cIf/df ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

34 g]kfnL, sIff *

sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f

!!= k9, ae' m / tn ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

dflysf] kf7df ‘cfufdL, k|sflzt, clj:d/0fLo’ h:tf ljz]if0f zAbsf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf] u0' f, bfi] f, ;ªV\ of cflb ljzi] ftf atfpg] zAbx¿
ljzi] f0f xg'  \ . ljzi] f0f zAbn] gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf] ljzi] ftf atfp5F g \ . ljzi] f0f
u0' fafw] s, kl/df0fafw] s, ;ªV\ ofafw] s / ;fjg{ flds u/L dn" tM rf/ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ M h:t} M

u'0fafw] s kl/df0faf]ws ;ª\Vofaf]ws ;fj{gflds

/fd|f], g/fdf| ,] c;n, w]/}, yf]/}, Ps, bO' {, kfrF , of,] Tof], hf], hg' ,
v/fa, df6] f,] bA' nf,] c l n s l t , k|yd, låtLo s], sf], s'g,
kl/>dL, ldlxgt] L k|z:t hg' hg'

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/s] f s'g} bzcf]6f ljzi] f0f zAb
n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

!@= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf,] sqf], slt / sg' egL kZ| g
u/ / pkoS' t zAb 5fg]/ e/ M

v/fa, w]/}, 7n' f,] hfuF l/nf], ;G' b/, 6/f,]{ yf]/,} chªu\ , 5f6] f], tL, h]7f,] tt[ Lo,
kfFr, klxnf], ;fgf]

s:tf] sqf] slt sg'

v/fa, ======== chªu\ , ========== kfFr, =========== tL, ===========

gk] fnL, sIff * 35

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!#= k9, ae' m / u/ M
z'esfdgf kqsf] gd'gf

gk] fnLx¿sf dxfg\ rf8 a8f b;}F / z'e bLkfjnLsf
cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjs dxfg'efjx¿df ;v' ,
zflGt / ;d[l4sf] xflb{s dªu\ ndo

z'esfdgf JoSt ub{5f} F .

;Gtsd' f/ afGtjf
k|wfgfWofks
tyf

if8fgGb dfWolds ljBfno kl/jf/
lbª\nf, efh] k'/

dflysf] z'esfdgf kq k9k] l5 ltdLn] dgfpg] sg' } Ps rf8sf]
pknIodf k7fOg] ze' sfdgf kqsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .

!$= cfkm\gf] ufp“ jf 6fn] df :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg
cg'/fw] u/L cfkmg\ f] ufpk“ flnsfsf cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf
k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg nv]  .

36 g]kfnL, sIff *

^ ldqtf

zf/bf/d0f g]kfn

ef/åfh Clifsf 5f]/f b|f0] f / kf~rfn g/]z ki[ ft\sf 5f/] f o1;g] b|'kb Pp6} u'?sn' df
k9y\ ] . oL bO' s{ f lar ku| f9 ldqtf lyof ] . pgLx¿ ;Fu} k9\y,] ;Fu} cEof; uy{,] ;Fu}
vfGy], ;uF } lj>fd uy {] . pgLx¿ km;' {tdf dg vf]n/] s/' f uy{ ] . s'/s} /' fdf Psk6s
/fhs'df/ b'|kbn] eg,] ældq b|f0] f, d kf~rfn b]zsf] /fhf ePkl5 l;+xf;gsf] ;'vefu]
ltdL;uF klg af8F \5 ' . cfwf /fHo d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG5 ' . of] d]/f] kl| t1f xf] .Æ

;do laTb} uof ] . k9fO ;s/] /fhsd' f/ bk|' b cfkmg\ f] bz] kf~rfn kms {] . bf| 0] fsf] sk[ L;uF
ljjfx eof ] . cZjTyfdf hGd ] . oL lbgx¿ bf| 0] fsf] kl/jf/df bM' v bl/bt| fsf lbg lyP .
uf7] df Pp6f bx' g' ] ufO;{ Dd lyPg . afns cZjTyfdf ‘bw' bw' ’ eGb} ?Gy ] . l5ds] L Clif
sd' f/x¿ cZjTyfdfnfO{ bv] fO{ bv] fO{ bw' vfGy ] . Psk6s slt;Dd eofe] g] l5ds] L Clif
sd' f/x¿n] kfgLdf lk7f] 3fn] /] cZjTyfdfnfO{ lbP . ;t] f] bv] k] l5 cZjTyfdfn] bw' 7fg ] .
æoL, dn} ] klg bw' kfPÆF eGb} xf:F b} gfRb} kfgL vfg yfn ] . of] bv] /] bf| 0] f / sk[ LnfO{ ;f/}
bM' v nfUof ] . Pp6f bx' g' ] ufO{ kfp5F ' ls eg/] bf| 0] f w/] l} t/ 3d'  ] . st} kfPgg \ .

To;}tfsf b|f]0fn] o'4lif{ k/z'/fdn] ;j{:jbfg ub}{ 5g\ eGg] ;'g] . b|f]0f 3/af6
sf;] fF} 6f9fsf] dxG] b| kjt{ k'u ] . k/z'/fdn] pgL k'Ugc' l3 g} ;j{:jbfg ul/;ss] f
lyP . bf| 0] fnfO{ b'MvL b]v]/ k/z/' fdn] eg,] æd;Fu ca of] z/L/ / z:qf:q ljBf dfq
afFsL 5 . tkfO{FnfO{ d s] lbpFm < s] lngx' G' 5 <Æ æu?' , dnfO{ tkfO{F;uF ePsf] z:qf:q
ljBf lbg'xf];\ . Tof] g} d]/f nflu 7n' f] pknlAw xg' ] 5 .Æ bf| 0] fn] eg ] . æxG' 5, of]
d]/f nflu klg ;fe} fUosf] s'/f xf ] . n, ko| f]uzfnfdf cfpgx' f;]  \ . lzIf0f l;sfO ;'?
ul/xfnf }F .Æ k/z/' fdn] v;' L xFb' } eg] . b|f0] fnfO{ l;Sg ;do nfug]  . yf/] } lbgd} pgL
z:qf:q ljBfdf kf/ª\ut eP .

ku| f9 M Hofb} ulx/f] lj>fd M cf/fd
;j{:jbfg M ePe/sf] ;a} ;DklŒf bfg ug]{ sfd k|lt1f M ;ª\sNk
z:qf:q ljBf M z:q jf xftxltof/ rnfpg] ljBf kf/ªu\ t M l;kfn,' kfV] t

gk] fnL, sIff * 37

l7s To;} ;dodf pŒf/ kf~rfndf o1;]g b|k' b /fhf ePsf] va/ cfof ] . b|f0] fn] b'|kb;Fu
u?' sn' df ePsf s/' f emnSs ;Dem ] . dgdf cfzfsf] gofF ;o" { pbfof ] . kTgL sk[ L / 5f/] f
cZjTyfdfnfO{ lnP/ bf| ]0f /ftf/ft kf~rfn k'u] . v';Ln] ub\ub xFb' } pgn] /fhf b'k| bnfO{
e6]  ] . pgn] d;' S' s xf:F b} eg,] ældq bk'| b, lrGge' of] < d tkfOsF{ f] ;xkf7L ldq b|f0] f . oL
d]/L >LdtL sk[ L / of] d/] f] 5f/] f] cZjTyfdf xf] . d tkfO{F;uF sf] k|uf9 ldqtf / tkfOF{n]
Tolt an] f lbg'ePsf] jrg ;Dem/] ;kl/jf/ cfPsf] 5' . xfdL clxn] lgSs} c;lhnfdf
5f }F . kl/jf/ kfNg klg wf} wf} k/s] f] 5 .Æ

b|f0] fsf s'/f ;'g]/ bk|' b l/;fP . pgsf] cg'xf/ u'/f;F h:t} /ftf] eof] . pgn] bf| ]0fsf]
cg'xf/df Sjf/Sjf/tL xb] }{ eg,] æd l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg /fhf, ltdL bl/b| afxg'  . d
s;/L ltd|f] ldq < ldqtf t kb, k|lti7f, 1fg, wg, zlSt ;a} :t/ a/fa/ ePsfx¿;uF
dfq xG' 5 . ltdL t ;fdfGo 1fg / lzi6tf klg gePsf /x]5f}, a'emo\ f} < afnfkgdf
u?' s'ndf ;Fu} a:bf dn} ] s] egF] s] elggF Tof] clxn] ;Dem/] xG' 5 < e}uf,] cfP5f,} cfhsf]
/ft a; . 6Gg bfn, eft, t/sf/L vfpm . efl] n laxfg} cfkmg\ f] af6f] nfu .Æ

bl/b| M ul/a
38 g]kfnL, sIff *

bk|' bsf] of] afn] L / Jojxf/ bf| 0] fnfO{ ;lxg;Sg'sf] ckdfg nfUof ] . pgL /Gylg“b} ToxfFaf6
p7] / an] 's} xl:tgfk'/lt/ nfu] . xl:tgfk/' sf /fhu'? sk[ pgsf ;fnf lyP . dgdg}
;f]r,] æ;;/' fnLdf w/] } lbg t a:g xbF' g} , al:bg F . clnlbg u'krk' a;/] eljiosf] of]hgf
agfpF5' . xl:tgfk/' d} klg sx] L sfd ldN5 ls < olt;Dd ckdflgt ePF, ca klg o:t}
cls~rg eP/ afFRg'sf] t cy}{ /x]g .Æ

xl:tgfk'/ k'u]kl5 Ps lbg 5f]/fnfO{ lnP/ b|f]0f 6xlng lg:s]sf lyP . d}bfgdf
/fhs'df/x¿ h6' /] 8G8Llaof] v]ln/xs] f] b]v ] . glhs} rf}tf/Lsf] l8ndf a;]/ bf| ]0f
/dfOnf] x]g{ yfn ] . v]NbfvN] b} 8G8L pl5l6P/ glhs}sf] ;S' vf Ogf/df v:of ] . lemSg
vf]Hbf /fhs'df/ ol' wli7/sf] cf7F} L klg ToxLF v:of ] . /fhsd' f/x¿n] cgs] fF} ko| Tg u/] t/
lgsfNg ;sg] g \ .

d;' 'd;' ' xfF:b} xl] //xs] f bf| ]0f / cZjTyfdfnfO{ /fhsd' f/ ol' wli7/n] b]v] . sf] xg' \, oL
sfnf cgx' f/sf xlF ;nf dflg; < logn] s]xL dbt ug{ ;S5g\ ls eGg] ljrf/ u/] .
pgn] glhs} uP/ clejfbg ub}{ eg,] æckl/lrt dxfb] o, d /fhs'df/ o'lwli7/ xF' /
db} fgdf vN] g] oL ;a} d/] f efOx¿ x'g\ . ;'Svf Ogf/df xfd|f] 8G8L v:of] . Ogf/
lgSs} ulx/f] 5 . xfdLn] lgsfNg ;sg] fF } . dbt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls <Æ

/Gylgb} M s'g} kL8f jf lrGtfaf6 56k\ l6bF }
M rk' rfk, aflx/ ks| 6 gxg' ] u/L leqleq} sfd s/' f] bafpg] rfn
u'krk' M lgw{g, ul/a
cls~rg M n67\ Ln] laofd] f 7o\ fs nufP/ v]lng] kl| ;4 v]n
8G8Llaof]

g]kfnL, sIff * 39

bf| 0] fn] d';'d';' xfF:b} eg,] æd}n] ltd|f] 8G8L / cf7F} L lgsflnlbPF eg] dnfO{ ef]h v'jfpF5fF} <Æ

ælsg gv'jfpg' < eJo efh] vj' fp5F fÆF} o'lwli7/n] eg] .

bf| ]0f p7/] Ogf/sf] l8ndf uP . cZjTyfdf klg ;uF } uP . ;a}sf cufl8 b|f]0fn] cgf7} f]
z:q sf}zn k|of]u u/] . pgn] ;lhn};Fu 8G8L / cf}7F L lnP/ lg:s ] . /fhsd' f/x¿
cfZro{ rlst eP . ol' wli7/n] bub' }{ uP/ lktfdx eLidnfO{ ;a} ljj/0f ;g' fP / eg],
ælktfdx, tL crDdsf dflg; clxn] klg rft} f/Ldf al;/xs] f 5g\ .Æ

æxf] / <Æ eLidn] dgdg} lglZrt u/]  . oL cjZo klg ef/åfh k'q bf| ]0f xg' k' 5{ .
t'?Gt} p7]/ ol' wli7/;uF } eLid klg rft} f/Ldf ku'  ] . pgn] bf| 0] fnfO{ ljzi] f cfb/;fy 3/df
lnP/ cfP . cfltYo ;Ddfgkl5 eLidn] eg,] ædxfb] o b|f]0f, tkfO{;F uF o;/L e]6g\ kfpg'
xfd|f nflu 7'nf] efUofb] osf] ;"rs xf] . xfdLdfly s[kf ug{x' f]; \ . tkfO{F o; ;fdf| Hosf]
;Ddflgt cfrfo{ ag/] xl:tgfk/' df al;lbg'xf]; \ . xfdf| /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ z:qf:qsf]
k|lzIf0f lbgx' f]; \ . o; ;fd|fHonfO{ cfkmg\ } ;/x 7fGge' P x'G5 . xfdL tkfOFn{ fO{ ;Ddfg
lbG5f}F .Æ

æx'G5, tkfOsF{ f] k:| tfj dnfO{ :jLsf/ 5Æ bf| ]0fn] eg] . olt ePkl5 5f/] f cZjTyfdfsf]
bw' vfg] /x/ klg k/" f x'g] eof ] .

bf| ]0f ca cfrfo{ b|f]0f eP . sf}/j kf08j /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ z:qf:q l;sfpg yfn] .
ch{'gsf] nugzLntf / x:tsf}zn ah] f8] sf] lyof] . cfrfo{ bf| 0] f 5f]/f cZjTyfdf kl5
lzio chg{' nfO{ ljzi] f :gx] uy ]{ .

lzIff jm| dzM k/" f xb'F } uof] . clGtd k/LIff klg ;lsof ] . ;a} /fhsd' f/x¿ wg'ljB{ fdf
lgk'0f eP . æxfdL u?' blIf0ff s] 6So| fpmF <Æ /fhsd' f/x¿n] cfrfo{ b|f0] fl;t ;fw]  ] .
b|f0] fn] cgfof; eg,] ækf~rfn g/]z bk'| bnfO{ oxfF Nofpm / dnfO{ ck0{ f u/ . oxL xf]
d]/f] ;jfŒ{] fd u'? blIf0ff .Æ b'of{]wgn] eg,] æxfdL b|k' bnfO{ tkfOFs{ f] cufl8 NofOlbG5fF} .
o;} t d PSn} uP klg ;g] f;lxt bk|' bnfO{ Nofpg ;S5 ' . zfe] fsf nflu d;uF d/] f efOx¿
hfG5g \ . ldq s0f{ klg hfG5g\ .Æ

ljj/0f M j[ŒffGt, sg' } s/' f v'n:t kfg]{ u/L lbOPsf] j0fg{ g]kfnL, sIff *
efUof]bo M efUosf] pbo, efUo hfus] f]
x:tsfz} n M xftsf] l;k

40

6f]nL k|:yfg u/]sf] s]xL lbgd} sf}/j / kf~rfnsf lar 3df;fg o'4 eof] .
o1;]g bk'| bsf] o'4 sf}znsf cufl8 b'of{w] g, s0fn{ ufot sg' } klg of]4f l6Sg ;sg] g\ .
efu]/ Hofg hf]ufP . æPs k6s xfdL sfl] ;; u5f}{F . xfdL kfFr efO hfG5fFÆ} chg'{ n]
ljgdt| fsf ;fy clejfbg ub{} eg ] . æbk'| b sDtLsf of4] f 5g} g\ xÆ} eGb} bf| 0] f d:' s/' fP .
o; k6s o4' df kf~rfn g/]z b'|kb ljhoL aGg ;sg] g \ . chg{' sf] 1fg / o4' sfz} nsf
cufl8 b'|kbsf] hf8] rng]  . ch{g' n] b'|kbnfO{ o'4el" dd} ;dft/] /ydf /fv] . pgn]
bf| 0] fsf cufl8 b'k| bnfO{ NofP/ k;] ub{} eg,] ælng';\ cfrfo{, u?' blIf0ff 6So| fPsf 5fF } .Æ

b|'kbnfO{ o; cj:yfdf b]v]/ cfrfo{ b|f]0fnfO{ dgdg} xfF;f] p7\of] . pgL ;+oldt
eP t/ xf;F g] g \ . cfFvfdf cfFvf h'wfP/ x]b{} eg], ækj" { /fhf b|k' b, g8/fpgx' f];\ .
d tkfOn{F fO{ dflb{g F . afnfkgdf tkfOF{ / d/] flar ulx/f] ldqtf lyof ] . ;Fu} k9o\ f,F}
l;SofF,} vN] of}F, vfof}F / a:of F} . kl5 tkfOF{ /fhf x'ge' of ] . PZ] jo{sf] dft nfUof ] . 3dG8n]
pGdŒf xg' e' of] . d;Fusf] ldqtf la;{ge' of ] . jrga4tf la;g{ e' of ] . d/] f] ckdfg klg
ug{e' of ] . tkfOs{F f] ToxL 3dG8 tf8] g\ sf nflu dn} ] tkfO{Faf6 /fHo vf]:gk' /s] f] xf] .
clxn] tkfOF{ k/flht x'gx' 'G5 / d/] f] aGwgdf x'g'x'G5 .Æ

æd cem} klg tkfO;F{ uF ldqtf rfxG5 ' . clxn] tkfOF{ cls~rg, d ;Œff;Lg . xfdL
a/fa/L :t/df 5}gf F} . ldqtf t a/fa/Lsf lardf dfq x'G5 xfn] f . xg} < o;} eP/
d tkfOF{nfO{ kf~rfn /fHo cfwf lkmtf{ lbG5,' xG' 5 <Æ

o1;]g b'|kbsf] cfvF f emS' of] . kl;g} kl;gf eP . s]xL afn] ]gg\ . cfrfo{ bf| 0] fnfO{ nfUof],
æolt ePkl5 logsf] 3dG8 x/fof] ls < o;eGbf a9L s]xL ulbg{ F .Æ

cfrfo{ bf| 0] f cf;gaf6 p7] . pgn] ;/f;/ uP/ b'|kbsf] aGwg vfn] ] . p7fP/ cªs\ dfn
u/,] plrt ;Ddfg;fy labf u/] .

bk'| b eg] af6fe] l/ / cfkmg\ f] /fHodf k'lu;s]kl5 klg zfGt x'g ;s]gg\ . pgnfO{ lrGtf
k¥of] . bk'| bn] 3dG8L ePsf] ;hfo kfP . b|f]0fn] bk'| bsf] uNtLsf] kl| tzf]w lnPgg\ .
a? ldqtfkj" s{ b|'kbnfO{ labf u/L c;n JolStsf ¿kdf cfkmg\ f] kl/ro lbP .

o4' sf}zn M o'4df bv] fOg] snf 41
PZ] jo{ M wg ;DklŒf, ;v' cfgGb

pGdŒf M dflŒfPsf]

jrga4tf M jrga4 x'g] efj jf sa'ndf aflF wg] sfd

gk] fnL, sIff *

cEof;

!= sIffdf ‘ldqtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;'gfpm .
@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ /fhsd' f/ bk'| bn] ldq bf| ]0f;uF s] kl| t1f u/] <
-v_ b|f]0fsf] ljjfx sf;] uF eof] <
-u_ cZjTyfdf s;sf 5f]/f xg' \ <
-3_ ol' wli7/sf] cfF7} L b|f]0fn] sxfFaf6 lgsfn] <
-ª_ b|f0] f s;/L cfrfo{ b|f0] f eP <
-r_ cfrfo{ bf| ]0f s;nfO{ ljz]if :g]x uy{] <

#= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf] < nv] M

-s_ cfwf /fHo d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG5' . of] d]/f] kl| t1f xf ] .
-v_ oL, dn} ] klg b'w kfPF .
-u_ d;Fu ca of] z/L/ / z:qf:q ljBf dfq afFsL 5 .
-3_ xG' 5, tkfOsF{ f] k|:tfj dnfO{ :jLsf/ 5 .
-ª_ kf~rfn g/z] bk|' bnfO{ Nofpm / dnfO{ ck0{ f u/ .

$= kf7sf] bf;] |f] cgR' 5]b k9/] tn ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M

-s_ /fhsd' f/ b'|kb slxn] cfkm\gf] bz] kf~rfn kms]{ <
-v_ afns cZjTyfdf lsg ?Gy] <
-u_ sf] cZjTyfdfnfO{ bv] fO{ bw' vfGy] <
-3_ cZjTyfdf lsg gfRb} / xfF:b} kfgL vfg yfn] <

%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ b|f0] f / s[kLnfO{ lsg ;f/} bM' v nfUof] <
-v_ bf| 0] f s;/L z:qf:q ljBfdf kf/ªu\ t eP <
-u_ bk|' bsf s:tf s'/f ;'g]/ bf| ]0f /GylgP <

42 gk] fnL, sIff *

-3_ /fhsd' f/x¿ lsg cfZro{ rlst eP <
-ª_ cZjTyfdfsf] bw' vfg] /x/ s;/L k"/f eof] <
-r_ kf~rfn g/z] bk|' bn] lsg b|f]0f;Fusf] ldqtf la;g{ k'u] <
-5_ bf| 0] fsf] ckdfg ubf{ /fhf bk'| bsf] cj:yf s:tf] eof] <
-h_ cfrfo{ bf| ]0fn] bk'| bnfO{ lsg cfwf /fHo lkmtf{ lbG5' eg] <
-em_ b'k| b lsg cfkmg\ f] /fHodf ku' ]kl5 klg zfGt xg' ;s]gg\ <
-`_ ‘ldqtf’ syfaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

^= efj :ki6 kf/ M

-s_ PZ] jos{ f] dft nfUof] . 3dG8n] pGdQ x'ge' of ] . d;Fusf] ldqtf la;{g'eof] .
jrga4tf la;g{ e' of] .

-v_ d cem} klg tkfO{F;uF ldqtf rfxG5' . clxn] tkfOF{ cls~rg, d ;Qf;Lg .

&= olb ltdL ‘ldqtf’ syfsf] /fhf b'k| b ePsf] eP bf| ]0fn] k/' fgf] k|lt1f
;Demfpb“ f s] uYof}{, pQ/ bp] m .

*= ‘ldqtf t kb, kl| ti7f, 1fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;u“
dfq x'G5’ eGg] /fhf bk'| bsf] ljrf/;“u ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] 5f,}
sf/0f;lxt :ki6 u/ .

zAbe08f/

(= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M

k|uf9, cls~rg, ;jfQd, lj>fd

!)= ldq ± tf = ‘ldqtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘tf’ kT| oo hf8] /] gof“

zAb agfpm M

zq,' slj, bl/b|, lzi6, ;dfg

g]kfnL, sIff * 43

!!= kof{ojfrL zAb 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

cfrfo{ ko| Tg cls~rg clejfbg :t/

sfl] ;; u?' gd:sf/ tx bl/b| aGwg

!@= cg's/0ffTds zAb;“u ldNbf] ljm| of 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

d';S' s w'?w?' emnSs Sjf/Sjf/tL 6Gg

?g' xf:F g' vfg' ;Demg' xg] '{ gfRg'

!#= cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

pGdQ xg' ', ;Ttf;Lg x'g', cªs\ dfn ug',{ czfGt xg' ', d;' 'Ss d:' s'/fpg'

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!$= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ M

bk'| b, km;' {t, cZjTyfdf, b|f]0f, ;j:{ j bfg, z:qf:q, lzi6tf, lzio

!%= tnsf zAbx¿ k9 / j0fs{ f] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] /]
ae' mL jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

l8n – lbn, 8/ – b/, 3/ – ;/, /x/ – ;x/, ;'sfo{ – ss' fo{, ;+ofu] – ljof]u,
kj{t – ;a{t, dg – tg, afns – kfns

!^= z'4 u/L ;f/ M

Ps k6s xfdL sf]lz; u5f}F xfdL kfr efO{ hfG5f} ch'{gn] ljgdt| fsf ;fy
clejfbg u/\b} eg]

!&= pbfx/0f x/] L zAbsfz] sf] ;xfotfn] C / l/ nfus] f kfr“ kf“r cf]6f
zAbx¿ l6k M

pbfx/0f M C – Clif, l/ – l/;fP

44 g]kfnL, sIff *

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!*= k9 / ae' m M

cfwf /fHo d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG5' .

dnfO{ tkfO{;F uF ePsf] z:qf:q ljBf lbgx' f]; \ .

pgL ToxfFaf6 p7/] a]n's} xl:tgfk'/lt/ nfu] .

xfdLn] lgsfNg ;s]gf F} . dbt ug{ ;Sg'xG' 5 ls <

dflysf jfSodf uf9f cIf/df cfPsf ‘d, ltdL, tkfOF{, pgL, xfdL’ h:tf ;j{gfd
zAbx¿n] k'?ifnfO{ ae' mfPsf 5g\ . gk] fnL efiffdf k'?ifn] af]Ng] jStf, ;G' g]
>f]tf / ljifonfO{ ae' mfp5F g\ . k|yd k'?if, låtLo k?' if / t[tLo k'?if u/L k?' if
tLg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . h:t} M

k|yd k?' if M d, xfdL, cfkm"

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