s[ltx¿df kfOG5 . rfw} jifs{ f] afNosfndf ;f]/ ;o x/kmsf] ‘jgk"mn’ sljtf n]vL
pgn] ;an} fO{ ljl:dt kf/ ] . o;/L pgL ;flxTosf/sf ¿kdf htftt} k|l;4 x'g yfn ] .
/jLGbg| fy cfk} rfl/s cWoognfO{ cl3 a9fpg an] fot uP . ToxfF nG8g ljZjljBfnodf
egf{ eO{ k9g\ klg yfn] . pgnfO{ cfkm\gf] bz] sf] dfofn] 5f8g] . pgL ef/t kmls{P/
cWoog, e|d0f / n]vgdf tNnLg eP . ;g\ !**# df @@ jifs{ f] pd/] df pgsf] ljjfx
d0[ fflngLb]jL;uF eof ] . To;kl5 pgL ux[ :y hLjg / ;flxTodf rn' D'{ d 8a' ] . pgL
jm| dzM jfªd\ osf dd1{ / ;flxTosf pTsi[ 6 ;h{s dflgg yfn ] . To; avt /jLGbg| fy
;flxTo l;h{gfdf nLg eP . To;n} ] pgL ljlzi6 >0] fLsf ;flxTosf/ aGg ;kmn eP .
pgn] efiff ;flxTodf bfh' Hofl] t/]Gb|;uF ldnL ef/tL klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg u/ ] . To;} u/L
efph"sf] efjgf / rfxgfaf6 clek]l| /t eO{ ;fgf s]6fs]6Lsf nflu afnklqsf klg
lgsfn ] . oL sfo{x¿n] ubf{ pgsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kf¥of ] .
hLjg 3fd5fofsf] ofqf xf] . dflg;n] hLjgdf slxn] ;'v t slxn] b'Mv
ef]Ug'k5{ . /jLGb|gfy ;DkGg kl/jf/sf ePsfn] afNo hLjg w/] } h;f] ;v' do g} /xo\ f]
t/ pgn] ;'v dfq efU] g kfPgg\ . cg]sfF} b'Mv klg ef]us] f lyP . !# jifs{ f] afNosfndf
pgn] ddtfdoL dftfsf] la5f8] ;xgk' ¥of ] . pgnfO{ ;ªu\ Lt / ;flxTodf k|]/0ff lbg]
efphs" f] klg c;fdlos dT[ o' eof ] . pgnfO{ cfdf / cfdftN' o efphs" f] lj5f8] n] c;fWo}
cl:y/ agfof ] . To:tf zf]snfO{ ljljw ;fwgfsf] ;|ft] agfpbF } pgn] cfkmn" fO{ ;Dxfn ] .
clg t emg\ tNnLg eO{ sljtfsf] cf/fwgfdf nfu ] . To;/L g} pgn] syf, pkGof;,
gf6s cflbsf] /rgf u/ ] . o;afxs] uLt, ;ªu\ Lt / lrqsnfsf] ;fwgfdf klg pgL
nfu ] . ;g\ !()! df pgn] zflGt lgst] g gfds ljBfnosf] klg :yfkgf u/ ] . o;
ljBfnodf k|fsl[ ts Pjd\ ljBfyL{ d}qL jftfj/0fdf lzIff lng] Joj:yf lyof ] . Tolt
dfq geP/ To; ljBfnosf nflu kf7o\ k':ts klg n]v] . log} ;'sfo{x¿n] ubf{ pgsf]
rrf{ ;jq{ x'g yfNof ] .
ljl:dt – rlst
jfªd\ o – efiffdf nl] vPsf ;a} s[lt jf uG| y
pTsi[ 6 – >]i7, ;ae} Gbf /fd|f]
dd{1 – dd{ ae' \mg]
tNnLg – sfddf nflu k/]sf,] tTk/
;s' fo{ – /fd|f] sfd
96 gk] fnL, sIff *
/jLGb|gfysf] hLjgdf km]l/ b'Mvsf] em/L ;'? eof] . ;g\ !()@ df pgn] kTgL
ljof]usf] s7f]/ kL8f ;xg'k¥of] . 5f]6f] cGt/fndf g} ;g\ !()# df dflxnL 5f]/L
laltg \ . To;kl5 ;g\ !()% df aa' fsf] lgwg eof ] . pgsf] xb[ odf 5f]/L / aa' fsf]
lj5f8] n] agfPsf] 3fp gkl' /bF } ;g\ !()& df pgn] sfG5f] 5f/] fsf] ljofu] vKgk' ¥of] . t/
klg pgL ljrlnt geO{ ;fwgfdf h6' L g} /x ] . pgn] cfkm"n] :yflkt u/]sf] ljBfnonfO{
ljZjljBfnodf kl/0ft u/ ] . ;flxTosf Ifq] df cgs] fF} /rgf tof/ kf/ ] . logsf /rgfdWo]
sljtf ljwfdf ‘uLtf~hnL’ Hofb} k|l;4 5 . o; sl[ tdf k|sl[ tsf] aflx/L / cfGtl/s
;f}Gbo{sf] lrq0f / O{Zj/sf] dlxdf ufg ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L g} o;df ks| [lt, OZ{ j/
/ dflg;sf] df´ 3lgi6 ;DaGw b]vfOPsf] 5 . aªu\ fnLdf k|ydtM 5f]6f syf /rgf
ug]{ pgsf syfdf ‘sfa'nL jfnf’ / pkGof;df ‘uf/] f’ kV| oft 5g \ . pgsf gf6sdf
‘/Sts/aL’ / ‘kmfNu'gL’ lgs} rlrt{ 5g\ . o;} j|mddf pgn] uLtf~hnLnfO{ cª\uh]| Ldf
;dt] cg'jfb u/] . o; sfon{ ] ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;dt] pgsf] Voflt km}lnof] .
;g\ !(!# df pgsf] ‘uLtf~hnL’ sl[ tsf nflu ljZjljVoft gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kb| fg
ul/of] . pgL ljZj ;flxTosf pHHjn gIfqsf ¿kdf ljVoft ag ] . o;/L ljljw
;fwgfdf nfUbfnfUb} c;L jif{sf] pd/] df ;g\ !($! cu:6 & df pgsf] d[To' eof] .
gf]a]n k/' :sf/ ljh]tf /jLGb|gfyn] pgsf s[ltdf k|s[lt, O{Zj/ / dflg;sf ckf/
dlxdf ufPsf 5g \ . pgn] 1fgsf] k;| f/nfO{ ;jq{ dxŒj lbPsf 5g \ . pgsf b[li6df
dfgj clwsf/, /fi6k« |d] / ;dfh ;'wf/ ;jfk{] l/ dxŒjsf ljifo x'g \ . pgL :jtGqtf
;ª\u|fdsf of]4f ePsfn] ;Dk0" f{ dfgjsf] d'lSt / ;d[l4 pgsf] ceLi6 xf] . pgsf
;d:t l;h{gfaf6 log} cd/ cfbz{ k]|/0ff kfpg ;lsG5 .
3lgi6 – Hofb} uxg
ljZjljVoft – ;;+ f/ k|l;4
gIfq – tf/f
;jfk{] l/ – ;ae} Gbf dfly
d'lSt – :jtGqtf
ceLi6 – rfxs] f] s'/f
gk] fnL, sIff * 97
cEof;
!= k|:tt' kf7 sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k9 / ;'g . gk] fnL, sIff *
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eg M
-s_ /jLGbg| fysf] hGd sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ /jLGb|gfyn] ;flxTo l;hg{ f ug{] k]/| 0ff s;/L k|fKt u/] <
-u_ /jLGbg| fyn] s'g ljZj k|l;4 k/' :sf/ kfP <
-3_ /jLGb|gfysf] ljjfx slt jifs{ f] pd/] df sf;] uF eof] <
-ª_ /jLGbg| fysf kd| 'v rf/cf6] f s[ltx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ /jLGb|gfysf bl[ i6df ;jf]{kl/ dlxdfsf ljifo s] x'g\ <
#= hf8] f ldnfpm M
/jLGb|gfysf] hGd ;g\ !**#
d0[ fflngLb]jL;Fu ljjfx hf]8f;fsF '
zflGt lgs]tg ;g\ !()@
d0[ fflngLb]jLsf] d[To' uf/] f
gfa] n] k/' :sf/ kf| lKt ljBfno
/jLGbg| fysf] b]x Tofu ;g\ !(!#
;g\ !($!
$= pQ/ n]v M
-s_ /jLGbg| fysf] afNosfn s;/L lat]sf] lyof] <
-v_ /jLGb|gfyn] lxdfnsf] ofqfaf6 s] s] cg'ej a6'n] <
-u_ /jLGbg| fysf] ‘uLtf~hnL’ s:tf] s[lt xf] <
98
-3_ zflGt lgs]tg ljBfno :yfkgfsf] dV' o p2Z] o s] lyof] <
-ª_ /jLGbg| fyn] sl[ tsf dfWodaf6 lbPsf dV' o ;Gbz] s] s] xg' \ <
%= kf7sf] kf“rf“} cgR' 5b] k9L rf/cf6] f dV' o a“b' fx¿ l6k / Ps tt[ Lof+zdf
;f/fz+ n]v .
zAbe08f/
^= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
h:t} M pTs[i6 = lgsi[ 6
cfsif0{ f pGglt cfk} rfl/s
cgfk} rfl/s ljsif{0f c?lr cjglt
&= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;“u hf]8f ldnfpm M
rlst kl| ;4 cgdf]n :jtGq
kV| oft cdN" o la5f8] 5Ss dS' t
*= tnsf zAbsf PseGbf a9L cy{ k9 / a'em M
;DkGg M wgL ;lsPsf]
dfs} f M ;+ofu] cj;/
If]q M :yfg v]t
b[li6 M cfFvf x]/fO
;ªu\ f| d M ;ª3\ if{ n8fOF
(= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg M
ljljw, ;flxTosf/, k|lti7f, uf/} jdo, dgf]/d, uxlsnf], u[x:y, ;f| t] , cf/fwgf,
lgeL{s, cGt/fn, ddtfdoL
g]kfnL, sIff * 99
!)= ‘ljei" f0f’ zAbaf6 ‘ljel" ift’ eP em}“ tnsf zAbaf6 xg' ] ¿k nv] M
/rgf ============================ k|;f/ =====================
k|lti7f =============================== cfsif{0f =======================
Joj:yf =============================== lzIff ========================
!!= ;flxTo ± sf/ ‘;flxTosf/’ ePh:t} tnsf zAbaf6 gof“ zAb agfpm M
syf, pkGof;, gf6s, lrq, ;ªu\ Lt, uLt, d"lt{
!@= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
k|ltef, ljZj, cEof;, cd/, k/|] 0ff
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!#= z'4 pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
afl} 4s, kf| 0fL, cgdfn] , uxlsnf], tNnLg, dd1{ , ;hs{ , jfª\do, ;f| t] , ;fwgf,
/fi6k« d]| , :jtGqtf, ceLi6, k;| f/, cdN" o
!$= afn] fO / n]vfOsf] km/s a´' M
afn] fO nv] fO afn] fO n]vfO
O:;f/] OZ{ j/ la:j ljZj
cAEof;\ cEof; l;lS5t\ lzlIft
klt{ef k|ltef lrqsnf lrqsnf
!%= kf7sf] bf];|f] cg'R5b] lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
-s_ /jLGb|gfy sxf“ hlGdPsf lyP <
-v_ /jLGb|gfysf] dftflktfsf] gfd s] s] lyof] <
-u_ /jLGbg| fy lsg :jtGq /x/] l;Sg rfxGy] <
-3_ /jLGb|gfy s];DaGwL rrfd{ f ljz]if Wofg lbGy] <
100 g]kfnL, sIff *
!^= kf7af6 bL3{ Osf/ / bL3{ psf/ nfu]sf kfr“ kfr“ cf]6f zAb vfh] /]
n]v .
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!&= kf7sf] t;] f| ] cgR' 5]bsf ljm| ofkbnfO{ c1ft et" sfndf kl/jt{g u/L
kg' n]{vg u/ .
!*= tnsf et" sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf ljm| ofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jtg{
u/L kg' n{]vg u/ M
-s_ /jLGbg| fyn] tNnLg eO{ sljtfsf] cf/fwgf u/ ] .
-v_ pgn] gofF lsl;dsf 5f]6f syf nv] ] .
-u_ pgn] dgfj] 1} flgs cfwf/df pkGof; /r] .
-3_ pgL lrqsnfsf] ;fwgfdf nfu] .
-ª_ pgn] zflGt lgs]tg gfds ljBfno vf]n] .
!(= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M
-s_ pgLx¿ sljtf n]V5g\ . -;Defjgfy_{
-v_ ltdLx¿ kf7o\ k':ts k95\ f} . -;Defjgfy_{
-u_ xfdL 5f6] f syf k9\5f}F . -OR5fy_{
-3_ /jLGbg| fyn] sljtfsf] cf/fwgf u/] . -;Defjgfy{_
-ª_ efOn] gfa] n] k'/:sf/ kfpF5 . -OR5fy{_
g]kfnL, sIff * 101
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
@)= tnsf ljj/0fsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL n]v/] lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm M
gfd M lzj clwsf/L
hGd M lj=;+= @)!), a/} ]gL uflj;, wflbª
afNo hLjg M ;fdfGo kl/jf/sf] ePsfn] b'Mv ;v' df lat]sf]
dftflktf M OZ{ j/Lb]jL / k0" f{rGb| clwsf/L
lzIff M :gftsf]Œf/ -g]kfnL_
k];f M kqsfl/tf
;+nUgtf
@)#) ;fnb]lv kqsfl/tf Ifq] df ;+nUg
‘b]zfGt/’ ;fKtflxssf] ;Dkfbs
‘;?' lr’ ;fKtflxssf] k|wfg ;Dkfbs
‘uf/] vfkq’ b}lgsdf kw| fg ;Dkfbs / dxfka| Gws
ks| flzt kd| v' sl[ tx¿
pkGof;x¿ M ‘kZ' rnL’, ‘ri] 6f’, ‘ljlbzf’, ‘cfv]6’ cflb
gf6sx¿ M ‘qf;bL db' f| x¿’, ‘tf;sf] hfdf’ cflb
sljtf ;ª\u|xx¿ M ‘;Dkl| t’ cflb
;flxlTos ljz]iftfx¿
ljbf| x] L gf6ssf/, ku| ltzLn slj
lj;ª\ultjfbL lrGtg, /fhgLlts ljsl[ tk|lt Joª\Uo
k'/:sf/ tyf dfg;Ddfg M o'jfjif{ df]tL k'/:sf/, uf/] vf blIf0fafx' rfy} f]
lgwg M lj=;+ @)^)
@!= sg' } :yfgLo k]/| s JolStsf] hLjgL;DaGwL tYo ;ªs\ ng u//] ab'“ f
tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .
102 gk] fnL, sIff *
!% 7u ;dfltof]
ljho rfln;]
ljj|md / lj/fh ;fg}b]lv cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}F uy ]{ . pgLx¿ k9\gdf klg t]h lyP .
ljjm| d ;fgf] eP klg Psbd} rnfv lyof ] . ;fgL alxgL eg] cfkmg\ f] sfd cfkmF} ug{] pd/] sL
lyOg . To;}n] p;nfO{ cfdf / bfhn' ] dbt ug{x' 'GYof ] . ljj|md / lj/fh ;dodf k9g\
hfGy] . ;dodf s]xL a]/ vN] y] / ;dod} 3/ kmsG{ y ] .
afaf kf]v/f hfg'ePsf] lyof] . ljj|md
:sn' af6 kms/]{ s]xL a/] v]Ng egL lgl:sof] .
v]n]/ kms{Fbf ;fFem kg}{ cfF6]sf] lyof] .
Tolt a]nf klg lj/fh 3/ kmss]{ f] lyPg .
;w}F ;dod} cfpg] 5f]/fn] ca]/ u/]sfdf
cfdf lrlGtt x'gx' 'GYof] . cfh lj/fhn] lsg
ca/] u¥of] < cfdfsf] lrGtf a9b\ } lyof] .
TolŒfs}df aflx/ s;}n] 3G6L ahfof] .
lj/fh cfOku' ]sf] xf]nf eGg] ;Dem]/ cfdfsf]
cg'xf/ pHofnf] eof] t/ aflx/ lj/fhs}
pd/] sf] cs}{ s]6f] plePsf] lyof] .
ætkfO{F lj/fhsL cfdf xf] <Æ cfdfnfO{ b]Vgf;fy p;n] s]xL cflŒfP em}F u/L
;f]Wof] . æxf] Û afa' sf] lg < lj/fhnfO{ lrGgx' 'G5 <Æ p;sf] cflŒfP h:tf] :j/
;'g]/ cfdf cem lrlGtt x'g'eof] . æd lj/fhsf] ;fyL x'F . sn]haf6 kms{Fbf
lj/fhnfO{ df]6/n] 7Ss/ lbof] . xfdLn] c:ktfn nu]sf 5f F} . t'?Gt} pkrf/ ugk'{ 5{ /],
d k;} f lng cfPsf] . b; xhf/ lbgx' f;] \, d lnP/ uOxfN5 ' .Æ p;sf] s'/f ;g' /] cfdf
Psbd} cflQge' of] . ækv afa', d k;} f lnP/ cfpF5 ' . ;Fu} hfpnF f .Æ cfdf cflŒfPs}
:j/ – cfjfh 103
g]kfnL, sIff *
cj:yfdf hjfkm} gkvL{ leq k:g'eof] . ljj|mdn] ;'?b]lv g} To; s]6fsf] cgx' f/ u8/]
x]l//xs] f] lyof ] . lj/fhsf w]/} ;fyLx¿nfO{ pm lrGbYof] t/ o; s6] fnfO{ eg] p;n]
lrg]g . p;sf] cg'xf/ klg Tolt cflŒfPsf] / lrlGtt h:tf] nfu]g .
æn lx8F ! ljj|md, ltdL alxgL x/] ]/ al;/xg" x,} d rf8F } cfpF5' .Æ cfdf c:ktfn hfg
lxF8\g vfH] ge' of] . æxfO] g, 3/df ;fgf efOalxgL 5g \ . tkfO{F guP klg xG' 5 . xfdL
5Fb} 5f}F lg, lj/fhsf] x]/ljrf/ ug{ .Æ To; s6] fn] eGof ] . p;sf] s/' fn] ljjm| dnfO{
´g\ zª\sf nfUof ] . p;n] em66\ ;lDemof,] æbfOn] laxfg 3/ kms{g ca]/ x'G5
eGg'ePsf] lyof] . /d]zsxfF uP/ k9g\ ' 5 klg eGg'ePsf] lyof ] .Æ ljj|mdnfO{ Ps k6s
/dz] sxfF kmf]g u/]/ a'em\ g dg nfUof ] . æcfdf Psl5g kv{gx' f;] \ x} !Æ c¿ sx] L gegL
pm leq k:of ] . /d]zsf] 3/df kmf]g u¥of ] . kmf]g /dz] n] g} p7fof ] . ljj|mdn] 3/df
ePsf ;a} s/' f ;g' fof] .
æTo; s]6fsf] cgx' f/ s:tf] 5, eg t < lj/fh / xl/ ;Fu;uF } lgl:sPsf lyP . xl/
kf] xf] ls t !Æ /d]zn] ;f]Wof] . ljj|mdn] ;Dem;] Dd ldNg] u/L s]6fsf] x'lnof atfof] .
xl' nof ;'g/] /dz] nfO{ st} 7u t xf]Og eGg] nfUof ] . /d]zn] eGof,] æTo;nfO{ s]xL a]/
cndNofP/ /fv . d cfpF5' . c:ktfn k'¥ofPsf] xf] /x]5 eg] klg pkrf/ eOxfN5 .Æ
/d]zsf] s'/f ;'gk] l5 ljj|mdn] l5ds] L ljsf; sfsfnfO{ klg kmfg] u¥of ] . ljsf; sfsf
kx| /Ldf xflsd x'g'x'GYof] . p;n] sfsfnfO{ klg ;a} s/' f atfof] .
æcfdf, l9nf uge'{ Pg . d vr{ lnP/ hfFb} u5{', tkfOF{ cfpFb} ugx'{ f]nf . ;dod} cf}ifwL
gku' ] s] x'G5, s] <Æ ljj|md aflx/ lg:sbF f Tof] s]6f] x8a8fP/ eGb} lyof] .
cfdfnfO{ s;/L /fS] g] < ljj|mdnfO{ c;lhnf] k¥of ] . æcfdf em\ ofn9fs] f y'g/] hfgx' f];\ g,
d e6] \lbg,F rf/] cfof] eg] dn} ] s] ug{] <Æ p;n] sx] L ;f]r]/ eGof ] . æslt cndNofpF5 of]
s6] f] klg !Æ cfdf kmtkmtfpbF } kml] / leq k:g'eof] . Tof] s]6f] emg\ cflŒfP/ x8a8fPsf]
b]lvof ] .
ca]/ M l9nf], ca]nf
x'lnof M dflg;nfO{ lrgfpg] ¿k, /ª, cfsl[ t cflbsf] ljj/0f
7u M 7u]/ jf wfs] f lbP/ c¿sf] wgdfn lng] JolSt
cndNofP/ M s;}nfO{ ed| df kf/L /f]s]/
vr{ M sg' } sfdsf lglDt dfl;g] ?lkof,F wgdfn
x8a8fP/ – xtfl/P/, cflŒfP/
104 g]kfnL, sIff *
æljj|md, pgL g} x'g\, lj/fhsf] va/
Nofpg] <Æ ljsf; sfsf cfP/ ;fW] gf;fy
Tof] s]6f] emg\ ctflNnP h:tf] b]lvof] .
æxf] Û xf] Û sfsf, ljjm| dn] eGof ] . ætkfOxF{ ¿
;do aaf{b ub}{ xg' 'xG' 5 . d lx8F ,]F tkfO{xF ¿
cfpFb} ug'{xf];\ .Æ To;n] RofF6\l7Psf]
:j/df eGof ] .
pm x8a8fPsf] b]v]/ ljsf; sfsfnfO{
klg zª\sf nfu5] . sfsfn] eGge' of,] æ;uF }
hfcfnF} f . c:ktfn k¥' ofPsf] eP lsg cflŒfg' !Æ
sfsfsf] s/' fn] Tof] emg} cflŒfof ] .
æcfx] f] Û ljsf; sfsf klg ! s] eof] <Æ
PSsfl; lj/fhnfO{ ToxLF b]v/] ;a} rlst eP . æw/] } rf6] t nfug] afa' !Æ cfdfn] cu“ fnf]
xfNb} ;f]Wge' of] . ærf6] /] ! s] ePsf] 5 / dnfO{ < d t /dz] sxfaF f6 ;/f;/ cfpbF }
5 ' . efOnfO{ egs] } lyPF lg, cln ca/] xG' 5 eg/] , la:of{] ls Sof xf] <Æ p;n] 5Ss
kb{} ;f]Wof] .
æva/bf/ ! efUg] xfO] g . ca tFnfO{ d l7s u5 {' .Æ sfsfsf] cfjfhn] ;a}sf] Wofg
To; s]6flt/ uof ] . pm efUg vfH] b} /x]5 . sfsfn] p;nfO{ ;dfTg'eof ] . /d]z klg
cfOk'Uof] . æljjm| d, ltdLn] ubf{ cfdf 7lugaf6 aRge' of ] . o:tf 7ux¿sf] clxn] laulauL
5 .Æ ljsf; sfsfsf] s/' fn] ;a} 5Ss k/ ] . ljjm| d dgdg} v;' L lyof ] . afaf of] s/' f
yfxf kfPkl5 slt v';L xg' x' fn] f <
cu“ fnf] – :g]x jf cfTdLotf hgfpg s;}nfO{ cfkm\gf] 5ftLdf 6f:F g] sfd
5Ss kg{' – bªu\ kg{,' lhNn kg{', cfZro{df kg{'
laulauL – 8/, qf;
gk] fnL, sIff * 105
cEof;
!= ‘7u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k9 .
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ ‘7u ;dfltof’] syfsf nv] s sf] x'g\ <
-v_ lj/fhsL cfdf lsg lrlGtt x'g'xG' Yof] <
-u_ lj/fh sxfF uPsf] lyof] <
-3_ 7un] cfdf;uF slt ?lkofF dfus] f] lyof] <
-ª_ s;n] ubf{ cfdf 7lugaf6 aRg'eof] <
#= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg egs] f] xf], n]v M
-s_ kv afa', d k};f lnP/ cfpF5 ' .
-v_ To; s6] fsf] cg'xf/ s:tf] 5, eg t <
-u_ To;nfO{ sx] L a/] cndNofP/ /fv .
-3_ d vr{ lnP/ hfFb} u5'{, tkfOF{ cfpFb} ugx{' f]nf .
-ª_ tkfOxF{ ¿ ;do aaf{b ub}{ xg' x' G' 5 . d lxF8F,] tkfO{xF ¿ cfpbF } ug{'xf];\ .
$= kf7 /fd|/L k9L l7s zAb vfh] /] vfnL 7fpd“ f e/ M
-s_ cfdfsf] cgx' f/ ==================== eof] .
-v_ cfdf ===================== kml] / leq k:ge' of] .
-u_ cfdf aflx/ lg:sbF f Tof] s]6f] ========================== eGb} lyof] .
-3_ PSsfl; lj/fhnfO{ ToxLF b]v]/ ;a} =========================== eP .
-ª_ d t /d]zsxfaF f6 =================================== cfpbF } 5' .
106 gk] fnL, sIff *
%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ cfdf s] sf/0fn] ubf{ Psbd} cflŒfg'eof] <
-v_ cfdf lsg c:ktfn hfg lx8F g\ vf]Hge' of] <
-u_ ljjm| dn] s;nfO{ lsg kmfg] u¥of] <
-3_ ljj|mdn] cfdfnfO{ cndNofpgs' f] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-ª_ ‘7u ;dfltof’] syfn] s] ;Gbz] lbPsf] 5 <
^= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df jm| d ldnfP/ nv] M
- _ ;wF} ;dod} cfpg] 5f]/fn] ca]/ u/]sfdf cfdf lrlGtt xg' 'eof ] .
- _ ljj|md / lj/fh ;fg}bl] v cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}F uy {] .
- _ ljj|md v]n/] 3/ kmsb{F f klg bfh' 3/ kms]{sf] lyPg .
- _ æcfh lj/fhn] lsg ca/] u¥of] <Æ cfdfsf] lrGtf a9b\ } uof] .
- _ d lj/fhsf] ;fyL, sh]haf6 kmsbF{ f lj/fhnfO{ df]6/n] 7Ss/ lbof ] .
- _ ljjm| dn] ;?' b]lv g} To; s]6fsf] cgx' f/ u8]/ x]l//xs] f] lyof ] .
- _ xfdLn] c:ktfn nu]sf 5f}F . t?' Gt} pkrf/ ugk{' 5{ / ] .
- _ bfOn] laxfg 3/ kmsg{ ca]/ xG' 5 eGge' Psf] lyof ] .
zAbe08f/
&= pN6f] cy{ 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M la:of{]
c;lhnf] ;fw'
rf]/ ;fFem pHofnf] ;lhnf]
cfjfh cWF of/f] ;Dem\of] laxfg 5Ss
rt/' cfsl:ds
*= ldNbf] cy{ 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M
107
PSsfl; cgx' f/ x8a8fP/ rnfv
k;} f cflQP/ crDd d'xf/
(= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
rlst, lrlGtt, vr,{ cfi} fwL, 7Ss/
g]kfnL, sIff *
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
cj:yf, zª\sf, cndNofP/, x8a8fP/, lg:sFbf
!!= z'4 u/L ;f/ M
tkfO la/fhsL cfdf xf] cfdfnfO b]Vgf ;fy p;n] s]lx cfŒfLPsf] em} u/L ;fW] of ] .
!@= kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' ]/ n]v .
!#= kf7sf] t];|f] cgR' 5b] z'4;“u sfkLdf ;f/ .
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!$= kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5b] af6 n,] nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfus] f zAb
vf]h/] n]v .
!%= dflysf] kf7df ‘lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|ofu] ePsf 5g\ . kf7df
ko| f]u ePsf sg' } kf“r lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l6k .
!^= dflysf] kf7df ‘d, pm, tkfO“’{ h:tf ;jg{ fd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf
5g\ . kf7af6 ;jg{ fd ko| fu] ePsf kfr“ cf6] f jfSox¿ l6k .
h:t} M s] ePsf] 5 / dnfO{ <
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!&= cfkmg\ } ufp7“ fps“ f] 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ sg' } Pp6f syf n]v]/
leŒf]klqsfdf k|bzg{ u/ .
!*= 3/kl/jf/ cyjf l5ds] Lx¿af6 ;g' s] f] sg' } syf nv] / sIffdf ;g' fpm .
108 gk] fnL, sIff *
!^ sDKo6' / / OG6/g6]
sDKo6' / cfw'lgs lj1fgn] dfgjnfO{ lbPsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xf] . sDKo'6/nfO{ Ps
;fdfGo ko| fh] gsf] hl6n ljBt' Lo :jrflnt pks/0f elgG5 . o;n] cªs\ ul0ftsf
hl6ntd ;d:ofx¿nfO{ tLj| ultsf ;fy ;xL 9ªu\ n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfd u5 { . Pp6}
;dodf clwstd sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg' o;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljzi] ftf xf ] . lghLj{
j:t' eP/ klg w]/} tYox¿nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd :d/0f / e08f/g u/L /fVg ;Sg]
Ifdtf sDKo6' /df xG' 5 . sDKo6' / dfgjsf] dl:tisåf/f lgldt{ oGq xf ] .
cfh sDKo6' /n] dfgjsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g NofOlbPsf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, Jofkf/,
pBf]u, oftfoft ;a}lt/ sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . cGtl/Ifsf] vf]h /
cg';Gwfgdf sDKo'6/sf] k|ofu] x'G5 . oGq dfgjsf] lgoGq0f / ;~rfngdf klg
sDKo'6/s} k|of]u ul/G5 . ljBfno, dxfljBfno, ;/sf/L sfof{no, c:ktfn
htf;'s} sDKo'6/sf] dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . Pp6f efiffsf] ;fdu|L cs}{ efiffdf
cg'jfb ug]{ sfd klg sDKo'6/af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . lgjf{rgsf] dtbfg / dt
u0fgf klg sDKo6' /af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . hl6n /f]usf] zNoljm| of klg sDKo6' /sf
dfWodn] ug{ ;lsG5 . cfh dgf]/~hgsf If]qdf klg sDKo'6/sf] cTolws k|of]u
eO/x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿ sDKo6' /df ljleGg lsl;dsf cfs[lt / lrqx¿ agfP/
/dfOnf] ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] sDKo'6/nfO{ pkofl] utfsf] b[li6n] lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
dfgj hLjgsf nflu cToGt} pkofu] L l;4 ePsf] sDKo'6/sf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] 5 .
cfheGbf sl/a bO' { xhf/ jif{ klxn] lrgdf u0fgfsf lglDt ‘cafs;’ gfdsf] oGq lgdf0{ f
ePsf] lyof] . To;n] ul0ftsf hf8] , 36fp, u'0fg, efu h:tf lx;fax¿ ug{ ;SYof ] .
ToxL cafs;af6 ;?' ePsf] cfhsf] PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLsf 8:] s6k, Nofk6k;Dd cfOkU' bf
cg'kd – cgf}7f,] crDdsf]
:jrflnt – cfkm}F rNg]
hl6ntd – kŒff nufpg jf ;dfwfg ug{ uf/f] kg]{, cToGt sl7g
lghL{j – kf| 0f gePsf]
gk] fnL, sIff * 109
sDKo6' /n] ljleGg r/0fx¿ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ !^$@ df k|mfG;sf ul0ft1 n]h
kf:snn] Sofns'n]6/sf] cfljisf/ u/] . o;df ;dofg'sn" ;w' f/ x'Fb} uof ] . h;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ !*@@ df an] fotsf rfN;{ afah] n] SoflDa|h ljZjljBfnodf Pp6f
sDKo6' / h:t} :jrflnt oGq ‘cGt/ OlGhg’ agfP . o;sf] ;kmntfkl5 afah] n] g}
lal| 6; ;/sf/sf] cflys{ ;xofu] df ‘Pgflnl6sn OlGhg’ gfds ljzfn oGq agfpg
;'? u/] . cfhsf] bl' gofFsf] sDKo'6/ lgdf{0fdf pgsf] Pgflnl6sn OlGhgdf k|of]u
ePsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ofu] ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;a}eGbf klxn] k"0f{ ¿kdf :jrflnt ljzi] ftf
ePsf] oGqsf] cfljisf/ rfN;{ afah] n] u/ ] . To;n} ] pgnfO{ sDKo6' /sf lktf elgG5 .
OG6/g6] cfhsf] dfgj hfltn] sDKo6' /sf dfWodaf6 kf| Kt u/]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw
xf ] . o;n] ljZjsf] s'g} klg 7fpFsf] ;"rgfnfO{ ljB'tLo ultdf ljZjsf dfgj ;d'bfodf
k'¥ofpg ;S5 . b'O{ jf bO' {eGbf a9L sDKo'6/lar tf/ jf lagftf/sf dfWodaf6 ;Dks{
:yfkgf u/fO{ tYofªs\ tyf ;r" gf cfbfgkb| fg ug{] ljlwnfO{ sDKo6' / ;~hfn elgG5 .
o;n] Pp6f sDKo'6/ / csf]{ sDKo6' /sf] lardf ;r" gfsf] kj| fx u5 { . OG6/g]6 ;a}
eGbf 7'nf] sDKo6' / ;~hfn xf ] . cfh OG6/g]6sf] k|ofu] u//] ljZjdf 36s] f 36gf,
;dfrf/, Jofkfl/s ultljlw cflb ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
OG6/g6] df h8fg eO;s]kl5 x/]s sDKo6' / cfkm}Fdf ;~hfn xf ] . To;n} ] ljZjdf
sDKo6' /sf lardf ;r" gf / ;~rf/ kj| fx u/L cGt;D{ aGw :yfkgf ug{] sfd OG6/g6] n] u5 { .
OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 ljZjsf h'g;s' } 7fpdF f ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn ljZjsf
s/f8] f}F dflg;n] OG6/g]6sf] ko| f]u ub{5g \ . sDKo6' /df OG6/g]6sf] ko| fu] ug{sf nflu
xfdf| ] sDKo6' / OG6/g6] df h8fg ul/Psf] xg' k' 5{ . OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu] ug{ Pp6f sDKo6' /
/ ;~rf/ pks/0f, Pp6f 6l] nkmf]g tyf tf/ jf lagftf/sf] dfWodsf] cfjZostf
k5{ . OG6/g6] sf] ljz]if ;l' jwf OnS] 6«fl] gs dn] jf Od]n xf ] . Od]nsf] pkofu] u/L
kmfOn :yfgfGt/0f jf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / cgnfOg s/' fsfgL ug{ ;S5f }F . ;;+ f/e/sf
dflg;sf h'g;s' } If]qsf] 1fg, ljrf/ / cg'ejsf] ;f6f;f6 Odn] dfkm{t ug{ ;lsG5 .
sDKo6' / / OG6/g6] dfgj hLjgsf x/s] Ifq] df plŒfs} pkofu] L 5g \ . b/" ;~rf/, xn' fs,
jfo';]jf, c:ktfn, lzIff cflbdf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] ko| f]u ckl/xfo{ alg;s]sf]
5 . sDKo6' /sf] k|ofu] n] w/] } k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] b:tfah] nV] g, ;Dkfbg ug{ jf e08f/g
ultljlw — ljm| ofsnfk
Odn] — ljB'tLo kq jf lr7L, ;Gbz]
ckl/xfo{ – geO{ gx'g]
110 gk] fnL, sIff *
ug{ ;lsG5 . l56f]eGbf l56f] lxHh] k/LIf0f ug{ / zAbsfz] sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
b[Zo, >Jo ;fduL| sf] dfWodaf6 cWoog cWofkg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] lzIfs tyf
ljBfyL{sf nflu klg lgs} pkofu] L x'G5 . ljBfno tyf dxfljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] tYofªs\ /fVg] sfddf of] lgs} pkofu] L x'G5 . ljBfnodf lnOg]
k/LIffsf] glthf tof/ kfg,]{ k|sfzg ug{] h:tf sfos{ f nflu klg sDKo'6/ lgs}
;xofu] L l;4 xg' ku' s] f] 5 . To:t} sIffdf ;xefuL xg' g;Sg] / zf/Ll/s sdhf/] L
ePsf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf nflu OG6/g6] dfkmt{ \ cgnfOg z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{
;lsG5 . OG6/g]6df df6] f df]6f k':tsx¿sf ;6\6fdf l56f] tyf ;lhnf] u/L tYox¿
vf]Hg ;lsG5 . ljleGg Ifq] ;Fu ;DalGwt gjLgtd ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf, hLjgL, efif0f
cflb k9g\ tyf x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno tyf dxfljBfnodf lbOg] vfh] cg;' GwfgfTds
kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ OG6/g]6n] 7'nf] ;xofu] k¥' ofp5F . To:t} hl6n lx;fa tyf
kZ| gx¿sf] pŒf/ xfdLn] OG6/g6] df vfH] g ;S5f F} . k9\bfk9b\ } s'g} gofF ljifosf] af/]df
a‰' g'k¥of] eg] xfdLnfO{ OG6/g6] n] ;xofu] k¥' ofpF5 . sl7g zAbx¿sf] cy{ ae' \mg klg
OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjsf]z tyf k:' tsfnosf] kxrF' gxg' x] ¿sf nflu
OG6/g6] lgs} ;xofu] L ;fyL aGg ;S5 .
ctM sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 cfhsf] dfgjsf nflu j/bfg ;flat ePsf 5g \ . cfh
;+;f/sf 1fgsf ;Dk"0f{ s'/f OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf 5g\ . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf]
k|ofu] lagfsf] cfhsf] dfgj hLjg ck/' f] / cw'/f] bl] vg yfn]sf] 5 . o;y{ o;sf] ;dl' rt
ko| f]u u/]/ a9LeGbf a9L 1fg kf| Kt ug'{ g} al' 4dfgL x'g] 5 .
cgnfOg – OG6/g6] df /xL ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ k|ljlw
ljZjsf]z – ljZjdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhlahx¿sf] hfgsf/L ePsf] k:' tsx¿sf] ;ªu\ |x
gk] fnL, sIff * 111
cEof;
!= sIffdf cfnfk] fnf] u/L kf7 k9/] ;g' fpm .
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ sDKo'6/sf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ sDKo'6/df s:tf] Ifdtf xG' 5 <
-u_ sDKo6' /sf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ elgG5 <
-3_ Odn] dfkmt{ sg' sg' s/' f ;f6f;f6 ug{ ;lsG5 <
#= l7s al] 7s 56' \ofpm M
-s_ vf]h / cg;' Gwfgdf sDKo6' /sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-v_ OG6/g]6 sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 kf| Kt ePsf] dxŒjk0" f{ pknlAw xf ] .
-u_ Odn] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] sDKo'6/ ;~hfn xf] .
-3_ sDKo'6/ / OG6/g6] cfh clezfk ;flat ePsf 5g \ .
$= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ sDKo6' / cfwl' gs lj1fgn] lbPsf] cg'kd ========= xf] .
-v_ Od]nsf] pkofu] u/L =============== ug{ ;S5fF} .
-u_ ljrf/ / cge' jsf] ;f6f;f6 ================== dfkm{t\ ug{ ;lsG5 .
-3_ OG6/g]6df h8fg eO;s]kl5 =============== cfkmd}F f g]6js{ xf] .
%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ sDKo'6/nfO{ lsg dfgj dl:tis;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 <
-v_ sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u sg' sg' Ifq] df ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ OG6/g6] n] s] s] sfd u5{ <
^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 dfgj hLjgsf x/s] Ifq] df plŒfs} pkof]uL 5g \ .
&= sDKo6' / / OG6/g]6sf] ko| fu] lagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck/' f] / cw'/f] bl] vgs' f
sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .
112 gk] fnL, sIff *
zAbe08f/
*= ldNbf] cy{ 5fg/] hf]8f ldnfpm M
;I" d pks/0f :jrflnt cg'kd dl:tis ck'/f]
cfkm}F rNg] cgf}7f] clt ;fgf] cGt;{DaGw cw/' f ] oGq lbdfu
(= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fgL hf8] f ldnfpm M
hl6n cfbfg j1} flgs ;hLj :jLsf/
kb| fg c:jLsf/ ;/n ;fy{s cj}1flgs lghLj{
!)= kf7df sDKo6' /, 6]lnkmfg] , 8:] s6k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|ofu] ePsf
5g \ . kf7af6 o:tf bzcf]6f kf| ljlws zAbx¿ l6k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ .
!!= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
lgoGq0f, Odn] , hl6ntd, lIflth
!@= pk ± s/0f = ‘pks/0f’ ePh:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf ‘pk’ pk;u{
nufP/ gof“ zAb agfpm M
;u{, sf/, b]z, rf/, ofu]
!#= ul0ft ± O{o = ‘ul0ftLo’ ePh:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf ‘O{o’ kT| oo hf8] ]/
gof“ zAb agfpm M
tfk, tYofª\s, u0fgf, ju{, ljB't\
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!%= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
lglb{i6, :yfgfGt/0f, ultljlw, kl/of]hgf
!^= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf6 z4' zAb 5fg/] n]v M
-s_ dl:tZs, dl:tis, dlZt:s
-v_ ;StLzfnL, zlSt;fnL, zlStzfnL 113
g]kfnL, sIff *
-u_ k/LIf0f, kl/If0f, kl/Ifg =
-3_ zfl/l/s, zf/Ll/s, zfl//Ls
!^= kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b z'4;“u sfkLdf ;f/ .
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!&= kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]baf6 kfr“ cf6] f ljz]if0f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .
!*= kf7sf] kf“rf“} cg'R5]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L
k'gn{]vg u/ .
!(= tnsf jfSox¿ k9 / ;o+ fh] s l6k M
sDKo6' / lj1fgn] lbPsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xf] lsgeg] of] w]/} pkofu] L 5 . xfdL k9g\ ]
/ nV] g] sfddf sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;S5f F} . xfdLn] o;sf] dxŒj a'em]gf}F eg] lgs}
kl5 k5f }{F . To;sf/0f o;sf] ko| f]udf xfdL ;an} ] Wofg lbgk' 5{ .
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
@)= tnsf zLif{sdf !%) zAbdf g36fO{ ka| Gw nv] M
-s_ 6l] nlehg -v_ oGq dfgj
114 g]kfnL, sIff *
!& xfdL Pp6} xf}“
-;':t ;':t kbf{ ;5 { . d~rdf ;kmf;'U3/ sf]7fsf] bZ[ o 5 . Psflt/sf] ;fk] mfdf cfdf
zflGt / 5f/] f sdn a;s] f 5g\ eg] csfl{ t/sf] ;fk] mfdf afa' hgs / 5f/] L ljhof
a;s] f 5g \ . ;a} l6eLdf g[Tosf] sfo{j|md x]b{} 5g \ . l6eLdfly 7n' f] Unf]a /flvPsf]
5 . k/ leŒfflg/sf] 6a] 'ndfly kfgL el/Psf] hu 5 ._
-sdn cfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 h'?Ss p7\5 / l6eLlt/ nfU5 ._
sdn – -l6eL aGb ug{ vf]Hb}_ o:tf] /4L sfoj{ m| d klg xg] ]{ <
zflGt – -r:df lems]/ cfFvf k'5\b_} Psl5g aGb u/] xG' 5, d klg gx]g {] . -sdn l6eL
aGb u5{ / l6eL k'5g\ yfN5 ._
ljhof – -lemlhbF _} l5 ! lsg lgefPsf] xfn] f . -6flF ;P/_ aa' f, vfN] g eGgx' f;] \ g bfOnfO,{
csf{] sfoj{ |md cfpg] an] f eO;Sof] Sof .
hgs – -ljhofsf] 6fpsf] d;' fb{_} n, n, -sdn;uF _ sdn, l6eL vf]n, alxgL eG5,]
ca /fd|f] sfo{j|md cfp5F / ] .
gk] fnL, sIff * 115
sdn – -;Dem] h:tf] u//] hfl] ;nf] kf/fn]_ a'af, a? cl:t ljBfnodf vn] s] f] kl/ro
vn] v]nfF}, xF'bg} <
hgs – -;fk] mfaf6 p7/] sdnsf lkl7p“df wfk dfb{_} l7s eGof} sdn, xfdL ;a}
ldn]/ kl/ro vn] v]Ng] . -ljhoflt/ x/] ]/_ s;f] ljhof <
ljhof – cfxf ! kl/ro vn] v]Ng Sof dHhf cfpF5 ! aa' f, vn] ;?' ug'x{ f;] \ g .
hgs – -kfnk} fnf] ;an} fO{ xb] {_} ;'? ug{] xf] t <
;a – -Psr} f]l6_ xf] xf], ;?' ug ]{ .
hgs – -hgs ;fg;uF ;f]kmfdf a:b}_ nf} t, ca d kl/ro v]n ;?' u5 '{ . o;
v]ndf k|To]sn] cfkmg\ f] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'k5 { . -sdnlt/ cf}NF ofP/_ n, klxnf
ltdL cfkmg\ f] 5f]6f] kl/ro b]pm . -sdn cln k/ hfG5 / bj' } xft hf8] ]/
pleG5 ._
sdn – -xft hf8] /] _ d]/f] gfd sdn xf ] . -uj;{ fy_ d s]6f] x 'F .
-ljhof dl:sFb} p7\5] / sdnsf 5]pdf pleG5 ] ._
ljhof – -xft hf]8/] _ d/] f] gfd ljhof xf ] . -uj;{ fy_ d s]6L xF ' .
-zflGt xfF:b} ljhofsf 5p] df hflG5g\ / plelG5g \ ._
zflGt – -xft hf]8]/_ d]/f] gfd zflGt xf ] . -uj;{ fy_ d dlxnf x F' . -hgs nfdf
nfdf kfOnf rfn/] zflGtsf 5p] df kU' 5g\ / pleG5g \ ._
hgs – -xft hf8] ]/_ d hgs x F' . -uj;{ fy_ d k?' if x'F . -skfn sGofpFb_}
cF, ca s] ug]{ < -;Dem/] _ xf,] /]nuf8L xfFSg ] .
-hgs d'vaf6 /n] sf] nfdf] l;7L ahfpF5g\ / 5ofs\ 5ofs\ 5ofs\ 5ofs\sf]
:j/ lgsfNb} cl3 nfU5g\ . c¿x¿ pgLaf6} tflgPsf] emF} u/L kl5 lx8F 5\ g\ ._
sdn – -cflŒfb“ _} /n] uf8L /f]Sg'xf;] \ aa' f, Totf kn' eTs]sf] 5 .
ljhof – g/fS] g'xf];\ a'af, To; k'nsf] dd{t eO;s]sf] 5 . -hgs pxL ;'/df
lxFl8/xG5g\ / l6eLsf 5]pdf ku' ]/ cl8G5g\ ._
116 gk] fnL, sIff *
hgs – -l6eLdflysf] Unf]a kmgg 3'dfP/ Ps PsnfO{ x]b}{ uDeL/ :j/df_ pm s6] f,
pm s]6L, pm dlxnf / d k'?if . xfdL hf] hf] h] h] eP klg xfdL ;a} -km]l/
Unfa] 3d' fpbF _} o; e"d08nsf kf| 0fL xf,}F o; k[YjL gfds ;'Gb/ aur}F fdf
km'nk] mns] f sd{zLn k|f0fLju{ xf F} . -;al} t/ x/] ]/_ xfdLn] xfd|f] of] kl/ro
la;{g' xF'b}g .
zflGt – -hfl] ;P/_ xf] t, kf| 0fLx¿df xfdL ;j>{ i] 7 k|f0fL xf F} . -Ps Ps cIf/df
hf8] lbbF _} dfgj . of] ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pŒfd ;ª\u|xfno /
ljzfn e08f/ xf ] .
sdn – ljZjsf c;ª\Vo dfgjdWo] xfdL g]kfnL xf }F . xfdf| ] lxdfnsf] ljzfn dfy
5, a'4sf] zfGt dg 5 / e[s'6Lsf] pbf/ Jojxf/ 5 .
ljhof – g]kfnLx¿ sf]xL lxdfn, sf]xL kxf8 / sfx] L t/fO{df a:5g \ . d xfd|f] bz] sf]
/fhwfgLdf a:5' .
zflGt – :ofaf;\, 5f/] L .
hgs – ca o; kl/ro vn] sf] Pp6f rj|m k/" f eof,] -k|ZgfTds cfvF fn] xb] _{} s] bf];f| ]
rj|m klg vN] g] <
;a} – -Psr} fl] 6_ vN] g], vN] g ] . -klxnf hgs / kl5 c¿x¿ ;f]kmfdf a:5g \ ._
hgs – -;al} t/ ;/;tL{ cfvF f bf8} fPkl5 ljhofnfO{ x]b{_} c,F ca ltdL cfkm\gf] yk
kl/ro b]pm .
ljhof – -;fg;uF _ d 5f]/L x'F . -a'afsf cfªdf 3'l;F|b}_
sdn – -o;} u/L_ d 5f]/f xF ' .
zflGt – -o;} u/L_ d cfdf x'F .
ed" 08n – kY[ jLsf] ;tx, kY[ jL, wtL{ 117
sd{zLn – pBdL, sd{7
;ª\ux| fno – e08f/, 9s' '6L
dfy – lz/
g]kfnL, sIff *
hgs – -o;} u/L_ d lktf xF' . -Psl5g /fl] sP/_ ljhof pm Tof] kfgLsf] hu Nofpm
t, ltvf{ nfUof] .
ljhof – -p7/] hfFb}_ x;\ a'af .
-ljhof hu Nofp5F ] . hu lnP/ hgs 3636L kfgL vfG5g \ ._
hgs – -kfgL vfP/ hu /fVb}_ xfdL hf] hf] h] h] eP klg xfdL ;a} dflg;sf
snsnfpbF f ;Gtlt xf,F} ;f/;f“b} f j+zh xf }F .
zflGt – clg ;v' df xfdL p;} u/L ;v' L x'G5f}F / b'Mvdf p;} u/L bM' vL x'G5fF} . :g]x
kfpFbf xfd|f] dg do/" em}“ KjfvF lkmhF fP/ gfRg yfN5 / kL8f kfpbF f sfnf]
afbn´F} w'Dd k5 { .
sdn – xfdL ;a}sf /StjflxgL lz/fdf h:t} /ftf] / tftf] /ut aU5 . xfdLnfO{
rf]6k6s nfUbf Pp6} /ftf] /ªsf] /ut cfpF5, km/s /ªsf] cfpFbg} .
ljhof – xfdL ;as} f z/L/df ;]tf ;]tf / b/f b/f xf8 clg s/ªx¿ 5g\ .
hgs – xfdL ;a} o; /fi6s« f lhpFbf / :jtGq gful/s xf F} .
sdn – xfdL ;a} o; /fi6«sf] ;Ldf /Iffdf tg} fy ;hu k|x/L xf F} .
zflGt – xfdL ;a} o; b]zsf eSt xfF,} ;Rrf /fi6e« St .
;a} – -Pp6} :j/df_ xfdL Ps xf}F . xfd|f] kl/ro klg Pp6} 5 .
hgs – -pleP/ xft yfKb_} d k?' if xF', t/ d g]kfn cfdfsf] ;Gtfg x 'F .
zflGt – -hgssf xftdfly cfkmg\ f] xft /fVb_} d dlxnf x,F' t/ gk] fn cfdfsL ;Gtfg x 'F .
sdn – -zflGtsf xftdfly cfkmg\ f] xft /fVb}_ d s6] f xF', t/ d g]kfn cfdfsf]
;Gtfg xF' .
ljhof – -sdnsf xftdfly cfkm\gf] xft /fVb}_ d s]6L xF', t/ d g]kfn cfdfsL
;Gtfg x' F .
;f/;f“}bf – tGb'?:t, xi[ 6k'i6, ;a}eGbf >]i7, pŒfd
/StjflxgL lz/f – /ut aUg] g;f
t}gfy – lgoS' t, vl6Psf]
118 g]kfnL, sIff *
;a} – -Ps}rfl] 6_ xfdL Pp6} xfF,} xfdL Pp6} xfF} .
hgs – -xfF:b}_ ca cfhsf] kl/ro v]n oxLF 6'ª\luG5 . -;a}n] d]n};Fu cfkm\gf
cfkmg\ f xft lgsfN5g\ ._
ljhof – -s/ ub_}{ bfO, ca l6eL vfN] g'xf;] \ g .
sdn – cfpm, ;Fu} vfn] f} F .
-bj' } xft]dfnf] u/]/ l6eLlt/ hfG5g\ . hgs / zflGt ;f]kmfdf a;/] k;| Gg db' f| df
pgLx¿sf] ljm| ofsnfk xl] //xG5g\ . -kbf{ aGb x'G5 ._
k;| Gg – xlif{t, kk| m'Nn, v;' L
cEof;
!= ‘xfdL Pp6} xf}“’ Psfª\sLsf kfqx¿sf] ;+jfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt
;:j/jfrg u/ .
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ ‘xfdL Pp6} xf’}F Psfªs\ L s;n] nv] ]sf x'g\ <
-v_ o; Psfªs\ Ldf slt hgf kfq 5g\ <
-u_ :g]x kfpFbf xfd|f] dg s] ug{ yfN5 <
-3_ sdnn] aa' fnfO{ lsg /n] uf8L /fS] g cg'/f]w u¥of] <
-s_ kL8f x'bF f xfd|f] dg s:tf] xG' 5 <
#= kf6sf cfwf/df l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ ljhof xfd|f] b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf al:5g\ .
-v_ xfdL ;a} o; /fi6«sf] ;Ldf /Iffdf t}gfy ;hu k|x/L xf F} .
-u_ ljZjsf c;ªV\ o dfgjdWo] xfdL g]kfnL xf F} .
$= ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ sdnn] l6eL aGb ug{ / ljhofn] vf]Ng cfux| ugs{' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
g]kfnL, sIff * 119
-v_ hgsn] dflg;sf] kl/ro s;/L lbPsf 5g\ <
-u_ zflGtn] ljZjnfO{ s] eg]sL 5g\ <
-3_ Psfªs\ Ldf g]kfnLx¿sf] kl/ro s;n] s] eg]/ u/fPsf] 5 <
%= JofVof u/ M
-s_ of] ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pŒfd ;ªu\ x| fno / ljzfn e08f/ xf ] .
-v_ xfdL ;a} o; /fi6s« f] ;Ldf /Iffdf t}gfy kx| /L xf F} .
-u_ :g]x kfpFbf xfd|f] dg do"/em}F KjfFv lkmFhfP/ gfRg yfN5 / kL8f kfpbF f
sfnf] afbn em}F w'Dd k5 { .
^= ‘xfdL Pp6} xf’“} Psfªs\ Lsf] d'Vo ;Gbz] nv] .
zAbe08f/
&= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M
zfGt pŒfd kZ| g aGb
cg'Qd czfGt /fi6« pŒf/ v'nf
*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
dfy, tg} fy, sdz{ Ln, k|;Gg, uj{;fy
(= cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
;Gtlt, rjm| , :jtGq, ed" 08n, KjfvF lkmFhfP/ gfRg,' wD' d kg'{
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M
/StjflxgL, 3l' ;F|b}, ;ª\u|xfno, g[To, j+zh, :j/
120 g]kfnL, sIff *
!!= z4' u/L ;f/ M
xfdL P; ed' G8nsf k|f0fL xf,} o; kY[ jLgfds ;G' b/ jur}F fdf kmn]kmn' ]sf sdl{ zn
kf| 0fLau{ xf F} .
!@= lzIfsaf6 ;'g/] nv] M
xf] t, k|f0fLx¿df xfdL ;j>{ i] 7 k|f0fL xf}F . -Ps Ps cIf/df hf8] lbFb}_ dfgj .
of] ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pŒfd ;ªu\ x| fno / ljzfn e08f/ xf ] .
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!#= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
pbfx/0f M
;?' ug{] xf] t ! nf} t, ca kl/ro vn] ;'? xG' 5 . n ltdL cfkm\gf] kl/ro b]pm .
ca l6eL vf]Ngf;] \ g .
lg, kf,] Sof/], t, n, nf}, g, v}, /], x}, c,F cx,F g}
!$= kf7df vn] f},“ u/f“} h:tf OR5fys{ ljm| ofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g \ . ltdLn]
s'g} kfr“ cf6] f OR5fy{s ljm| ofkbx¿ l6k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .
!%= kf7df ‘b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf1fys{ lj|mofkbx¿ ko| f]u ePsf 5g \ .
kf6df ko| f]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!^= ltdf| ] ;fyL;u“ xf6ahf/, hfqf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df 3D' g
hf“bfsf] cg'ej ;d6] ]/ 5f]6f] ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ .
gk] fnL, sIff * 121
!* cfxj\ fg
xftx¿ rNb} 5g\, rNgk' 5{ cem } hLjgfy wdnf
df6f] af]s]/ d'7Lx¿df
dgx¿ hfUb} 5g\, hfUgk' 5{ cem}
ljZjf; le/]/ cfFvfx¿df
df6f] bz] xf]
bz] d'6' xf]
hxfF Hjfnf csfl;G5 cl:tTjsf]
elSt jf anebs| f g;fx¿df
hxfF jr{:j kml} nG5 af]lw;Œjsf]
s}nfzsf lgZ5n s/;] f / cf“ugx¿df
cfpm, ltd}| x'g\
eGHofª clg d}bfgsf rf}tf/L / la;fg} Lx¿
hxfF bz] kl;gfsf 3'8\sLx¿n] ysfO la;b{F }
uLtsf efvfx¿df gofF ou' 8fls/x]5 .
6S] g'k5{, ca k}tfnfn] ;Defjgfsf le/x¿df
b'wdv' ] 5f/] fsf] k6] eg{ / hf8f] 5fK] g
Hjfnf – bgbg an]sf] cfuf]af6 p7]sf] cfufsf] /fsF f]
cl:tTj – cfkm\gf] d"No / dxŒjsf] vfh] L ug]{ bfz{lgs ljrf/
jr:{ j – cfkmg\ f] an jf zlStn] k|fKt :yfg, clwsf/
af]lw;Œj – a4' Œj kf| lKtsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] JolSt, a4' aGg] clwsf/
sn} fz – lxdfno kj{tdf dfg;/f]j/sf] lsgf/df /xs] f] k|l;4 lzv/, kljq tLy{ :yn
s/;] f – 3/sf] bfofFafofF efudf /x]sf] cfuF gafxs] sf] hUuf
cf“ug – 3/sf] cufl8k6\l6 /xs] f] tf5Lv'sL{ agfOPsf] ldns] f] hUuf
eGHofª – kxf8sf] kmb] af6 dfly r9]kl5 cfpg] ;dy/ efu
la;f}gL – el/ofx¿ jf cGo JolStn] cfkmg\ f] ef/L la;fpg] / cf8 kfpg] 7fpF
le/ – 7f8f] / Psbd} s8f r66\ fgn] ags] f] 8/nfUbf] kx/f]
122 gk] fnL, sIff *
/fdaxfb/' x¿ ljbz] hfg' xbF' g}
jiff{df h7' ], lav{] / ;fgLx¿ ca leHg' x'bF g}
d]rL dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt b]z b'Vg' xb'F }g
s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af6 kL8fsf yfk] fx¿ v:g' xbF' g}
cfpm ltd}| x'g\
nfnLu'/fF; / /f/f bxsf] lglj{sf/ ;f}Gbo{
hxfF b]z ltd|f ast{ x¿sf] rfv] f] :kz{ dflu/x5] .
ast{ – zlSt, Ifdtf, a'tf
cEof;
!= kf7df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;an} fO{ ;g' fpm .
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ dgx¿n] cem} s] ugk'{ 5{ <
-v_ bz] s] s] xf] <
-u_ cl:tTjsf] Hjfnf sxfF csfl;G5 <
-3_ kt} fnfx¿n] sxfF 6]Sg'k5{ <
-ª_ /fdaxfb/' x¿ lsg ljbz] hfg' x'bF g} <
#= kf7df x]//] vfnL 7fp“ e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k/" f u/ M
xftx¿ ============================================== cem}
df6f] ================================================= d'7Lx¿df
dgx¿ ================================================ cem}
ljZjf; =============================================== cfFvfx¿df
df6f] =================================================== xf]
g]kfnL, sIff * 123
$= ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ ‘cfxj\ fg’ sljtfdf lsg dgx¿ cem} hfUgk' 5{ elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ kfOtfnfx¿n] ;Defjgfsf le/x¿df lsg 6]Sg'k5{ <
-u_ ‘cfx\jfg’ sljtfdf gk] fnsf] ul/aLnfO{ s;/L k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ ‘cfxj\ fg’ sljtfsf] dV' o efj s] xf] <
%= JofVof u/ M
dr] L dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt b]z b'Vg' x'bF g}
s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af6 kL8fsf yf]kfx¿ v:g' x'Fbg}
^= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrq s;/L ptf/]sf 5g\ <
cfkm\g} zn} Ldf nv] .
zAbe08f/
&= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg/] hf8] f ldnfpm M
ljZjf; hf8f ] jiff{ d}bfg km}lnG5
6fk' v'lDrG5 l/Tofpg udL{ cljZjf; lxpbF
*= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg/] hf]8f ldnfpm M
rfv] f] as{t cfvF f kL8f cfsfz
zlSt bM' v kljq gq] hf8f] uug
(= cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
d'6', rf}tf/L, :kz{, kl;gf, Hjfnf, k]6 eg{', hf8f] 5fK] g'
124 gk] fnL, sIff *
!)= lg/\ ± ljsf/ = ‘lgljs{ f/’ ePh:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘lg/’\ pk;u{ nufP/
gof“ zAb agfpm M
dfof, bfi] f, wg, ljsNk, hg
!!= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
le/, ;Defjgf, sn} fz, jr{:j, eGHofª
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!@= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ M
elSt, aneb,| af]lw;Œj, jr:{ j, cl:tTj
!#= ‘cfxj\ fg’ sljtfsf clGtd bO' { x/km lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ n]v .
!$= kf7df ‘rNg'k5,{ hfUgk' 5’{ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf ljm| ofkbx¿ ko| fu]
ePsf 5g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfr“ cf6] f lj|mofkb vfh] ]/
sfkLdf ;f/ .
!%= cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf ljm| ofkb afx]ssf kf7df ‘Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf
c¿ w]/} zAbx¿ ko| fu] ePsf 5g\ . To:tf kfr“ cf]6f zAbx¿ kf7af6
vfh] ]/ nv] .
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!^= dflysf] kf7df ‘xft, df6f,] d7' L’ h:tf w/] } gfd zAbx¿ k|ofu] ePsf
5g\ . kf7af6 bzcf6] f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h/] nv] .
gk] fnL, sIff * 125
!&= pbfx/0f x/] L cs/0f ljm| ofkb ko| fu] u/L bz] sf] af/d] f kfr“ cf6] f jfSox¿
nv] M
pbfx/0f M
/fdaxfb/' ljb]z hfg' xb“' g} .
jiff{df h7' ,] lav]{ / ;fgLx¿ ca leHg' x“b' g} .
d]rL dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt bz] bV' g' x'b“ }g .
s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af6 kL8fsf yfk] fx¿ v:g' x'“b}g .
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!*= kf7df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k9L To:t} zn} Ldf ‘d ljBfyL’{
zLifs{ df sljtf n]v/] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .
126 g]kfnL, sIff *
!( l;+x / :ofnsf] syf
w/] } klxns] f] s/' f xf ] . Pp6f 7n' f] hªu\ n lyof ] . To; hªu\ ndf efn] / kfy] L l;x+ sf]
Pp6f hf8] L a:Yof ] . ltgLx¿ Ps cfk;df va' } ldNy,] hªu\ ndf ljxf/ uy,{] l;sf/ vN] y ] .
ltgLx¿sf tL lbgx¿ lgs} /dfOnf lyP . Ps lbg kfy] L l;x+ n] bO' c{ f6] f aRrf hGdfof ] .
aRrf hGdk] l5 efn] l;x+ n] eGof,] ælko| f ! ca ltdL aRrfsL cfdf eof } . cfhbl] v ltdLn]
aRrfsf] /v] bv] ug{] 5o\ f } . d l;sf/sf] Joj:yf u5 {' .Æ kfy] L l;x+ n] klg p;sf] s/' fdf
;dyg{ hgfof ] . efn] l;x+ n] lbglbg} hªu\ nL hgfj/x¿nfO{ df//] Nofpg yfNof ] .
Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] . efn] l;+x ;w}F em}F l;sf/sf] vf]hL ub}{ k/" f hªu\ n 3D' of ] . st}
s]xL e6] 6\ fPg . ;feF m kl/;ss] f] lyof ] . ;o" { lIflthdf 8'Ag} cf6F s] f] lyof] . hªu\ ndf
3fF; bfp/f ug{ uPsf dflg;x¿ klg cfcfkmg\ f 3/lt/ kmlsFb{ } lyP . efn] l;x+ klg
hª\undf 3'Dbf3'Db} ylst eP/ 3/lt/ kmlsbF{ } lyof ] . p;n] af6fdf Pp6f :ofnsf]
aRrf bV] of ] . pm v;' L eof ] . æcfxf ! Sof /fd|f] :ofnsf] aRrf /x]5 . ca o;n} fO{
n}hfg'k¥of ] .Æ p;n] ;fR] of ] . To;kl5 p;n] To; :ofnsf] aRrfnfO{ lhpbF } 3/df Nofof]
/ kfy] L l;x+ nfO{ ae' mfof] .
lhpFbf] :ofnsf] aRrf bv] /] kfy] L l;x+ cfZror{ lst eof] . ;wF} hgfj/x¿nfO{ df/]/
NofpFy ] . cfh lsg lhpFbf] :ofnsf] aRrf NofP < p;sf] dgdf k|Zg plAhof] .
clg efn] l;x+ nfO{ ;fW] of,] æcfh ltdLn] d/] f] efh] gsf nflu sg' } Joj:yf ldnfOlbof} <
sg' } k|f0fL df//] NofOlbPsf 5f} <Æ kf]yL l;+xsf] s'/f ;'g/] efn] l;x+ n] eGof], æx/]
lko| f ! cfh of] :ofnsf] aRrfafxs] c¿ sg' } k|f0fL km]nf k/g] . o;nfO{ klg afns
7fg]/ dfl/gF .Æ zf:qdf klg ljåfg, ljb'ifL , a|Dxrf/L / afnsnfO{ slxNo} dfg'{ xb' g}
elgPsf] 5 . of] t af6fdf PSn} /x5] . dnfO{ bv] /] efUgs' f] ;66\ f emg\ glhs kf] cfof ] .
olb sfx] L] ljZjf; u//] cfkm;" uF cfPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ dfg{' xbF' g} . cem} of] aRrf] t xfdf| ]
ljxf/ M 3'dlkm/ ug]{ sfd 127
lIflth M k[YjL / cfsfz hfl] 8Psf] h:tf] bl] vg] 7fpF
aD| xrf/L M j|t cflb lgod kfngf ug{] wdfT{ df JolSt
gk] fnL, sIff *
lardf v;' L g} bl] vG5 . ltdLnfO{ sg' } efh] gsf] Joj:yf ePg eg] o;s} f] l;sf/ u//] cfkmg\ f]
5fs 6f/ . efl] n laxfg xg' l] alŒfs} csf{] sg' } vfgs] /' fsf] aGbfa] :t u?nF f .Æ efn] l;x+ n] eGof ] .
efn] l;+xsf] s'/f ;g' k] l5 kf]yL l;+xn] eGof,] æltdLn] o;nfO{ aRrf] 7fg/] df/g] f } .
d klg cfkmg\ f] k]6 egs{ f nflu o;sf] xTof lsg u5'{ / < Hofg} hfg] cj:yf cfOnfUbf
klg ug{ gxg' ] sfd slxNo} s;}n] ug'{ xbF' }g . of] :ofnsf] aRrf] clxn] xfdf| ] z/0fdf
5 . z/0fsf] d/0f slxNo} ug'{ x'bF }g . of] ;gftg wd{ klg xf] .Æ
kfy] L l;x+ n] kml] / eGof,] æcfhbl] v of] d/] f] t;] |f] aRrf] x'g] 5 .Æ o;kl5 kf]yL l;x+ n]
To; :ofnsf] aRrfnfO{ cfkm\gf] b'w v'jfP/ x'sf{pg yfNof] . l;+xsf kl/jf/df
tLgcf6] } aRrfx¿ ;uF } xl' s{g yfn ] . pgLx¿ ;uF } ldlnhn' L vN] g], vfg], a:g] / 3d' lkm/
ug{] uy ]{ . o;/L pgLx¿sf] afNosfn laTof ] . ltgsf] zf/Ll/s agf6] df klg leGgtf
bl] vg yfNof ] . tk} lg kl/jf/df slxNo} sf] s;sf] ;Gtfg eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn g} ePg .
tLgcf6] } aRrfx¿ xl' sF{b} / a9\b} uP . ltgLx¿sf oL lbgx¿ v'a cfgGbsf lyP .
Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] . pgLx¿ hª\undf v]ln/xs] f] an] f x7ft\ Pp6f hª\unL xfŒfL
bv] f k¥of ] . To;nfO{ b]Vgl] alŒfs} l;x+ sf bO' {cf6] f aRrfx¿ l/;fpbF } emD6g k'u ] . of]
b]Vgf;fy :ofnsf] aRrfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ /fS] b} eGof], æc/] efO xf] ! of] ltdLx¿sf] s'nsf]
hGdhft zq' xfŒfL xf ] . To;}n] ltdLx¿ o;sf cufl8 hfg' xbF' }g .Æ efOx¿nfO{ olt
z/0f – sg' } sl7g jf b'Mvb cj:yfdf s;s} f] cf8 lnP/ ;'/lIft /xg] sfd
;gftg – klxnb] l] v rlncfPsf]
hGdhft – hGdb} l] vsf,] hGdl;4
128 gk] fnL, sIff *
eGgf;fy pm 3/lt/ 6fk s:of] . :ofn bfh' efu]sf] bv] k] l5 l;+xsf aRrfx¿ klg
lg/fz eP/ kmlsP{ .
3/df ku' k] l5 tL b'O{ efOn] kfy] L l;+xsf cufl8 36gfsf] ;a} j[ŒffGt atfP . cfÇgf]
:ofn bfOnfO{ lgs} lv;L / Vofn766\ f ub{} p8fP . pgLx¿n] xfŒfLnfO{ bV] g] lalŒfs}
pm cflŒfP/ efu]sf] / cfkm"x¿nfO{ klg efUg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] s'/f ;g' fP . l;+xsf
aRrfx¿sf] s'/f ;g' ]/ :ofnsf] aRrf] va' l/;fof ] . p;sf cf7] x¿ l/;n] y/y/L sfKF g
yfn ] . p;sf cfvF f /ftf eP . p;n] cfvF Lef}F ;d]t afª\uf / l6ªu\ f kfb}{ bO' { efOnfO{
ufnL ug{ yfNof ] . olŒfsd} f kf]yL l;+xn] p;nfO{ PsfGtdf nu]/ ;DemfpbF } eGof],
æafa' ! ltdL To;/L gl/;fpm . tL b'j} ltdf| efOx¿ x'g \ .Æ
kfy] L l;+xsf s'/f ;G' gf;fy pm l/;n] emg\ cfuf] eof ] . p;n] eGof,] æs] d zfo} ,{ ljBf,
¿k, l;k cflb sx] Ldf ltgLx¿ eGbf sd 5' / < logLx¿n] lsg dnfO{ o;/L xl] k/xs] f 5g\ <Æ
:ofnsf aRrfsf] Toqf] cfjm| f]z bv] ]/ kfy] L l;x+ ;f]rdUg eof] . To;sf] hLjg /Iff
ug'{ p;sf] st{Jo lyof] . olb emu8f eOxfn]df l;x+ sf b'Oc{ f6] f aRrfx¿n] p;nfO{
l;Wofpg] lyP . To;n} ] kfy] L l;x+ n] ;o+ ldt eP/ xfF:t} eGof], æafa' ! ltdLn] eg]sf]
s'/f l7s xf ] . ltdL jL/, ljåfg\ / bV] gdf klg /fdf| 5f} t/ ltdL hg' s'ndf hlGdPsf
lyof}, To; s'ndf xfŒfLsf] l;sf/ ul/Fbg} Yof ] .Æ
kfy] L l;x+ sf] s/' f ;g' /] :ofn ´l:sof ] . To;} an] f kfy] L l;+xn] cem /fd/| L ;DemfpFb}
eGg yfNof ] . æ;g' , ca d ;a} ;To s/' f atfp5F ' . afa' ! ltdL :ofnsf] aRrf xf } .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ dfof u/]/ d/] f] b'w v'jfP/ x'sf{PF . tL d/] f 5f]/fx¿n] clxn] ltdLnfO{
:ofn eg/] lrlg;s]sf 5g} g \ . To;}n] ltdL oxfFaf6 efu / cfkmg\ } sn' sf :ofnx¿;uF
ldn]/ a; . olb To;f] u/g] f} egk] l5 logLx¿n] ltdLnfO{ dfg]{ 5g\ .
kf]yL l;x+ sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pm 8/n] ysd{ fg eof ] . l;+xsf 5f]/fx¿l;t emu8f gxbF' f
pgLx¿ v';L lyP . ;do laTb} hfbF f emu8fn] kl/l:ylt ablnof] .
o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] lardf 7'nf] cljZjf; b]vf k¥of] . ;a}sf] v';L PsfPs
vf]l;of] . :ofn cfkm" PSn} ePsfn] lgs} cflŒfof ] . cfkmg\ f] Hofg hfu] fpg ToxfFaf6
6fk s:g' – efUg' 129
zf}o{ – k/fjm| d, jL/tf
cfj|mf]z – l/;, j|mfw]
g]kfnL, sIff *
sn' ]nd 7fS] of] . clg sxfF uP/ cfkm\gf] :ofnsf] ayfg;uF } ldl;of], s;n} fO{ yfxf ePg .
æz/0fdf cfPsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{k' 5{ . cfk;df slxNo} emu8f ug'{ xbF' }g . plrt ;dodf
;xL s'/f atfpg'k5 { . ;s;] Dd ;as} f] enf] ugk{' 5 { . of] xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . of]
s/' f ca d d/] f ;GtfgnfO{ klg l;sfpF5 ' .Æ kfy] L l;x+ n] dgdg} ;f]Rof ] .
s'n]nd 7fS] g' – c¿nfO{ yfxf glbO{ efUg] sfd, ;O' sF 'Rrf 7f]Sg'
cEof;
!= kf7 kfnk} fnf] k9]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ efn] / kf]yL l;x+ sf] hf8] L sxfF a:Yof] <
-v_ kf]yL l;+xn] sltcf6] f aRrf hGdfof] <
-u_ kf]yL l;+x lsg cfZro{ rlst eof] <
-3_ l;x+ sf 5f/] fx¿ s;nfO{ emD6g k'u] <
-ª_ l;x+ sf aRrfx¿ lsg lg/fz eP <
#= kf7af6 l7s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ l;+xsf] kl/jf/df ============================= aRrfx¿ ;uF } x'lsg{ yfn] .
-v_ kfy] L l;x+ n] ==================================== eP/ xf:F t} eGof] .
-u_ z/0fsf] ======================================== slxNo} ug'{ xbF' }g .
-3_ o;nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] ====================== aRrf] ====================== dfl/gF .
$= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], nv] M gk] fnL, sIff *
-s_ cfxf ! Sof /fdf| ] :ofnsf] aRrf /x]5 .
-v_ cfhb]lv of] d/] f] t];f| ] aRrf x'g] 5 .
130
-u_ of] ;gftg wd{ klg xf ] .
-3_ ltdL jL/, ljåfg\ / b]Vgdf klg /fd|f 5f} .
-ª_ afa' ! ltdL :ofnsf] aRrf xf} .
%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ efn] l;x+ n] :ofnsf] aRrfnfO{ lsg df/g] <
-v_ kfy] L l;x+ n] :ofnsf] l;sf/ ug{ gdfGg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ tLgcf]6f aRrfx¿sf lbgx¿ s;/L lat]sf lyP <
-3_ :ofnsf] aRrf] l;+xsf aRrfx¿;Fu lsg l/;fof] <
-ª_ :ofnsf] aRrf] lsg 8/n] ys{dfg eP/ efUg'k¥of] <
-r_ o; syfn] lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z s] xf] <
^= efj :ki6 kf/ M
Hofg} hfg] cj:yf cfOnfUbf klg ug{ gx'g] sfd slxNo} s;n} ] ug{' xFb' }g .
zAbe08f/
&= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M
j[QfGt, ;gftg, ljbi' fL, lIflth, x7ft\
*= cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
6fk s:g,' Hofg hf]ufpg,' cfuf] x'g,' s'nn] d 7fS] g,' lg/fz xg' ,' z/0fsf] d/0f ug{'
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
(= z4' u/L ;f/ M
p;n] eGof] s] d zf}o{, ljBf, ?k, ;Lk cfbL sl] xdf ltlgx¿ eGbf sd 5' /
g]kfnL, sIff * 131
!)= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' ]/ n]v .
!!= z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M
cfvF Lef}F, ax| \drf/L, zf:q, Joj:yf, kl/l:ylt, cfjm| fz]
!@= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/laGb' yk/] z4' u/ M
h:t} M l;x — l;+x
l;x, ;jfb, ;f:s[lts, ;xf/, df;fxf/L, ;:yf, ;:sf/, ;;f/, ;/rgf, ;of]u
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!#= k9 / a'em M
-s_ k0" f{lj/fd -._
– dn} ] ltdLnfO{ dfof u//] xs' f{P F .
– ca d ;a} ;To s/' f atfpF5 ' .
-v_ k|Zg lrxg\ -<_
– logLx¿n] lsg dnfO{ o;/L x]l//x]sf 5g\ <
– s'g} k|f0fL df//] NofOlbPsf 5f} <
-u_ cNklj/fd lrxg\ -,_
– ltdL jL/, ljåfg\ / bV] gdf /fdf| 5f } .
– pgLx¿ ldlnh'nL v]Ng,] vfg,] a:g] / 3'dlkm/ ug]{ uy {] .
-3_ cwl{ j/fd -,_
– ltgLx¿ va' } ldNy,] hªu\ ndf ljxf/ uy,{] l;sf/ v]Ny ] .
-ª_ pbu\ f/ lrxg\ -!_
– cfxf ! Sof /fdf| ] s's/' sf] aRrf /x]5 .
– lk|of ! ca ltdL ;dfh;]jL eof} .
132 g]kfnL, sIff *
-r_ ofh] s lrx\g -–_
hªu\ ndf 3f;F bfp/f ug{ uPsf dflg;x¿ klg ;dodf g} cfcfkmg\ f 3/lt/
kms{Fb} lyP .
-5_ sf]i7s lrxg\ - _
gk] fn ek" l/jl] i6t -rf/l} t/ hldgn] 3l] /Psf_] bz] xf ] . o;sf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fF}
pkTosf -rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] ;dy/ ee" fu_ lgs} ;'Gb/ 5 . kfNkfaf6
sf7df8f}F k'Ug y'k|} eGHofªx¿ -kxf8sf] km]bLaf6 dfly r9k] l5 cfpg] ;dy/
efu_ kf/ ugk{' 5{ .
-h_ p4/0f lrxg\ -æ Æ_ -‘ ’_
kf]yL l;x+ n] eGof,] æcfhb]lv of] d]/f] t];|f] aRrf] xg' ] 5 .Æ
dn} ] ‘l;x+ / :ofn’ syf k9]F .
-em_ lgb]z{ s lrxg\ -M_
tn lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
;/+ If0f, z/0f, ;Gtfg
zAb / jfSosf] Pscfk;df ;DaGw bv] fpg, cy{ vn' :t kfg{ / efjdf l;nl;nf
ldnfpg n]vfOdf k|ofu] ul/g] lrx\gx¿nfO{ n]Vo lrxg\ elgG5 . efjnfO{ /fd|f;] Fu
JoSt ug{ pkoS' t lrxg\ x¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k5 { . gq jfSosf] cy{ sl7g x'g uO{
cy{sf] cgy{ klg xg' ;S5 .
sg' } egfO k"/f ePkl5 jfSosf] cGTodf ko| fu] ul/g] lrxg\ nfO{ k0" fl{ j/fd lrxg\
- . _ elgG5 . k"0f{lj/fd lrxg\ n] jfSo k"/f ePsf] ;ªs\ t] u5 { .
sg' } s/' fsf] pŒf/ hfGg] lh1f;f /fVbf k|Zg lrx\g -<_ sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .
jfSodf Ps} lsl;dsf zAbx¿ jm| lds ¿kdf cfP eg] cNklj/fd lrxg\ sf] ko| fu]
ul/G5 . o; lrxg\ n] jfSodf 5f]6f] c8fgnfO{ hgfpF5 .
s'g} jfSosf] ;xof]uL eP/ cfpg] ljleGg pkjfSosf lardf cw{lj/fd
lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
xif{, 3[0ff, cfZro{ cflb a'emfpg pb\uf/ lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{
gk] fnL, sIff * 133
lj:do;r" s lrxg\ klg elgG5 .
b'O{ jf bO' {eGbf a9L zAbnfO{ hf]8\gk' bf{ / x/kmsf] cGTodf zAb gc6fO{ csf]{
x/kmdf n]Vg'k/]df ofh] s lrx\gsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .
jfSosf] lardf sg' } zAbsf] cyn{ fO{ :ki6 kfgk{' /d] f sfi] 7s lrxg\ sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .
s;}sf] egfOnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fVbf p4/0f lrxg\ sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
s'g} s'/fnfO{ tfs] ]/ bv] fpbF f jf lgb{]zg ubf{ lgb]{zg lrx\gsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .
!$= pko'St lrxg\ sf] k|of]u u/L z4' u/ M
kf]yL l;+xn] eGof] ;g' ca d ;a} ;To s/' f atfp5F ' afa' ltdL Pp6f :ofnsf]
aRrf xf } .
!%= kf7af6 kZ| g lrxg\ / p4/0f lrx\g k|ofu] ePsf bO' { b'Oc{ f]6f jfSox¿
vf]h]/ nv] .
!^= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] k9 / k0" fl{ j/fd lrxg\ nfus] f kfr“ cf6] f jfSox nv] .
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
!&= tnsf a“b' fx¿sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] syf nv] / zLif{s klg b]pm M
sg' } ufpFdf em'6f] afN] g] sfn' gfd u/s] f] s]6f] xg' ' ========== ;wF} hª\undf
afv|f r/fpg hfg' ========= af3 cfof] ux' f/ ! u'xf/ !! u'xf/ !! ! eg]/ ?vdf
r9/] s/fpg' =======ufpFn]x¿ af3 wkfpg hªu\ ndf bf}8g'==========af3
ge6] g\ =' ======== sfnn' ] af/Daf/ of] 36gf bfx] f¥] ofO/xg'=========ufpnF ]x¿
sfn'sf Jojxf/af6 lbSs xg' ' ======= Ps lbg ;fRF r} af3 cfpg=' ========sfn'
ux' f/ ! ux' f/ ! ! af3 cfof] eg]/ s/fpg=' ==========ufpFnx] ¿ sf]xL klg
gcfpg' ==========af3n] sfn'sf ;a} afvf| df//] vfg' ==========sfn' ?bF } ?bF} }
3/ kmlsg{ =' =======em7' f] af]Nbf cfkmF} k5t' fpgk' 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbg '
!*= ltdLn] ;g' s] f] sg' } Pp6f nf]ssyf n]v/] sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{
;'gfpm .
134 g]kfnL, sIff *
@) g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt
g]kfn lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ;'Gb/ au}Frf xf] . au}Frfdf
/ª\uLrªu\ L km" nx¿ /x] em}F oxfF w]/} hfthflt 5g\ . oxfF /ª\uLla/ª\uL r/fr'?ª\uLx¿sf
ld7f uLt h:t} w/] } lsl;dsf efiff 5g\ . cgs] fF} d7, dlGb/, uD' af, dl:hb / luhf3{ /
5g \ . oxfF cg]sfF} rf8kj{, /Lltl/jfh / kr| ngx¿ 5g \ . cg]sf}F d'xfgaf6 lg:s]sf
kljq gbL h:t} oxfF cgs] f}F k/Dk/f / dfGotf 5g \ . gk] fn ljleGg hfltx¿sf] ;ª\ud
:yn klg xf] . o;nfO{ ljleGg hftsf k"mnsf] ;femf km" naf/L klg elgG5 . oxfsF f log}
ljljwtfdo ;dfhsf] hudf gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltsf] pbo ePsf] xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c;n Jojxf/, dfGotf / efjgfsf] Pp6} :j¿k xf ] . o;leq tdfd
hfthflt, efiffefifL / wdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljrf/ / efjgf ldns] f 5g \ .
/ª/} ªsf] ;G' b/ ;l[ i6 OGb0]| fL xf ] . To;}
u/L ljljw hflt, jz] / k/Dk/fsf] pkh
g]kfnL ;+:s[lt xf] . OGb|]0fLsf
x/s] /ªsf] cnUu} kl/ro / ljzi] ftf
xG' 5 . t/ klg ltgLx¿sf] ;dlGjt
Pstf tL ;an} fO{ ;hfpg] gofF l;hg{ f
ag]sf] xG' 5 .
gk] fndf cgs] hflt / ltgsf efiff,
jz] / k/Dk/f 5g \ . tL ;as} f ;femf
ljzi] ftf ‘;uF } afrF fF} / xf;F f’F} eGg] xf ] .
To;n} ] ljljwtflarsf] Pstf g]kfnL
;:+ sl[ tsf] d"n ljz]iftf xf ] . g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tnfO{ ;o y/L afhfaf6 k}bf xg' ] Pp6f dgfx] /
tfn;uF klg tn' gf ul/G5 . h;/L ;gxL, emd' f,{ dfbn, 9f]ns cflbaf6 s'g} dgf/] d tfn
wdf{jnDaL – wd{sf cg'ofoL OGb]|0fL – OGbw| gi' f
tfn – gfrufg jf jfBjfbgsf] /fd|/L ldns] f] rfn jf 9ª\u
gk] fnL, sIff * 135
lg:sG5, To;/L g} xfdLaf6 gk] fnL ;+:s[lt hGdG5 . of] ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf] Pp6} nIodf
nDs]sf s/f}8fF} g]kfnLsf] Pstf cleofg h:t} 5 . o;df x/]s g]kfnLsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;
ug{] dxfg\ p2]Zo ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
jf:tjdf gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t /ªu\ Lla/ª\uL kmn" x¿n] el/Psf] k"mnaf/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{ xf ] .
km" naf/Ldf ;okqL, un' fkm, sdn, an] L, rdn] L, hfO,{ hx' L cflb xG' 5g \ . k"mnaf/LnfO{
;okqLn] dfq ;G' b/ agfPsf] xfO] g / rd]nLn] dfq rDsfPsf] klg xfO] g . Tof] k"mnaf/L
;hfpg ;a} lsl;dsf k"mnsf] ;femf ;xof]u 5 . To:t} g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t ;a} gk] fnLsf]
;d'Gglt rfxg] ;femf efjgf xf ] . of] efjgf kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, ;xof]u, ;;' DaGwdf
dfn} fPsf] 5 . To;n} ] g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tdf ‘lhpFbfsf] hGtL / dbf{sf] dnfdL’ pvfg ;fy{s
ePsf] 5 .
d}qL, s?0ff / Ifdf g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltsf dn" dGq x'g \ . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ‘ufF; 5f8g\ ,' ;fy
g5f8g\ '’ pvfg Hofb} nf]slk|o 5 . xfdL s;n} fO{ k/fO{ 7fGbg} f }F . ;an} fO{ cfkmGt g}
7fG5fF} . xfdL wds{ f gfddf sg' } emu8f ubg{} f F} . oxfF dlGb/n] dl:hbsf] l/; ubg{} eg]
uD' afn] luhf3{ /nfO{ ufnL ubg{} . oxfF lxGb,' af4} , dl' :nd, ljm| l:rog h] eP klg xfdL
cfk;df xftd] fnf] u5f {F} . olt dfq xfO] g, xfdL kzk' IfLdfly bof / ckf/ dfof klg
u5f F{} . xfdL xfdf| rf8kj{df sfu, s's/' , ufO,{ uf]? cflbnfO{ ;Ddfg u5f }F{ . xfdL
jI[ f jg:kltnfO{ klg pgLx¿sf] pksf/ ;DemL >4f u5f {}F . xfdL t'n;L, j/, lkkn
cflbnfO{ k"hf u5f{}F . xfdL ;as} f rf8kjd{ f Ps csfd{ f ze' sfdgf JoSt u5f }F{ . xfdL
a4' k"l0f{df, lth, b;F,} ltxf/, 57 xiff]N{ nf;sf ;fy dgfp5F f F} . To;} u/L Ob, lj|m;d;,
pwF f}nL, peF f}nL, Nxf];f/, df3L, xf]nL cflb kj{x¿ klg dgfp5F f }F . oL xfdf| /fli6o« kj{x¿
xg' \ . oxfF ljm| ;d;sf v'l;ofnLdf lxGb' / d'l:ndsf] klg ;xeflutf kfOG5 . b;}F,
ltxf/ h:tf kjx{ ¿ dgfpg oxfF h'g;'s} wd{sf JolStsf] klg cfkmg\ } lsl;dsf] cu;| /tf
el] 6G5 . gk] fnLx¿ /f]bL, 3f6', ehg, afn'g, b]p;L, en} f,] uLtx¿df c;fWo} cfglGbt
aG5g \ . clg df?gL, nfv,] ;fsn] f, wfg gfr / wfdL gfr cflbdf klg ;a} plŒfs}
;dG' glt – /fd|f] pGglt
df}nfPsf] – ljsf; ePsf,] ;lkP| sf], kml} nPsf]
d}qL – ldqtf
s?0ff – bof
Ifdf – dfkmL
k/fO – ckl/lrt
136 g]kfnL, sIff *
/dfp5F g \ . o;/L oxfF h'g;'s} /fli6o« kj{ ckf/ xif{sf ;fy dgfOG5 . To;} u/L xfdf| ]
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ;Tosf] kz| +;f ul/G5 . xfd|f kf/} fl0fs / nf]s syfdf ;TojfbLsf]
cflv/df sNof0f ePsf] atfOG5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf c;n sfdsf] sb/ / ;Ddfg
ul/G5 . oxfF c;n dg;fon] sfd ubf{ uNtL xg' uP Ifdf klg ul/G5 .
k/fk] sf/ / ;dfh ;]jf g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tsf cfwf/e"t kIfdf xg' \ . xfdL xfdf| ] cf>odf
cfPsf kfx'gfnfO{ :jfut u5f{F } . kfxg' fnfO{ b]jtf ;/x 7fgL ;Tsf/ u5f{} cfkt\df
k/s] fsf] p4f/ ug{' xfd|f] klxnf] stJ{ o xG' 5 . xfdL k/f]ksf/L efjgfaf6 kl]| /t eP/
kf6L, kfj} f, rft} f/f] agfp5F f F} . d7, dlGb/, kn' , wdz{ fnf / wf/f] lgdf{0f u5f F{} . xfdL
cfkmg\ f] ;DklŒf ;dfh;j] fdf ck0{ f ug{ ;w}F nfnflot xG' 5f}F . cgfyfno, j4[ f>d cflb
;fdflhs ;:+ yf :yfkgf ugn{' fO{ xfdL 7n' f] ;fe} fUo 7fG5fF} . xfdf| ] ;:+ sl[ tdf bfgnfO{ dxfg\
sfo{ dflgG5 . xfdf| jb] cflb k'/fgf u|Gyx¿df klg bfgjL/x¿sf] uf}/j ufg kfOG5 .
;as} f] sNof0f, ;d[l4, Pstf, ;dtf / ;j] fdf g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tsf] hu c8]sf] 5 .
To;n} ] gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t lzi6, ;Eo / ;;' :+ st[ cfr/0f tyf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;df
s]xL ljsl[ t kIf 3;' ]sf] bl] vG5 . s]xL sfn;Dd o;nfO{ 5'jf5t' k|yf / dlxnf zlStnfO{
pkI] ff ug{] kj| l[ Œfn] ufhF s] f] lyof ] .
clxn] g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t o:tf s'ky| faf6 d'St xbF' } uPsf] 5 . ul/a / c;xfonfO{ xK] g,]
gfs] / agfpg] ;fdGtjfbL ;f]raf6 of] d'St ePsf] 5}g . cem} xfd|f] ;dfhdf xfd|f
/fdf| k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ e'n]/ k/fOsf] ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ cfvF f lrDn/] k5\ofpg] s]xL 5g \ .
gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tnfO{ o:tf] ljs[ltaf6 d'St kfg{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfu/0f k}bf ugk{' 5 { .
To;f] ePdf gk] fnL ;+:s[lt ;bj} lgd{n / cg's/0fLo aGg] 5 .
;j] f, ;xsfo{, ;dfgtf, ;b\efj, gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltsf hu x'g \ . ljljw eu] sf ljljw
;TojfbL – ;w}F ;fFrf] af]Ng]
j]b – ;jk{ f| rLg dfGo uG| y, lxGb"x¿sf] kl| ;4 wflds{ uG| y, 1fgsf] e08f/, clgi6 x6fO{
Oi6 k|flKt ug]{ cnf}lss pkfo atfpg] zf:q
bfgjL/ – bfg lbg]
uf}/j ufg – dlxdfsf] aofg
pkI] ff – lt/isf/, 30[ ff
sk' y| f – v/fa rfnrng
;fdGtjfbL – cGofosf ;fy hgtfnfO{ zf]if0f ug]x{ ¿sf cg'ofoL 137
hfu/0f – r]tgf
gk] fnL, sIff *
hfltx¿sf] ;\+ud gk] fn ePsfn] gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltdf cgs] f}F ;Eotfsf] ;lDd>0f kfOG5 .
o;df ljljwtf;lxtsf] Pstf, kf/:kl/s dn] ldnfk, hftLo ;b\efj, ;lxi0ft' f cflb
kIfsf] ;dGjo el] 6G5 . o;nfO{ ;a} hftsf km" naf/Lsf] ;j' f;;uF tn' gf ul/G5 .
To;}n] gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t log} ljljwtfdo g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c;n Jojxf/, dfGotf /
efjgfsf] ;dlGjt ¿k xg' \ .
;lxi0ft' f – ;xgzLntf
;dGjo – /fdf| ] dn]
cEof;
!= sIffdf kf7 kfnk} fnf] k9]/ ;g' fpm .
@= Ps jfSodf pQ/ eg M
-s_ g]kfn s:tf] auFr} f xf] <
-v_ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tnfO{ s:tf] tfn;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 <
-u_ ‘uf;F 5f8g\ ' ;fy g5f8g\ ’' pvfgsf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
-3_ gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf dn" dGq s] x'g\ <
-ª_ xfdL j[If jg:kltnfO{ lsg >4f u5f}F{ <
-r_ xfdL s:tf] uNtLnfO{ Ifdf u5fF}{ <
-5_ xfdL s'g s'g kjd{ f ze' sfdgf JoSt u5f{}F <
-h_ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tdf kfx'gfsf] s:tf] :yfg 5 <
#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrxg\ -√_ nufpm M
-s_ gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tsf] d"n ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
-c_ cgs] tfdf Pstf -cf_ klZrdL ;+:s[ltsf] ;xofu]
-O_ ;o y/L afhfsf] Pp6} tfn -O{_ ;a} hftsf] k"mnaf/L
-v_ s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;j' f;;“u bfH“ g ;lsG5 <
-c_ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t -cf_ gk] fnL hfthflt
-O_ k/f]ksf/ / Ifdfbfg -O{_ lhpFbfsf] hGtL
138 gk] fnL, sIff *
-u_ ‘uf“; 5f8] g\ ,' ;fy g5f8] \g’' pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <
-c_ ;ª\s6df klg ldqtf g5f8g\ ' -cf_ h:t} cj:yfdf klg vfg g5f8\g'
-O_ vfg] dfldnfdf ;fyLsf] jf:tf gug'{ -O{_ vfg kfOG5 eg] ldqtf klg tf8] \g'
$= pQ/ n]v M
-s_ r/fr'?ªu\ Lsf] afn] L;uF gk] fnsf s] s/' fnfO{ bfFHg ;lsG5 <
-v_ gk] fnnfO{ lsg ;a} hftsf] k"mnaf/L elgPsf] xf] <
-u_ gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ lsg OGb|0] fL;Fu bfFlhG5 <
-3_ gk] fnLx¿sf] d}qL efjgf sxfF :ki6;uF JoSt xG' 5 <
-ª_ gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tnfO{ cg's/0fLo agfpg] kIfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-r_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfgjL/sf] uf/} j ufg lsg ul/G5 <
-5_ g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tdf s:tf ljs[ltx¿ kfOG5g\ <
%= efjlj:tf/ u/ M
ljljwtflarsf] Pstf g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] d"n vDaf xf ] .
^= gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf d'Vo d'Vo ljzi] ftf s] s] x'g,\ j0fg{ u/ .
zAbe08f/
&= tnsf ;dfjz] s zAb;u“ ;dfjZ] o zAbsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
h:t} M afhf = dfbn j[If lkkn
kmn' g]kfn gfr wd{ sfu
t/fO{ rd]nL lxGb' nfv]
*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M
ljljwtfdo, wdfj{ nDaL, tdfd, kz| +;s, ;dl[ 4, ;ª\ud
(= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo nv] M
;'jf;, bfgjL/, ljs[lt, nf]slk|o, ;dG' glt, cgs' /0fLo, OGb0|] fL, cfglGbt, nfnflot
lhpFbfsf] hGtL dbfs{ f] dnfdL, uf;F 5f]8g\ ' ;fy g5f8] \g'
g]kfnL, sIff * 139
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u//] sIffdf ;'gfpm M
Nxf];f/, r/fr'?ª\uL, ;dlGjt, ;;' DaGw, ;TojfbL, ;lDd>0f, ;lxi0f'tf, cfr/0f,
;fjh{ lgs
!!= af]nfO / nv] fOsf] km/s ae' m M
afn] fO n]vfO af]nfO nv] fO
;l:slt{ ;+:s[lt ljm| ;\d; lj|m;d;
k"mna\ f/L k"mnaf/L klaq kljq
of}6f Pp6f nR5o\ nIo
rf8\ka{ rf8kj { wfgg\ fr \ wfggfr
cu\/;/ cu;| / x;fN]{ nf; \ xiffN]{ nf;
;ToafbL ;TojfbL lasl\ j|mlt ljs[lt
!@= kf7sf] rfy“} f] cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;'g/] n]v .
!#= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!$= k9 / a'em M
st{[jfRo sd{jfRo
xfdL kf6Lkfj} f agfpF5f F} . xfdLåf/f kf6Lkfj} f agfOG5g \ .
xfdL wds{ f gfddf emu8f ubg{} f}F . xfdLåf/f wds{ f gfddf emu8f ul/bF g} .
;fyLx¿n] xf]nL dgfPsf 5g\ . ;fyLx¿åf/f xfn] L dgfOPsf] 5 .
d /fdfo0f k9g\ ] 5 ' . dåf/f /fdfo0f kl9g] 5 .
;Ltfn] 57 kj{ dgfOg\ . ;Ltfåf/f 57 kj{ dgfOof ] .
ljZjf;n] nfv] gfr bv] fPsf 5g\ . ljZjf;åf/f nfv] gfr bv] fOPsf] 5 .
ltdL efOnfO{ afn] fpFb} 5f} . ltdLaf6 efO afn] fOFb} 5 .
dflysf] tflnsfdf afoftF km{ /x]sf jfSo st{j[ fRo x'g \ . st[{jfRodf stf{ kbsf]
k|wfgtf xG' 5 . jfSodf stf{ kbsf] lnª\u, jrg / cfb/cg';f/ lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . st{[jfRodf ;sd{s / csd{s bj' } ljm| ofsf] ko| f]u x'G5 .
140 gk] fnL, sIff *
dflysf] tflnsfdf bfoftF km{ lbOPsf jfSo sd{jfRo x'g \ . sdj{ fRodf sd{kbsf]
k|wfgtf xG' 5 . jfSodf sdk{ bsf] lnª\u, jrg, k?' if / cfb/cg;' f/ ljm| ofkbsf] ko| fu]
ul/G5 . sdj{ fRo ;sd{s lj|mofaf6 dfq aG5 . stj{[ fRonfO{ sdj{ fRodf kl/jt{g
ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ M
kZ| gdf lbOPsf] stf{kbdf af6֌f/f yKgk' 5 { .
cfjZostfg';f/ sd{ kbdf /xs] f] ‘nfO{’ ljelSt x6fpg'k5 { .
ljm| ofkbsf] wftd' f ‘O’ k|Too hf8] g\ 'k5{ .
sdk{ bsf] lnªu\ , jrg, k?' if / cfb/cg;' f/sf] ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ .
st[j{ fRo efjjfRo
d t g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf /dfPF . cfkm" t g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltdf /dfOof] .
pgL g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltdf /dfOg\ . -pgLåf/f_ g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltdf /dfOof ] .
pgLx¿ gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tdf /dfP . -pgLx¿åf/f_ g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf /dfOof ] .
alxgL xfn] Ldf xfF:5] . xf]nLdf xflF ;G5 .
dfly afoftF km{ /x]sf jfSo st{j[ fRo xg' \ t/ bfoftF km{ /xs] f jfSo eg] efjjfRo x'g \ .
efjjfRodf ljm| ofsf] efj jf cy{ dV' o xG' 5 / ljm| of ;wF} tt[ Lo k?' if, Ps jrg, cgfb/,
kl' nª\udf /xG5 . csds{ ljm| ofaf6 dfq efjjfRosf] jfSo aG5 . st[j{ fRonfO{
efjjfRodf kl/jt{g ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5 { .
olb lbOPsf] k|Zgdf ‘d’ stfk{ b ‘5 eg] cfkm’" agfOG5 .
‘d’ afx]s cGo stf{kb ePdf ‘åf/f÷af6’ yk]/ sfi] 7df /flvG5 jf stfk{ b g}
x6fOG5 .
lj|mofkbsf] wftd' f ‘O’ k|Too hf]l8G5 .
sd{ jf efjjfRo st[{jfRo
cUnf 8fF8fkfvf bl] vP . /d]zn] cUnf 8f8F fkfvf bV] of ] .
cfkm" t gflrof] . d t gfrF] .
nfv] gfr x]l/bF } 5 . pgLx¿ nfv] gfr x]b{} 5g\ .
ltdLåf/f /fdf| sljtf nl] vGy ] . ltdL /fdf| sljtf nV] Yof} .
dfdfåf/f d afn] fOPsf] 5' . dfdfn] dnfO{ af]nfpge' Psf] 5 .
gk] fnL, sIff * 141
sd{ jf efjjfRonfO{ st{j[ fRodf abNbf lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
lbOPsf] k|Zgdf stfk{ b 5g} eg] cfkm}nF ] stf{ kb yKg'k5 { .
cfjZos k/d] f sdk{ bdf ‘nfO’{ ljelSt hf8] g\ k' 5{ .
lbOPsf] k|Zgdf stfk{ b 5 eg] To;df nfu]sf] ‘åf/f, af6’ ljelSt x6fpg'k5 { .
lbOPsf] kZ| gdf cfkm" stfk{ b 5 eg] ‘d’ df kl/jtg{ ug'k{ 5{ .
stf{kbsf] lnªu\ , jrg, k'?if / cfb/cg;' f/sf] ljm| ofkb agfpgk' 5 { .
!%= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jtg{ u/ M
-s_ pgLx¿ gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] cWoog ub{} 5g\ . -sd{jfRo_
-v_ gk] fndf w]/} kjx{ ¿ dgfOG5g\ . -st{[jfRo_
-u_ wfg gfrdf va' /dfOof ] . -st[{jfRo_
-3_ d t gfr ]F . -efj jfRo_
-ª_ xfdL rf8kj{df /dfOnf] ug]{ 5f F}{ . -sdj{ fRo_
-r_ ;b\efjnfO{ gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tsf] hu dflgG5 . -st[j{ fRo_
-5_ ltdLx¿ /dfOnf kjx{ ¿ dgfpbF } lyof } . -sdj{ fRo_
-h_ efO nfv] gfr x]/]/ xf:F Yof ] . -efj jfRo_
-em_ cfdfn] 57 kjd{ f alxgLnfO{ af]nfpg'xg' ] 5 . -sd{jfRo_
-`_ /f]xg rf8kj{df va' /dfpF5g\ . -efjjfRo_
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
!^= cfkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} wflds{ :ynsf] j0fg{ u/L Pp6f k|aGw nv] .
!&= ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ug'k{ g{]
sfo{x¿sf] j0fg{ ub}{ Pp6f ka| Gw tof/ kf/ .
142 gk] fnL, sIff *
@! ;/ cfOHofs Go6' g
jt{dfg o'unfO{ lj1fgsf] o'u elgG5 . j}1flgs
cfljisf/x¿n] ubf{ dfgjsf] hLjg ;v' L / ;DkGg ag]
sf] 5 . dflg;n] cfkmg\ f] 1fg, al' 4 / ljjs] sf] ko| fu] ub{}
;;+ f/nfO{ gofF gofF pkxf/ lbPsf] 5 . clxns] f] of] cj:yf;Dd
cfOk'Ubf ;+;f/df s}of}F dxfg\ j}1flgsx¿sf] hGd
eO;s]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] cb\e't\ k|ltef
/ ;fdYo{åf/f ljZjnfO{ rlst kf/]sf 5g\ . tL
dxfg\ kl| tefx¿dWo] ;/ cfOHofs Go6' g Ps xg' \ .
pgsf] hGd ;g\ !^$@ l8;D] a/ @% sf lbg la6| g] sf]
an' :yf| k] df ePsf] xf ] .
Go'6gsf lktfsf] gfd cfOHofs Go6' g l;lgo/ / cfdfsf] gfd xfGgf P;skm xf ] . Go6' g
hGdg'eGbf ltg dlxgf klxn] pgsf lktfsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof ] . Go6' g hGd]kl5 pgsL
cfdfn] bf;] |f] ljjfx u/s] L lyOg\ . To;}n] ;/ cfOHofs Go'6gsf] hLjg afNosfnb]lv g}
;ª\3ifd{ o aGg ku' ]sf] lyof] . cfdfsf] bf];f| ] ljjfxkl5 Go'6gsf] kfngkfi] f0fdf dfjnsL
xh/' cfdf dfu{]/L P;skmaf6 eof ] . Go'6gnfO{ af/ jifd{ f cWoogsf nflu uf| Gyfsf]
lsª :s'ndf egf{ ul/of] . ;'?df Go'6gn] k9fOdf Tolt Wofg lbg ;sg] g\ t/ la:tf/}
k9fOdf /fd|f] ku| lt ub}{ uP / ;a}nfO{ pl5g ] . log} Go'6g kl5 uP/ ;;+ f/df xnrn
Nofpg] dxfg\ j}1flgs ag] .
Go'6g afl} 4s Ifdtf ePsf lgs} k|ltefzfnL JolSt lyP . pgL lj1fgsf] bl' gofdF f /d/]
;+;f/nfO{ 7f]; of]ubfg lbg rfxGy] . bf];|f] klt d/]kl5 Go'6gsL cfdfn] pgnfO{ vt] df
cbe\ t' – cgf7} f] 143
;fdYo{ – zlSt, Ifdtf, ofU] otf
;ª3\ if{do – ;ª\3if}{ ;ª\3if{n] el/Psf]
gk] fnL, sIff *
sfd ug{ nufOg \ . Go6' gnfO{ vt] df sfd uge{ Gbf cGo cg;' Gwfg ug{ dg nfUYof ] .
To;}n] kGw| jif{s} slnnf] pd/] df pgsf] Wofg ul0ft / oGqx¿tkm{ cfslif{t eof ] .
pgn] ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}hf/x¿ yk' f/]/ vfh] / cg';Gwfg ug{ yfn ] . Go'6gsf]
of] cle?lraf6 ke| fljt ePsf pgsf dfdfsf] ;Nnfxcg;' f/ Go6' gnfO{ km]l/ ljBfnodf
egf{ ul/of] . pgn] nfdf] vf]h / cg';Gwfgkl5 kfgL38L, w"k38L / jfo'36\6
agfP . Go6' g pGgfO; jif{sf] pd]/df SoflDah| sf] l6«lg6L sn]hdf egf{ eP . pgn]
ToxfF ul0ft ljifodf lgs} 7n' f] bIftf bv] fP . pgn] ;g\ !^^& df Sofns'n; /
afOgfl] don l;4fGtsf] cfljisf/ u/] . of] dxfg\ cfljisf/kl5 Go'6g ul0ft1x¿sf]
gh/df lgs} kl| tefzfnL bl] vP . pgn] ljljw Ifq] df vfh] / cg;' GwfgnfO{ hf/L /fv ] .
gofF gofF ljifodf vf]h / cg';Gwfg ug]{ pgsf] lh1f;' k|jl[ Œf cem} a9b\ } uof ] . To;} an] f
la|6]gdf Knu] sf] dxfdf/L km}lnof] / ;a} snh] x¿ wdfwd aGb eP . To;kl5 Go6' g
klg cfkmg\ f] ufpF pN;yf]k{ kms {] . To;} a]nf pgsf] Wofg ks| fz / /ªsf] ljifodf
uof ] . pgn] nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl5 ;o" s{ f] ks| fz x]bf{ ;]tf] bl] vG5 t/ of] ;ft /ªn]
ags] f] x'G5 eGg] s/' f kŒff nufP . pgn] oL ;ft /ªnfO{ lkH| dsf] ;xfotfn] cnu
cnu ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tYo cufl8 ;f/ ] . pgn] g} oL ;ft /ªnfO{ ldnfP/ ;t] f] /ªdf
abNg ;lsG5 eGg] s/' f k|dfl0ft u/] .
cfOHofs Go'6gn] k|sfzsf] o; cWoogaf6 ;g\ !^^* df gofF lsl;dsf]
6l] n:sf]ksf] cfljisf/ u/] . Go'6gsf] of] 6l] n:sfk] hDdf #=# ;=] ld= nfdf] cyf{t\ ;fgf]
lyof ] . tfklg cfwl' gs lj1fgsf] If]qdf dxŒjk0" f{ pknlAw lyof ] . s'g} klg j:tn' fO{ o;
6l] n:sf]kaf6 xb] f{ rfln; u0' ff 7n' f] b]lvGYof ] . o;sf] ;xfotfn] Go6' gn] jx[ :kltsf
pkux| x¿ ;d]t b]Vg ;Sy ] .
Go6' gn] lj1fgsf If]qdf Pskl5 csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbFb} uP . pgsf of]ubfgdWo]
;a}eGbf dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg u'?Tjfsif{0f;DaGwL lgod xf ] . Go6' g Ps lbg auFr} fdf
kfgL38L – kfgLsf] kmfx] f]/faf6 rNg] 38L
wk" 38L – 3fd -;fn] f/_ af6 rNg] 38L
jfo3' 6\6 – jfos' f] a]uaf6 rNg] ldl;g
Sofnsn' ; – aLh ul0ftsf] s'g} Ps dxTTjk"0f{ efu jf ;fgf] cz+ sf] lx;fa
lkH| d – lqe'h cfsf/sf] 7f]; j:t'
6]ln:sfk] – b/" bz{g oGq, 6f9fsf] j:tn' fO{ glhs} b]vfpg] oGq
u'?Tjfsif0{ f – kY[ jLdf xg' ] cfsif{0f zlSt
144 g]kfnL, sIff *
a;s] f lyP . pgn] To; an] f ?vaf6 :ofp v;s] f] bv] ] . :ofp dflyaf6 lsg eO' Fdf v:of] <
pgsf] dgdf lh1f;f el/of] . w]/} lrGtg, dgg / cg;' Gwfgkl5 Go6' gn] u'?Tjfsif0{ fsf]
lgod kŒff nufP . pgn] kŒff nufPsf] lgodcg';f/ b'O{ lk08lardf ePsf] cfsif0{ f
annfO{ u?' Tjfsif{0f elgG5 . h'g kbfy{sf] b|Jodfg a9L xG' 5, To;sf] cfsif{0f an klg
w/] } x'G5 . t;y{ a9L b|Jodfg ePsf] kbfyn{ ] sd bJ| odfg ePsf] kbfyn{ fO{ cfkml" t/
lvR5 . oxL lgodfg;' f/ k[YjL ;o" l{ t/ cfslift{ xG' 5 / ;o" {sf] jl/kl/ kl/jm| df u5 { .
o;} lgodcg';f/ ansf] sf/0fn] rGb|df kY[ jLlt/ cfslift{ x'G5 / k[YjLsf] jl/kl/
kl/j|mdf u5{ .
cfw'lgs lj1fgsf] If]qdf Go'6gn] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . pgn]
6l] n:sfk] sf] cfljisf/ u/ ] . pgn] u?' Tjfsif0{ fsf] lgod kŒff nufP . pgn] ks| fz;DaGwL
l;4fGtsf] kl| tkfbg u/] . pgL lj1fg hut\df bfzl{ gs, j1} flgs / ef}lts zf:qLx¿sf]
gh/df lgs} dfly p7] . pgn] y'k}| dfg, ;Ddfg / k/' :sf/x¿ kfP . pgn] lj1fgsf]
Ifq] df lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub{} la|l6; ;/sf/n] ‘;/’ sf] pkflwaf6 ljel" ift u¥of ] .
To;kl5 pgL cfOHofs Go6' gaf6 ;/ cfOHofs Go6' g eP . pgn] cfkmg\ f] ;Dk0" f{ hLjg
vf]h / cg;' Gwfgd} vlr{P . pgn] cfkmg\ f] hLjgsf] cGTolt/ cfkmg\ f cfljisf/x¿nfO{
;d6] /] ‘lkl| G;lkof’ k':ts nv] ] . pgsf] of] k:' tsnfO{ lj1fg hut\df bv] f k/]sf]
dxŒjk0" f{ pknlAw dflgG5 .
lj1fg huts\ f dxfg\ j1} flgs Go6' gsf] dfr{ @) ;g\ !&@& df krf;L jifs{ f] pd/] df lgwg
eof ] . pgL o; ;;+ f/df g/x] klg cfwl' gs lj1fgsf Ifq] df lbPsf] of]ubfgn] ubf{ cd/
5g \ . pgsf dxfg\ sfon{ ] hLjgdf ;ª3\ if{ ug{ / gofF gofF /x:ox¿sf] vf]hL ug{] k/]| 0ff
lbPsf] 5 .
bJ| odfg – lk08, tf}n;uF ;DalGwt
kl/jm| df – jl/kl/ 3D' g] sfd
lkl| G;lkof – Go'6gsf] kl| ;4 lstfa
g]kfnL, sIff * 145
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NEPALI GRADE 8 2076
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