science class -3- 2077 press

Blooming

Science, Health and
Physical Education

4

Authors
Raj Kumar Dhakal

(Science and Health Education)

Mohan Prasad Gurung

(Physical Education)

Blooming

Science, Health and
Physical Education

4

Published by:
Shubharambha Publication P. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors
Raj Kumar Dhakal
Mohan Prasad Gurung
Video:
Laxmi Nand Dhakal
Edition:
First 2075 B.S.
Second 2077 B.S.
Layout:
Chankes Maharjan
© Copyright
Publisher
Art work:
Prem Lamshal
Printed in Nepal

What if books could talk to you?

That was the question we asked ourselves.
We believe education should be interactive and enjoyable. We’re living in the IT era
and education is the only sector lagging behind when it comes to integrating new
technologies inside and outside the classroom.
That’s why we teamed with Freelancer Company Pvt. Ltd. and Mr. Laxmi Nand Dhakal
to create an immersive experience to redefine how we learn. With Laxmi Sir’s brains
and the technological excellence of Freelancer Company, we’ve created in-depth
video materials that aid the topics covered in this textbook.
We hope to make learning fun again! With a few clicks, you will be able to learn more

about any topic in this book via practical experiment videos.

Freelancer Company Pvt. Ltd. Laxmi Nand Dhakal
IT Company in Kathmandu Scientist, Teacher, HOD (R&D Dept)
https://creativescienceproject.com
https://freelancercompany.com.np

Freelancer Company took this project Laxmi Nand Dhakal is the creative force
from concept and made it into reality with who made this project possible.
their technical expertise.
His 20+ years of teaching experience along
They handled everything from scripting, with his dedication to the craft of Science
camera work, audio recording, video has added immense value to this project.
editing, website design & development,
QR code generation to the overall We’re proud to have such a talented
management of the project. individual in our team.

S can & Enjoy!

Thank you.

Dinesh Adhikari Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Academic Director Kathmandu, Nepal



Find the step-by-step guide to using QR-code on the next page.

How to use QR codes
1. Android:
a. Open this link on your browser on your Android phone (using
Chrome, Opera, UC Browser, etc): https://csp.codes/qrandroid
b. Click on install.
c. Open the app when it has finished installing.
d. Turn the camera towards the QR code in the book. QR code must
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e. You’ll see a link appear on the screen, click on it to watch the
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2. iPhone/iPad:
a. Open the Camera app.
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c. You’ll get a notification when the QR code is scanned, click on it
to watch the video.

Preface

The series ‘Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education’ has been brought
out as an indispensable resource for school level students and has intended
to provide concise and comprehensible explanation of key concepts, facts and
principles across science disciplines. Organized around the National Science
curriculum prescribed by Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi,
Bhaktapur, the series presents solid overviews of the most commonly
encountered school science topics with sound academic and fun activities.
The clear and accessible definitions, concise language, helpful diagrams and
illustrations and other science activities offered in this series will nonetheless
help teachers understand science concepts to the degree to which they can
develop rich and exciting inquiry approaches to explore these concepts with
students in the classroom. As the series has been brought out considering the
age and other psychological factors of children, the learning materials in this
series appeal to the sense of the children and they are related to the world of
young learners. Activities with varieties of questions in this series are meant to
assess and evaluate the level of students’ inquisitiveness.

Each unit begins with its Learning Outcomes and Boost Up activities which help
teachers to focus objectives while teaching. Moreover, each lesson in the series
ends with Key Words, Main Points to Remember and Exercise which are meant to
provide good review to students and enhance their abilities to solve the exercise
questions. Each lesson has Project Work that is meant to arouse more creativity
and interest in the students for better understanding and adjustment with their
scientific world.

My special thanks goes to entire team of Shubharambha Publication for their
encouragement to complete this series successfully. I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to Chankes Maharjan for her contribution as a designer of
this series. I would like to thank my family members and colleagues especially
Mr. Mohan Prasad Gurung for their support and help to bring out this series.
I would like to appreciate the contribution of my student Saugat Rijal for his
valuable help in second edition.

I am also equally grateful to students, parents and principals of different
schools who shared their valuable suggestions in materializing this series.
Any constructive suggestions and recommendations for the betterment of this
series will be highly acknowledged.

Raj Kumar Dhakal

Contents

Science 7

1. Invertebrates and Vertebrates 8

2. Reproduction in Animals 17

3. Adaptation in Animals 25

4. Adaptation in Plants 40

5. Reproduction in Plants 51

6. Life Processes 64

7. Interrelationship 74

8. Natural Disasters 87

9. Matter 97

10. Heat Energy 107

11. Weather and Seasons 119

12. The Earth in the Universe 131

13. Information and Communication Technology 142

14. Local Technology 152

Health Education 167
15. Personal Hygine 168
16. Environmental Sanitation 178
17. Food and Nutrition 188
18. Diseases and Health Services 198
19. Safety and First Aid 215
20. Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug 225

Physical Education 237

21. Locomotor Skills 238

22. Non Locomotor Skills 249

23. Drill 253

24. Physical Training 259

25. Simple and Local Games 268

26. Creative Games 271

27. Story Based Games 271

28. Ball Games 274

29. Dribbling Game 277

30. Gymnastics 279

31. Balancing Body 281

List of Video Experiments 283

Part

1
Science
Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 7

Lesson Invertebrates and
Vertebrates
1

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 identify and give examples of vertebrates and invertebrates.

 differentiate vertebrates and invertebrates. Scan for practical experiment

Boost Up URl: csp.codes/c04e02

1. Name any four animals that have bones in their body.

.................... .................... ................... . ..................

2. Name any four animals that do not have bones in their
body.

.................... .................... ................... . ..................

There are different types of animals in nature. Animals
differ in their shape and size. Some animals are small while
some animals are big. The body of all the animals is made up
of cells. Cells are the smallest units which combine together
to form the body of living organisms. Some animals contain
only one cell in their body. They are called unicellular animals.
Some animals contain many cells in their body. They are called
multicellular animals.

8 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Some animals have a backbone in their body while some do
not. The backbone supports the body. On the basis of presence
or absence of backbone, all the animals are divided into two
groups. They are invertebrates and vertebrates. For example
cow, goat, human beings, frog, fish, etc have backbone and
earthworm, butterfly, snail, etc do not have back bone.

Can you find the animals having backbone and animals
without backbone from the given animals? Scan for practical experiment

URl: csp.codes/c04e04

Rabbit Butterfly Cockroach

Snake Rat Earthworm

Invertebrates

The animals which do not have the backbone are called
invertebrates. The body of invertebrate animals differ from each
other. The body structure of most of them is simple. They have
different body shapes. Crab, butterfly, octopus, earthworm,
ant, etc are the examples of invertebrates.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 9

There are different types of invertebrate animals in
nature. The body of some of the invertebrates is covered by a
hard covering like in snail, but it is not a backbone.

Sycon, hydra, etc are primitive types of invertebrates.

Different types of worms, like flat worms (tapeworm),
round worms (ascaris) and segmented worms (earthworm)
are another types of invertebrates.

Similarly, insects like butterfly, cockroach, honey bee, etc are
other invertebrates and snail, octopus, etc are also invertebrates.

Some invertebrates are found in sea water only and their
body cover is hard and spiny. Starfish is an example of this group.
In this way there are varieties of invertebrates found in nature.

Salient features of invertebrates Scan for practical experiment

1. Invertebrates do not have backbone.

2. Some invertebrates are unicellular and

most of them are multicellular. URl: csp.codes/c04e05

3. Some invertebrates like sponge, hydra, starfish, etc live in
water and some like earthworm, butterfly, grass hopper,
snail, etc live on land.

4 The invertebrates have soft body due to the absence of
bones in them. But the body of some invertebrates like snail
is covered by hard shell and the body of some invertebrates
like crab, cockroach, bettle, etc is covered by exo-skeleton.

5. Invertebrates have less developed body.

6. Some invertebrates like leech, mosquito, tapeworm,
roundworm, etc are parasitic in nature.

10 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Various examples of invertebrates

Vertebrates

The animals which have a backbone in their body are called

vertebrates. The backbone is called as vertebral column. Fish,

frog, snake, lizard, crow, pigeon, dolphin, whale, cow, human

beings, etc are the examples of vertebrates. Scan for practical experiment

URl: csp.codes/c04e03

Human skeleton Fish skeleton

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 11

There are different types of vertebrates in nature.
Different types of fishes like katle, rohu, shark, seahorse,
etc are the examples of vertebrates.
Some animals which can live both on land and in water
like frog and salamander are vertebrate animals.
The crawling animals like snake, lizard, tortoise, etc are
vertebrates.
The birds and viviparous animals like cow, rat, cat, bat, etc
are also some examples of vertebrates.

Various examples of vertebrates

Vertebrates are more developed than invertebrates. They
have developed organs and systems. The body of vertebrates
is made up of bones. The bones combine together and give
certain framework to their body. This framework is called
skeleton. The internal skeleton gives the shape and size of the
body of animals.

12 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Functions of bones

The body of vertebrates is made by bones. The combination
of bones is called skeleton. The bones have following functions
in vertebrates.
1. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles.
2. Bones give definite shape to the body of animals.
3. Bones enable body movements.
4. Bones protect some vital organs of the body like heart,

lungs, kidney, etc.

Salient features of vertebrates

1. The body of vertebrates consists of bones.
2. Various organs and systems are present.
3. They have well developed brain.
4. They breathe by means of well developed organs like gills

and lungs.
5. Most of the vertebrates reproduce by laying eggs and some

reproduce by giving birth directly.

Key words – an external hard covering of animals.

Exo-skeleton – the internal skeleton or framework of the
Endoskeleton body of an animal.

Viviparous animals – giving birth directly without laying eggs.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 13

Main Points to Remember

 There are different types of animals in nature. Animals differ in shape, size and
nature.

 On the basis of presence or absence of backbone, there are two types of animals.
They are, vertebrates and invertebrates.

 The animals having backbone or vertebral column are called vertebrates.
 The animals without backbone in their body are called invertebrates.
 Vertebrates are more developed animals. The vertebrates have definite organs

and body system.
 The internal framework of a body formed by combination of bones is called

skeleton. It provides a definite shape to the body.
 The bones give framework for the attachment of muscles, give definite shape to

the body, help in the movement of body parts and protect some vital organs of
the body.

Project work

Observe various animals in your surroundings. Write down
their names and differentiate them into invertebrates and
vertebrates. Show it to your teacher.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

multicellular backbone skeleton
vertebrates hard shell

a. A hard and long bone present between neck and waist
is ............................

b. ....................... are the animals having backbone.

c. The body of snail is covered by .....................................

14 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

d. .......................... is the internal framework of the body
made by bones.

e. Some invertebrates are unicellular and some are ........
...............................

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.

a. The animals having backbone are called

invertebrates.

b. Snake is a vertebrate animal.
c. The invertebrates are less developed than

vertebrates.

d. The skeleton provides shape and size to the body.

e. All invertebrates are same in shape and size.

3. Match the following: Having many cells in body
Invertebrates

Vertebrates Lay eggs

Unicellular Give birth directly

Multicellular Animals without backbone

Pigeon Having single cell in body

Rat Animals having backbone

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 15

4. Answer the following questions.
a. What are invertebrates ? Give any four examples.
b. Write down any three examples of parasitic animals.
Are they vertebrates or invertebrates?
c. What are vertebrates? Give any four examples.
d. What is skeleton?
e. Write down any three functions of bones.
f. Is bird a vertebrate? Why?
g. Write down any three points of difference between
invertebrates and vertebrates.

5. Identify the following animals and mention whether these
are vertebrates or invertebrates.

abc

de f

16 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Lesson Reproduction in
Animals
2

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 define reproduction and state its importance.
 define oviparous and viviparous animals.

 identify and make a list of oviparous and viviparous animals.

Boost Up

Match the following animals with their babies.
Fish Chicks

Frog Cubs

Hen Tadpoles

Cow Fries

Lion Calves

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 17

All the living things like plants, animals and human
beings are mortal. They do not live forever. They grow old
and die. Before their death, the living things produce young
ones of their own kind. If they do not produce the young ones,
their races will not be continued in this nature. So, all animals
produce their babies.

The process of producing young ones of their own kind
by the animals is called reproduction. Reproduction is one of
the major characteristic of living things. Animals reproduce
to continue their races on the earth. The existence of animals
would be impossible in the absence of reproduction. Different
animals reproduce in different ways. Some animals give birth
to their babies and some animals lay eggs to produce their
babies.

Types of reproduction

There are two ways by which animals reproduce. They are,

1. By giving birth to young ones.

2. By laying eggs.

1. By giving birth to young ones.

Some animals like cow, buffalo, dog, rabbit, cat, etc directly
give birth to their babies. The animals that give direct birth
to their babies are called viviparous animals. The birth giving
animals are also called as mammals. In these animals, babies
develop inside the body of the female organisms. The part
of the female body where the baby develops is called womb.
After the baby is fully grown in the womb, it comes out of its
mother’s body. At the time of birth, it is helpless. The mother

18 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

take care of her babies. They keep their babies clean, protect
them from enemies and feed milk. Viviparous animals nourish
their babies by feeding milk. The females have milk producing
glands in their breast. In the early stage of life, babies depend
on mother’s milk only. You might have seen a dog caring the
puppies, a cow caring calf, a cat caring kittens, etc.

A child and mother Dog with puppy

Pig and piglets Goat and kids

By laying eggs

All invertebrates and some vertebrates like fish, frog, snake,
lizard and birds reproduce by laying eggs. The egg laying
animals are called oviparous animals. Oviparous animals
bring out young ones from their eggs. These animals lay eggs
in a suitable place for them like in nest, soil, sand, water, etc
and new baby animals come out of the eggs after some days.
They get food from a part of the egg to grow and develop.

Birds care their eggs until young ones are developed from
them. Most other animals lay eggs and leave it without care.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 19

Some animals lay only one egg at a time whereas some animals
lay a large number of eggs so that their reproduction is sure.
The young ones are hatched from the eggs by different ways.

Birds usually lay eggs in their nest and cover the eggs
to keep warm. The birds sit over the eggs and keep the eggs
under its tummy and stretch the wings to make them warm. If
the eggs are not warmed, they can not hatch. A hen covers the
eggs regularly for three weeks. Birds and other animals take
care of their babies and try to protect them from the enemies.

Animals like fish and frog lay Fries
eggs in water. The eggs of frog
hatch into tadpoles in water. These
tadpoles finally develop into frogs.
In fishes, the eggs directly grow
and hatch into fries.

20 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

adult frog eggs

embryo

young frog

tadpole

tadpole with legs

Life cycle of frog

Insects like butterfly, egg caterpillar
silkworm, etc lay a large
number of eggs on the butterfly pupa
leaves. The eggs of insects
are warmed by sunlight. Life cycle of butterfly
The eggs after getting
warmth, hatch into larva
or caterpillar. Caterpillars
do not look like adult but
look like the worms. The
caterpillar or larva grows
into pupa. After few days,
the pupa grows into an
adult insect.

Animals like snakes, crocodiles and lizards are crawling
animals. They are also called as reptiles. They also lay eggs to
reproduce. They lay eggs in a safe place and cover them with
sand or soil. Their eggs get warmth from the sun. Their babies
are hatched out from the eggs. They do not take care of their
eggs and babies.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 21

A crocodile and its eggs A Snake with eggs

Key words

Races – a variety, subspecies.
supply with necessary things for growth.
Nourish – to come out from an egg.

Hatch –

Main Points to Remember

 The process by which animals produce their babies is called reproduction.

 Reproduction is needed to continue the races of the animals to exist in nature.

 Some animals reproduce by giving birth and some animals reproduce by laying
eggs.

 The animals that reproduce by giving birth are called viviparous animals.

 The animals that reproduce by laying eggs are called oviparous animals.

 Viviparous animals take care of their young ones and mother suckles the babies.

 The life cycle of frog has three stages: egg, tadpole and adult whereas life cycle of
butterfly has four stages, egg, larva, pupa and adult.

Project work

Collect the pictures of any five oviparous animals and any
five viviparous animals with their babies. Paste them in your
project work copy and show to your teacher

22 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

caterpillar young ones giving birth

laying egg warm viviparous

a. Animals reproduce to produce their ..................

b. Animalsreproduceby........................or by......................

c. ................ animals give direct birth to their young ones.

d. Birds sit on the eggs to make them .............................

e. The larva stage of insect is ......................................

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.
a. The babies of all animals suckle their mother’s milk.


b. Living beings reproduce to continue their races.

c. The eggs of hen are hatched out in three weeks.

d. Snakes take care of their eggs and young ones.

e. Fish and frog lay eggs in water.

3. Answer the following questions:
a. What is reproduction ? Why do animals reproduce?
b. What are viviparous animals ? Give any three examples.
c. Why does a cow chase you when you tease her calf?

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 23

d. What are oviparous animals ? Give any three examples.
e. Where do the birds lay eggs? Why do birds cover their

eggs with their wings?
f. Where do the reptiles lay eggs? What do they do after

laying eggs?
g. Name any four animals that take care of their babies.
h. Name any four animals that do not take care of their babies.
i. Write down the differences between oviparous and

viviparous animals.
4. Draw the diagrams to show life cycle of butterfly.
5. Arrange the following diagrams in sequential order.

24 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Lesson Adaptation in Animals

3

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 define habitat and adaptation.
 classify animals on the basis of their food and shelter.
 characterize various terrestrial animals with examples.
 characterize various aquatic animals with examples.

Boost Up

Where do the following animals live?

. ............................ ............................. .............................

............................. ............................. .............................

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 25

Animals live in all part of the world. There are different
animals living in different parts of the world. All kinds of
animals do not live everywhere on the earth. Animals live on
land and in water. Different types of animals live in different
types of land and water. Such as animals live on deserts, in
cold places, in ponds, in the oceans, etc.

The natural place where the animals and Scan for practical experiment
plants grow and survive is called habitat. The
living place of animals is their habitat. We keep URl: csp.codes/c04e06
some domestic animals in our houses by making
the habitat for them where as wild animals live in
their natural habitat.

In order to survive and reproduce, animals have to adjust
themselves to their surroundings. Various characteristics are
developed in the animals to survive in their habitat. The process
of adjustment of living beings to their surroundings is called
adaptation. The animals which can not adapt themselves to the
environment become extinct. So, certain body structure and
feeding habit are developed in the animals to adjust themselves
in their habitat.

Animals are divided into three groups on the basis of
their feeding habit. They are herbivorous animals, carnivorous
animals and omnivorous animals.

Herbivorous animals

Animals like cow, goat, buffalo, giraffe, rabbit, etc. feed
on grass. The animals which feed on grass or plants are called
herbivorous animals. These animals have broad inner teeth
which help in grinding and chewing their food. Herbivorous
animals have strong and long legs which help them to walk
long distances in search of food.

26 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Animals like horse, zebra, donkey, etc have single hoof in
their legs. Their legs are long and strong which make them
able to run very fast.

Elephants have strong trunk and teeth which help them to
break the tree branches and chew them easily.

Giraffe has a long neck which helps it to pick the leaves of
plants.

Cow Goat Elephant

Giraffe Horse

Some birds like sparrow, hen, pigeon, etc. feed on grains.
These birds have short, strong and pointed beak adapted for
eating grains.

Sparrow Pigeon

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 27

Carnivorous animals

Animals like tiger, lion, fox, etc feed on flesh of other
animals. The animals which feed on flesh of other animals are
called carnivorous animals. Carnivores have long pointed front
teeth to tear the flesh and strong grinding teeth to chew the
bones. These animals have long and powerful legs with sharp
pointed claws adapted for running and catching the prey.

Tiger Lion

Carnivorous birds like eagle, vulture, hawk, etc have
strong claws to hold their prey. They have a curved and strong
beak which helps them to tear flesh of animals. Some carnivores
swallow the whole animals without tearing into pieces. A lizard
python can swallow the whole body of animals.

Vulture Snake Eagle

28 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Omnivorous animals

Animals like bear, crow, hen, pig, etc feed on both plants
and flesh of animals. The animals which feed on both plants
and flesh of animals are called omnivorous animals. Omnivores
have well developed cutting teeth at the front and strong and
broad inner teeth to cut and chew all types of food.

Animals like rat, mouse and squirrel have sharp and strong
front teeth to cut the grains and nuts.

Bear Hen Crow

Animals are divided into five groups on the basis
of the environment in which they live. They are aquatic
animals,terrestrial animals, amphibian animals, arboreal
animals and aerial animals.

Aquatic animals

The animals which live in water are called aquatic animals.
Fish, turtle, seahorse, starfish, whale, etc are some examples of
aquatic animals.

Fishes have fins to swim in water and gills to breathe.
The gills can absorb oxygen gas from water. Their body is
streamlined and covered with scales. The streamlined body
helps them to swim in water easily and the scales prevents the
water from entering inside their body.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 29

Fish Fins of a fish

Animals like dolphins, whales, crocodiles, etc live in water
but they breathe through lungs. They come to the surface of
water to breathe in air.

Whale Dolphin

Turtles swim in water with the help of paddle like limbs
and crocodile swim with the help of limbs and tail.

Crocodile Turtle

30 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Some animals like ducks, frogs, penguins, pelicans, flamingos,
etc live near water. They can swim in water and get their food
from water. Ducks and frog have webbed feet to swim in water.

Duck Frog

Birds like pelican, flamingo, etc are wading birds. They
have long legs so that their body is not dipped in water. They
wade in shallow water to find their food.

Pelican Flamingo

A penguin can dive
and swim in water with the
help of its wings shaped
like flippers.

Penguin

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 31

Terrestrial animals

The animals which live on land are called terrestrial
animals. They move from place to place with the help of their
limbs. Some animals like snakes have no limbs. They crawl on
land. There are some crawling animals which have limbs but
crawl on land. Lizard, crocodile, etc are the examples of such
animals found in nature. Some of the terrestrial animals are
explained briefly.

Desert animals

The animals which live in desert are called desert animals.
A desert is the place where the climate is very hot, covered
with sand and little water is found. Desert animals have thick
skin. Camel, lizards, snakes, etc are found in deserts.

Camel is a common animal

which lives in the desert. The

camel has thick skin to protect

it from the heat. It has long

and strong limbs with flat

cushion like skin pads on its

feet, which makes it easy to

walk on the hot sand. It can

walk easily on hot sand for a Camel
long time. It is also called as

‘ship of the desert’ as it is used for transportation in deserts.

It has a hump on its back which stores food in the form of fat.

It has special tissues that store water. So, a camel can survive

for 10-12 days without food and water. It takes energy from fat

stored in its hump and water from the tissues when it does not

get food and water for a long time.

32 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Animals of cold regions

Animals like polar bears, snow leopards, Himali goats
(chyangra), sheep, yak, etc live in cold places. The animals of the
cold places are able to keep themselves warm. These animals have
thick and long fur on their body. They have a layer of fat beneath
the skin. These features prevent them from extreme cold.

Polar bear Yak Himali goat

Amphibian animals

The animals which live both in water and on land are
called amphibian animals. They have webbed toes which help
them to swim in water. They breathe through moist skin when
they are in water and through lungs when they are on land.
But for reproduction, they lay eggs only in water. Frogs, toads
and salamanders are some examples of amphibians.

Frog Toad Salamandar

Arboreal animals

The animals which spend most of their time on trees are
called arboreal animals. Monkeys, squirrels, garden lizards,
lemurs, etc are the examples of arboreal animals.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 33

Monkeys have long, strong legs with long fingers adapted
for climbing, holding tree branches and hanging.

Squirrel has a long tail and strong hind legs adapted for
running and balancing the body.

Some arboreal animals

Aerial animals

The animals which spend most of their time in air are
called aerial animals. Birds like parrot, pigeon, sparrow, crow,
etc and bats can fly in air and are called as aerial animals.

Birds can fly because of their light body, wings and shape
of the body. They have hollow bones and their body is covered
with feathers which make the body light. They have a pair of
wings to fly in the air. Their body is pointed in the front like a
boat. All these features help them to fly in air.

Crow Pigeon

34 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Some other animals

Animals like wall lizard, garden lizard, etc. have adhesive
pads on their fingers. So, they can crawl on the wall easily.

Invertebrates like butterfly, honey bee, housefly, mosquito,
ant, etc. are called insects. They have jointed legs. Their body
is divided into three parts namely head, thorax and abdomen.
These animals have wings to fly.

Some insects

Key words

Extinct – no longer in existence.
to reduce to fine particles
Grinding – the part of an animal’s head projecting
forward and containing the nose and jaws.
Shout – the horny covering of digits of an animal.
an animal hunted for food.
Hoof – boat shaped body, shape that lowers the
– friction drag between air/water and moving
Prey – object.
a short, flat bladed oar for propelling a boat.
Streamlined
body coated with sticky substance.

Paddle – divided into two lobes.
Adhesive –
Bilobed – walking in the mud or shallow water.
Wading –

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 35

Main Points to Remember

 The natural place where the animals and plants grow and survive is called
habitat.

 The process of adjustment of living beings in their habitat is called adaptation.

 Various adaptational characteristic are developed in animals which enobles to
survive in their habitat.

 On the basis of their feeding habits, there are three types of animals. They are
herbivorous animals, carnivorous animals and omnivorous animals.

 On the basis of habitat, there are five types of animals. They are terrestrial animals,
aquatic animals, amphibian animals, arboreal animals and aerial animals.

Project work

1. Visit a nearby zoo or a farm/shade of animals if possible.
Write down the name of animals kept there and note
down their body features.

3. Collect the pictures of the given animals from the old books
and paste them on the basis of following features. Show it
to your teacher.

Tiger, sheep, buffalo, ant, cow, donkey, eagle, housefly, cat,
pigeon, parrot, lion, goat, mosquito.

Animals having Animals Animals Animals
sharp teeth & having having jointed having
strong claws hooves legs & wings wings

36 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a. The animals which can not adapt themselves to the
environment become.....................
b. Animals like cow and buffalo have .................. hooves.
c. Gills of a fish absorb ..................... from water.
d. A penguin can swim in water with the help of wings
like .....................
e. A camel has ..................... like skin pads on its feet.

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.
a. Horse and zebra have single hoof on their
foot to run very fast.
b. The carnivorous birds have curved and
strong beak.
c. Turtles swim in water with the help of fins.
d. Monkey is an aerial animal.
e. The birds have hollow bones to make their
body light.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 37

3. Match the following: jointed legs
Cow hump
streamlined body
Hawk pointed beak
Pigeon curved beak
Whale bilobed hooves
Camel
Butterfly

4. Write down the name, habitat and one adptational feature
of following animals.

.............................. .............................. ...........................
.............................. .............................. ...........................
.............................. .............................. ...........................

38 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

.............................. ..............................
.............................. ..............................
.............................. ..............................


5. Answer the following questions:

a. What is habitat ? Why do animals need habitat?

b. What is adaptation?

c. What types of teeth does a cow have? Why?

d. Write down any three features of a bird by which it
can fly in air?

e. Why is camel called the ship of desert?

f. Why is the body of polar bear covered by thick fur?

g. Write down any two differences between camel and
yak on the basis of their body features.

h. What makes a frog able to swim in water?

i. Write down any three main features of desert animals.

j. Why are human beings called omnivores?

K. What are arboreal animals ? Write down any two
examples.

6. Draw a neat and clean diagram of a fish showing different
body features in it.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 39

Lesson

4 Adaptation in Plants

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 observe terrestrial and aquatic plants and list their characteristic features.
 explain how the modified structures help the plants to survive in their habitat.
 draw the picture of terrestrial and aquatic plants and label their different parts.

Boost Up

Write down any two examples of the following:
Non-flowering plants ...................... ............................
Flowering plants ...................... ............................
Trees ...................... ............................
Shrubs ...................... ............................
Herbs ...................... ............................
Terrestrial plants ...................... ............................
Aquatic plants ...................... ............................

40 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

There are different types of plants around us. The plants
are different in their shape, size and characteristics. They may
be trees, shrubs and herbs. Some are climbers and creepers
also. They grow in different regions like desert, cold places, hot
places and even in various sources of water. The places where
plants grow and survive are called their habitats. Plants grow
and live in such places where they find suitable soil, climate,
water and food for them. Plants grow in the environment at
which they get various suitable conditions for their growth.
Plants of different habitats are adjusted by various characteristic
features to adapt in their habitat. The adjustment of plants in
their environment is called adaptation. The plants which can
not adjust in their habitat die out and become extinct forever.

On the basis of their habitat, plants are classified into two
types. They are; (1) Terrestrial plants and (2) Aquatic plants.

Terrestrial plants Scan for practical experiment

The plants that grow and live on land are
called terrestrial plants. They are also called
as land plants. There are different types of
land on the earth like desert, wet land, shady URl: csp.codes/c04e07
land, etc. The plants of different places are different. Terrestrial
plants grow in different regions on the earth. Some of them are
given below:

1. Plants of hot and wet climate

The plants like coconut, banayan, mango, rubber plants,
etc grow on hot and wet climate. These plants have many leaves
on them. Some of such plants shed their leaves in winter.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 41

Coconut Banyan Palm

2. Plants of hot and dry climate

The plants that grow on hot and dry climate are called
xerophytes. They are also called as desert plants. Plants like
aloe, cactus, agave, opuntia, nerium, etc are found in desert.
The leaves of these plants are modified into thorns to reduce
loss of water from their body. They have green, thick and fleshy
stem. Food is prepared by the stem. Food and water are stored
in the stem. The roots of such plants grow deeper to search
water.

Cactus Opuntia Agave Aloevera

3. Plants of moist and shady places

The plants like mushroom and fern grow in moist and
shady places of all regions, basically in terai and hills. Generally,
they grow under the trees. Fern is a green, non flowering plant
whereas mushroom is a non-green plant.

42 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Fern Mushroom

4. Plants of cold climate
Plants like pine, cycas, fir, cedar, deodar, dhupi, etc grow

on cold places. These plants grow in hills and mountains. They
have to survive on very cold climate.

These plants are generally tall and contain needle like
leaves. The leaves are very tough and the plants are seen cone-
shaped. These plants do not shade their leaves throughout the
year.

Pine Cycas Dhupi Deodar

In extreme cold there is only grassland. Scan for practical experiment
No big trees grow in such places.

Aquatic plants

The plants that grow and live in water URl: csp.codes/c04e08
are called aquatic plants. They have special features to adapt
themselves to their habitat. They have soft body and small
number of roots. Most of them have air sacs which help them
to float on water. There are three types of aquatic plants. They
are floating plants, fixed plants and submerged plants.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 43

1. Floating plants

These plants float freely on the surface of water. They have
a light body due to the air spaces throughout their body which
makes them able to float. The roots of such plants are weak
and hanging below the surface of water. Pistia, water hyacinth
and duckweed are some examples of floating plants.

Pistia Water hyacinth Duckweed
2. Fixed plants

Fixed plants are fixed with the roots in a muddy layer at
the bottom of water. They have a long, hollow and flexible
stem, which move with the water current. Their leaves and
flowers float on the surface of water. Lotus and water lily are
the examples of fixed plants.

Lotus Water lily
3. Submerged plants

Submerged plants remain completely under the water.
They are also called as underwater plants. They are found at
the bottom or midway of water. They have small, thin and
narrow leaves. They do not have stomata in their leaves.

44 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Hydrilla and tape grass are the examples of submerged
plants.

Hydrilla Tape grass

Parts of plant

There are two types of plants on the basis of the presence
or absence of flowers. They are; flowering plants and non
flowering plants.

Non-flowering plants are less developed than flowering
plants. Most of the non-flowering plants do not have definite
roots, stem and leaves. Their body is simple in structure. Some
non-flowering plants like fern, lycopodium, etc have roots,
stem and leaves.

The flowering plants are more
developed than non-flowering
plants. Flowering plants have well
developed roots, stem and leaves.
Fruits are developed from the flowers.

The fruits have seeds in them which Fern
germinate to give the new plants.

The roots are the underground parts of plants. Roots help
to fix the plants firmly in the soil and absorb water and minerals

for the plants.

Stem is the aerial part of a plant. It makes the plant erect

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 45

and conducts water, minerals and prepared food to different
parts. All other parts like sub-branches, leaves, flowers, etc
grow from the stem.

Leaves are the green parts of the plant. The leaves prepare
the food materials for the plants by using water and carbon
dioxide in presence of sun light. The process of preparing food
in green leaves is called photosynthesis.

In a matured plant, the flowers are developed from the
buds. The flowers are coloured and attractive parts of the plant.
The flowers in maturity develops into the fruits.

flower

fruit

leaves

stem
branch

root

Mustard plant

Insectivorous plants

Some plants like venus flytrap and pitcher plants trap
insects and use them as food. They are called insectivorous
plants. These plants trap insects to get minerals.

46 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Venus flytrap Pitcher plant

Some unusual plants

Key words

Xerophytes – plants adapted for growth under dry conditions.

Fleshy – thick and soft.

Stomata – minute pores in the leaves to exchange gases.

Trap – to catch.

Main Points to Remember

 The place where plants grow and survive is called habitat.

 Like animals, plants also have cartain adptational features to survive in their
habitat.

 Plants are classified into two types according to their habitat. They are terrestrial
plants and aquatic plants.

 The plants which grow on land are called terrestrial plants.

 There are different types of terrestrial plants like plants growing in dry and wet
places. Plants growing in desert, plants growing in moist and shady places and
plants growing in cold places.

 These plants have different features to adapt in their habitats.

 The plants which grow in water are called aquatic plants.

 Aquatic plants are of three types. They are; floating plants, fixed plants and
submerged plants.

 Non-flowering plants are simple in structure. Many of them do not have roots,
stem and leaves.

 Flowering plants are well developed plants. Their body is differentiated into well
developed roots, stem and leaves. The stem gives rise to flowers and flowers
develop into the fruits which contain seeds.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 47

Project work

Collect any six leaves of different plants. Press them between
the pages of newspaper for few days. When the leaves dry
completely, paste them in your project work copy and write
their names below each leaf. Show the work to your teacher.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a. The adjustment of plants in their habitat is called
...................
b. The plants of hot and wet climate have many ...................
on them.
c. The plants of desert are called ...................
d. The plants of cold places are ................... shaped.
e. The submerged plants lie ............. the surface of water.

2 Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.
a. All plants cannot grow in all places.
b. The plants of desert have fleshy stem and
long roots.
c. Fern plants grow in Himalayan region.
d. The stem of floating plants lie above the
surface of water.
e. The non-flowering plants do not have well
developed roots, stem and leaves.
f. A mushroom is a green plant.

48 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

3. Write down the name of following plants and their habitats.

..................... ..................... .....................
..................... ..................... .....................

..................... .....................
..................... .....................

..................... .....................
..................... .....................

4. Name the following:

a. Any two plants of hot and dry climate

...................................... ......................................

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 49

b. Any two plants of hot and wet climate.

...................................... ......................................

c. Any two plants of moist and shady places.

...................................... ......................................

d. Any two insectivorous plants.

...................................... ......................................

e. Any two floating plants.

...................................... ......................................

f. Any one non green plant.

......................................

5. Answer the following questions:

a. What is habitat of plant?

b. Why do the desert plants have long roots?

c. Write down any two features of plants that grow in
hot and wet climate?

d. Write down any two features of plants that grow in
cold places.

e. How are aquatic plants able to float on water?

f. Write down any two features of submerged plants.

g. Why do fixed aquatic plants have long and flexible stem?

6. Draw and colour the diagram of following:

a. A fern plant.

b. A mustard plant.

50 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4