science class -3- 2077 press

Measles

Measles is a disease that generally affects children. It is
caused by virus. The virus affects the skin, eyes, wind pipe,
lungs and intestine of the patient. It is transmitted through
nasal secretion and contact with the materials used by the
patient.

Symptoms
i. Red spots or rashes appear on the face at the beginning

and spread at neck and all over the body.
ii. Cough and fever.
iii. Red and watery eyes.
iv. Headache, diarrhoea and loss of appetite

Prevention
i. Patient should be kept isolated.
ii. Materials used by the patient should be

disinfected.
iii. Mucus, sputum, etc of the patient should

be disposed properly.
iv. Anti-measles vaccine should be given to the children at

the age of nine months.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacteria. It affects
the lungs, intestine, bone and other body parts. It is transmitted

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by polluted air and sputum of the
patient. When a person suffering from
TB coughs or sneezes, bacteria spread
in the air and is transmitted to a healthy
person.

Symptoms
i. Loss of body weight and the body

becomes lean and thin.
ii. There is continuous cough for more than three weeks and

pain in the chest.
iii. Light fever in the evening and sweating at night.
iv. Blood seen in the sputum while coughing.
v. Loss of appetite.

Prevention
i. The patient should be kept isolated. Clothes and utensils

used by the patient should be disinfected properly.
ii. The patient should cover his/her mouth and nose with a

handkerchief while coughing and sneezing.
iii. The patient should not spit here and there. The sputum of

the patient should be buried.
iv. The patient should be treated by giving regular medicines.
v. BCG vaccine should be given to the children in time.

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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a disease that generally
affects the children of 2-5 years. It is caused
by bacteria. It affects throat, tonsils and
nose. It is transmitted by direct contact,
sputum and mucus of the patient.

Symptoms
i. Throat pain and difficulty in breathing.
ii. Swelling of throat.
iii. Sore throat and difficulty in swallowing food and drinks.

Prevention
i. The patient should be kept isolated and the clothes and

utensils used by the patient should be disinfected properly.
ii. The mucus and sputum of the patient should be disposed

properly.
iii. Direct contact with the patient should be avoided.
iv. The childeren should be given DPT vaccine at the age of

6-12 months.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a disease caused due to cold and the entry
of dust and dirt particles in the lungs. If it is not treated on
time, it causes ‘bath’ (rheumatism), heart disease and paralysis
also. It is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It is transmitted

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 203

by direct contact with the patient
and through the materials used by
patient contaminated with cough
and sputum.

Symptoms
i. Fever and difficulty in breathing.
ii. Headache and pain in the body.
iii. Running nose, cough and noisy breathing.
iv. Swelling of lungs and difficulty in coughing.

Prevention
i. The patient should be kept isolated and the clothes and

utensils used by patient should be disinfected.
ii. We should avoid cold and dust particles. We should wear

warm clothes specially in winter.
iii. Personal hygiene should be maintained.
iv. The bad habits like smoking, taking drugs and drinking

alcohol should be avoided.
v. We should take balanced diet and do physical exercises.

Trachoma

Trachoma is a disease of the eye. It is caused
by bacteria. These bacteria are found in tears
and affect the eyes. It is caused by contaminated
food and the articles used by infected person.
It is transmitted by direct contact with the
infected person and by the flies.

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Symptoms
i. Eye becomes red and itchy.
ii. Cloudy cornea and discharge from the eye.
iii. Swollen eyelids.
iv. The eyelash may turn in and rub against the cornea. This

can cause ulcers, vision less and blindness.

Prevention
i. The patient should be kept isolated. The materials used by

the patients should be disinfected properly.
ii. Eyes should be washed with clean water properly.
iii. Flies should be controlled.
iv. Personal contact with the infected person should be avoided.
v. The patient should visit a doctor and get necessary

treatment and medications.

Polio

Polio is a disease that affects the nervous
system of a person. This is common in the
children below the age of five years. It is
caused by a virus. It is transmitted by the
nasal secretion and faeces of the patient by
the means of flies from contaminated food,
water and materials used by the patient.

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Symptoms
i. High fever and headache.
ii. Stiffness in the neck and muscles.
iii. Difficulty in chewing food.
iv. In some cases, paralysis of hands and legs.

Prevention
i. The patient should be kept isolated and materials used by

the patient should be disinfected properly.
ii. We should always use toilet for defecation and urination.
iii. Hands should be washed properly before meal and after

visiting toilet.
iv. Flies should be controlled.
v. Polio drops should be given to the children below one year.

Some non-communicable diseases

Diabetes

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease in which sugar
passes out through urine. It is also
called as 'sugar disease'. This disease
may develop at any age.
Diabetes is caused due to lack of
insulin hormone which is produced
by pancreas. The liver can not store
sugar and body can not use sugar in

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deficiency of insulin. So, the blood contains sugar but the cells
do not get sugar to release energy. The level of sugar increases
in the blood and passes out through urine.

Symptoms
i. Frequent urination.
ii. Excessive thirst and hunger.
iii. Loss of body weight.
iv. Weakness.

Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease, high
blood pressure, low blood pressure,
heart attack, etc are some common
heart diseases. Generally, heart
disease are common in the people
above the age of 40-45 years. But in
some cases, it is caused in the people
of early ages also.
Heart diseases are caused due to excessive intake of fatty
or spicy food items, fat, oil and cholesterol. It is also caused
due to the unhealthy way of living.
As there are different types of heart diseases, various
symptoms are seen in the patient. Generally, high blood
pressure, low blood pressure, headache, dizziness, fainting,
chest pain, etc are caused in heart diseases.

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Preventive and control measures

i. We should not consume spicy, fatty and oily foods.

ii. We should avoid mental tension.

iii. Alcohol, smoking and drugs should be avoided.

iv. Intake of excessive salt should be reduced.

v. Physical exercises should be done regularly.

vi. We should visit the consultant when we feel the symptoms.

Cancer

Cancer is a dangerous non-
communicable disease. Cancer is an
uncontrolled growth of cells in body.
A growing mass of cancerous cells is
called a tumor. Generally, it occurs
in skin, lungs, uterus, breast, throat,
intestine, blood, etc.

The exact cause of cancer is still unknown but the conditions
that lead to cancer include over exposure of harmful radiations
like ultraviolet rays, contact with certain chemicals, smoking
and chewing tobacco, etc.

Symptoms

i. Unwanted growth of cells or unusual lump of muscle in
any body part.

ii. Change in voice and difficulty in breathing.

iii. Appearance of fresh blood or clotted blood in stool.

iv. Unusual bleeding from any body part.

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Preventive and control measures

i. Smoking, chewing tobacco, alcoholic drinks and taking
drugs should be avoided.

ii. Over spicy food, fatty food and burnt meat should not be
taken.

iii. We should not expose our body parts to harmful solar
radiation for a long time.

iv. Cuts and wounds in the body should be treated early.

Care of sick people

Anybody can suffer from a disease at any time. Many
people suffer from various types of communicable and non-
communicable diseases. We should be preventive to be safe
from diseases. Generally, the diseases do not attack us if we
live a healthy life by maintaining personal hygiene. We can
be free from diseases by taking balanced diet, doing regular
exercise and avoiding the tension. But because of many reasons
we may suffer from various diseases. We should take patient
to the health post or hospital or health service provider for the
treatment. In our rural areas, people still believe in ‘Jharfuk’
by ‘Tantrik’ or ‘Dhami’ / Jhankri”, etc. It is better to go to the
hospitals instead of believing in such superstitions.

Many people hide some curable diseases like leprosy and
tuberculosis because of the fear of society. We should not hate
the person suffering from such diseases, These diseases are
caused due to microbes and are cured by taking medicines.
So, we should help those people to go to health institutions
for treatment. While taking care of the sick people, we should
maintain our personal hygiene. We should be careful so that

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 209

the germs are not transfered to us. We should never hate sick
people. Feel comfortable when you are taking care of sick
people. Don’t make yourself sick while giving care to others.

Health services in our country

Health services are the services provided to the people for
the prevention and treatment of diseases. We can get health
services from sub-health post, health post, mobile health
camps, hospitals, nursing homes, etc. We need health services
to save ourselves from diseases and to preserve and promote
our health. We should take medicines as suggested by doctors
or health workers in case of illness.

In the villages and remote places we get health services
from primary health care centres sub-health posts and health
posts. Health assistants and junior health workers check up
the patients and provide medicines in such institutions.
Occasional health camps also provide treatment to the people
in such places. We do not get the treatment for serious patients
and severe diseases in such places. These patients have to be
taken to the hospitals in cities.

In the cities, hospitals, nursing homes and clinics provide
the health services. We get better health facilities in hospitals
and nursing homes. They provide the treatment with laboratory
check up, x - rays, ultra-sound, etc to the patients. The specialist
doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etc provide the health services to
the patients. Sick people get admitted in the hospital beds.

Ambulance facilities are provided by hospitals, nursing
homes and some other organizations like Nepal Red cross
Society in urban areas. The serious patients are taken to the
hospitals by an ambulance. We can get the ambulance service

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in telephone request also. In the remote villages, the patients
are carried to the health post in a Doko or in a cart or by using
stretcher, etc.
We also get health services from Aayurved Hospitals
and Aayurved centres. An aayurved centre provides herbal
medicines for different types of illness.

In the remote places of our country, people believe in
‘Tantrik’, ‘Dhami’ and Jhankri for the treatment of illness. They
are not the trained health workers. Some of them can have
knowledge about herbal medicine but many of them are the
faith healers only. So, we should not believe in them for the
treatment.

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Key words

Microbes – disease causing germs, micro organisms.

Malfunction – fail to function normally.

Hereditary – based on inheritance

Nasal secretion – slippery fluid produced by nose.

Sputum – a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from
the respiratory tract.

BCG – anti tuberculosis vaccine (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)

Stiffness – inability to move easily, difficult to bend or move.

DPT – diptheria, pertussis (Whooping cough) and
tetanus, a combined vaccine given to children.

Main Points to Remember

 Any disorder in the normal functioning of the body is called disease. It is also
known as sickness.

 The diseases are caused by microbes, lack of eating balanced diet, improper
personal hygiene, injury and some bad habits like drinking alcohol and smoking.

 There are two types of diseases. They are, communicable disease and non-
communicable disease.

 The diseases which can transfer from one person to another are called
communicable diseases.

 The communicable diseases are caused by microbes and transmitted by stale
food, contaminated water, polluted air, etc.

 Non-communicable diseases are not transfered from one person to another.
 Non-communicable diseases are caused due to lack of nutrients, malfunctioning

of certain organs of our body and some unhealthy practices.
 We should not hate the sick people. Instead, we should take care of sick people.
 We should take the sick people to the hospitals and other health service centres.

So that the sick people get the treatment.
 We should take the medicines when we are sick as prescribed by the doctors.
 We should not believe in faith healers like Dhami, Jhankri, Tantrik, etc. Instead

of this we should take the help of health workers when we feel sick.
 We should take the sick people to the hospitals or health institutions by ambulance

in cities and by using ‘Doko’ or cart or stretcher in the villages.

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Project work

1. Make a list of health institutions and health workers that
provide health services in your community and present
it in your classroom.

2. Make a list of causes of communicable and non-
communicable diseases in your project work copy and
present in your class.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a. Typhoid, mumps, measles, etc are .................... diseases.
b. Diabetes, anaemia, cancer, etc are .................... diseases.
c. Measles is caused by ....................
d. Trachoma is caused by .............. and affect the ................
e. Excessive intake of fatty or spicy food and cholesterol
cause the ....................
f. We can take the serious patients to the hospital by
.................... in cities.

2. Write ‘True’ for correct sentences and ‘False’ for wrong
ones.
a. Oral rehydration should be given to the
patient suffering from dysentery.
b. Children should be vaccinated with DPT to
prevent from measles.

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c. TB is mainly transmitted by the sputum of
the infected person.

d. Stiffness in neck and muscles and paralysis
may occur in polio.

e. We should go to the faith healers when we
become sick.

f. We should take medicines according to the
advice of the doctor when we feel sick.

4. Answer the following questions:

a. What is health? Write down any three causes of
sickness.

b. What are communicable diseases? Give any four
examples.

c. Write down any four causes of non-communicable
diseases.

d. Write down any three symptoms and preventive
measures of tuberculosis.

e. What is the cause of diphtheria? How is it transmitted?

f. What are heart diseases? Write down any three
preventive measures of heart disease.

g. What is cancer?

h. What are health services?

i. Write down the names of any four places that give
health services in our country.

j. Why should we not believe in the faith healers?

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Lesson

19 Safety and First Aid

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 introduce safety and first aid.
 tell and make the list of causes of accidents at various places.
 help the persons that meet with accident.
 state the safety measures and first aid to minor accidents.

We do some kind of work in our daily life. Most of the
time we finish our work safely. We should always be careful
while doing our work. Sometimes, our carelessness or wrong
deeds of our friends may lead to accidents and cause injury.
Any kind of unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and
causes injury or damage is called an accident. Accidents can
occur at any time and any place to any one. Accidents usually
happen when we are careless. We can prevent an accident if we
are careful enough while doing our work.
Accidents may occur while doing the following activities like;
i. Playing
ii. Going to school
iii. Working in the fields
iv. Climbing trees

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v. Playing with fire
vi. Working in kitchen
vii. Using electrical appliances
viii. Crossing the road
ix Swimming in river or in swimming pool
x. Teasing or playing with animals
xi. Working in snow or climbing the mountain, etc.
We must be conscious and careful while doing the above
activities to avoid accidents. Most of the accidents can be avoided
by adopting certain safety rules. The state of being safe from
accidents is called safety. Some of the major causes of accidents
and safety measures at various places are given here in brief.

Safety at home

Mostly accidents due to fire, electricity, sharp equipments
and falling can occur at home. We should be very careful while
using or playing with them. We must put off the burning stoves,
fire, candles, lamp, etc after their use. We should handle the sharp
objects like knives carefully. We should not touch the electrical
plugs or switches with wet hands and bare feet. We should keep
our floors and bathroom clean and dry. If we are careful while
doing our daily activities at home, we can avoid the accidents.

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Safety at school

Many accidents may occur in schools when students do
not behave well. In school, accidents can be caused by running,
pushing each other, quarreling, etc. We can avoid accidents at
school by adopting simple safety rules.
We should not rush up or down in the stairs. We should
not jump and climb on desks and chairs. We should not play
the rough games. We should not push or kick someone while
playing. We should remain in proper discipline in school to
avoid the accidents.

Safety on the road

Road accidents are very common in cities. Everyday many
people get injured and are even killed in road accidents. Road
accidents basically occur due to carelessness of the road users
and condition of the vehicles.
We should always walk on the foot path. If there is no
footpath we should walk on right side of the road. While
crossing the road, we should be careful and cross through the
zebra crossing only. We should not run while crossing the road.
If traffic lights are there, we must follow the traffic signals. We
should not play on the road even if we find the road free.

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Similarly, road accidents can occur due to the muddy and
slippery roads, unusual rocks and other disturbances on the
path in rural areas. We should be careful while walking on
such roads to avoid the accidents.

Safety in the swimming pool

We can enjoy swimming in
swimming pool, in rivers and
ponds also. A swimming pool can
take life within seconds. We should
be careful while swimming.
We should not go alone for
swimming. We should swim
under the supervision of our elders or life guard. We should
not go to the deep pond. We should not push any one into the
water just for fun. We can use a rubber tube while swimming
to avoid drowning

First Aid

We can avoid many accidents when we are careful but
some accidents can not be avoided. The injured people who
meet accidents must be given the first aid immediately. The
immediate help given to an injured person before further
medical treatment is called first aid. The first aid can save the

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life and prevent from further injuries. First aid is given to the
injured people before they are taken to the hospital. The main
aims of first aid are,
i. to save the life of an injured person
ii. to keep the injured person comfortable till the medical

treatment is available and
iii. to prevent from worsening the condition of the victim.
We should know the general principles and practices of first
aid. We should know what should be done when an accident
occurs. The first aider should be calm and quick in giving the
first aid. If the first aid is beyond our capacity, we should take
help of our elders. We should keep in mind that first aid is not a
complete treatment. It only helps to keep the victim safe till the
medical treatment is available. If the injured person becomes
unconscious, we should give artificial respiration immediately.
Common accidents that need first aid are bleeding, burns,
snake or other animals bites, sudden faints, fracture and sprain,
etc. Here we are discussing about the first aid of bleeding and
burn only.

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First aid of bleeding

When blood flows out
from an injured part, it is called
bleeding. It may cause fainting
and sometimes death also.
So, it is necessary to control
bleeding. We should not put
juices of certain plants, soil,
animal’s dung, dust, urine, etc
in the cut to stop bleeding. In
case of bleeding, first aid should be given in following steps.

i. Wash the wound with water.

ii. Take out the foreign particles like pieces of glass, metal or
any soil from the wound. Use ‘cotton wool, tissue paper or
clean handkerchief for this purpose.

iii. Press the cut with a clean hand or a piece of clean cloth.

iv. Apply antiseptic at the wound.

v. In case of heavy bleeding, the wound should be tied with
a bandage or ribbon. Then the victim should be taken to
the hospital.

First aid of burning

Sometimes, our clothes catch fire
accidentally. It causes a wound and may
cause death also. It is called burning. We
can provide first aid in the following ways.

i. As soon as possible, the victim should
be wrapped with a blanket or any
other thick cloth.

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ii. Antiseptic should be applied at the wound.
iii. The victim should be taken to hospital immediately.

Artificial respiration

If an injured person
faints, he/she should be given
artificial respiration. For
this, the head of the injured
person is lowered little down
and the mouth is raised up.
Then air is blown into the
mouth of the injured person
by placing our own mouth over it. Artificial respiration should
be continued till the injured person breathes normally.

Key words

Deed – an action that is done intentionally.
Calm – not showing nervousness, anger or other

Victim strong emotions.
Wrap – a person harmed or injured.
Antiseptic – cover or enclose in a soft material.
Drown – disinfectant, germicide.
– to submerg under water.

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Main Points to Remember

 Any kind of unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes

injury or damage is called accident.

 Accidents may occur due to our carelessness or wrong deeds of others also.

 Accidents may occur while playing, working, swimming, using electrical
appliances, teasing animals, climbing trees, etc.

 The state of being safe from accidents is called safety.

 We need to adopt the safety rules at homes, schools, playground, road, swimming
pool, etc to avoid accidents.

 Accidents may occur at any time and place to any one and cause injury.

 The injured people who meet accident should be given the first aid.

 The immediate help given to an injured person before the arrival of medical
expert is called first aid.

 The first aid can save the life of a victim and it makes the victim comfortable so
that the conditions do not become more worse.

 The first aid provider must follow certain principles and practices to give first
aid to an injured person.

 Bleeding can be controlled by pressing over it.

 Burning can be controlled by wrapping the victim with blanket or any other
thick cloth.

 Artificial respiration is required to the victim if he/she is unconscious due to injury.

Project work

1. Make a list of things required for a first aid box with their
use.

S. No. Name of things Use of thing

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2. Make a first aid box and keep necessary kits in it. Show
the box to your teacher in classroom. Keep your first aid
box in your home. Make a first aid box for your class in
group and keep it in your classroom.

3. Visit a nearby health post of your community. Learn the
principle and practices required for first aid so that you
can apply in your daily life.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. An .............. may occur at any time and at any place.

b. Generally accidents are caused due to our ..............

c. We may get .............. when we touch electric plugs/
switches with wet hands and bare feet.

d. A rubber tube make us safe from .............. while
swimming.

e. .............. is the flow of blood out of an injured part.

g. If an injured person is fainted he needs artificial ...........

2. Write ‘True’ for correct sentences and ‘False’ for wrong
ones.

a. We should turn off the gas stove after cooking
foods.

b. We should cross the road from zebra crossing
to avoid accidents.

c. We should go to hospital to get first aid.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 223

d. We can put juice of some plants in wound to
stop bleeding.

e. First aid is a complete treatment given to a
victim of accident.

3. Match the following:

Drown Naked electric wire

Bleeding Fire

Electric Swimming pool/pond

Accidents Cut/wound

4. Answer the following questions:

a. What is an accident? How is it caused?

b. Write down any four safety rules that you need to
adopt at your home to be safe from accidents.

c. Write down any four safety rules that we should
follow on the road.

d. What is first aid? When is the artificial respiration
needed?

e. If you see a person with bleeding on road, what would
you do to stop bleeding?

f. Why is first aid needed to the victim ? Write down in
any three points.

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Lesson Tobacco, Alcohol
and Drug
20

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 introduce smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse.
 explain the harmful effects of Tobacco, alcohol and drugs and their addiction
 say no to smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse.
 run campaigns against these bad habits.

We develop various habits in our life time. Some of the
habits are good and some of the habits are bad. Smoking,
drinking alcohol and taking drugs are some bad habits that
are harmful to our health and social prestige. People consume
these things to have fun, to relax or due to peer pressure at
the beginning. As these substances are addictive, they make a
person dependent on them. When one starts taking Tobacco,
alcohol or drugs, it is very difficult to give them up. Regular
consumption of these substances causes many health and social
problems. In this lesson, we are discussing about smoking,
alcoholism and drug abuse and their harmful effects.

Smoking

Tobacco is a herb plant having thick leaves. The dried
leaves of Tobacco plant are used for making cigarettes,

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 225

smoking in a pipe or chewing. Tobacco is very harmful as it
contains a chemical called nicotine. The regular consumption
of Tobacco in the form of cigarette is called smoking. The long
and continuous use of Tobacco may lead to the dependence on
them which is called Tobacco addiction. The nicotine present
in Tobacco causes addiction when it is consumed for a long
time. Tobacco is smoked as cigarettes, bidis, hookah, etc and is
chewed as surti, pan parag, jarda, khaini, etc.

Effects of smoking

The tobacco smoke contains various poisonous chemicals
which show short and long term effects to the health. Following
are the diseases associated with smoking.
i. Lung cancer by smoking and oral cancer in Tobacco chewers.
ii. Bronchitis
iii. Asthma
iv. Heart diseases
v. Birth defects specially in pregnant woman.
vi. Gastritis and duodenal ulcer.
viii. Pneumonia.
viii. Pulmonary tuberculosis

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Besides harmful diseases, smokers have following other effects;

i. Smell of stale smoke in their hair, clothes and breath.

ii. teeth and fingers become yellow.

iii. skin looks unhealthy and grey.

iv. have poor sense of smell and taste.

Smoking does not only harm the smoker but also to the
other people nearby. People who are affected by nearby smokers
are called passive smokers.

We should never think of smoking
and consuming Tobacco. Smoking
means inviting diseases and disliked
by other people as well.

Let us say ‘No to smoking’.

Alcoholism

Alcohol is a clear liquid with a smell which is used as
drinkable substance. It is available in various forms like beer,
whisky, brandy, red label, black label, wine, rakshi, jand, tomba,
etc. The use of alcohol has become a traditional practice in our
society. People drink alcohol in various forms and in various
occasions.

When a person drinks alcohol, it is absorbed from the
small intestine into the blood stream and reaches to the brain.
When it is taken in small quantity, it relaxes the brain. But
when larger quantity is taken, the control system of the body
becomes weak and person loses body balance.

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The regular consumption of alcohol causes dependency
on it called alcoholism. The long and continuous use of alcohol
may lead to the dependence of the body on it, called as alcohol
addiction or alcoholic.

Effects of alcoholism

Alcohol acts as a slow poison and affects the body in
number of ways. Harmful effects of alcoholic drinks on an
individual, on the family and on the society are given below:

1. Effects on individual and health.
The effects on alcoholic drinks on human health are;
i. Effect on nervous system
It causes loss of will power, self control
and judgment, loss of emotional control,
visual problems like blurred vision, loss of
memory and finally mental disorder.

ii. It causes gastritis in stomach and
liver damage.

iii. It causes various heart diseases like high blood
pressure and adverse functioning of heart.

iv. It causes kidney failure.

228 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

v. It affects the reproduction in pregnant woman, the
unborn baby is affected.

2. Effects on family
Alcoholism affects the family in following ways;

i. Expense of money in alcohol causes poverty.
ii. Children are lacking from their basic need.
iii. Children may suffer from frustration and insecurity.
iv. May cause domestic problems like violence and

divorce.
v. Can disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the family.

3. Effects on community or society
Alcoholism affects the community in following ways:

i. Social crimes like corruption, rapes, conflicts, murder,
suicide, etc increases.

ii. High risk of road accidents.
iii. Loss of social reputation and personality.
As there are many harmful effects of alcoholism to
individual, family and society let us say, ‘No to alcoholism’.

Drug Abuse

Drugs are chemical substances which we take for treatment
and cure of various diseases. All medicines are drugs as they
cure us against infections. A drug alters the system of either
the mind or the body. There are many drugs which are not

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 229

medicines and are harmful to health. These drugs are heroin,
smack, cocaine, opium, brown sugar, ganja, hasish, charesh,
etc.
The intake of drug for non-medical purpose and in
quantities and frequencies which may damage physical and
mental function is called drug abuse. A person who takes a
drug for a non-medical use is called a drug abuser.
The long and continuous use of drugs may lead to the
dependence of the body on them. A person who is habituated
to a drug is called a drug addict. The condition of feeling
compelled to take certain drugs is known as drug addiction. If
such a person does not get drugs, the person shows symptoms
like nervousness, nausea, muscle cramps, abdominal pain, etc.
Those symptom disappear when the drugs are taken again.

Effects of drug abuse/drug addiction

The drugs act on brain and nervous
system of the abuser. They need lots of
money to buy such drugs. So, there are
different individual and social effects of the
drugs. Some of the adverse effects of drugs
are given below:

i. Some drugs suppress the brain activity. So there can
be loss of memory and visual disorders.

230 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

ii. Loss of appetite and body weight.

iii. Increase in heart beat and blood pressure.

iv. Lack of sleep, causes nausea and vomiting.

v. Dilates pupils and damages lungs.

v. Absentees from their classes, place of work and from home.

vi. Decline in academic and working performance.

vii. Loss of interest in hobbies, sports, class and friends.

viii. Speech is slurred.

ix. People who take drugs by sharing a syringe may suffer
from AIDS, hepatitis B and C.

x. Involvement in immoral activities like robbery,
stealing, etc to get money.

As there are various social and individual harms of the
drug abuse, Let us say ‘No to drugs’.

People start smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, etc to have
fun, to relax, being curious or due to pressure of their friends.
Most of the teenagers start such bad habits in the imitation
of elders, due to the bad company of friends or as a fashion
to show. We should avoid the company of such people with
bad habits. We should conduct various programmes against
smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse, so that people become
aware regarding the harmful effects of these bad habits.

Key words

Addiction – habit forming.
Peer – a person of the same age group.
Conflict – controversy, quarrel.
Frequency – rate of occurrence.

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Main Points to Remember

 Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse are the bad habits that can be changed into
addiction.

 The regular consumption of Tobacco in the form of either cigarette or chewing
causes dependency on Tobacco.

 The regular consumption of alcohol causes dependency on it, called alcoholism.

 The intake of drug for non-medical purpose which may damage physical and
mental function is called drug abuse.

 There are various harmful effects of such bad habits on an individual, on the
family and on the society.

 We should avoid the company of people with bad habits.

 We should conduct various awareness programmes against the smoking,
alcoholism and drug abuse in our society.

Project work

1. Make a table with five examples of each of Tobacco,
alcohol and drugs in your project copy. You can complete
your work with the help of your parents, guardians or
teachers.

Tobacco Alcohol Drugs

2. Divide your class into three/six different groups. Prepare
a report on any one bad habits like smoking, alcoholism
and drug abuse. Present your report in your class in
presence of your teacher.

232 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a. Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse are .....................
b. Lung cancer is mainly caused by .....................
c. The regular consumption of ..................... causes
dependency on it called alcoholism.
d. Drugs are chemical substances which we use as ............
e. The condition of feeling compelled to take certain
drugs in known as .....................

2. Write ‘True’ for correct sentences and ‘False’ for wrong
ones.
a. Tobacco contains a poisonous chemical called
nicotine.
b. Smoking does not cause the heart diseases.
c. Alcohol damages the liver and the heart.
d. People should drink alcohol in special
ceremonies.
e. A drug alters either the mind or the body.
f. Decline in academic and working performance
is one of the effect of drug abuse.

3. Write down any two.
a. forms of alcohol
b. forms of smoking.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 233

c. forms of drugs.
d. forms of chewing Tobacco
4. Answer the following questions.
a. What is smoking?
b. Write down any four harmful effects of smoking.
c. What is alcoholism?
d. Write down any four harmful effects of alcoholism.
e. What are drugs? What is drug abuse ?
f. Define drug addiction.
g. Write down any four effects of drug abuse.
i. Write down any two causes of being addicted to

Tobacco, alcohol and drugs.
j. What are the preventive measures of smoking,

alcoholism and drug abuse.
5. Make one slogan each for campaign against smoking,

Alcoholism and Drug abuse.

234 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Model Questions

1. Rewrite the following sentences and fill in the blanks:
a. Go to bed ................ and get up early in the ..................
b. ................. of body and clothes is essential for health.
c. Different parts of the body have different .................
to do.
d. Our sense organs work together with the ..................
e. The lungs take in ................. and give out ..................
f. There are ................. bones in our body.
g. ................. must be thrown into compost pits and
covered.
h. We can do many tasks by speaking ..................

2. Rewrite the following sentences and write (√) for correct
and (X) for wrong statements:

a. Good food contains protein, starch, fat and minerals. [ ]

b. The lungs pump blood to various organs of the body. [ ]

c. The nervous system helps to produce babies. [ ]

d. The excretory system removes and throws out waste. [ ]

e. Respecting the children is our religion. []

f. Green vegetables and fruits are sources of protein. [ ]

g. Sweets are sources of carbohydrates. []

h. Those who get drunk usually create trouble. [ ]

i. Addiction to drugs is harmful to our stomach. [ ]

j. Mumps and measles germs are carried by water. [ ]

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 235

3. Rewrite and match the following with correct answer:

a. Fire accident [ ] if possible elevate.

b. Swimming [ ] apply baking soda.

c. First aid [ ] lie with your head down.

d. Burns [ ] remove it with the corner
ofa folded clothes.

e. Cut and wounds [ ] get anti-tetanus.

f. Stings and insect bites [ ] can help to avoid
accidents.

g. Bleeding nose [ ] go with an escort.

h. Eye [ ] do not apply oil.

i. Deep cuts by nail [ ] major injuries.

j. Precautions [ ] roll in the ground.

[ ] a help we can give
immediately.

4. Answer the following questions:

a. How can you practice personal hygiene?
b. What is the work of breathing system?
c. Why do we need food?
d. How can we prevent accidents? Point out.
e. What makes water polluted?
f. What are communicable diseases? Write any two
symptoms of measles.

5. Draw the diagrams of the following.
a. Sign of No Smoking
b. Sign of No Alcoholism.

236 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Part

3

Physical Education

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 237

Lesson Locomotor Skills

21

Walking, Jumping, throwing, Running are locomotor
skills. We perform these activities at home, school and on the
ground. Such activities keep our body active, smart and healthy.
If we perform these locomotor skills regularly, it develops our
physical, mental social and emotional.

Activity - 1
Walking

Walking is to make along by putting one foot in front of the
other. It is good exercise for health. We can walk slow or fast.
It maintains our body weight, improve body balance, keep our
muscles and bones strong and can stay away from diseases,
etc. There are different varieties of walking. We can walk in line
forward, backward, in zigzag line, etc. While walking, some will
take short step, some with long steps and some with the correct
and balanced steps. Develop the habit of walking with balanced
and correct way.

Short steps Correct steps Long steps

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Activity - 2
Walking by imitation skills
Such type of walking can be done either in a file or line. We
will divide the students in different groups. Those who are
in the front will be leader and walk in different way and the
others will follow him/her in a line or file.

Activity - 3
Pair walk
We will make many pairs of students and make them to walk
in the same pattern in a line by swinging their hands properly.
It makes our legs and hands both flexible.

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Running

Running is the way to move our legs fast in forward. It is
the best exercise for our body. It maintains our body in good
condition. We will organize running according to the space of
the ground. There will be types of running. They are fast, slow,
zigzag and relay, etc.

Activity - 1
Obstacle Run
This obstacle run is also very necessary for the students to
develop their body. It is also known as hurdle race. While
performing this race, we have to place some obstacles or bars
in 7 meter away in the middle of the track. The participants
will run and cross the bars turn by turn by jumping to reach
the destination as soon as possible after the whistling.

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Activity - 2
Zigzag Relay
In this relay, cones are placed on the ground in front of all
groups. Small flags are also placed at the last. Students will
be divided in to different groups. When whistle blows, all the
students those who are standing first, they will run in zigzag
way and round the flag then return back to the former place.
After that touch the friends hand and stand by going back of
the group.

Activity - 3
Simple jogging
Jogging is very important before playing any games for warm
up. It can be done in small area or large area. While jogging,
we will run slowly. It will be better, if there is running track
around the school. First, the teacher will fix the running
track for jogging. In jogging, we will run forward, backward,
sideways by swinging our hands. It makes ready to play
games.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 241

Activity - 4
Object shifting relay

In this relay, students are divided into groups. It will be better
to have the track of their own group. We will keep some objects
by making equal distance in the track. When the whistle blows,
they will run fast by taking object and leave their objects in the
second block and return back by taking round the flag. The
second boy or girl also will run fast by picking the object from
the second block and leave their objects in the third block then
return back by taking round the flag. The last boy or girl will
pick the objects from the third block and return back by taking
round the flag and leave the objects in the first block. In this way
object shifting relay is played.

1st block

1st block 2nd block 3rd block

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Activity - 5
Straight run
We will do warm up by jogging and stretching our body
before running starts. Students are divided into groups. We
will make starting line and finishing line into the track. All the
students will stand in their own track close to starting line.
When whistle blows, will run fast as we can up to finishing
line turn by turn.

Jumping

Jumping is to push yourself off the ground in to the air
by using our legs. We will jump in various ways like forward,
backward, straight up, side, long, short and high, etc. It is the
best exercise for our body. It makes our muscles strong, flexible
and healthy.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 243

Activity - 1
Direction Change Hop
While performing this jump. We will join our legs by bending
our knees and strongly jump and land on the ground by facing
at the same direction from where we have started jumping.

Activity - 2
Skipping
Skipping is an exercise for children and adults in which a
rope is swung over and under the standing jumper, who must
jump over it each time rope reaches the feet. While playing,
one or more students can jump over a rope. It helps us to
keep our body fit and healthy.

244 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4

Activity - 3
Long jump
Long jump is track and field event and jump strongly as for
as we can from a marker. (take of board). While performing
long jump. We will run from distance called approach. Take
off with one leg from take off board. After that, we will be in
the air called flight and land on sand pit by joining both heels
is called landing. In such way long jump is performed.

Activity - 4
High jump
High jump is also track and field event and jump high over a bar
supported on two poles. While performing high jump, we will
take (run) approach from distance, take off with one leg strongly,
cross the bar and land on the thick form or sand pit.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 4 245

Activity - 5
Height increasing high jump
Specially, in high jump competition, this height increasing
high jump is applied. While performing this jump, we will
cross the certain height. If all can cross the bar, we will increase
height step by step. At last, who can jump the highest point
will be the winner.

Throwing

Throwing is to send something in the air with force by
using our arm and hand. Before throwing some objects, we
will perform some exercises of our hands and fingers. It makes
our arm, chest and hands muscles strong and flexible. Here,
we will throw the ball in various ways.

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Activity - 1
Throwing ball with both hands
In this activity, we will use our hands to throw the ball. We
can use one hand or both hands while throwing the ball. We
will play game by hitting the ball with both hands in group.

Activity - 2
Target ball play
In this activity, firs the students will stand in a file and throw
the ball by targeting into the basket turn by turn.

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Activity - 3

While performing this skill, we will catch the ball by making
our palms basket shape and keep the ball in our forehead. We
will see the basket between two hands. If we keep the ball above
our chest, we can not see the basket. So we should not keep the
ball above our chest. While throwing the ball into the basket, we
have to throw from our forehead by bending our knees slightly
and both hands should be straight after throwing ball.

Key words

Locomotor – move from one place to another

Zigzag – a line looks like a Z

Take off – leave the ground

Warm up – keep the body warm by doing exercise

Swinging – to make regular movement forwards and backwards

Obstacle – an object which blocks your way

Teacher Instructions

 Make them warm up and cool down before and after performing these activities
 Observe properly either they are performing well or not.
 Make them clear about the activities before performing.
 Encourage the students to perform such activities.

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Lesson

22 Non Locomotor Skills

Non locomotor skills are the skills which are basic
movements that are done while in contact with the ground.
We do not change our position while doing these activities.
In this activities, we will stretch, swing and twist our body by
standing in one place, sleeping and bending body. It is very
good exercises for our body. Which keep our body physically
fit, healthy, strong and flexible.
Activity - 1
Swinging and Twisting
While doing this activity, we will do alone or in a group. We
will do by standing on a place by twisting our body left and
right side. We can do this exercise by swinging our hands
forward and backwards. We will do this exercise up to count
no:- 8 – 12.

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Activity - 2
In this exercise, first, we will be lying down on the face to the
ground. Raise our hands and legs up from the ground and
stretch properly. While performing this exercise, we can do
by keeping our hands at the side and behind the head. We
will do this exercise up to count no:- 8 – 12.

Activity - 3
Pulling and Swinging
This exercise will be performed in pair. First, stand face to
face. After that bend our knee by catching our hands each
other. Then, we will stand and sit together up to count no:- 8

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