NEPALI GRADE 8 2076

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-r_ ltdL t ;fdfGo 1fg / lzi6tf gePsf /x5] f } . -k|yd k'?if_

l;h{gfTds cEof;
@)= af6fel/ / cfkm\gf] /fHodf k'lu;s]kl5 klg zfGt x'g

g;s]sf /fhf b'k| bn] cfkmGt / cfkm\gf dGqLx¿;“usf] e]6df s]
s] s/' f u/] xfn] fg\ < /fd|/L ;f]r]/ s'g} bzcf6] f a“b' fx¿ tof/
kf/ / ;fyLx¿;“u ldnL tL ab'“ fnfO{ ;d6] ]/ Pp6f syf tof/
u/L lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

46 gk] fnL, sIff *

& l;k / >d

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kfl/ hfFbf dg jfl/ bo\ f}/fnLdf /fv

kfv/' fdf kx/fsf] an af]sL /fv .

d:of{ª\bLsf] kx/fdf sn' f] vf]Kgk' 5{
6f/Lel/, af/Lel/ l;k /fK] gk' 5{ ..

lxhf] ltDn] eg] h:t} cfh nfUof] 3fd

ls/0fx¿ a6'n/] l6sf] nfOb]pm cfdf .

o:tf] cfl;s b]pm a¿ ‘l56f] d/L uP;\
t/ dfly lxdfndf r'nL yKg] eP;\’ ..

kfvfel/ nfn'kft] cfFvfel/ 5fof
ge]l6g] ¿k t/ gd]l6g] dfof .
df6fl;t o:tf] dfof nfpmF Pskfln
d6' 'leq aufO/fv dr] L dxfsfnL ..

bp] /fnL M kxf8sf] psfnf] l;l4g] 7fpF, yD' sL jf eGHofª k/]sf] 7fpF jf 8fF8f]
kx/f M s8f r6\6fgn] ags] f] le/, kfvf]
d:ofª{ \bL M d'lStgfy 8fF8fsf k"jL{ efuaf6 k}bf eO{ d'lUng lqz"nL gbL;Fu ldl;g]

;Ktu08sLdWos] f] Ps k|l;4 gbL
7f/Lel/ M cUnf] 7fpFel/
af/L M ds}, e6df; cflb xg' ] kfvf] hUuf
cfl;s M cfzLjfb{

r'nL M kjt{ sf] r'Rrf] k/]/ clUnPsf] lzv/, kxf8sf] 6'Kkf], 6fs/' f]

gk] fnL, sIff * 47

;kgfdf ;u/dfyf cuF fn/] ;'t
l;h{gfsf uLtx¿ ;uF fn]/ p7 .
;f/ªu\ Lsf :j/x¿ ;ªu\ Lt kmg] ]{ u/
cfkm" xg] ]{ cfvF fx¿ b]z x]g{] u/ ..

l;h{gf M gofF lgdf{0f, ;l[ i6, ;rgf, pTklQ
;f/ªu\ L M tf/df /]7]/ ahfOg] lutf/ h:tf] ;fgf] gk] fnL afhf
;ªu\ Lt M ljz]if no, tfn / jfBjfbgsf ;fy ufOg] uLt

cEof;

!= kf7df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 .
@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ l;k sxfF /fK] gk' 5{ <
-v_ dr] L dxfsfnL sxfF aufO/fVgk' 5{ <
-u_ ;kgfdf s] cuF fn]/ ;'Tg'k5{ <
-3_ s] ;uF fn]/ p7g\ k' 5{ <
-ª_ cfkm" x]g{] cfvF fx¿n] ca s] x]gk'{ 5{ <

#= vfnL 7fp“ e/L sljtfsf x/km k/" f u/ M

kfvfel/ ================== nfn'kft] ============== 5fof
ge]l6g] =================== t/ =========================dfof .
df6f]l;t ==================== dfof ==================Pskfln
d'6l' eq ============d]rL==================== ..

48 gk] fnL, sIff *

$= JofVof u/ M

;f/ªu\ Lsf :j/x¿ ;ª\uLt k]mg]{ u/
cfkm" x]g{] cfFvfx¿ b]z x]g]{ u/ .

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ sljtfdf 6f/Lel/ / af/Lel/ l;k /f]Kg lsg elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ sljtfsf] bf];|f] Znfs] df dge{' Gbf cl3 s] ug{k' 5{ elgPsf] 5 <
-u_ xfdLn] xfd|f] l;k / >dnfO{ lsg bz] sf nflu vlr{g'k5{ <
-#_ ‘l;k / >d’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj s] xf] <

zAbe08f/

^= ldNg] cy{ 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

cfFvf, dfof, cfl;s, ls/0f, gog, k|sfz, k]|d, cfzLjf{b

&= pN6f] cy{ 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

jfl/, ;kgf, p7, dfof, 3fd, ;t' , 5fof, kfl/, 30[ ff, ljkgf

*= cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

l;k, kfv/' f, d'6', ;f/ª\uL, ;kgf

(= z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ M

d:ofª{ \bL, l;h{gf, cuF fn]/, ;uF fn/]

!)= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v M

P:tf], ;f]/x¿, atn' /] , jf/Le/L

!!= sljtfsf] t;] f| ] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f//] lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

gk] fnL, sIff * 49

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!@= k9, ae' m / u/ M

xfdLn] 6f/Lel/, af/Lel/ l;k /f]kf}“nf . tF lxdfndf r'nL yKg] eP;\ . ltdL
;kgfdf ;u/dfyf cFufn]/ ;'t . xfdL l;hg{ fsf uLtx¿ ;Fufn/] p7f}“ .

dflysf jfSodf cfPsf uf9f cIf/sf lj|mofkbn] jStfsf] dgf]efj JoSt u/]sf
5g\ . ljm| ofkbn] dn" tM ;Defjgfy{, OR5fy{ / cf1fy{ efj JoSt ub5{ g\ . tnsf]
tflnsf k9 / a'em M

stf{ ;Defjgfy { OR5fy { cf1fy{

tF xfn] f;,\ hfnf;\ eP;\ uP;\ hf, k9\

ltdL hfpnf, k9fn} f uP, k9 ] hfpm, k9

d hfpFnf, k9'nF f hfpmF, k9F"

xfdL hfcf}Fnf, k9fnF} f hfcf,}F k9fF}

pm hfnf, k9\nf hfcf;] ,\ k9f;] \

pgLx¿ hfnfg,\ k9n\ fg\ hfpmg\, k9"g\

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L OR5fy,{ cf1fy{ / ;Defjgfy{ lj|mofkbsf] ko| fu]
u/L kfrF kfrF cf6] f jfSox¿ agfpm .

!#= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\st] sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ pgLx¿ sljtf ============= . -n]v\ M OR5fy{_

-v_ ltdL sljtf ===================== . -k9\ M cf1fy{_

-u_ ltgLx¿ sljtf jfrg ============== . -u/\ M ;Defjgfy_{

-3_ ;ljgf / ;/fh] 3D' g ======== . -hf M cf1fy_{

-ª_ xfdL uf}/j;fy =============== . -afFr\ M OR5fy_{

-r_ d /fd|f] sljtf ============ . -k9\ M ;Defjgfy{_

-5_ pm b]zsf nflu ========. -n8\ M OR5fy{_

50 gk] fnL, sIff *

-h_ pgLx¿ sljtf uf]i7Ldf ============== . -hf M ;Defjgfy{_
-em_ cfl:tsf k/LIffdf ky| d =============== . -x' M ;Defjgfy{_
-`_ xfdL /fdf| ] uLt ============== . -ufp M OR5fy{_

!$= k9, a'em / u/ M

kf7df ko| f]u ePsf ‘/fv, nfUof,] uP;,\ eP;’\ h:tf zAb s/0f lj|mofkb x'g\ .
s/0f lj|mofkbn] xf] jf xG' 5 eGg] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbG5 . dflysf lj|mofkbnfO{
cs/0fdf kl/jtg{ ubf{ j|mdzM ‘g/fv, nfu]g, guP;,\ geP;\’ h:tf lgifw] fTds
ljm| ofkb aG5g\ . cs/0fn] xfO] g jf xFb' g} eGg] gsf/fTds cy{ lbG5 . s/0f /
cs/0f lj|mofkbl;t ;DalGwt Jofs/0ffTds sf]6L x'g\ . s/0fnfO{ cs/0f agfpFbf
cfjZostfcg';f/ lj|mofkbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf ‘g’ ylkG5 eg] cs/0fnfO{
s/0f agfpFbf ‘g’ lemlsG5 . h:t} M

s/0f jfSo cs/0f jfSo
7n' f] kfgL knf{ . 7n' f] kfgL gknf{ .
efO 3'Dg uP5 . efO 3'Dg uPg5 .
p;n] ;a} sfd ug{] 5 . p;n] ;a} sfd ug{] 5g} .
/fd|/L k9] kf; eOG5 . /fd|/L gk9] kf; eObF }g .
pgLx¿ 3/ hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ 3/ hfFb}gg\ .
dflysf] sljtfaf7 kf“rcf6] f s/0f lj|mofkbx¿ l6k]/ cs/0fdf abn .

!%= tn s/0f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L
jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

agfF}, unfg{ ,\ afrF , u5{, k9f;] \, uy{]F

l;h{gfTds cEof;

!^= kf7sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp7f sljtf nv] /] sIffdf ;an} fO{ ;g' fpm .

g]kfnL, sIff * 51

* e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u?' ª

gk] fn kf| sl[ ts ljljwtfn] el/k0" f{ ;G' b/ dn' s' xf ] . lxdfn, kxf8,
t/fO,{ 5fuF f, 5x/f, le/kfvf, pkTosf / vfrF] x¿n] of] bz] nfO{ yk
cfsifs{ agfPsf 5g \ . hftLo, eflifs / ;f:+ sl[ ts bl[ i6sf0] fn]
;dt] gk] fn ;d4[ 5 . oxL gk] fnL el"ddf ;dosf] sfnv08df so} fF}
dxfg\ JolStx¿ hGds] f 5g \ . pgLx¿n] bz] sf nflu pNnv] gLo
of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?ª
cu| kªl\ Stdf cfp5F g \ . pgL /fi6s« f] pGgltsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{
ofh] gf agfpg] ofh] gfljb\ klg xg'  \ .

u'?ªsf] hGd lj= ;=+ !((% k;' @! ut] ePsf] lyof ] . pgsf lktf k|;fxL u?' ª /
dftf dfo;]jf] u'?ª xg'  \ . pgL ndhª' lhNnfsf] ªfbL vfn] f glhs} t/frF ] eGg] ufpdF f
hGds] f x'g\ . pgL ;fg}b]lv uDeL/, lrGtgzLn Pjd\ ;/n / ldng;f/ k|s[ltsf lyP .
gf} jif{sf] pd]/;Dd pgL cfkmg\ } ufpsF f n]saF;] L, vt] af/L / kfvfkv]/fdf /dfP .
pgsf] afNosfn ;v' b jftfj/0fdf laTof ] . gf} jifk{ l5 sf7df8f}F l5g{] df}sf kfPsf
pgn] s]xL ;do sf7df8fsF} f] b/af/ xfO:sn' df k9 ] . To;kl5 pgL cfkm\gf lktfsf]
;fydf ef/tsf] bx] /fbg' ku' ] / ufv] fn{ L kN6gsf] lrN8g]« :sn' df egf{ eP . ToxLaF f6 pgn]
Dofl6s« k/LIff pQL0f{ u/] / gk] fn kms]{ . gk] fn kms]{kl5 lqrGb| snh] df cfO{=P=df egf{
eP . o;kl5 e"ufn] ljifo lnP/ pRr lzIff xfl;n u/ ] . ;g\ !(^% df pgn] an] fotsf]
P8g] a/f ljZjljBfnoaf6 kfv] /f pkTosfsf] e"uf]n ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw u/] . eu" f]n
ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw ug{] pgL g} klxnf] g]kfnL eP .

pkTosf – kxf8sf] km]bLsf] ;dy/ hldg, rf/l} t/ kxf8n] 3]/s] f] larsf] ;dy/ efu
;d4[ – wgL
eu" f]nljb\ – e"ufn] sf] 1fg ePsf] JolSt
ofh] gfljb\ – of]hgf agfpg hfGg] JolSt
uDeL/ – ulx/f], zfGt
lrGtgzLn – lrGtg ug,{] ljrf/zLn

52 gk] fnL, sIff *

‘laxfgLn] lbpF;f]sf] ;ª\s]t u5{’ eg] em}F xs{ u'?ª ;fg}b]lv nugzLn, Odfgbf/
/ cg'zfl;t lyP . pgL cfkmg\ f ;fyLx¿ / u'?x¿sf dfem c;fWo} lk|o lyP .
;fg}b]lv cfkmg\ f] ufpF3/df ePsf jgkfvf, gfua]nL k/s] f kxf8x¿ / ToxfF /dfpg] r/f
r?' ªu\ Lsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;g' /] nfl] eGy ] . afNosfnbl] v g} oxL kf| s[lts jftfj/0fn] pgsf]
dgnfO{ dfl] xt kf/s] f] lyof ] . To;n} ] eu" fn] ljifosf] cWoog ug{] / bz] sf] eu" fn] sf] gS;f
sfg] {] clenfiff pgsf] dgdf ;hLj eP/ cfof ] . xs{ u?' ª vn] vN] g,] lrq sfg] {] /
lxdfn r9\g] sfddf klg ?lr /fVy ] . km6' an vn] pgnfO{ c;fWo}dg kYof{ ] . lrq
sfg] ]{ snf eg] pgn] dgfª] nfdfaf6 l;ss] f lyP . pgL c;fWo} ;G' b/ lrqx¿ agfpyF  ] .
lj=;+ @)!# df ePsf] /fi6J« ofkL lrqsnf kl| tofl] utfdf pgn] sf/] s] f] 8fFkm] / dg' fnsf] lrq
;jf]{Tsi[ 6 7xl/of ] . oxL lrq kl5 uP/ xn' fs l6s6sf ¿kdf k|sfzg eof ] .

xs{ u?' ª gk] fnL wtL{df pbfPsf Pp6f hfHjNodfg tf/f x'g \ . Pp6} JolStdf w]/} u0' f
e]l6g'n] pgnfO{ ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL JolSt dflgG5 . pgn] eu" f]n, hg;ªV\ of, ko{6g,
hfthflt, cy{zf:q, kj{tf/fx] 0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg k':tsx¿ n]vs] f 5g\ .
pgn] nv] s] f c7f/cf6] f k:' tsx¿ k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . pgL ljb]zL;Fu C0f lnP/
b]znfO{ rnfpgx' 'Gg eGy] . cfkmg\ } bz] df ePsf ;Dkbfaf6 b]znfO{ rnfpg'k5{ / cfkmg\ }
v6' \6fdf pleg'k5{ eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof ] . xs{ u'?ª of] b]zsf] eu" f]nsf] gS;f sf]g]{
/ ljsf;sf] ofh] gf agfpg] JolSt x'g\ . pgn] g]kfnsf] eu" fn] sf af/]df ulx/f] cWoog
u/s] f lyP . gk] fn ef}ufl] ns / k|fs[lts b[li6n] lgs} ;DkGg 5 . oxfsF f lxdfn, kxf8
/ t/fOs{ f hªu\ nx¿df axd' N" o h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g \ . tL h8La'6Lx¿nfO{ laj|mL u//]
bz] sf] cyt{ Gq alnof] agfpg'k5{ eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof ] . bu' d{ If]qsf] ljsf;
u//] dfq ;'ud If]qsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff lyof ] . pgL g]kfnsf
hghfltsf] pTyfgsf af/d] f cfjfh p7fpg] JolSt xg'  \ . pgn] cfkm" ‘Pl;of PG8 kl] ;lkms
8]enkd]G6 ;G] 6/’ dnl] ;ofsf] kd| 'v xb'F f ‘km];h] ckm gk] fn’ gfds k:' ts n]v ] . o;
k:' tsn] gk] fnsf hghfltnfO{ ljZjdf lrgfpg] sfd u¥of ] .

gfuan] L – gfu -;k_{ sf] lxF8fO h:tf] afªu\ f]l6ªu\ f]
clenfiff – OR5f, rfxgf
;jf]{Ts[i6 – ;a}eGbf /fdf| ,] ;jfQ{] d
hfHjNodfg – k|efjzfnL, Hofb} rlDsnf]
bu' d{ – dl' :sn;Fu dfq hfg ;lsg] 7fpF
;u' d – ;lhn;} uF kU' g ;lsg], ;'ljwf ;DkGg 7fpF

gk] fnL, sIff * 53

xs{ u'?ª slxNo} JolStut :jfyd{ f nfug] g \ . pgn] kb, kl| ti7f / k;} fsf] df]xkl| t
nfu/] cfkmg\ f] :jfledfg u'dfPgg\ . pgL ;w}F cWoog / cg;' Gwfgdf Jo:t /x] . pgn]
/fi6«sf] pGglt / k|ultsf nflu lgeL{stfsf ;fy :ki6jfbL / Odfgbf/ eP/ sfd u/] .
ljljw Ifq] df pgsf] ofu] bfg /xo\ f] tfklg pgL dn" tM ofh] gfsf/sf ¿kdf a9L rlr{t 5g\ .
pgn] /fli6o« ofh] gf cfofu] sf] pkfWoIf;dt] eP/ sfd u/ ] . Tolt an] f cfkmg\ f] bz] nfO{
s;/L ljsl;t agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf dxŒjk0" f{ ljrf/x¿ cufl8 ;f/] . pgn]
lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf If]qdf 7'nf] ofu] bfg lbP . pgn] cufl8 ;f/]sf of]hgf / ljsf;n]
cfh klg b]zsf] pGgltdf nfUg yk pmhf{ k|bfg u/s] f] 5 .

xs{ u'?ªn] jg, jGohGt', /fli6«o lgs'~h / cf/If0f Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t
ljzi] f 1fg xfl;n u/s] f lyP . pgL gk] fn / gk] fnLsf nflu uj{ ug{ nfos JolSt
xg'  \ . pgsf] lgwg lj=;+ @)^# c;f]h & ut] x]lnsf]K6/ b3' 6{ gfdf k/L eof ] . To; lbg
s~rghª3\ f ;/+ If0f Ifq] cfofh] gfsf] Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f sfoj{ m| ddf ;xefuL xg' hfg]
sfo{jm| d lyof ] . pgL k"jL{ g]kfnsf] 3'G;f ufpaF f6 tfKn]h'ªsf] km'ªlnªsf nflu p8]sf]
>L Po/nfOG;sf] xl] nsf]K6/df r9s] f lyP . ;f] x]lnsfK] 6/ b3' 6{ gfdf kbf{ c¿ rf}la;
hgfsf] ;dt] b'Mvb lgwg ePsf] lyof] . of] bM' vb 36gfsf] va/n] l;ªu\ f] /fi6« :tAw /
zfs] dUg eof ] .

xs{ u'?ª cfh xfdL;fd' 5g} g\ t/ gk] fn / g]kfnLsf nflu lbPsf] of]ubfgsf sf/0f
pgL ;as} f] dgdf hLljt 5g \ . pgsf] gfddf ljZj jGohGt' sfi] fn] 5fqj[lŒf sf]if
:yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . o; sfi] fsf] :yfkgfaf6 jGohGt' / jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0fdf nfu]sf
JolStnfO{ 5fqjl[ Œf k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf] ;Demgfdf gk] fn ;/sf/n] pgs}
hGd:yfgdf ;flns lgdf{0f u//] ;Ddfg k|s6 u/s] f] 5 . pgsf] cg's/0fLo cfbz{
hLjg ufyfaf6 ;wF} /fi6s« f] pTyfgdf nfUg'kg{] k|]/0ff lng ;lsG5 .

lgeLs{ – s;;} uF g8/fpg] g]kfnL, sIff *
pmhf{ – zlSt
lgs'~h – jGohGt' tyf ?vx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf lglDt hfu] fOg] Ifq]
;+/If0f – hfu] fpg] sfd
:tAw – kL8fn] af]Ng} g;Sg]
zf]sdUg – zfs] df 8a' s] f]
cgs' /0fLo – gSsn jf cg's/0f ug{ nfos

54

cEof;

!= sIffdf kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ gk] fn s'g sg' s'/fn] ;d4[ 5 <

-v_ xs{ u'?ªsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

-u_ xs{ u?' ªn] s;af6 lrq agfpg] snf l;ss] f lyP <

-3_ xs{ u'?ªsf] d[To' slxn] eof] <

-ª_ xs{ u'?ªsf] ;Demgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] s] u/]sf] 5 <

#= l7s a]l7s 56' \ofP/ n]v M

-s_ xs{ u'?ªsf] hGd ndhª' lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ xs{ u'?ª lj1fg ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ klxnf] gk] fnL x'g\ .
-u_ xs{ u'?ª eu" fn] ljb\ tyf of]hgfsf/ xg'  \ .
-3_ xs{ u?' ª ljb]zL C0f lnP/ eP klg b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljrf/

/fVy] .
-ª_ xs{ u?' ªn] w/] } lstfax¿ n]vs] f 5g\ .

$= kf7sf] rfy} f] cgR' 5]b lzIfsaf6 ;g' / tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M

-s_ xs{ u'?ª sg' s'g sfddf ?lr /fVy] <
-v_ xs{ u'?ªnfO{ s'g vn] c;fWo} dg kYof]{ <
-u_ /fi6J« ofkL lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ xs{ u?' ªn] sf/] ]sf] s'g lrq ;jf]T{ si[ 6 7xl/of] <
-ª_ xs{ u'?ª s:tf lrqx¿ agfpFy] <
-r_ ‘;jfT{] si[ 6’ zAbsf] cy{ s] xf] <

%= kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cgR' 5b] /fd/| L k9/] rf/cf6] f dV' o ab“' f l6k / Ps tt[ Lofzd+ f

;f/fz+ nv]  .

g]kfnL, sIff * 55

^= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ xs{ u?' ªsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <
-v_ xs{ u?' ªnfO{ s] ug{] clenfiff cfof] <
-u_ xs{ u?' ªnfO{ lsg axd' v' L k|ltefsf wgL JolSt dflgG5 <
-3_ xs{ u?' ªn] gk] fnL efiff, hfthflt / bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ljrf/x¿

cufl8 ;f/] <
-ª_ xs{ u'?ªsf] dT[ o' s;/L eof] <
-r_ xs{ u'?ªsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k]|/0ff lng ;lsG5 <

&= efj :ki6 u/ M

g]kfn kf| sl[ ts ljljwtfn] el/k0" f{ ljZjsf] ;'Gb/ d'n's xf ] .

zAbe08f/

*= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M jGohGt'

;'ud ;G' b/ b[Zo ks| flzt
cbZ[ o bu' {d ck|sflzt s¿' k

(= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M

lgs~' h, cgs' /0fLo, ;hLj, hfHjNodfg, pkTosf

!)= cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

ko6{ g, nugzLn, x:tfGt/0f, 5fqj[lQ

!!= /fi6« ± JofkL = /fi6J« ofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘JofkL’ hf8] /] gof“
zAb agfpm M

lhNnf, kb| z] , bz] , pkTosf, ;Ktfx

56 gk] fnL, sIff *

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!@= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

;d4[ , ;f+:s[lts, pQL0f{, clenfiff, hfHjNodfg, cyz{ f:q, :ki6jfbL, Joj:yf

!#= af]nfO / nv] fOsf] km/s ae' m M

af]nfO nv] fO
O:sn' :sn'
lb|l:6 b[li6
sf7dfG8' sf7df8f}F
k|flslts{ kf| s[lts
lhag hLjg

!$= kf7df C0f, pQL0f{, gk] fn, lgeLs{ tf h:tf ‘0f’ / ‘g’ j0fs{ f] ko| f]
u ePsf w]/} zAbx¿ 5g\ . ‘0f’ / ‘g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf bz bzcf]6f
zAbx¿ kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nv]  .

!%= kf7sf] t];|f] cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] nv]  .
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f

!^= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ªs]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ u/ M

-s_ xs{ u'?ªn] e"uf]nsf] gS;f sf]/ ] . -k"0f{ et" _

-v_ xs{ u?' ªn] lrN8]g« :sn' af6 Dofl6«s pQL0f{ u/ ] . -c1ft et" _

-u_ pgL cg'zfl;t eP/ k9y\ ] . -ck0" f{ et" _

-3_ pgsf k':tsx¿ ks| fzg eP . -k0" f{ jt{dfg_

-ª_ pgL ;'Gb/ b[Zox¿nfO{ x/] /] d:' s'/fpFy ] . -;fdfGo jtd{ fg_

g]kfnL, sIff * 57

!&= kf7sf] ;ftf}“ cgR' 5b] nfO{ k"0f{ jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gnv{] g u/ .
!*= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd/| L k9 / a'em M

xs{ u'?ª ljb]zL;uF C0f lnP/ b]znfO{ rnfpg'x'Gg / cfkmg\ f] b]zdf ePsf
;Dkbfaf6 bz] nfO{ rnfpgk' 5{ clg cfkm\g} v'66\ fdf pleg'k5{ eGg] dxfg\ ljrf/
/fVy] . pgL cfh xfdL;fd' 5}gg\ t/ pgn] gk] fnLsf nflu lbPsf] ofu] bfgsf sf/0f
;a}sf] dgdf hLljt 5g\ .
dflysf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf /, clg, eGg], t/ h:tf zAbx¿ ;+of]hs
xg' \ . oLafx]s jf, cyjf, tfklg, lsgeg,] ha ta, eg,] Pjd,\ tyf, gq,
t}klg, To;}n], lsgls, gqeg] cflb zAbx¿n] klg jfSodf ;+of]hssf] sfd
u5g{ \ . ;o+ fh] sn] bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L kb, kbfjnL, jfSo / jfSo v08nfO{ hf8] g\ ]
sfd u5{ .
dflysf] kf7af6 km/s km/s ;+of]hs k|of]u ePsf s'g} tLgcf]6f jfSo
vf]h/] nv]  .

58 g]kfnL, sIff *

l;h{gfTds cEof;

!(= tn lbOPsf ab“' fx¿sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL n]v/] lzIfsnfO{
b]vfpm M

gfd M ufk] fnk;| fb l/dfn
hGd M lj=;=+ !(&% h7] !*, sf7df8f}F
dftflktf M cflbTosd' f/L / pdfsfGt l/dfn
lzIff M lj=;+= !((@ sf] k|jl] zsf k/LIffdf ky| d >]0fLdf ky| d
;n+ Ugtf
lj=;+= !(() b]lv g} ;flxTo nv] gdf nfu]sf
efiffgj' fb kl/ifbd\ f ;/sf/L nv] ssf ¿kdf hflu/,] ‘zf/bf’ klqsfsf

;Dkfbs, lj=;+ !((& df rfw} dlxgf;Dd nK6g eO{ sfd u/]sf
kd| v' k|sflzt sl[ tx¿
‘d;fg’ / ‘of] k]|d’ -gf6s_ ‘cfdfsf] ;kgf’ -sljtf ;ª\ux| _
;flxlTos ljz]iftfx¿
lg8/, jm| flGtsf/L / :jfledfgL JolSt
g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf6s / uB sljtfsf If]qdf pTsi[ 6 of]ubfg

lbPsf
;fdflhs ljeb] sf] lj/fw] ub{} sljtfdf kt| LsfTds zn} Ldf ljbf| x] L

:j/ lbg] slj
;Ddfg tyf k/' :sf/ M dbg k'/:sf/ -@)!(_, lqe'jg k/' :sf/ -@)#)_
d[To' M lj=;=+ @)#), sflQs * ut,] sf7df8f F}

@)= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckfª\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo
sfox{ ¿nfO{ ;d6] /] Pp6f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / kb| zg{ kf6Ldf 6f;“  .

gk] fnL, sIff * 59

( ks| l[ t / jftfj/0f

dflg; k|sl[ tsf] pkh xf] . ks| [lt JolSt jf j:t'sf] ljz]iftf xf] . afgL, :jefj
cflbnfO{ klg k|s[lt elgG5 . o;n] hut\sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;nfO{ klg ;ª\st] u5{ .
jftfj/0f zAbn] dn" ¿kdf kY[ jL jl/kl/sf] xfjfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;n] dflg;, hLj /
jg:kltsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;dt] ;ªs\ t] u5{ . ks| [lt / jftfj/0f dfgj hLjg;uF kT| oIf
;DaGw /fVg] ljifo x'g\ .

k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hLjg jftfj/0fdf lge{/ /xG5 . ;l[ i6jm| d;uF } k|sl[ tdf kf| 0fL /
jg:kltsf] hLjgsf nflu lglZrt jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0fs} sf/0f
k|f0fL / hLjlar 3lgi6 ;DaGw :yfkgf xG' 5 . ljZjdf /x]sf hLjx¿dWo] dflg;
;j{>i] 7 kf| 0fL xf] . dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ laufg{ / hf]ufpg klg ;S5 . jg:klt / cGo
hLjn] ks| l[ t ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sbg} g\ . k|fsl[ ts ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ eg] hLj / jg:klt
b'j}sf] el" dsf x'G5 . ;a} kf| 0fL / jg:klt lglZrt kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLleq /x]sf
x'G5g\ . k|s[ltsf] o; ;Gtl' nt cj:yfleq hLj / jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;/' lIft x'G5 .
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL vnalnof] eg] kf| sl[ ts cj:yf c;Gtl' nt xG' 5 . o;af6 jg:klt nfk]
x'g] / hLjn] cg]sf}F ;ªs\ 6 em]Ng'kg]{ xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ;DkbfnfO{ hf]ufO/fvd] f jftfj/0f
;+/If0f x'G5 . jghª\un, gbL, lxdfn, kxf8, vlgh cflbnfO{ ;Gtl' nt 9ªu\ n] pkofu]
ug'k{ 5{ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] of] sfo{ dflg;n] dfq ug{ ;S5 .

pkh – pTkGg x'g] sg' } j:t', efjgf jf ljrf/
hut \ – ;;+ f/
jg:klt – k|foM k"mn gkmn' L kmn nfUg] ?v ljzi] f, af6] la?jf, ntf cflb
lge{/ – e/f;] fdf /xs] f], cfl>t
3lgi6 – Hofb} glhssf]
;/+ If0f – hfu] fpg] sfd, ;'/Iff
kfl/l:ylts – kl/l:yltn] hGdfPsf,] pAhfPsf]

vlgh – hldgleq /xs] f], vfgLaf6 lgsflng] jf lg:sg] gk] fnL, sIff *

60

dflg;n] cfkmg\ f] ;'ljwfsf nflu kf| s[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u5{ . k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf]
pkofu] ubf{ ljjs] k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . dflg;sf cljjs] L ljm| ofsnfkn] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] df ljsl[ t
cfpF5 . k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ljs[t eof] eg] lj;ªu\ lt b]vf k5{ . xfdLn] e"Ifo, af9L,
klx/f,] cltjl[ i6, cgfjl[ i6 h:tf ;d:of efU] gk' 5{ . ?vla?jf dfl;G5g\ . hLjx¿sf] hLjg
;ªs\ 6u|:t xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f}Gbo{ gfl;G5 . vfBfGg, kmnk"mn, t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg sd
x'G5 . df};ddf kl/jtg{ cfp5F . afnLgfnLsf] pTkfbg ;do kl/jtg{ x'G5 . gbLx¿
;S' g yfN5g\ . lxdfnx¿ kUng yfN5g\ . o;sf] kl| tkmn dflg; :jod\ ;ª\s6df
k5{ . o;y{ jftfj/0f k|lts"n x'g glbg / k|sl[ t :jR5 /fVg dflg;n] g} ko| Tg ug'k{ 5{ .

dflg; a'l4n] afRF 5 . dflg;;uF ;fR] g] dl:tis / sfd ug{] xft 5g\ . dl:tisn]
;'Gb/ k|s[ltsf] sNkgf ug'{k5{ . dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk jftfj/0fsf] /Iffdf s]lGb|t
xg' k' 5{ . j1} flgs rdTsf/ / dfgjLo pGgltleq ks| l[ tsf] ljgfz ;dl] 6g' xbF' g} . kf| sl[ ts
;|ft] sf] kl/rfng ubf{ cfkmg\ } v'66\ fdf aGr/f] xfGg' x'Fbg} . dflg; sNkgfzLn kf| 0fL
klg xf] . p;n] ljsf;, pGglt, cfljisf/, /rgf, l;hg{ fsf ¿kdf sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/

ljj]s – c;n / v/fa 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf
eI" fo – af9L, klx/f] cflbaf6 hldg efl;g], aUg] jf gfl;g] sfd
sNkgfzLn
– sNkgf ug]{, ;f]rljrf/ ug{] Ifdtf ePsf]
g]kfnL, sIff *
61

u5{ . sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg{] / p2]Zo kl" t{ ug{] jm| ddf ks| l[ tsf] ljgfz ug'{ xb'F }g . dfgjLo
ljm| ofsnfk jftfj/0f kl| ts"n eP dflg; ;ªs\ 6sf] ed' /Ldf km:5 . hLjg ;/n
agfpg dflg;n] pBf]uwGbf :yfkgf u5{ / snsf/vfgf rnfpF5 . o;n] jftfj/0fdf
/xs] f] xfjf, kfgL / hldg kb| "lift agfpF5 . 7n' f] cfjfh lgsfNg] ldl;g, oftfoft
/ ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ ;~rfngn] Wjlg kb| i" f0f u/fpF5g\ . o:t} s[lif sfod{ f ljiffbL
ko| fu] ugf{n] vfgs] /' fdf cvfB /;fog ldl;G5 . /f;folgs dnsf] clws / cJojl:yt
ko| fu] n] k|fªu\ fl/s pTkfbgdf sdL cfp5F . oL ;an} ] jftfj/0f kl| tsn" agfp5F g\ .
bl" ift xfjf / kfgLsf] ko| fu] n] ljleGg /fu] lglDtG5g\ . hldg kb| l" ift eP pAhgL 36\5 .

hªu\ n ljgfz eof] eg] ;S' vf, v8/] Lnufot cg]sfF} ;d:of bl] vG5g\ . kfgLsf ;f| ]t ;'Sg
yfN5g\ . jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg ljgfz xG' 5 . pBfu] af6 lg:sg] wj' fF / ljiffn' Uof;F n]
jftfj/0fdf xflgsf/s UofF;sf] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;o" {af6 cfpg] xflgsf/s ls/0f /fS] g]
jftfj/0fsf] cfh] f]g tx kftlnbF } 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k jg:klt / hLj nf]k x'g,] kf| s[lts
ljklQ cfpg,] cDn jiff{ xg' ] jm| d a95\ . ;fy} cg]sfF} /f]u b]vf kg,{] vfBfGg / kfgLsf]
cefj x'g] h:tf ;ªs\ 6 b]lvPsf 5g\ . kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md a9g\ yfns] f] 5 . oL ;as} f]
sf/s dflg; xf] . dflg;n] dfq ks| [ltnfO{ cgs' "n agfO{ jftfj/0f /Iff ug{ ;S5 .

;Gtl' nt jftfj/0fsf] pTk/]| s klg dflg; g} xf] . kY[ jLdf cg]sfF} kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf
5g\ . kY[ jLdf kf| Kt ;Dkbf ;as} f nflu cfjZos k5{g\ . ltgsf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu]
ug'k{ 5{ . k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwg eljiosf nflu klg hfu] fpgk' 5{ . k[YjL ;as} f] ;femf
3/ xf] . kY[ jLsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klg ;dfgk' flts ko| f]u ug'{k5{ . k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] sf]
pkof]un] k|sl[ tnfO{ s'¿k agfpg' xFb' }g . uf;F , jf; / skf;sf] k|oTgn] jftfj/0f
vnalng' xFb' }g . dflg;nfO{ jg:klt rflxG5 . jg:klt dflg;n] hfu] fpg ;S5 .
jg:kltsf] pkofu] ugf{;fy p;n] gofF la?jf nufpg'k5{ . 3/ / ljBfno jl/kl/
la?jf /fK] gk' 5{ . gfª\uf 8f8F f xl/of agfpgk' 5{ . c´ ;s] k|To]s JolStn] kT| os] hGd
lbgdf ?v /f]k]/ ze' sfdgf ;f6g\ ] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . ?vla?jfsf] ;~ro ug'k{ 5{ .

kfgL hLjgbflogL ;f| t] xf] . kfgLsf ;f| t] sf] ;/' Iff u/L kb| i" f0f xg' af6 /fS] gk' 5{ .
hldgdf k|fª\ufl/s dn lapsf] k|of]u a9fpg'k5{ . a9L pTkfbg lng] gfddf
hldgnfO{ ljiffbLsf] e08f/ agfpg' x'Fbg} . ;f; km]g{ rflxg] xfjfnfO{ b"lift agfpg'

;~ro – cln cln u/L a6'n]/ w/] } kfg]{ sfd
hLjgbflogL – hLjg lbg,] hLjgsf nflu geO{ gxg' ]

62 gk] fnL, sIff *

xF'b}g . hLjhGt'sf] cjw} l;sf/ / rf/] L lgsf;L cGTo ugk{' 5{ . jg km8F fgL / jGo kbfy{
t:s/Lsf] cGTo ug{k' 5{ . kf| 0f arfpg] h8La6' Lsf] ;bk' ofu] ugk'{ 5{ . af6f3] f6f,]
k'nkn' ;] f, ejg lgdf0{ f ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' gnfO{ kf| yldstf lbgk' 5{ . oL ;a} sfos{ f
nflu dfgjLo ;f]r, ljm| ofsnfk / Jojxf/nfO{ z4' Ls/0f ugk'{ 5{ . dflg;sf] :jR5
ljrf/n] ;G' b/ ks| l[ t lgdf0{ f ug{ ;S5 . ljj]szLn Jojxf/n] ;Gt'lnt jftfj/0f l;hg{ f
ug{ ;S5 . ;xcl:tTj / ef| t[Tj efjn] ljZjsf] dx' f/ x;F fpg ;S5 .

hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f / k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] :Jffy{k"0f{ k|ofu] n] k|s[lt /
jftfj/0f bj' s} f] ljgfz u5{ . jftfj/0f :jR5 geP dflg; c:j:y x'G5 . dflg;sf]
/fd|f] ;f]r, :jf:Yo / ;Gtl' i6sf nflu jftfj/0f :jR5 xg' k' 5{ . ;G' b/ ks| l[ tn] :j:y ljrf/
hGdfp5F . k|sl[ tdf ;ª\s6 cfP dflg;sf] dg / dl:tis :j:y x'bF }g . jftfj/0f
ljgfz eP dflg;sf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df k5{ . o;af6 aRg xfdL ;a} ;r]t aGg'k5{ .
s~rg ks| [lt / jftfj/0fsf nflu hg:t/df rt] gf kmn} fpgk' 5{ . ks| l[ t, jftfj/0f /
dflg; larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ arfO{ /fVgk' 5{ . c;n ljrf/ / ;Tk|oTgn] k|sl[ t / jftfj/0f
;G' b/ agfpg'k5{ .

t:s/L – n's/] ul/g] cj}w Jofkf/ 63

s~rg – :jR5, ;kmf

;Tk|oTg – c;n ko| f;, sfl] ;;

gk] fnL, sIff *

cEof;

!= sIffdf dflysf] kf7 cfnf]kfnf] u/L k9 .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ s] u/]df jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f xG' 5 <
-v_ dflg; s:tf] cj:yfdf ;ªs\ 6sf] e'd/Ldf km:5 <
-u_ dflg;n] s'g ¿kdf sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kf5{ <
-3_ lsg k|fs[lts ;|ft] df ljsl[ t cfp5F <
-ª_ jftfj/0f zAbn] dn" ¿kdf s]nfO{ hgfpF5 <
-r_ s'g sg' s/' fnfO{ ;Gtl' nt 9ª\un] pkofu] ugk{' 5{ <
-5_ dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfk s]df sl] Gb|t x'gk' 5{ <
-h_ dflg;n] jftfj/0fsf] /Iff s;/L ug{ ;S5 <
-em_ jftfj/0f ljgfz eP s] x'G5 <

#= pkoS' t zAb /fv/] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hLjg ============== df lge{/ /xG5 .
-v_ ;xcl:tTj =========== efjn] ljZjsf] d'xf/ x;F fpg ;S5 .
-u_ hldg b"lift eP ================= 365\ .
-3_ kf| s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ hf]ufO/fvd] f ======================= ;/+ If0f xG' 5 .
-ª_ ?vla?jfsf] ============== ug'{k5{ .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ dflg;sf s:tf ljm| ofsnfkn] ubf{ jftfj/0f k|ltsn" xG' 5 <
-v_ jftfj/0f k|ltsn" xbF' } hfbF f clxn] s] s] ;ª\s6x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ <
-u_ xfdLn] ;Gtl' nt jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ <

64 gk] fnL, sIff *

%= efj :ki6 u/ M

-s_ j}1flgs rdTsf/ / dfgjLo pGgltleq ks| l[ tsf] ljgfz ;dl] 6g' xb'F g} .
-v_ dflg;sf] /fd|f] ;f]r, :jf:Yo / ;Gt'li6sf nflu jftfj/0f :jR5 x'gk' 5{ .

^= kf7sf] t;] f| ] cgR' 5b] k9L rf/cf6] f dV' o ab“' fx¿ l6k / ;f/fz+ nv] .

zAbe08f/

&= ldNbf] cy{ 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M hut\
jfo' kf| s[lts
:jR5 k'~h ;o" { xfjf
/f; lbjfs/ ;kmf ;;+ f/

*= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb 5fg]/ hf8] f ldnfpm M

hLjg ;Gtn' g kf| s[lts cltjl[ i6 kl| tsn"
ckf| s[lts d/0f cgfj[li6 c;Gtn' cvfB cg'sn"

(= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M

e"Ifo, ;/+ If0f, ljjs] , cltjl[ i6

!)= lj±sl[ t = ‘ljs[lt’ ePh:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf ‘lj’ pk;u{ nufP/
gofF zAb agfpm M

1fg, of]u, rf/, dlt, sl[ t

!!= ljj]s ± zLn = ‘ljj]szLn’ ePh:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘zLn’ hf]8]/ gof“
zAb agfpm M

sd{, pBd, ljrf/, ult, sNkgf

!@= s'±¿k = ‘s¿' k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘s’' pk;u{ nufP/ gof“ zAb
agfpm M

sfo{, sd{, ljrf/, lbg, bl[ i6

!#= jftfj/0f ± Oo{ = ‘jftfj/0fLo’ ePh:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘Oo{ ’, k|Too
nufP/ JoT' kGg zAb agfpm M

sG] b|, dfgj, bfgj, :ju{, cfTdf 65

gk] fnL, sIff *

!$= tnsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

jg:klt, jftfj/0f, sNkgfzLn, ;~rf/, kb| "if0f, ;+/If0f, :jR5

!%= dflysf] kf7df ko| fu] ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf kf| ljlws zAbx¿ oxf“
lbOPsf 5g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ ae' m / n]v M

UofF;, cDn, pj/{ fzlSt, tfkjm| d, /;fog, vlgh, eI" fo

pRrf/0f lxHh]

!^= kf7sf] t];f| ] cg'R5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] n]v .

!&= tn lbOPsf zAb ;dx" af6 z4' zAb 5fg/] nv] M

-s_ e"Ifo, e5" o, e'Ifo
-v_ 3lg:6, 3lgZ6, 3lgi6
-u_ ca:yf, cj:yf, cj:7f
-3_ claj]sL, cljas] L, cljjs] L
-ª_ sNkgfzLn, sNkgflzn, sNkgfl;n

!*= kf7 k9L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j0f{x¿ ko| f]u ePsf kf“r kfr“ cf]6f
zAb e/ M

j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿
`
z, if, ;
g,0f
pm
a, j

!(= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5]bdf ‘:jR5, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf
zAbx¿ ko| f]u ePsf 5g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ ko| fu] ePsf c¿
kfr“ cf]6f zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v .

66 gk] fnL, sIff *

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

@)= tnsf jfSox¿ k9L s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf abn M

-s_ dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg ;S5 .
-v_ kY[ jLdf k|fKt ;Dkbf ;a}sf nflu cfjZos k5{ .
-u_ dflg;n] ks| l[ tnfO{ lauf/s] f] 5 .
-3_ dfgjLo pGgltleq ks| l[ tsf] ljgfz ;d]l6Psf] 5}g .
-ª_ dl:tisn] ;'Gb/ k|sl[ tsf] sNkgf ug{k' 5{ .
-r_ dflg; al' 4n] afRF 5 .
-5_ vfg] s/' fdf cvfB /;fog ldl;Fbg} .
-h_ ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts k|of]u ugk'{ 5{ .
-em_ 3/ / ljBfno jl/kl/ la?jf /fl] kPsf] 5}g .
-`_ dflg;n] jftfj/0fsf] ;/' Iff u/]sf] 5 .

@!= k9, a'em / u/ M

kbofu] M alxgLn,] ltdLnfO,{ lxhfb] l] v, nl' DagLaf6, ;fyLsf,] 3/df, tnlt/, dflyk6l\ 6,
cfdf;uF , pQ/tkm{, sfnLdf6L, gf6ssf/, cWoogzLn, kmn:j¿k, cfTdk/s
kbljofu] M hfg] 5, v]Nb} 5g\, k9s] f] 5, cfP xG' Yof], g tn g dfly, /fdsf nflu,
g]kfn ;/sf/, ;dfh ;j] f, dfgj wd{, dfgj clwsf/

dflysf] pbfx/0f x]/L kf7af6 kbofu] / kbljofu] ePsf kf“r kf“rcf]6f
zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv] .

l;h{gfTds cEof;

@@= ‘jftfj/0f kb| "if0f’ zLifs{ df Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g36fO{
Pp6f k|aGw nv] .

@#= ltd|f] ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f ;kmf / :jR5 /fVg s] s] ul/
Psf] 5 < sg' } kf“rcf6] f a'“bf tof/ u/ / Pp6f cg'R5b] nv] .

g]kfnL, sIff * 67

!) Pp6f 36gf

zfGtbf; dfgGw/

ljBfnosf ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ Ps} vfn] sxf“ xG' 5g\ / < t/ ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ k9g\ eg] ljBfno
kU' 5g\ . ;/' z] klg lbgx“' :s'n hfGYof] . p;sf] rfv v]n / v]Ng] k|lj|mofdf lyof] . pm
k9g\ } grfxg] ljBfyL{ eg] kSs} lyPg . pm k9g\ ;Sg] cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿sf] /fd|/L tfl/km
uYof]{ . cfkm"n] k9fOdf Wofg lbg g;ss] f] s'/f ;fyLx¿sf cl3lNt/ v'n:t /fVYof] .

;fg}b]lv p;sf] ?lr / Wofg v]nlt/ lyof] . p;nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'g} v]n}
lyPg . pm y/Ly/Lsf v]nx¿sf af/d] f hlt s'/f u/] klg yfSb}gYof] . s'/}s/' fdf pm
eGYof,] ædnfO{ t lbg lbg} ;do tflnsfcg;' f/ pxLsf pxL ljifoj:t' k9g\ /dfOnf]
nfUbg} . lbgsf lbg pxL s'/f /l6/xg' h:tf] p/f7 nfUbf] c¿ s]xL xg' ;Sb}g .
c“, ;f“Rr} k9fOdf klg t vn] v]Nbf h:t} /dfOnf] x'g] u/L k9g\ l;sfpg] lstfax¿
ePsf] eP slt ku| lt x'GYof] xf]nf, xlu Û o:tf] lsg gePsf] xf]nf < jife{ l/ pxL
lstfax¿sf] Pp6} emfn] f afs] L lxF8g\ ' h:tf] lbSs nfUbf] sfd c¿ s] 5 t <Æ ;/' ]z

tfl/km – kz| +;f ?lr – rfxgf, OR5f
/l6/xg' – s07 x'g] u/L kl9/xg' p/f7 nfUbf ] – lbSs nfUbf]
68 g]kfnL, sIff *

;fyLx¿sf] lardf o:t} kZ| g uYof{] . t/ pm emf]nfsf lstfaafx]s csf{] s'g} lstfa eg]
k9\b}gYof] . cgf}7f] s'/f s] lyof] eg] p;sf] s/' f ;G' g a;s] f p;sf ;fyLx¿ p;sf]
s/' f ;g' /] la/n} yfSy] . pm s'g} klg vn] sf] ljifodf ;'Gg]x¿ ;a} n6\l7g] u/L /dfOnf]
kf/fn] 3G6f}“;Dd aofg ug{ ;SYof] .

ljBfnosf tkma{ f6 vn] vn] s] f] efl] nkN6 sg' } sIff vfnL /xo\ f] eg] pm vn] s} s/' f
uYof{] . ;fyLx¿sf dfem /x/] vn] df s;n] s;/L /fd/| L v]Nof] clg sf] sxf“ s;/L
rS' of,] ;a} s'/fsf] an] L lj:tf/ ul//x]sf] xG' Yof] . cfh pm cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿nfO{
;g' fO/xs] f] lyof,] ælxhfs] f] vn] df ljhon] vn] s] f] vn] ;f/} /fdf| ] lyof] . p;sf kx| f/x¿ /
s/fdtn] ubf{ g} xfd|f] ljBfnon] lht xft kfg{ ;s]sf] xf] .Æ

p;sf] s/' f ;l' g/xs] f] ;d' gn] ;'/]z;“u ;f]Wof,] æxg} ;/' z] , ljhon] Tolt 6f9faf6 xfg]/
klg slt /fd/| L uf]n u/]sf,] Sof crDd Û of] p;n] s;/L ;ss] f] xf]nf xlu <Æ

æxf,] ljhosf] t s'/} gu/f},F pm v]Nbf cfkmg\ f] tg, dg ;a} nufP/ vN] 5 . yfxf 5 <
xfdf| ] km6' an l6dsf] t pm uj{ xf], uj{ . sIffdf k9\bf klg t pm ;wF} tg, dg nufP/
k95\ . xfdLn] klg ljhon] h:t} tg, dg nufP/ Wofg sl] Gbt| ug{ ;Sof}F eg] p;n] h:t}
vn] / k9fO bj' d} f k|ult ug{ ;lsxfN5f}F lg .Æ ;'/]zsf] o; s/' fdf ;as} f] ;xdlt eof] .

;/' z] lt/ kms/{] ;d' gn] kml] / eGof,] ætg, dg lbg ;Sof}F eg] v]ndf xfd|f] ku| lt xFb' }
hfG5 . clg nuftf/ cEof; ub}{ /x\of}F eg] Psflt/ cfkm" kSsf x'bF } uOG5 eg]
csfl]{ t/ gofF gofF bfp l;Sb} uOG5 . clg km6' an xfGbf To;d} f ;Dk0" f{ zlSt / Wofg
s]lb|t ug{ ;SofF} eg] htf eGof] Tot} / h;/L rfx\of] To;/L g} xfGg ;Sg] xG' 5fF} lg t .Æ

To;kl5 pgLx¿n] To; ;fn rln/xs] f] cfn] lDks vn] sf ljifodf s'/f u/] . sg'
sg' bz] n] s] slt :j0f{ kbs lht] eGg] af/]df klg 5nkmn u/] . s'/} s'/fdf km6' an
v]nsf ljifodf klg pgLx¿n] s'/f u/] . ;/' z] n] efj's eP/ lar}df eGof], æxfdL
plxn] g} ufpFsf gbL lsgf/lt/ 8'Ng hfFbf gbLsf au|7] 9'ª\ufx¿ x'TofP/ w]/} a]/;Dd
vN] YofF} . d Tolt an] f ;an} fO{ pl5GyF] . xfdL plxn] 9ª' \ufx¿ xftn] xT' ofpYF ofF} t/ km6' an
t v6' 6\ fn] kf] vN] gk' 5{ t .Æ

la/n } – slxns] fxLF, sd dfqfdf n6l\ 7g] u/L – n67\ kg{] u/L
tg – z/L/ uj { – uf}/j, cf}lrTok"0f{ cxd\ efjgf

bfp – dfs} f, cj;/, sf7kft sf6g\ k|of]u ul/g] Psk|sf/sf] xltof/

efjs' – sg' } s'/fsf] ;f]rljrf/ ug]{, ulx/f] ;f]rfOdf kg]{

g]kfnL, sIff * 69

of] s'/f ;l' g/xs] f ;an} fO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . To;} an] f r]tgn] ljBfnosf] rp/df
/x]sf] km6' annfO{ ePe/sf] zlSt lgsfn/] hf8] n] lxsf{of] . To;kl5 sz] jsf] kfnf]
cfof] . p;n] klg km6' an rt] gsf] eGbf k/ k¥' ofof] . vn] df c¿ klg ;fdn] xg' yfn] .
;/' z] ;fyLx¿sf] kl| t:kwfT{ ds vn] sf] /ldtf xl] //xs] f] lyof] . olŒfsd} f ljdnn] ;/' z] lt/
kms/]{ ;fW] of], æ;/' ]z bfO, tkfOsF{ f] slt k/;Dd kU' 5 xf]nf, PskN6 b]vfpg'xf;] \ g .Æ

Tolt an] f;Dddf ;/' z] leq Ps hgf vn] f8Lsf] dgdf png{ ] Ifdtf kb| z{g ug]{ rfxgf k/" f
r'lnO;s]sf] lyof] . rp/df al;/x]sf] ;'/]z la:tf/} p7\of] / p;n] z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{
an nufP/ hf]8n] xfGof] . To;} an] f an km" nsf] udnfdf 7f]lsP/ udnf km6' ]sf]
cfjfh cfof] . ænf,} udnf km'6]sf] xf] Sof/] ÛÆ eGb} v]ndf ;+nUg ;a} s]6fx¿ ToxfaF f6
Psk} N6 cnk eP / sIffsf7] fleq k;]/ cfcfkm\gf 7fpdF f rgfvf] eP/ a;] .

Ps} l5gkl5 Ps hgf lzIfs pgLx¿sf] sIff sf7] fdf k:ge' of] . ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ cbksf
;fy Ps}kN6 h¥ofsh'?s p7] . ljBfyL{x¿ a:g gkfpFb} lzIfsn] ;fW] ge' of,] ædnfO{
nfU5 ltdLx¿n] klg bv] ]s} xf}nf, ptf sf7] fsf] em\ ofnaflx/ udnf km6' fOPsf] bZ[ o < ls
b]v]sf 5}gf} ls s;f] <Æ ljBfyLx{ ¿ s;n} ] rF' klg u/]gg\ . lzIfsn] kml] / eGg yfNg'eof],
æcl:t dfq /flvPsf] ltg ;o kg]{ 7'nf] udnf cfh km'6o\ f] . udnf ltdLx¿dWo]s}
s;n} ] km'6fPsf] xg' 'k5{ .Æ clxn] klg s;n} ] s]xL gafn] L ;'lg/x] .

To;kl5 lzIfs cln uDeL/ b]lvg'eof] / ;fW] g'eof], æudnf km'6]sf] cfjfh cfpge' Gbf
cufl8 d}n] aflx/ rp/df s]xL s]6fx¿ b]vs] f] lyPF . tL ltdLx¿ g} xf} lg, xg} f}
/ <Æ o; an] f klg s;n} ] sx] L af]n]gg\ . To;kl5 lzIfsn] eGge' of,] æltdLx¿ s;}n]
gafn] ]sfn] km6' fNg] sfd Ps} hgfaf6 eP klg d]/f] ljrf/df gofF udnf lsGgsf nflu
nfUg] k};f ltdLx¿ ;a}n] bfdf;fxLn] ax] f]g'{k5{ .Æ o;kfln ;an} ] dv' vfn] ,] æxG' 5 Û
xfdL ax] f]5f{}F .Æ cfkmg\ f ;a} ;fyLx¿n] udnfsf nflu nfUg] vr{ ax] f5] fF{} egs] f] ;l' g/xs] f]

au]7| – vfn] fn] aufP/ NofO{ au/df kmflnPsf j:t', s8f vfnsf 9'ª\uf cflb
k|lt:kwfT{ ds – sg' } s'/fdf cfkm" pQd x'g jf lhTg ul/Psf] ko| f;, sfd
/ldtf – /dfOnf,] tdf;f
Ifdtf – zlSt
cnk – nfk]
cbk – dfg, dofb{ f, 7'nfa8fsf] cfb/

uDeL/ – ulx/fO yfxf gkfOg], zfGt, wL/

bfdf;fxL – ;a}n] a/fa/ u/]/ afF8L lng] jf lbg] Joj:yf, efuaG8f

70 gk] fnL, sIff *

;/' z] sf] cgx' f/df olt a]nf ;fyLx¿kl| t st[ 1tfsf efjx¿ pln{/x]sf] k|:6 emlNsof] .
To;kl5 p;n] gd| eP/ eGof,] æudnf d]/} sf/0fn] km6' s] f] xf] . d}n] xfg]sf] an ;fe] m}
uP/ udnf km6' s] f] eg] xfO] g . dn} ] km'6fp“5' eg/] km'6fPsf] t xbF' } x}g . d}n] cfkm\gf]
Ifdtf / l;k kb| z{g ug{ vf]Hbf To;f] xg' uPsf] xf] . To;n} ] nfUg] k;} f dn} ] ax] fg] k{' Yof{] t/
gofF udnf lsGg d;uF k;} f 5g} .Æ olt an] f p;sf] :j/ ;f/} dl;g' lyof] .

;/' z] sf s/' f Wofg lbP/ ;l' g/xge' Psf u?' n] k;| Gg eP/ eGge' of,] ædnfO{ yfxf 5,
;/' z] Pp6f /fd|f] vn] f8L xf,] To;}n] pm cgz' fl;t 5 . ltdLn] ;sf¥of,} dnfO{ v';L
nfUof] . udnf lsGg nfUg] cfwf vr{ d ax] f5] '{ . ljBfyLn{ ] k9fOsf] ;fydf v]Ng' klg
k5{ t/ cab]lv o:tf] kb| zg{ s'g} Iflt gxg' ] u/L xf;] \ .Æ olt elg;s]kl5 lzIfs
aflxl/g'eof] . ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿n] nfdf] ;f; 5f8] . Tolt an] f ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] cgx' f/
uDeL/ b]lvGYof] eg] ;/' z] sf] cgx' f/df lzIfs / cfkmg\ f ;fyLx¿kl| tsf] st[ 1tfsf] efj
emlNs/xs] f] lyof] .

s[t1tf – st[ 1 x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf, v';L;fy JoSt ul/Psf] cfef/

cEof;

!= pQ/ eg M

-s_ ;'/]zsf] rfv stflt/ lyof] <

-v_ ;'/]znfO{ s'g s/' f ug{ p/f7 nfU5 <

-u_ ljho s;/L vN] 5 <

-3_ ljBfyL{n] v]nsf] ;fydf s] s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <

@= l7s pQ/df l7s -√ _ lrx\g nufpm M

-s_ ;/' ]z s:tf] v]nf8L xf] <

-c_ c/fhs -cf_ cgz' fl;t -O_ pQ]hs

-v_ km6' ]sf] udnfsf] d"No slt kbf]{ /x5] <

-c_ b'O{ ;o -cf_ tLg ;o -O_ kfFr ;o

gk] fnL, sIff * 71

-u_ ;'/]znfO{ an xfGg nufpg] sf] lyof] <

-c_ ljho -cf_ rt] g -O_ ljdn

-3_ vn] df ;n+ Ug ;a} s6] fx¿ lsg cnk eP <

-c_ udnf km'6]sfn] -cf_ emo\ fn v;s] fn] -O_ sIff ;?' ePsfn]

#= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg egs] f] xf], n]v M

-s_ ljBfyL{n] k9fOsf] ;fydf v]Ng' klg k5{ .
-v_ lxhfs] f] v]ndf ljhon] v]ns] f] v]n ;f/} /fd|f] lyof] .

-u_ xfdf| ] km6' an l6dsf] t pm uj{ xf], uj{ .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ;'/]znfO{ vn] df h:t} k9fOdf ?lr gnfUgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
-v_ ljhonfO{ lsg km6' an l6dsf] uj{ elgPsf] xf] <
-u_ ;'/z] n] v]n l;l4Psf] ef]lnkN6 ljBfnodf s] s] s'/fsf af/d] f j0fg{ uYof{] <
-3_ ;'/z] sf] sg' s/' fdf ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;xdlt x'G5 <
-ª_ ;/' z] sf] cg'xf/df lzIfs / cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿k|lt lsg s[t1tfsf] efj
emlNs/x]sf] lyof] <
-r_ ‘Pp6f 36gf’ syfn] s:tf] lzIff lbg vfh] s] f] 5 <

%= ‘Pp6f 36gf’ syfdf clxns] f ljBfno :t/sf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] s:tf]
dgf]lj1fgsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ vfl] hPsf] 5 < j0fg{ u/ .

^= o; syfdf k|ofu] ePsf kfqx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;ae} Gbf dg kg{] kfq
sf] xf] / lsg, n]v .

&= ltd|f] ljBfnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 ltd|f lzIfsn]
ltdLnfO{ s] ug{'ePsf] lyof] < 36gf ljj/0f;lxt vn' :t kf/ .

*= slxn]sfxL“ c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf kb| z{g ug{ vfH] bf klg
7'nf] Iflt x'“bf] /x]5 . To;}n] ltdf| ] ljBfnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g
sg' ;Defljt 36gf 36g\ af6 ;hu u/fpg rfxG5f,} :ki6 kf/ .

72 g]kfnL, sIff *

(= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M

?lr, ku| lt, uj,{ af6'nf,] Ifdtf

!)= cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

cgf7} f], la/n}, zlSt, ;xdlt

!!= k| ± bzg{ ‘kb| zg{ ’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf ‘k|’ pk;u{ nufP/
gof“ zAb agfpm M

xf/, sf/, of]u, rf/, sl[ t, ult

!@= cl3 ± lt/ = ‘cl3lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 gof“ zAb
agfpm M

tn ± lt/ =
dfly ± lt/ =
dl' g ± lt/ =

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!#= tnsf zAb z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

kb| z{g, ljho, uDeL/, bfdf;fxL, cg'zfl;t

!$= kf7sf] bzf}“ cg'R5b] /fd/| L k9 / Toxf“ k|ofu] ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL3{
Osf/ nfus] f kfr“ kf“rcf6] f zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ n]v .

!%= ‘a’ / ‘j’ nfus] f kf“r kf“rcf]6f zAbx¿ kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v .

!^= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k9 / j0fs{ f] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{
;f]w]/ ae' m / nv] M

emo\ fn, :ofn, ¥ofn, Vofn

!&= tnsf zAbnfO{ z4' kf/ M

ef]nLkN6, a]nL lj:tf/, s]GbL| t, st[ Uotf

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!*= k9, a'´ / u/ M

g]kfnL, sIff * 73

-s_ ljdnn] ;/' z] lt/ kms/{] ;fW] of,] ætkfOnF{ ] xfgs] f] an slt k/;Dd kU' 5 xfn] f,
PskN6 bv] fpgx' f];\ g .Æ
-v_ xfdL gbL lsgf/lt/ 8N' g hfbF f w/] } a/] ;Dd v]NYof}F .
dflysf jfSox¿df k|of]u ePsf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb gfdof]uL xg' \ . o:tf

gfdof]uL zAbx¿ kf7df c¿ klg w]/} 5g\ . gfdof]uL PSn}sf] vf; cy{
xbF' g} . logLx¿ gfd, ;j{gfd, ljzi] f0f / cGo kb;uF hf]l8P/ cfpg] u5{g\ .
lt/, ;Dd, kN6, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;“u, d'lg, dfly
gfdofu] L kf| ]ofu] ePsf jfSo kf7af6 vf]h/] nv] .

!(= lt/, ;Dd, bl] v, af6, ;u“ , tkm{ gfdofu] L ko| f]u u//] jfSox¿ agfpm .
@)= tnsf] pbfx/0f x/] L jfSodf cfPsf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd/| L k9

/ kf7df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kf“rcf]6f jfSox¿ l6k .

pbfx/0f M

u'?n] k;| Gg eP/ eGge' of], ædnfO{ yfxf 5 . ;'/]z Pp6f /fdf| ] vn] f8L xf],

To;n} ] pm cg'zfl;t 5 . ltdLn] ;sf¥of,} dnfO{ v;' L nfUof] .Æ

l;h{gfTds cEof;

@!= ltdLn] ;'gs] f] syfsf cfwf/df sDtLdf bzcf]6f ab'“ fx¿ l6k /
56' 6\ } zLifs{ /fv]/ Pp6f syf tof/ kf/ .

@@= ltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L Pp6f nfs] syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdf
;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpm .

74 g]kfnL, sIff *

!! bfh'nfO{ lr7L

ljGWojfl;gL, kf]v/f
ldlt M @)&^÷)!÷)*

cfb/0fLo bfh',

;fb/ k|0ffd Û

sz' n /xL sz' ntfsf] sfdgf u5 '{ . bfh,' tkfOF{n] k7fPsf] kq dn} ] lxhf] dfq kf| Kt
u/F] . lgs} v;' L nfUof ] t/ tkfOnF{ ] ljbz] d} a:g] lg0fo{ uge{' P5 . o;n] xfdL ;an} fO{
:tAw tN' ofof] . bfh' tkfOFn{ ] 3/ 5f8]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;ss] f] 5 . 3/df a9' f ePsf
cfdfaa' f slt an] f 5f/] f] kmsn{] f eg/] tkfOsF{ } kt| LIffdf xg' x' G' 5 . tkfOdF{ fly aa' fcfdfsf]
7n' f] e/f;] f 5 . tkfOF{n] g} ;fgL alxgL / dnfO{ klg ;'Gb/ eljiosf] af6fdf 8f¥] ofpg'
5 . of] 3/ /fd/| L ;DxfNg] bfloTj klg tkfOFs{ f] sfwF df 5 .

o; ljifodf Psk6s tkfOFn{ ] 3/df s;};uF ;Nnfx ug'{ePg . tkfO{Fsf] of] lg0f{o xfdL
s;}nfO{ klg dg k/]sf] 5}g . sfd / dfdsf nflu ljb]zd} a:g'k5{ eGg] 5g} . oxL
bz] df a;/] klg w/] }n] wg / ;Ddfg sdfPsf 5g\ . tkfO{;F Fu} k9s] L ;'lDgdf lbbL cfkm\g}
ufpsF f] ljBfnodf kw| fgfWofks eP/ lzIffsf] pHofnf] 5b{} xg' x' G' 5 . To:t} tkfOsF{ } ;fyL
ufl] jGb, 8fN] df, dgf]h / cfo{ klg cfkmg\ } ufpFdf kf}/v u/]/ afRF ge' Psf] 5 . pxfxF ¿n]
cfwl' gs 9ª\un] kmnk"mn / t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ wg sdfpge' Psf] 5 . sdn bfOn] ufpFd}
skmL pBfu] vfN] ge' Psf] 5 . clxn] t ;/sf/n] klg a]/f]huf/ oj' fx¿nfO{ nlIft u//]
:j/f]huf/ sfoj{ m| d NofPsf] 5 . df}/Lkfng / kmnk"mn vt] Laf6 w]/} oj' foj' tLx¿n]
/fdf| ] cfDbfgL u/s] f 5g \ . ;/sf/n] klg :jbz] d} a;/] sx] L ug{ rfxg] oj' foj' tLx¿nfO{
;:tf] Aofhdf C0f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 .

e/f;] f – ljZjf;, cf8 75
bfloTj – lhDdj] f/L, stJ{ o
:j/f]huf/ – cfkmg\ } sfd, cfkmFn} ] sx] L ug{ ;Sg]
g]kfnL, sIff *

x/]s g]kfnLn] cfkm\g} b]zdf a;]/ >d / kl;gf aufPdf b]zsf] pGglt ;Dej
5 . b]zsf nflu tkfO{F h:tf w/] } kl| tefx¿sf] vfrF f] 5 . tkfOF{ ToxfF a;/] ‘sl[ if
Ifq] sf] cfwl' gsLs/0f’ ljifodf hg' 1fg kf| Kt uge'{ Psf] 5, To;n] of] b]zsf] d'xf/ km]g{
;lsG5 . cfkmn" ] l;ss] f] l;k cfkmg\ } b]zsf] pGgltsf lglDt vr{ ug{k' 5{ . of] c;n
gful/ssf] stJ{ o klg xf] . ctM bz] kl| tsf] cfkmg\ f] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cjZo k/" f ugx{' g' ]
5 eGg] s'/fdf d cfzfjfbL 5' .

cGTodf, ‘hggL hGdel" dZr :jufb{ lk u/Lo;L’ cyft{ \ cfkmn" fO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGdel" d
;a}eGbf 7'nf xG' 5g\ . o; dGqnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ zL3f| ltzL3| :jb]zd} kmls{g'xg' ] 5 eGg]
ljZjf;sf ;fy of] kqaf6 labf xg' rfxG5' . clxnn] fO{ olŒf g} .

tkfOsF{ f] Kof/f] efO
zf]efs/ u?' ª

dx' f/ – cgx' f/

zL3f| ltzL3| – hlt;Sbf] rf8F f], l56fe] Gbf l56f]

vfdsf] gd'gf

k7fpg] kfpg] l6s6
zfe] fs/ u'?ª ke| fs/ u?' ª
ljGWojfl;gL, P– &&, ol' gel;{6L j],
kf]v/f, g]kfn hh{ 6fpg, cdl] /sf

cEof;
!= kf7sf] lr7L kfn}kfnf] k9 .
@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ of] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <
-v_ s'g s/' fn] ;an} fO{ :tAw tN' ofof] <

76 gk] fnL, sIff *

-u_ ke| fs/n] s'g ljifodf 1fg xfl;n u/s] f 5g\ <
-3_ ;'lDgdf lbbL s] ub}{ x'g'xG' 5 <
-ª_ c;n gful/ssf] stJ{ o s] xf] <

#= l7s pQ/ 5fg/] nv] M

-s_ cfdfa'afsf] e/f];f s;dfly 5 <
-c_ zf]efs/ -cf_ k|efs/ -O_ lbjfs/
-v_ ke| fs/ cd]l/sfsf] s'g 7fpdF f a:b} 5g\ <
-c_ jfl;ª\6g -cf_ hh{ 6fpg -O_ Goo' fs] {
-u_ ufpFdf s;n] skmL pBf]u vfl] n;ss] f 5g\ <
-c_ sfG5f bfO -cf_ sdn bfO -O_ ;'afw] bfO
-3_ zfe] fs/ sxfF a:b} 5g\ <
-c_ kf]v/f -cf_ lj/f6gu/ -O_ 8f]Nkf

$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ufpF3/df ss;n] s] s] u//] wg sdfPsf 5g\ <
-v_ b]znfO{ lsg ke| fs/ h:tf k|ltefx¿sf] cfjZostf 5 <

%= lr7Ldf lsg ‘cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;ae} Gbf 7'nf xG' 5g’\
elgPsf] xfn] f, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k:| tt' u/ .

^= ‘bfhn' fO{ lr7L’ kf7 k9]kl5 kT| oQ' / lb“b} efOnfO{ Pp6f lr7L nv]  .

&= cfkmg\ f] ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/s] f] sg' } sfo{jm| dsf] j0fg{ u/L cfkmg\ f]
;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]v .

zAbe08f/

*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M 77

k|tLIff, eljio, zL3|fltzL3|, k|ltef, stJ{ o

g]kfnL, sIff *

(= pbfx/0f x/] L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf
ko| fu] u/ M

h:t} M kq – lr7L = /ljn] bfh'nfO{ kq nV] of] .
kq – kfgf = /ljgfn] lstfasf kq kN6fOg\ .
t/, dfg, kmn, s/, cy,{ sn, tfn

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!)= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M

sz' ntf, ;G' b/, t/sf/L, k|wfgfWofks, >d

!!= kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5]b lzIfsaf6 ;'g / nv]  .
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!@= tnsf jfSodf uf9f cIf/df ePsf zAb k9 / ae' m M

of] 3/ /fd|/L ;DxfNg] bfloTj klg tkfOF{s} sfwF df 5 .

clxn] t ;/sf/n] klg a/] f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u//] :j/fh] uf/ sfo{j|md
NofPsf] 5 .

dflysf jfSodf uf9f cIf/df cfPsf ‘/fd/| L, clxn], u//] ’ h:tf zAbx¿ ljm| of
ljzi] f0f x'g \ . lj|mof ljz]if0fnfO{ ljm| ofofu] L klg elgG5 . jfSodf ljm| ofkbsf]
ljzi] ftf hgfpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ ljm| of ljzi] f0f elgG5 . ljm| of ljzi] f0fn] lj|mofsf]
;do, :yfg, tl/sf, sf/0f cflb ae' mfpF5g\, h:t} M

slxn] lxhf,] cfh, efl] n, clxn], klxn], ca ===

sxfF tn, dfly, leq, aflx/, jfl/, kfl/ ===

s;/L /fd/| L, 9sdSs, lemlnldnL, lrl6Ss, u//] , k9]/ ===
lsg k9\g, u/]sfn], vfg, nV] g ===
slt w]/,} yf/] } ===

78 g]kfnL, sIff *

!#= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf sDtLdf kf“rcf6] f ljm| of ljzi] f0f zAb l6k]/ jfSodf
k|ofu] u/ .

!$= kf7df ko| f]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;+of]hs / lgkft l6k .

!%= /v] fª\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ 56' \ofpm M

-s_ kl/>dL ls;fgn] ;wF} kl/>d u5{ / o; wtL{df cfkm" afrF /] c¿nfO{ klg
arfp5F  .

-v_ df/} L kfng / kmnkm" n vt] Laf6 w]/} oj' fo'jtLx¿n] /fdf| ] cfDbfgL u/s] f 5g\ .

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!^= k9, a'em / u/ M

lgdGq0ff

>L ======================================================================= Ho"

o; ljBfnosf] kGw|fF} jflifs{ f]T;jsf cj;/df ljljw ;f:+ sl[ ts sfoj{ |md
tyf k/' :sf/ ljt/0f sfoj{ m| dsf] cfofh] gf ul/Psf] xg' fn] pSt sfoj{ m| ddf
pkl:yltsf nflu xflb{s lgdGq0ff ub5{ f}F .

:yfg M ljBfnosf] k|fªu\ 0f kf| yL{
;do M l7s !)M)) ah] bfd] fsfGt ofbj
ldlt M @)&%÷!)÷!% kw| fgfWofks

dflysf] h:t} u/L ljBfnon] cfofh] gf u/s] f] vn] sb' tyf k/' :sf/ ljt/0f
;df/fx] df pkl:yltsf nflu k7fOg] lgdGq0ff kqsf] gdg' f tof/ u/ .

!&= cfkmn" ] hf8f] labfsf] 5'66\ Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d0fLo 7fps“ f] j0fg{ u/L
cfkmg\ f ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]v .

g]kfnL, sIff * 79

!@ d]/f] 3/

k|ef e66\ /fO{

of] d]/f] 3/, 5fgfdf v/, 9ª' \ufsf] cfuF g
dg 5 7n' f] lbP/} kU' 5 kb{g} dfug .
3fdn] lbG5 dfofn' Gofgf] hg" n] zLtn
dfofn] lehL /l;nf] ;wF} d/] f] of] e"tn ..

kml/of rf]nL nfPsf rn] L, 5g\ d/] f ;xn] L
wfg / ux'F hlQs} v]N5g,\ v]tdf ao]nL .
df?gL, 3f6,' ;f/] 7L, ;]nf,] ;jfO,{ bfx] f/] L
dfGb}g dg, cfgGb;Fu gvn] L, gx/] L ..

dlGb/, u'Daf, dl:hb, rr,{ ;ad} f 5l/G5'
kf]N6fdf lbG5g\ ;a}n] dfof, olŒfs} el/G5' .
ltxf/, b;}F, 57 / Ob, df3L / Nxf];f/

;fyL 5g\ w]/,} /dfOnf] ub{}, dgfpF5' rxf8 ..

v/ – 3/, uf7] 5fpg ko| fu] ul/g] nfdf nfdf dl;gf l;Gs] kft xg' ] Psks| f/sf] 3f;F
et" n – e"ld, kY[ jLsf] aflx/L efu, tx
;x]nL – ;fyL, ;FlugL
df?gL – dlxnfsf] ei] fdf gfRg] / ufpg] k?' if
3f6' – sd' f/L oj' tLx¿n] uLt ufP/ xfpefp;lxt gflrg] k'/fgf syfdf cfwfl/t u'?ª hfltsf]

nfs] gT[ o
;f]/7L – u?' ª, du/ cflb hfltdf kr| lnt uLlt gfr
;]nf] – ef]6,] tfdfª, zk] f{ hfltsf] k|l;4 nf]suLt
u'Daf – a4' wds{ f] bj] fno, Wofg pkf;gf ug]{ sG] b|
dl:hb – O:nfd wd{ dfGg]x¿n] k|fy{gf ug{] 3/
df3L – yf? hfltn] df3] ;ªj\ m| flGtsf lbg gj jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] k|l;4 rf8
Nxf;] f/ – tfdfª, zk] f,{ u'?ª cflb hfltn] gofF jif{sf ¿kdf dgfpg] k|l;4 rf8

80 gk] fnL, sIff *

;a}sf] dfof nfu]/ xfn] f, km'n]sf] lxdfn
/;fO{ aU5g\ vf]nf / gfnf, /l;nf] gk] fn .
ufp5F g\ vf]nf, gfRb5g\ ?v, afN] b5g\ kxf8
;an} ] lbG5g\ ;as} f] ;fy, ub{g} g\ 8xf8 ..

lxpFb, jiff{, laxfg, ;fFem, vl6G5' xf;F ]/
df6fsf] u5'{ crg{ f ld7f,] ;DaGw ufF;/] .
d ldlxg]tL, d sd{jL/, wtLs{ f] ;Gtfg
pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN5,' eGb5g\ ls;fg ..

crg{ f – kh" f
sdj{ L/ – ;wF} sfddf v6g\ ], lgM:jfy{ ¿kn] st{Jo kfngdf c6n /xg]

cEof;

!= ‘d/] f] 3/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k9s] f] ;g' / ;fdl" xs ¿kdf no xfn/] k9 .

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ ls;fgsf] 3/ s:tf] 5 <
-v_ ls;fgsf ;x]nLx¿ s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ ls;fg sxfF 5l/G5g\ <
-3_ ls;fgn] hxfg s;/L kfN5g\ <

#= pbfx/0f x]/L kf7sf] bf;] f| ] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v M

pbfx/0f M kml/of rfn] L nfPsf rn] L, 5g\ d/] f ;x]nL
kml/of rfn] L nfPsf rn] L d/] f ;x]nL 5g\ .

$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M 81

-s_ sljtfdf et" nnfO{ s'g ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 <

g]kfnL, sIff *

-v_ gk] fnsf] wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ sljtfdf s;/L k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ sljtfdf gk] fnsf] ks| [lt lrq0f s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ ls;fgnfO{ lsg wtLs{ f] sdj{ L/ ;Gtfg elgPsf] xf] <
-ª_ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj s] xf] <

%= dflysf] kf7 x]/L sljtf k/" f u/ M

;as} f] dfof ========================== lxdfn
/;fO{ aU5g\ ========================= g]kfn

^= JofVof u/ M

-s_ dlGb/, uD' af, dl:hb, rr{, ;ad} f 5l/G5'
kf]N6fdf lbG5g\ ;an} ] dfof, olŒfs} el/G5' .

-v_ d ldlxgt] L, d sd{jL/, wtL{sf] ;Gtfg
pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN5,' eGb5g\ ls;fg ..

zAbe08f/

&= ldNbf] cy{ 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M

e"tn sd{jL/ crg{ f ;x]nL

k"hf k[YjLsf] aflx/L efu ;wF} sfddf v6\g] dfof ;fyL

*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M

df3L, 57, df?gL, v/, wtL{

(= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

lxdfn, laxfg, cfgGb, kxf8, ltxf/

!)= kf7af6 rGb|laGb' nfus] f kf“rcf]6f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .

82 g]kfnL, sIff *

pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!!= z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

9'ªu\ f, zLtn, dl:hb, kfN] 6f,] Nxf;] f/

!@= kf7af6 rfn] L, rn] L h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL3{ Osf/ nfu]sf bzcf]6f
zAbx¿ vfh] /] sfkLdf nv] .

!#= sljtfsf] t;] f| ] Znf]s lzIfsaf6 ;'g/] nv] .
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!$= kf7af6 tLg tLgcf6] f gfd / ljzi] f0f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .
!%= kf7af6 bzcf6] f s/0f ljm| ofkb l6kL cs/0fdf abn .
!^= lbOPsf sljtfdf /v] fªl\ st zAbx¿sf] kbju{ 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ 3fdn] lbG5 dfofn' Gofgf,] hg" n] zLtn
dfofn] lehL /l;nf] ;w,F} d/] f] of] et" n ..
-v_ d ldlxgt] L, d sdj{ L/, wtL{sf] ;Gtfg
pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN5', eGb5g\ ls;fg ..

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!&= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pkoS' t zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

cfgGb, sflGt, d;' S' s, sx] L, /fdf| ], kf}/v, cfP/
g]kfn xfd|f] 5 emg} ============== ljZjsf dfemdf
rGbn| ] =========== 5b5{ g\, oxfF ============== ;feF mdf .
gk] fnL l76f] ================ xfF;L ========== u/f}F eGb5
k'vfs{ f] =========== ;Dem/] oxfF ================ dfGb5 ..

!*= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf nv] ]/ leQ]klqsfdf 6f;“ .

gk] fnL, sIff * 83

!# lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg

-cfh z'j|maf/sf] lbg xf ] . x/]s zj' |maf/ sn} fnLsf] wgu9Ldf cjl:yt ltngu/
dfWolds ljBfnodf cltl/lSt lj|mofsnfksf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 . ljBfnosf] jflif{s
sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ cfh sIff cf7sf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng
ub{} 5g \ . ljBfnosf] cfuF g /ªu\ Lrªu\ L Wjhf ktfsfx¿n] l;Fufl/Psf] 5 . Pp6f 7n' f]
tn' df ‘jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utf’ nv] ]/ 6flF uPsf] 5 . sfo{jm| ddf ;efWoIfsf] cf;g u|x0f
ljBfnos} kw| fgfWofksn] uge'{ Psf] 5 . ljBfnosf ;a} lzIfs / cltlyx¿n] cfkm\gf]
cf;g ux| 0f ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . tLg ;b:oLo lg0ff{osd08n / ;dokfnsnfO{ bz{ssf]
cl3Nnf] kª\lStdf /flvPsf] 5 . d~rsf] cufl8k6l\ 6 ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ cToGt} pT;flxt
db' |fdf 5g \ . sfo{jm| d ;'? xg' } cf6F ]sf] 5 . sfo{jm| dsf] ;~rfng sIff cf7s} 5fqf
cfl:tsf dxhg{ n] ub{} l5g\ ._

lg0ff{osd08n – lg0fo{ ug]{ JolStx¿sf] ;dx"
84 g]kfnL, sIff *

sfoj{ |md pb\3fi] fs

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, cltly dxfge' fjx¿, lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' x¿ Pjd\ d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û

cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf] ljifo ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ xf] . cfhsf]
o; kl| tof]lutfdf sIff cf7s} ljBfyL{ ;Ldf vfg / ufk] fn a9' fdu/n] ljifosf] kIfdf
tyf df]lgsf a'9fyfs] L tyf cfzf/fd yf?n] ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkmg\ f tsx{ ¿ k|:tt'
ub}{ 5g \ . sfo{j|md ;?' xg' c' l3 k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL k|ltofu] Lx¿n] kfngf ug'{kg{]
s]xL lgodx¿ ;'gfp5F ' M

!= k|Tos] jStfnfO{ kfFr ldg]6sf] ;do lbOg] 5 . rf/ ldg]6 k'Ugf;fy hgfp 3G6L
aHg] 5 . clGtd 3G6L ah]kl5 jStfn] cfkm\gf] egfO 6'ª\Uofpgk' g]{ 5 .

@= kl| tofu] Lx¿n] cfkmg\ f ljrf/x¿ cToGt} lzi6 / ;Eo efiffdf /fVgk' g{] 5 .
#= sg' } JolSt, hflt, ju,{ lnªu\ / ;Dkb| fodfly cfIf]k nufP/ afN] g kfOg] 5}g .
$= sg' } klg ks| f/sf] lnlvt sfuh jf l6kf6] x]//] af]Ng kfOg] 5g}  .
%= lg0ff{osd08nsf] lg0f{o g} clGtd x'g] 5 .

ca d ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfkmg\ f tsx{ ¿ k|:tt' ug{
;Ldf vfgnfO{ d~rdf cfdGq0f ub5{ ' .

-;Ldf vfg d~rdf hflG5g\ / afN] g yflN5g\ ._

;Ldf vfg

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, cltly dxfge' fjx¿, lg0ff{osd08n, u'?x¿ tyf d]/f ;xkf7L

;fyLx¿ Û

cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] ljifosf]
kIfdf af]Nb} 5' . cfhsf] o'u lj1fg / sDKo'6/sf] o'u xf] . lj1fgs} sf/0f
clxn]sf] ou' ;'ljwf ;DkGg xg' k'us] f] 5 . 9'ªu\ ] ou' af6 cufl8 a9]sf] dflg; cfh

clezfk M xflg gfS] ;fgL, ;/fk 85
j/bfg M OR5f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] kf| lKt, j/, cfzLjf{b
cfIfk] M cf/fk] , ufnL, bfi] f

gk] fnL, sIff *

cGtl/Ifdf dfgj a:tL a;fpg] tof/Ldf 5 . k|frLg ou' sf] dflg; a;]{ e]nnfO{ kf/
ug{ g;s/] gbLsf] kfl/k6\l6 6n' 6' n' ' xl] //xGYof ] . cfwl' gs ou' df cfOkU' bf kfgL hxfhsf]
cfljisf/ u/L ;fd'lbs| ofqfdf tNnLg 5 . lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf /]n, df]6/, sf/,
kfgLhxfh, xjfO{hxfh h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] dfgjsf] hLjgdf 7'nf] kl/j{tg
cfPsf] 5 . hn, yn / gedf ;d]t cfhsf] dflg;n] ljho k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . dfgj
hLjgnfO{ ljkGgtfaf6 ;DkGgtflt/ / cWF of/f] ou' af6 pHofnf] eljiolt/ 8f¥] ofpg] sfd
lj1fgn] g} u/s] f] 5 . dfgjsf lglDt c1ft / c;Dej h:tf b]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lj1fgs}
sf/0f ;xh / ;Dej ePsf 5g\ . dfgjsf lglDt cToGt} vt/gfs b]lvPsf lakm/,
Knu] / x}hf h:tf k|f0f3fts /f]ux¿nfO{ lj1fgn] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . ;;+ f/df b]vf
k/]sf w]/} /f]usf] cfi} fwL kŒff nufP/ d[To'sf] d'vaf6 dflg;nfO{ arfPsf] 5 . -hgfp
3G6L aH5 ._

oGq dfgjsf] cfljisf/ u/k] l5 dflg;sf nflu sl7g dflgPsf sfdx¿;dt] ;xh 9ªu\ n]
;DkGg x'g yfns] f 5g\ . dfgjsf lglDt lj1fg j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 . To;}n] d]/f]
ljrf/df cfhsf] lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGg' lbp;F } cfvF f aGb u//] cWF of/fsf] clego ug{'
dfq} xf ] . ctM lj1fg slxNo} clezfk xg' ;Sbg}  . of] dfgj ;Eotfsf] j/bfg xf] eGg]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbbF } cfkm\gf] egfO 6ª' U\ ofpg rfxG5' . wGojfb . -hf8] bf/ tfnL aH5 ._

pb\3fi] fs

d ;Ldf vfgnfO{ wGojfb lbbF } ljkIfdf cfkmg\ f ts{x¿ k:| t't ug{ df]lgsf a'9fyf]sLnfO{
o; d~rdf lgDTofp5F ' .

cGtl/If – kY[ jL / ux| , gIf cflbsf] larsf] vfnL efu

yn – kfgLafx]ssf] k[YjLsf] e"efu, hldg

ge – cfsfz, uug

lakm/ – Hj/fs] f ;fy;fy} z/L/el/ kmf]sf kmf]sf eP/ vl6/f cfpg] / Hofg;d]t lng] k|f0f
3fts /f]u

Knu] – plkofF, d;' f cflbaf6 dflg;df km}lnP/ z/L/sf v'66\ f hfg] L{, sfvL cflbdf 8Nnf]
lg:sg] / To;sf] kL8fn] h/f] cfO{ d[To;' d]t x'g] /f]u

xh} f – nuftf/ jf tf/Gtf/ lb;f / afGtf eO/xg] Ps ;?jf /fu] , sn/] f

k|f0f3fts – kf| 0f lng,] Hofg dfg]{, Hofgdf/f

86 gk] fnL, sIff *

df]lgsf a'9fyf]sL

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, cltlyx¿, ;Ddflgt u?' x¿, lg0ffo{ sd08n Pjd\ d/] f ldqx¿ Û

cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf] ljkIfdf afN] b} 5 ' . xfdL ;an} fO{ yfxf 5 .
cfhsf] dfgj xTof, lx;+ f, eo / cftªs\ n] ql;t 5 . cfwl' gs lj1fgn] cfljisf/
u/s] f xft xltof/sf sf/0f dfgjsf] hLjg ;ª\s6df k/s] f] 5 . ;fFem vfgf vfP/
;t' s] f] dflg; ef]ln laxfgsf] ;"of{b] o xg] { kfOG5 ls kfObF g} eg/] ;zªl\ st 5 .
x/s] lbg sxLF g sxLF ufn] L rns] f,] ad jiff{ ePsf] va/ ;G' gk' /s] f] 5 . klxnf] ljZjo4' /
bf;] f| ] ljZjo4' n] ;+;f/df g/;+xf/ dRrfO;s]sf 5g \ . bf];f| ] ljZjo4' df cdl] /sfn] 5f8s] f
k/df0f' adn] hfkfgsf ;G' b/ ;x/ lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsL Wj:t eP. nfvfF} dflg;n]
cgfxsdf Hofg u'dfP . To; sxfnL nfUbf] cfj|md0fdf o4' sf] 3fp afs] ]/ afrF s] f
JolStx¿sf ;Gtltx¿ clxn;] Dd kL8fn] 56k6fO/x]sf 5g \ . ;;+ f/sf] v;' L vf:] g /
;'Gb/ wtLn{ fO{ Wj:t kfg{ lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f z:qc:qx¿ k|ofu] ePsf 5g \ .
ctM cfw'lgs lj1fg cfh dfgjsf lglDt clezfk l;4 eO;ss] f] 5 . lj1fgn]
ljsf; / lgdf0{ f xfO] g, ljklŒf / Wj+; lgDTofPsf] 5 . olt xbF' fx'Fb} klg d/] f ljkIfL
ldqn] cfw'lgs lj1fgsf pknlAwsf] lgs} k|z;+ f ug{'eof ] . pxfFn] hn, yn, gedf
;dt] cfwl' gs lj1fgn] ljho k|fKt u/]sf skf]nslNkt ts{x¿ k:| t't ug{e' of ] . ;fob
d h:t} oxfFx¿ klg pxfFsf ljrf/l;t ;xdt x'g'x'Gg xfn] f . pxfFn] eg] h:t} lj1fg
Tolt zlStzfnL ePsf] eP cfhsf] dflg;nfO{ lsg /fu] , efs] / zfs] n] ;tfPsf]
5 < af9L, klx/f,] x/' L, atf;, bj} L ljklQ, Hjfnfdv' L / es" Dkn] lsg dfgj dgnfO{
t8k\ fPsf 5g\ < cltj[li6, cgfjl[ i6n] lsg dfgj dgnfO{ t;fP{ sf 5g\ < SofG;/ / P8\;
h:tf vt/gfs /f]ux¿ lsg bv] f k/]sf 5g\ < pxf;F uF o;sf] ts;{ ª\ut hjfkm 5 <
cjZo 5g}  . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

olt dfq xfO] g, d]/f k"j{jStf ldqn] cfw'lgs lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f] oGq dfgjnfO{
lgs} 7n' f] j/bfg 7fGg'eof] . s] oGq dfgjsf] ko| fu] n] dfgj hLjgdf b]vf kg{] csNkgLo
kl/0ffdsf] af/d] f pxfnF ] ;f]Rg'ePsf] 5 < cjZo 5g}  . oGq dfgjsf] cTolws k|of]un]
eljiodf w/] } dflg;x¿ a/] fh] uf/ x'g] 5g\ . ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of b]vf kg{] 5 / dfgjsf]

Wj;+ – ljgfz
skf]nslNkt – cfwf/xLg, sfNklgs
gk] fnL, sIff *
87

cl:tTj;dt] ;ª\s6df kg{] 5 . To;n} ] of] j/bfg geP/ clezfk g} xf] eGg] s'/fdf
hf]8 lbbF } oxfaF f6 labf x'G5 ' . -3G6L aH5 ._ wGojfb .

pb\3f]ifs

dfl] gsf a9' fyfs] LnfO{ wGojfb lbbF } ca d csf{ kl| tofu] L ufk] fn a9' fdu/nfO{ lgDTofp5F  ' .
pxfF ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf’] eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfkmg\ f tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ub{} xg' x' G' 5 .

uf]kfn a9' fdu/

>4o] ;efWoIf dxf]bo, cltly dxfge' fjx¿, lg0ff{os d08n Pjd\ d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û

cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf] kIfdf cfkmg\ f tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ub{} 5 ' . xfdL
;an} fO{ yfxf 5, cfwl' gs lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f /l] 8of,] 6l] nkmf]g, 6l] nlehg, df]afOn
j/bfg ;fljt ePsf 5g \ . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g6] n] cfhsf] dfgj hLjgnfO{ lgs} ;xh
tN' ofPsf 5g\  . lj1fg dflg;sf] cleGg cª\u ag]sf] 5 / lj1fgsf pknlAwlagfsf]
dfgj hLjg cfh k|foM c;Dej eO;ss] f] 5 . ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfwl' gs lj1fgn]
u/s] f] k|ultn] ;;+ f/ lgs} ;f3F '/f] alg;ss] f] 5 . Pp6f 3/sf] ;fgf] sf7] fdf a;]/ xfdL
;;+ f/sf] cjnfs] g ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5f F} . cfh ;+;f/sf sg' f sg' fdf 36s] f 36gfnfO{
3/d} a;L a;L xg] { / ;G' g ;lsG5 . ;;+ f/sf sg' } klg sg' fdf cfkmGt;uF t?' Gt} s/' f
ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, pBfu] / oftfoftsf If]qdf klg 7n' f] kl/jt{g
cfPsf] 5 . xnf], s6' f] / sf]bfnfsf] 7fpF 6o\ fS6/n] lnPsf] 5 . ls;fgn] so} fF} lbg
kl;gf aufpgk' g]{ v]tnfO{ 6\ofS6/n] s]xL If0fdf hf]Tg / ;Dofpg ;S5 . SofG;/
/ P8\; h:tf s}of}F /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu cg;' Gwfgx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . cfB} fl] us
Ifq] df cfPsf] kl/jtg{ n] gofF gofF ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ePsf 5g \ . a/] fh] uf/Lsf] ;d:ofdf
sdL cfPsf] 5 . ljB't\ pmhf{n] dfgjsf] hLjgnfO{ yk ;l' jwf ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 .
olt xb'F fx'Fb} klg d/] f kj" j{ Stf ldqn] cfw'lgs lj1fgsf pknlAwkl| t cfFvf lrDn/]
lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGge' of ] . pxfnF ] cfwl' gs lj1fgnfO{ ljklTt / Wj;+ sf] ;1+ f lbge' of ] .
d pxfsF f tL dgu9Gt] tsx{ ¿;uF ;xdt x'g ;lSbg F . x/]s s'/fsf ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds kIf xG' 5g \ . cflv/ dflg;n] dfn kfP/ rfn klg t kfpgk' 5 { . of] t dfgjdf
bv] f k/s] f] bfgjLo kj| l[ Œf xfO] g / < ck/fwLnfO{ tx nufP/ Gofo / zflGt :yfkgf
ug{ cfljisf/ ul/Psf xft xltof/ bi' 6sf ;xf/f aGg lbg] ;dfh bfi] fL xf] ls lj1fg <
o;af/d] f /fd/| L ljrf/ k¥' ofpg cfjZos 5 . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

dgu9Gt] – dgn] ;fr] ]sf]

88 g]kfnL, sIff *

ldq Û lgbfPsf] JolStnfO{ p7fpg ;lsG5 t/ lgbfPsf] gf6s ug]{nfO{ p7fpg

;lsFbg}  . d]/f kj" j{ Stf ldq 3/df /fO; ss' /df ksfPsf] vfgf vfg'x'G5 . lj1fgn]
cfljisf/ u/s] f] uf8L r9/] ljBfno cfpgx' G' 5 . ljBfnodf lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f]
dfOjm| fk] mfg] ;dfP/ eGb} xg' x' G' 5 lj1fg clezfk xf ] . s] pxfsF f] of] egfOdf ;Totf 5 < cjZo
5g}  . To;}n] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df gofF prfO yKg] lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg
xf] eGg] s/' fdf hf]8 lbFb} cfkm\gf] egfO oxL 6ª' U\ ofp5F  ' . wGojfb . -tfnL aH5 ._

pb3\ f]ifs

uf]kfn a'9fdu/nfO{ wGojfb lbbF } ca d ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkmg\ f ljrf/x¿ k:| t't
ul/lbgx' 'g cfzf/fd yf?nfO{ o; d~rdf lgDTofp5F  ' .

cfzf/fd yf?

;efWoIf, cltlyx¿, lg0ff{os d08n, u'?ju{ Pjd\ d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ 1

cfh d lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkmg\ f tsx{ ¿ k:| t't ub}{ 5 ' .
cfh lj1fgs} sf/0f dfgj hLjg c;xh, hl6n / oflGqs aGb} uPsf] 5 . dfgjLo
d"No / dfGotfx¿ ;dfKt x'bF } uPsf 5g\ . lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/s] f xftxltof/sf]
;Gqf; dfq xf]Og, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf ;d]t cfh gfz xF'b} 5 . snsf/vfgfsf] w'jfFn]
jftfj/0f k|bl" ift ag]sf] 5 . cf0fljs z:qf:qsf] pTkfbg, k/LIf0f / ko| f]un] df6fsf]
pj{/fzlSt gi6 xbF' } uPsf] 5 . pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg yfn]sf] 5 / ljZjsf dfgjdf
cefj, ul/aL / tgfj a9b\ } uPsf] 5 . dflg;n] lj1fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf xltof/sf]
cf8df Wj+;sf] af6f] lnPsf] 5 / dfgjtf x/fPsf] 5 . xltof/sf] pGdfbn] dflg;df
be' fj{ gf a9b\ f dfgjtfsf kvfn{ x¿ uNofd{ un' d{' 9Ng yfns] f 5g \ . Pp6f /fu] sf] lgbfgsf
nflu /f;folgs cf}ifwL ko| f]u ubf{ cs}{ vfnsf w/] } /fu] x¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g \ . dflg;sf]
hLjg Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ cem} ;ªs\ 6sf] e'd/Ldf km:b} uPsf] 5 . j1} flgs cfljisf/,
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] lj:tf/, cTolws ¿kdf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] kmfNg] w'jfF cflbn]
jftfj/0f kb| "lift ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ cfh] f]g txdf Kjfn k/L ;"os{ f ls/0fx¿ ;f]em}
k[YjLdf cfpg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;n] tfkLo kb| i" f0f a9\g ;S5 / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf
;fydf ;Dk0" f{ k|f0fLsf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] cfw'lgs lj1fg dfgjsf
nflu clezfk l;4 eO;s]sf] 5 . d/] f ljkIfL ldqn] lj1fgnfO{ j/bfgsf ¿kdf ;flat

pGdfb – dflŒfP/ h] dg nfUof] ToxL ug]{ jf af]Ng] sfd, axn' 7\7Lkg 89
g]kfnL, sIff *

ug{ vfH] ge' of ] . lj1fgsf s]xL ;sf/fTds kIf x'g ;S5g\ . To;nfO{ d gsfg{ ;lSbgF
tfklg pxfFn] lj1fgsf] cfljisf/ sDKo6' / / OG6/g]6nfO{ h'g dxŒj lbge' of], To;df
d ;xdt xg' ;lSbg . cfh OG6/g6] af6 dxŒjk0" f{ ;"rgfx¿sf] rx' fj6 x'bF f Jofkf/sf
If]qdf ;d:of b]vf k/s] f 5g \ . kl| jlwx¿ rf/] L ePsf 5g \ . uf]kgLotf eªu\ ePsf]
5 / o;n] 7'nf] ;d:of lgDTofPsf] 5 . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

ck/fwLx¿n] o;sf] b?' kofu] ubf{ ;fª\u7lgs ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ a9g\ ;S5g\ . o;n]
s}ofF} JolStsf] hLjg vt/fdf kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] lj1fg j/bfg geO{ clezfk xf] eGg]
s/' fdf hf]8 lbbF } d oxfFaf6 labf xG' 5 ' . wGojfb . -tfnL aH5 ._

pb3\ f]ifs

wGojfb, cfzf/fd yf?nfO { . ca d cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf jStfx¿sf] afN] g] jm| d
oxLF ;dfKt ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5' . o;kl5 lg0ff{osx¿n] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ;'gfpg'eGbf
klxn] cltly dxfg'efjx¿n] cfkm\gf] dGtJo /fVg'x'g] 5 . lg0ff{ossf] lg0f{okl5
ljh]tf kl| tof]uLx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ul/g] 5 / cGTodf ;efWoIfsf] dGtJo;lxt
;ef lj;hg{ x'g] 5 . olt eGb} cfhsf] o; sfo{j|mdaf6 d labf xG' 5' . wGojfb .

cEof;

!= ‘lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf7nfO{ pb3\ f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/
hgf kfqn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k9]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf] ;~rfng sxfF x'bF } 5 <
-v_ jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf slt hgf k|ltofu] Lx¿n] efu lnPsf 5g\ <
-u_ jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutf s'g ljifodf ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ ‘lj1fg clezfk xfO] g j/bfg xf’] eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf ss;n] afn] ] <

#= tnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf,] eg M

-s_ kl| tofu] Lx¿n] cfkmg\ f ljrf/x¿ /fVbf cToGt} lzi6 / ;Eo efiffdf /fVgk' g{] 5 .

90 gk] fnL, sIff *

-v_ hn, yn / gedf ;dt] dflg;n] ljho kf| Kt u/]sf] 5 .
-u_ lakm/, Knu] / xh} f h:tf kf| 0f3fts /fu] nfO{ lj1fgn] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 .
-3_ lj1fgn] ljklŒf / Wj+;nfO{ lgDTofPsf] 5 .
-ª_ dflg;df b'efj{ gf a9\bf dfgjtfsf kvf{nx¿ uNof{dun' '{d 9n]sf 5g \ .

$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ cfw'lgs o'u dfgjsf lglDt lsg j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 <
-v_ lj1fgnfO{ clezfk dfGgk' g]{ sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-u_ cfzf/fd yf?n] eg]sf d'Vo dV' o s/' f nv]  .

%= olb ltdL o; jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf lg0ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] eP
s;nfO{ klxnf] 3fl] ift uYof}{ / lsg <

^= lj1fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] bj' } jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k9]/
rf/cf6] f a“b' f l6k / ;f/fz+ nv]  .

zAbe08f/

&= tnsf] tflnsfdf bv] fOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf8] L zAb agfpm M

kT| oo zAb zAb ± kT| oo yk zAbx¿

Os ;db' | ;db' | ±Os = ;fdl' bs| ;dfh, lbg, lj1fg, oGq

Ot ljsf; ljsf;±Ot = ljsl;t sG] b,| kb| i" f0f, ;~rfng, kl| ti7f

O{o dfgj dfgj±Oo{ = dfgjLo bfgj, s]Gb,| :ju{, cfTdf

*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M 91

j/bfg, cfIf]k, clezfk, cGtl/If

(= cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

uNof{dun' '{d, lzi6, 6n' 6' n' ,' kf| 0f3fts, ;f3F /' f]

g]kfnL, sIff *

!)= tn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

sDKo6' /, OG6/g6] , oGq dfgj, k/df0f' ad, P6d ad

!!= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M

;Dej j/bfg cfwl' gs b'?kofu]

;b'kof]u c;Dej kf| rLg clezfk cfljisf/

!@= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg/] hf]8f ldnfpm M lgbfg
gjLg ufk] gLotf
ku| lt qf; skf]nslNkt gofF
pGglt dgu9Gt] ;dfwfg ;Gqf;

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!#= z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

cfljisf/, oftfoft, ;ª\s6, ljt/0f, pknlAw, z:qc:q

!$= ufk] fn a'9fdu/n] afn] s] f s/' fx¿ lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf]
pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ s'g s'g s'/fn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh t'NofOlbPsf 5g\ <
-v_ sn] ] sx] L If0fdf vt] hfT] g / ;Dofpg ;S5 <
-u_ x/]s s/' fsf s:tf kIf xG' 5g\ <
-3_ lj1fgn] ubf{ sg' s'g Ifq] df 7'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 <

!%= cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s/' fx¿ k9L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL3{
Osf/ k|ofu] ePsf kf“rcf]6f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ nv]  .

!^= ;Ldf vfgn] af]ns] f s'/fx¿ k9L ‘lj1fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf]
;?' df x:| j Osf/ nfu]sf kf“rcf]6f zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv]  .

!&= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf6 z4' zAb 5fg/] nv] M g]kfnL, sIff *

-s_ cfblgo{ cfb/l0fo cfb/0fLo

92

-v_ clezfk ceL;fk cle;fk

-u_ ctLly cltyL cltly

-3_ kj" a{ Stf kj" j{ Stf k"a{jStf

!*= kf7df ko| f]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfus] f sx] L zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g \ .
ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

lx+;f, ;;+ f/, g/;+xf/, Wj+;, ;+1f

sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f

!(= tnsf jfSox¿ k9, ae' m / u/ M

-s_ Pp6f 3/sf] ;fgf] sf7] fdf a;/] xfdL ;;+ f/sf] cjnfs] g ug{ ;Sg] ePsf
5fF } .

-v_ cfw'lgs lj1fgn] u/s] f] ku| ltn] ;+;f/ ;f3“ '/f] alg;ss] f] 5 .
-u_ cFWof/f] ou' af6 pHofnf] eljiolt/ 8f¥] ofpg] sfd lj1fgn] g} u/s] f] 5 .
-3_ lj1fgn] gof“ ;+;f/sf] ;G' b/ ;kgf bv] fPsf] 5 .

pbfx/0f x/] L kf7df ko| fu] ePsf bzcf6] f ljzi] f0f zAb l6k/] jfSodf
ko| fu] u/ .

@)= kf7df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/s] f ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ ‘aH5, ;Sbg} , rfxG5’'
h:tf jtd{ fg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g \ . tL ljm| ofkbnfO{
k0" f{ jtd{ fg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .

@!= eljiot\ sfnsf ljm| ofkbsf] k|ofu] u/]/ cfkmn" ] ef]ln ug{'kg{] sfdsf
af/]df kfr“ cf]6f jfSo nv]  .

gk] fnL, sIff * 93

@@= k9, ae' m / u/ M

kb;ª\ult gldns] f jfSo kb;ª\ult ldns] f jfSo

d lj1fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf afN] 5 . d lj1fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf afN] 5 ' .

d/] f] cfdfn] lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGof ] . d/] L cfdfn] lj1fgnfO{ clezfk eGge' of ] .

xfdLn] jfbljjfb kl|tofl]utfdf efu lnof ] . xfdLn] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnof F} .

d/] f] alxgL kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnG5 . d]/L alxgL kl| tof]lutfdf efu lnlG5g \ .

dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb;ª\ult ldnfP/ nv] M
-s_ d]/f] ;fyLx¿ af]Nb} 5 .
-v_ d]/f] afafn] dnfO{ sfoj{ |mddf efu lng k7fof ] .
-u_ pgLx¿ jfbljjfb ub{} 5 .
-3_ u'? d~rdf cfof ] .
-ª_ ltdf| ] ;fyLx¿n] k|ltofl] utf lhTg] 5 .

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

@#= ‘ufp“n] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a;] ’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf
jfbljjfb nv]  .

@$= ‘hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a;] ’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf
ts{x¿ k:| tt' u/ .

94 gk] fnL, sIff *

!$ ;flxTosf/ /jLGbg| fy 7fs/'

dflg; afl} 4s Ifdtf ePsf] kf| 0fL xf ] . dflg;dWo] sltko kl| tefzfnL dflg;n] ljZjnfO{
rlst kf/s] f 5g \ . ;flxTosf/ /jLGbg| fy 7fs/' o:t} kl| tefzfnL JolSt xg'  \ . pgL ljZj
ljVoft gf]an] k/' :sf/ lhTg] klxnf] Pl;ofnL ;flxTosf/ xg'  \ . To;}n] /jLGb|gfynfO{
cGt/fl{ i6o« ;flxTosf/sf] pRr :yfgdf/flvG5 .pgn] kfrF jifs{ f] slnnf] pd/] df g} sljtf /r/]
cfkmg\ f u'?x¿nfO{ ;d]t 5Ss kf/]sf lyP . clxn] pgsf /rgf ef/t / aª\unfbz] sf
/fli6«o ufg ag]sf 5g \ . of] ljZjdf s;n} ] xfl;n ug{ g;ss] f] uf}/jdo k|lti7f xf ] .
pgL slj, syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, gf6ssf/ / lrqsf/sf ¿kdf klg k|l;4 5g \ .

/jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] hGd ;g\ !*^! d] & df ePsf] lyof] . pgL ef/tl:yt sfn] sftfsf]
hf8] f;fsF ' eGg] 7fpFdf hGd]sf lyP . pgsf afh] åf/sfgfy To; If]qsf kV| oft JolSt
lyP . pgsf lktfsf] gfd bj] G] bg| fy / dftfsf] gfd zf/bfb]jL lyof ] . pgsf] kl/jf/
lzlIft / ;DkGg lyof] . pgL ;ft hgf bfh'efOdWo] sfG5f lyP . ;fgd} f pgnfO{
k9fpgsf nflu ljBfno egf{ ul/of] . pgL ljBfnosf] ;Lldt jftfj/0fdf eGbf
:jtGq /x/] v'nf jftfj/0fdf l;Sg rfxGy ] . To;n} ] 3/df x'g] ;flxTo, ;ªu\ Lt /
lrqsnf;DaGwL rrf{df pgL ljzi] f Wofg lbGy] . of] s/' f a'emL pgnfO{ 3/d} k9\g] /
;ª\uLtsf] cEof; u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/of ] .

/jLGb|gfy 7fs'/n] P3f/ jif{s} pd]/df ‘k[YjL k/fho’ gfds uxlsnf] gf6s
nv]  ] . To;} jif{ /jLGbg| fys} ?lrcg';f/ pgnfO{ a'afn] ks| [ltsf] ljlrq :yn lxdfno
e|d0f ug{ nu ] . To; an] f pgn] dxf;fu/bl] v lxdfno;Ddsf] hLjg / hut\;DaGwL
km/flsnf] cg'ej a6'n] . To;} df}sfdf ljleGg Ifq] sf dflg; / ltgn] efu] ]sf b'Mv, si6,
zf]if0f, pTkL8gnfO{ pgn] glhs}af6 a'e\mg kfP . pgsf cge' jx¿sf] 5fk ;flxlTos

kl| tefzfnL – ljlzi6 Ifdtf ePsf JolSt

ljVoft – kl| ;4

cgdfn] – cd"No

xfl;n – kf| Kt

g]kfnL, sIff * 95