Vyakaran_9_Final_2075

-s_ afns'df/L lsg v;' L eOg\ <

bf;k|yfsf] cGTo x'gk' j" { rGb|zdz]/ /fd|/L lgbfppg ;St}gy] . afnsd' f/Ln] pgL;Fu j}jflxs
;DaGw ufF;]sf] klg b'O{ bzs eO;s]sf] lyof] . t}klg cfˆgf >Ldfg\ /ftL /fd|/L lgbfpg
g;s]sfdf pgnfO{ va' lrGtf nfUYof] . bf;k|yf pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ffkZrft\ afns'df/Ln]
hLjgdf klxnf]k6s cfˆgf >Ldfg\ rGb|zdz]/ /fd|/L lgbfPsf] b]lvg\ h;sf sf/0f pgL v';L
eOg\ .

-v_ ;v' ;Gtl' i6 s;/L k|fKt x'G5 <

dflg; ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf c;Gt'i6 k|f0fL xf] . p;sf cfjZostfx¿ cgGt / c;Lldt x'G5g\ .
p;sf] Psyl/ cfjZostf k/" f xg' f;fy p;df km]l/ csf{] cfjZostf ylkFb} hfG5 . of] k|lj|mof
dflg;sf] hLjgdf lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . dflg; ;DklQ, kb / k|lti7faf6 klg ;Gti' 6 aGg ;Sb}
g . ha;Dd p;sf] dgdf zflGt xF'b}g ta;Dd pm c;Gt'i6 eO/xG5 . h:tf];s' } pRr kbdf
ku' ] klg /fd|f] sfd ug{ g;s'Gh]n dflg;nfO{ ;Gtl' i6 ldNb}g . hLjgdf c;n sfd ug{ ;s]
dfq p;nfO{ ;Gtl' i6 ldNb5 . o;/L dflg;n] ;v' ;Gtl' i6 k|fKt ub{5 .

$= tnsf] sljtfz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

cfo{ dª\uf]n v; ls/ft yf¿ ofbj z"/jL/sf]

kfOnfsf] 8f]a Kof/f] uf]vf{ hlt ljZjjL/sf] .

;of}F hlt y/ kf5f ldnLh'nL kf}/v dL7f]

lbnsf] dfofdf]x dL7f] ;dfhsf] ;fOgf] dL7f] ..

-s_ sljn] uf]vf{ hfltnfO{ lsg ljZjjL/ eg]sf 5g\ <

uf]vf{nLsf] klxrfg ;+;f/df clåtLo /x]sf] 5 . ljZj ljho ug{] logLx¿ g]kfn cfdfsf
;Rrf ;k"t xg' \ . logLx¿ cGofo cTofrf/ ;xg ;St}gg\ . b]zsf] cl:dtf /yfy{ nl8/xg]
logLx¿ ;;+ f/e/ ;k' |l;4 5g\ . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} :yfgdf klg zflGt :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
uf]vf{nLx¿n] cxd\ el" dsf v]n]sf 5g\ To;}n] uf]vf{ hflt cyf{t\ uf]vf{nLnfO{ sljn]
ljZjjL/ eg]sf x'g\ .

-v_ sljn] s]s] s/' fnfO{ dL7f] dfg]sf 5g\ <

g]kfn ;of}Fyl/ k"mn km' Ng] ;a}sf] ;femf k"mnaf/L xf] . oxfF cg]sf}F hfthfltsf dflg;x¿n]
a;f]jf; u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] Pp6} ;femf 3/ g]kfn xf] . oxfFsf cg]sf}F hfltleq klg pkhfltx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} Pscfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . ltgn] kf]v]sf] kf}/v / kl;gfn] g]kfnL
wtL{ l;l+ rt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] lbnleqsf] :jR5 dfofdf]x / ltgsf] ;dfh;Fusf] c66'
;fOgf] sljnfO{ dL7f] nfu]sf] 5 . pgL ;xcl:tTj / efOrf/fsf] efjgfnfO{ ;nfd u5{g\ .
o;/L sljn] ldlnh'nL u/]sf] kf}/v / ;dfhsf] ;fOgf]nfO{ vf;df dL7f] dfg]sf 5g\ .

%= tnsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ k9]/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

cfª ;fg ;s' L ;g\ !(** df la/fdL cfdfsf] x]/rfx ug{ cfˆgf] b]z Dofgdf/ cfOg\ .
To; j]nf b]zdf ;}lgs zf;gsf] lj/f]wdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngn] pu| ¿k lnPsf] lyof] .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 201

k|hftGqsf kIfw/ xhf/f}F ljBfyL{n] cfGbf]ngdf Hofg ud' fPsf lyP . pgsf nflu cfdfsf]
cj:yfeGbf b]zsf] cj:yf a9L kL8fbfos aGof] . o;}n] b]zsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf
pgL ;dflxt eOg\ . /fhwfgLl:yt :j]8fug Kofuf]8f kl/;/df pgn] ;g\ !(** cu:6 * df
P]ltxfl;s hge]nfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] kg' a{xfnLsf nflu Psh'6 x'g]
;a}nfO{ cfXjfg ul/g\ . cfk"m /fhgLltdf k|j]z u/]sf] 3f]if0ff klg pgn] ToxLF ;'gfOg\ . o;kl5
b]z, k|hftGq / hgtfsf lxtdf pgL olt bQlrQ eOg\ ls pgsf ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfkx¿
ch{'gb[li6h:t} o;} ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t eP .

-s_ cfª ;fg ;'sL Dofgdf/ kU' bf ToxfFsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
cfª ;fg ;s' L Dofgdf/ k'Ubf ToxfFsf] cj:yf cToGt hh{/ ag]sf] lyof] . To; j]nf ;}lgs

zf;gsf] lj/f]wdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng eO/x]sf] lyof] . k|hftGqsf kIfw/ xhf/f}F ljBfyL{n]
cfGbf]ngdf k|f0f pT;u{ u/]sf lyP . ;}lgssf] hlGh/nfO{ hf]8\g nfvf}F hgtf ;8sdf plqPsf
lyP . o;/L ToxfFsf] cj:yf cToGt kL8fbfos / ;+j]bgzLn ag]sf] k|i6 xG' 5 .

-v_ cfª ;fg ;'sLsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ lsg ch{g' b[li6h:t} aGg k'u] <
cfˆgL la/fdL cfdfsf] x]/rfx ug{ Dofgdf/ k'u]sL cfª ;fg ;'sLnfO{ cfdfsf] cj:yfeGbf

klg b]zsf] cj:yf cToGt kL8fbfos nfUof] . ;}lgssf] lg/ª\sz' tGqnfO{ pgn] glhs}af6
cge' "t ug{ kfOg\ . ltgsf] bdg zf]if0f tyf cGofonfO{ lrg{ pgL b[9 ;ª\slNkt aGg k'lug\ .
:j]R5frf/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ kfvf nufP/ pgL k|hftGq / :jtGqtfsf] axfnL ug{ tNnLg
eOg\ . o;/L k|hftGqk|ltsf] ulx/f] k|d]n] ubf{ pgsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ch{g' b[li6h:t} aGg
k'u] .

cEof;

s_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
Afns'df/Ln] rGb|zdz]/nfO{ elgg\, æxh/' sf] grflx“bf] zª\sf dfq xf] . dnfO{ xh'/sf efO

elthfaf6 To:tf] s'g} vt/f 5 h:tf] nfUb}g . cgfjZos zª\sfn' afgLn] ubf{ vfg g?r]
sf] xf], lgb|f gcfPsf] xf] . zª\sfn] hnfp“5 eG5g\ . w]/} zª\sf ubf{ b'AnfP/ l;6\7f]
eOaS:of] . xh'/nfO{ yfxf 5, s/' f sf6\g]x¿ xh'/nfO{ lkm:6] eg]/ xf“;L dhfs u5{g\ /] †Æ
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ cgfjZos zª\sfn] ubf{ rGb|zdz]/nfO{ s] s] ;d:of b]vf k/] <
cf_ lkm:6] dxf/fh eg]/ lsg / s;nfO{ elgPsf] xf] <

202 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

v_ tnsf] sljtfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbgx' f];\ M
;dL/n] k'ik—k/fusf] em/L
nufp“bf Tof] /; /ª\udf k/L .
emn' L /x]sf] 5 z/L/ a];/L
d'5]/ t]xL /hdf 3/L—3/L ..
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ dflysf] sljtfz+ df ki' ksf] j0f{g s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
cf_ k|:t't sljtf+zsf] dn" efj s] xf] <

u_ tnsf] hLjgsf] cz+ k9]/ cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
g]kfndf cfª ;fg ;'sLsf] kl5Nnf] e|d0f ;g\ @)!$ h'g !# df eof] . To; cj;/df pgn]

;+ljwfg ;efdf ;ef;b\nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} ;l+ jwfg ;+zf]wg k|lqmof ;/n x'g'kg{] s'/f JoSt
ul/g\ . e|d0fsf] To; cj;/df pgL gful/s clegGbgsf ;fy} l8NnL/d0f /]UdL cGt//fli6«o
zflGt k'/:sf/n] ;Ddflgt klg eOg\ . pgL ljZj ;d'bfodf pbfx/0fLo gf/L JolQmTjsf ¿kdf
:yflkt ePsL 5g\ .
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] e|d0fdf cfª ;fg ;s' Ln] cfˆgf] ;Daf]wgdf s] JoQm
ul/g\ <
cf_ cfª ;fg ;'sL s:tL gf/Lsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsL 5g\ <

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 203

!&PsfO
tfls{s lzNkut pQ/

ljBfyL{sf] ts{zlQmsf] dfkgsf nflu tfls{s lzNkut pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . o:tf] k|Zgsf]
d"n p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{n] cfkm" n] k9]sf] ljifodf lghL wf/0ff /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{' xf] .
ljBfyL{n] 3f]s]/ jf s07 kf/]/eGbf df}lns z}nLdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ;Lksf] ljsf;
o;n] ub{5 .
tfls{s lzNkut pQ/ n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿
♦ ;DalGwt kf7sf af/]df cfjZos 1fg xfl;n ug{],
♦ ljifonfO{ cflb, dWo / cGTosf] 9fFrfdf ljGof; ug]{,
♦ sg' } kf7sf] kfqsf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf] pkl:ylt /xFbf s:tf] el" dsf x'GYof] eGg] s/' fsf] sNkgf ug]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfqsf] ;ª\lIfKt rfl/lqs /]vf sf]g]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfqsf u0' f bf]ifsf] rrf{ ug]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfq jf ljifodf cfˆgf] cledt hfx]/ ug]{,
♦ cfˆgf] e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ts{ lbg],
♦ o;/L ts{ ubf{ s], lsg, s;/L, s:tf] h:tf k|Zgsf] jl/kl/ /x]/ ug]{,
♦ cGTodf lgisif{ lbP/ 6ª' \Uofpg],
♦ :ki6 jfSo, z4' / ;kmf n]vfOdf pQ/ lbg] .

!= 8fS6/ sdnsf] :yfgdf tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP cfˆgf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf j|mddf s;/L cufl8
a9\gx' G' Yof] < ts{ lbgx' f];\ .

cfTdf/fd zdf{ k'8f;}gLåf/f lnlvt …8fS6/ cª\snÚ ljlzi6 syf xf] . o; syfdf 8fS6/
cª\sn cyf{t\ sdnn] cfˆgf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf j|mddf u/]sf ;ª\3if{x¿nfO{ cToGt snfTds
9ª\un] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . 8fS6/ cª\sn syfdf sdn k|d'v kfqsf ¿kdf plePsf] 5 .
olb p;sf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf] eP cfˆgf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf j|mddf cGoGt h'´f?, ;ª\3if{zLn
:jfledfgLk"j{s cufl8 a9\g] lyPF .
8f= sdnn] h;}u/L d klg ;ª\3if{sf] d}bfgdf plqg] lyPF . ef/L af]s]/ kmls{g] j|mddf eL/af6
n8]/ pgsL cfdfsf] b]xfj;fg xG' 5 . pgL 6'x/' f] aGg ku' ] . pgsf] larNnL eof] t}klg pgn] x/];
vfPgg\ . d klg hLjgdf slxNo} x/]; vfg] lyOgF . ul/aL / ;d:ofn] pgsf] hLjgnfO{ yª\lynf]

204 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

agfof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg pgn] cfˆgf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|oTg u/] . d klg h:tf];'s}
cK7\of/fx¿ cfOk/] klg cfˆgf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|of; uy{]F . cfˆgL cfdfn] ;;+ f/
5f]8]kl5 lbbL bfh'x¿n] klg 8f= sdnnfO{ ;fy lbPgg\ . kl/l:yltn] pgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg vf]h]
klg pgL ToxL kl/l:ylt;Fu hW' g tDtof/ eP . d klg ;do kl/l:ylt;Fu kf}F7]h/L v]Nb} cufl8
a9\g] lyPF . b'Mv / xG8/ vfFbfvfFb} pgL t/fO{df /x]sf] c~rn ;b/ds' fddf ku' ]/ Ps hgf Jofkf/L
sxfF k'u]< ToxLF tL Jofkf/Lsf] ¿kdf pgn] sfo{ u/] . t/ lev dfu]/ pgn] vfPgg\ . ;ª\3if{ u/]/
g} hLjg wfg] . d klg pgn] h:t} sfo{ ug{ kl5 kb{}gy]F . lzIfsn] ljBfnodf …dnfO{ cfdfn] w]/}
w]/} dfof ug{x' 'G5Ú eGg] zLif{sdf cfˆgf cg'ej j0f{g ug{ nufpFbf 8f= sdn 3f]l/O/x] . cndNn
kl//x] . ctLtfjnf]sg ubf{ ulx/fOdf ku' ]/ 8'Ag' dflg;sf] :jefj xf] . d eg] pgLh:t} cndNn
kb{}gy]F . ;/f;/ cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]Vy]F . bM' vsi6 u/]/ k9\bfk9\b} 8f= sdnn] k|j]lzsf pQL0f{ u/] .
u'?x¿sf] ;xof]udf pgn] /fhwfgL k'u]/ lj1fg ljifo k9\g yfn] . d eg] lj1fg ljifosf] 7fpFdf
sfg'g ljifo k9\g] lyPF / e|i6 JolQmx¿nfO{ s73/fdf pEofP/ b08 ;hfo lbg pGd'v x'Gy]F .
ljb]zdf cWoog k"/f u/]/ :jb]z kmls{P/ sdnn] /fd|f] sfo{ u/] . d klg cfˆgf] dft[el" dnfO{
;j{:j 7fGb} b]zs} ;]jfdf h'6\g] lyPF . cfˆgf] eljiosf] 8f]a vf]l;|g] j|mddf pgL 3/af6 afa'nfO{
5f]8]/ t/fO{lt/ ´/]sf 5g\ . kl5 ljb]zdf k9fO k/" f u/]kl5 pgL g]kfn kmls{P . ufpF kU' bf pgn]
cfˆgf lktfnfO{ e]6\g kfPgg\ / k5t' fP t/ d eg] ;Dej eP;Dd cfˆgf lktfnfO{ sd{ ug{] :yfgd}
;Fu} lnP/ hfGy]F . cyf{t\ j]nj]nfdf lktfsf] ;Dks{df /lx/xGy]F .

o;/L d 8f= sdnsf] :yfgdf eOlbPsf] eP plNnlvt sfo{x¿ u/]/ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] gf}sf
rnfpg] lyPF . hLjgdf h:tf];'s} tuf/fx¿ cufl8 t]l;{P klg kf/ nufpFb} ;ª\3if{sf] d}bfgdf
plqg] d]/f] of]hgf xg' ] lyof] .

-v_ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] :yfkgf tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP s] s] ug{'x'GYof] < ts{ lbg'xf];\ .

sIff gf}sf] g]kfnL lstfadf ;ª\slnt …lgb|fÚ P]ltxfl;s syf xf] . o; syfdf rGb|zdz]/ dn"
kfqsf ¿kdf plePsf 5g\ . ultzLn rl/q ePsf pgL tTsfnLg g]kfnsf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL xg' \ .
olb pgsf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf] eP y'k|} ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{] lyPF .

nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g;Qfsf] afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]/ a;]sf rGb|zdz]/n] b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf cToGt
gu0o vfnsf sfo{x¿ u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s ;db' foeGbf aflx/sf dflg;x¿sf] lxtdf
pgn] sg' } sfo{ ug{ rfx]gg\ t/ d eg] cfˆgf] kl/jf/ cfˆgf nflu eGbf b]z / hgtfsf] enfOdf
sfo{ ug{] lyPF . c¿nfO{ cfjZos¿kdf b'Mv lbg] lyOgF . k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub{} cufl8 a9\g] lyPF . pgn] h:tf] cgfjZos ¿kdf c¿dfly zª\sf ub{}gy]F .
;w' f/jfbL b]jzdz]/nfO{ kbRot' ug{s' f] ;§f pgnfO{ ;3fpg] lyPF . rGb|zdz]/n] lqrGb| sn]h
:yfkgf u/]/ cfˆg} v'§fdf aGr/f] xfGg] sfo{ u/]sf] 7x/ u/] t/ d b]z}el/ ljleGg ljBfno tyf
dxfljBfnox¿ vf]n]/ hgtfnfO{ ;l' zlIft agfpg] sfo{df ;3fpg] lyPF . pgn] h:tf] gftfjfb,
s[kfjfb, kml/ofjfb tyf rfs/LjfbnfO{ dxŒj lbg] lyOgF . Ifdtf ePsf gful/sx¿nfO{ v'nf
k|lt:kwf{åf/f pRr :yfgdf k¥' ofpg] lyPF . kfl/jfl/s / hxflgofF zf;gsf lj?4 d :jo+ nfUg]
lyPF . nfvf}F g]kfnL oj' fx¿nfO{ ljZjo'4df k7fPafkt cfPsf] /sd rGb|zdz]/n] cfˆgf] lghL

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 205

vftfdf hDdf kf/] t/ d eg] To:tf] /sd cfˆgf] lghL dfdnfdf k|of]u ub{}gy]F . h;n] >d u5{
p;}nfO{ lbGy]F . s]xL /sd eg] /fli6«o sf]ifdf hDdf uy{]F . /f0ffx¿n] cfˆgf ;';f/]x¿sf] OHht
n6' \g] sfo{ klg u/] . lgDg cfo:t/ ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] e';'gf ;/x 7fg] . t/ d eg]
;a} dflg;nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ uy{] . ;a}df efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf uy{]F . ;Qf c;/' lIft xF'bf
8/fpg] rGb|zdz]/ gfnfos zf;s lyP . d eg] hgtfsf] nf]slk|o zf;s aGg] k|0f ug{] lyPF .
zf]if0f, bdg / cTofrf/df lnKt x'ge' Gbf klg hgtfnfO{ pGdlQm lbg] s/' fdf d b[9 xg' ] lyPF . rGb|
zdz]/n]´}F /fHosf]ifsf] ?lkofF b'?kof]u ug{] lyOgF . d o'ucg';f/ rNg] lyPF . s;}dfly if8\oGq
ug{] lyOgF . /f]nj|mdaf6 >L # aGg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug{] sf]l;; uy{]F . klxnf uNtL u/]/ k5t' fpg]
lyOgF . zlQm, ;Qf / ;DklQsf nflu dl/d]6\g]rGb| zdz]/ /fi6«sf nflu s'nª\lst JolQm xg' \ .
kfk sd{ 5Ng kf7kh" f ug{'sf] ;f6f] hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{] lyPF . if8\oGqsf] cGTo ug{] sf]l;; ug{]
lyPF . if8\oGqsf] cGTo ug{] sf]l;; ug{] lyPF . ;tLk|yfsf] cGTo ug{] pgsf] sof{ eg] clj:d/0fLo
/ k|z;+ gLo b]lvG5 . t/ pgn] bf; k|yfsf] cGTo c´ cufl8 g} ug{'kYof{] . d]/f] xftdf ;Qfsf]
jfu8f]/ eOlbPsf] eP bf; k|yfsf] cGTo w]/} klxn] g} ug{} c7f]6 uy]{+ .

o;/L plNnlvt sfo{x¿ u/]/ b]z / hgtfsf] enfOdf nfUg] lyPF . k//fi6«;Fusf] ;DaGw dha't
agfpg] lyPF . k|hftGqsf] pbo u/fO{ hgtfnfO{ Gofo lbGy]F . kb, k};f / k|lti7feGbf klg b]z /
hgtfsf] ;]jf 7"nf] eGg] s'/f b[9 xg' ] lyPF . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf]
eP d]/f] e"ldsf o:t}o:t} xg' ] lyof] .

u_ Dofgdf/sL k|hftGqjfbL s'zn g]t[ cfª ;fg ;s' Lsf] 7fpFdf olb tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP
tkfO{s+ f] el" dsf s:tf] x'GYof] < ts{ lbg'xf];\ .

cfª ;fg ;s' L k|hftGqjfbL sz' n g]t[ xg' \ . pgn] Dofgdf/sf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgsf] 5§' } dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] :jtGqtf x/0f u/]sf] pgnfO{ k6Ss} dg kb{}gYof] . b]z
/ hgtfsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t ;'sLnfO{ gf]an zflGt k/' :sf/;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . o:tL dxfg\ g]t[sf]
7fpFdf d eOlbPsf] eP d]/f] el" dsf cToGt k|efjsf/L / :d/0fof]Uo x'g] lyof] .

dfgj clwsf/ / k|hftGq k|flKtsf] n8fOFdf d slxNo} afbzfx¿;Fu ´'Sg] lyOgF . ;ª\3if{sf] d}
bfgdf plqFbf d slxNo} yflSbgy]F . pgnfO{ ;tfO/xg], ;}lgs ;/sf/sf] pgn] h;/L lj/f]w ul/g\,
To;/L g} d klg bdgsf/L zf;ssf] 3f]/ lj/f]w ug{] lyPF . b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;b}j d ;dlk{t
x'Gy]F . ;'sLn] h:t} cfˆgf] cWoog / /fhgLltsf] gf}sfnfO{ d ;Fu} a9fpg] lyP . /fli6«o cv08tf,
ljZjaGw'Tj / efOrf/fsf] ;DaGwdf hf]8 lbGy]F . pgn] h:tf] ljb]zL gful/s;Fu d ljjfx ub{}gy]F .
d cfˆg} d'ns' sf] gful/s;Fu ljjfxaGwgdf afFlwGy]F . ljb]zdf a;]/ :jb]znfO{ ufnL ug{] k|j[lQsf]
pgn] h:t} lj/f]w uy{]F . hLjgko{Gt b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf sfd ul//xGy]F . nfdf] ;do;Dd
pgn] h:t} w}o{ ug{ l;Sy]F . b]zsf] hh{/ / b/' j:yfsf] lrGtfn] ubf{ ;s' L ;ª\3if{sf] d}bfgdf
plqOg\ . cfˆgL cfdfsf] z/L/sf] /f]u / b]zsf] b'/j:yfn] pgnfO{ cfGbf]ngdf nfUg pTk|]l/t
agfof] . hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f gug{] ;}lgssf lj?4df d gful/ssf] ;dy{g
h'6fpg] k|oTg uy{]F . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{gsf nflu d cxf]/fq nflu ky{]F . cfˆgf] ljrf/
/ lgi7fnfO{ ;w}F lz/f]k/ uy{]F . ;s' Ln] gf]an k/' :sf/af6 k|fKt /sd lzIff / :jf:Yodf If]qdf

206 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

vlr{Og\ . d klg To:tf] k/' :sf/af6 cflh{t /sd b]z / hgtfs} enfOdf vlr{Gy]F . Dofgdf/sf]
;]gf ;dlk{t h'Gtf ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ kfvf nufpg lgs} rfnafhL /Rof] t/ pgL w}o{jfg\ eO/lxg\ .
@! jif{;Dd gh/aGbdf kbf{ klg pgL clnslt klg ljrlnt eOgg\ . d klg k|f0f Tofu ug{'k/] klg
cfˆgf] st{Jokydf lxFl8/xGy]F / hgtfnfO{ d'lQmsf] dfu{df 8f]¥ofP/} 5f8\y]F .

b]z hgtfsf] :jtGqtf / pGdl' Qmdf v;' L xg' ] ;s' L Dofgdf/sf hgtfsf] cGtd{gdf lj/fhdfg
l5g\ . pgsf] ;Tsd{n] pgnfO{ ou' o'ufGt cd/ u/fpg] 5 . d klg ;fdl" xs lxtsf] sfo{ ub{} cd/Tj
k|fKt ug{] dfu{df hLjgko{Gt lxFl8/xGy]F . o;/L cfª ;fg ;s' Lsf] 7fpFdf d eOlbPsf] eP d]/f]
el" dsf pNn]vgLo / k|efjk0" f{ xg' ] lyof] .

-3_ rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fsf] :yfgdf olb tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP cfˆgf cfdfafk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/
ug{x' G' Yof] <

/fh]Gb| ljdn s'zn ;flxTolzNkL tyf ;+:s[ltsdL{ xg' \ . pgsf ljleGg s[ltx¿ k|sflzt b]lvG5g\ .
ljz]ifu/L syf n]vgsf] If]qdf pgn] ct'ngLo of]ubfg k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . k|:tt' …aGwaf6 dl' QmÚ
pgsf] ljlzi6 syf xf] . o; syfdf rf]cfnfn k|d'v kfqsf ¿kdf plePsf 5g\ . pgsf rGb|gfy,
;"o{gfy / tf/fgfy u/L tLg hgf 5f]/f lyP . ltg} 5f]/fx¿sf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf] eP d]/f] el" dsf
cToGt k|efjsf/L / clj:d/0fLo x'g] lyof] .

cfˆgL cj;fgkZrft\ rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fx¿n] pgnfO{ bJ' o{jxf/ u/] . dft[Tj / lkt[TjefjnfO{
;Tsf/ ug{ g;Sg] rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fx¿ ls+st{Joljd9" b]lvG5g\ . d eg] cfˆgf] st{Jokyaf6
slxNo} ljd"9 aGb}gy]F . cfkm" hlGdPsf] wtL{ / cfkm" nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf :ju{eGbf dfly xG' 5g\
eGg] s/' f d slxNo} el' Nbgy]F . afFr'Gh]n ckdfg d/]kl5 ;Ddfg ug{] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug{] k|of;
uy{] . rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fx¿h:tf] d nfrf/ aGb}gy]F . cfˆgf cfdfafnfO{ afFr'Gh]n;Dd cfkm" n]
;s]sf] dL7f]dl;gf] vfg lbGy]F . pgLx¿nfO{ slxNo} jrg k|xf/ ub{}gy]F . a'xf/Lx¿nfO{ klg ldnfP/
/fVy]F . ljb]zdf >d a]Rg hfgs' f] ;§f :jb]zd} /f]huf/ vf]h]/ uy{]F . rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fx¿n] afsf]
;~rosf]ifsf] k};f;d]t gfltx¿sf] j|taGwdf vlr{P . d To;f] ub{}gy]F . lktfsf] ;~rosf]ifnfO{
pgs} :jljj]sn] k|of]u ug{ lbGy]F . >LdtLsf] cj;fg eP/ ljw'/ ag]sf afnfO{ ´g\ k|]d / >4f
u/L kfNy]F . rf]cfnfnn] h:tf] 3/af6 lgl:sP/ cj:yf ;[hgf x'g lbGgy]F . kf}/v ug{ ;lsGh]n
cfdfafn] sdfO vfg] t/ a'9];sfn nfu]kl5 ltgnfO{ lt/:sf/ ub{} 3/af6 v]b\g] k|j[lQsf] cGTo
uy{]F .

a"9fa"9Lsf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ a´' ]/ d cufl8 a9\y]F . dftflktfnfO{ g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug{' eg]sf] cfˆg}
uf]8fdf aGr/f] xfGg' ;/x xf] . a9" L cfdf afFrG' h]n pgsf k/b]zL 5f]/fx¿n] pgsf] xfnva/
;f]Wg;d]t EofPgg\ . t/ d eg] cfˆgf cfdfafsf] x]/rfxdf tNnLg eO/xGy]F . kl/l:yltjz
cfdfafaf6 6fl9g'k/] klg ltgsf] :ofxf/;';f/sf nflu cfkm" n] ;s]sf] vr{ k7fpFy] . rf]cfnfnsf
5f]/fx¿n] cfˆgf afnfO{ b]j3f6df z/0f lng hfg afWo u/fP t/ d eg] cfˆgf cfdfafnfO{
xfOxfOd} kfNg] lyPF . o;y{ d]/f] el" dsf rf]cfnfnsf 5f]/fx¿sf] eGbf k[ys\ x'g] lyof] . d
>j0fs'df/n]´}F cfˆgf cfdfafsf] ;/' Iff, ;/+ If0f / x]/ljrf/df ;bf;j{bf hl' 6/xGy]F . d cfˆgf
sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/]/ cufl8 a9\g] k|0f uy{]F .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 207

ª_ sNkntfsf] :yfgdf tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP tkfO{+ s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{x' 'GYof] <
ds' 'Gb/fh klys g]kfnL nf]ssyfsf If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k¥' ofpg] JolQmTj x'g\ . pgsf /rgfdf
;dfhnfO{ gLltr]tgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{] k|oTg ul/Psf] xG' 5 . k|:t't …cgf/sf] af]6Ú pgsf] ljlzi6 nf]s
syf xf] . o; syfdf sNkntf k|d'v kfqsf ¿kdf plePsL l5g\ . olb pgsf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf]
eP d]/f] e"ldsf pNn]Vo / k|z+;gLo xg' ] lyof] .
kltsf] d[To'sf] sNkntfnfO{ c;fWo} bM' vL t'Nofof] . pgL 306f}F;Dd /f]O/lxg\ . cfˆgf hLjg;fyLsf]
d[Tos' f] 38Ldf zf]sfs'n xg' ' :jfefljs k|lj|mof xf] . d klg To;/L g} zf]sfs'n x'Gy]F . t/ zf]snfO{
zlQmdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{] d]/f] k|oTg x'g] lyof] . kltsf] d[To'kZrft\ sNkntfsf] 5f]/f]nfO{ klg vf]nfn]
aufof] . aufpFbf aufpFb} p;sf] d[To' eof] . sNkntf ?Fbf?Fb} sdhf]/ eOg\ . l5d]sLx¿n]
;D´fOa´' fO u/]kZrft\ pgn] aNntNn vfgf vfg] sf]l;; ul/g\ . pgL lrGtfsf] ej;fu/df r'n{D' d
8l' a/lxg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf d eOlbPsf] eP /ftlbg lrGtfdf 8l' a/xGgy]F . cfF;' ´f/]/ / lrGtf
u/]/ gkmls{g] af6f] uPsf] dfG5] kms{]/ cfpFb}g eGg] s/' f d /fd|/L a'‰g] k|of; uy{]F . sNkntfn]
3fOt] 9's/' nfO{ 3/ k'¥ofP/ cf}kwf]krf/ ul/g\ . d klg 3fOt] dflg;, kzk' G5L, jf hf]sf]xLnfO{
e]6] klg ;s]sf] ;xof]u uy{]F . cfkm" n] cf}ifwf]krf/ u/]sf] 9's/' k'gM gkmls{+bf sNkntf lrlGtt
alg/xlG5g\ t/ d To;/L lrlGtt aGb}gy]F . p8]sf] r/Lsf] e/ x'Fb}g eGg] s/' f d /fd|/L a‰' y]F . Ps
dlxgfkZrft\ p8]/ uPsf] 9s' '/ kg' M sNkntfsf] 3/df kmls{of] . Tof] 9s' '/n] cgf/sf] bfgf] 5f]8]/
uof] . Tof] cgf/sf] bfgf] pgn] /f]lkg\ . ef]lnkN6 g} Tof] cgf/sf] bfgf] t af]6df kl/0ft ePsf] pgn]
b]lvg\ Tof] af]6af6 pgn] Pp6f cgf/ l6lkg\ . Tof] bfgf] kmf]bf{ pgn] lx/}lx/f kfOg\ . To;kl5 ;]jf
u/] d]jf ldN5 eGg] s'/fdf pgL ljZj:t eOg\ . o:tf] cj:yfd d klg v';L xG' y]F . pgn] l5d]sLnfO{
cgf/ pkxf/ lbP/ pbf/ algg\ . d klg To:tf] ;g' kmNg] xL/f a]r]/ To;af6 cfPsf] /sd JolQmnfO{
dfq geO{ ;fdl" xs sfo{df vlr{Gy] . ;dfh ;]jf uy{]F . l5d]sLn] ynfdf k/]sf] a]nf sNkntfnfO{
arfPsf lyP . d klg cfkt\ kbf{ l5d]sLsf] ;xof]u dfUy]F . ltgLx¿;Fu sNkntfn] ´}F ldn]/
a:y]F . pgn] cfkm" d/]kl5 cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ ljBfno lgdf{0f ug{ tyf ufpFsf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{
ufpFn]nfO{ ;'´fOg\ . d klg pgn] h:t} cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;dfh;]jf / dfgj ;]jfsf nflu vlr{Gy]F .
sNkntfsf] :yfgdf d eOlbPsf] eP d]/f] el" dsf plNnlvt lsl;dsf] xg' ] lyof] .

208 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!*PsfO
ljj]rgfTds pQ/

ljj]rgfsf] cy{ vf; cfwf/df sg' } ljifosf] kIf jf ljkIfdf ul/g] ljrf/ljdz{ xf] . ljj]rgfTds
pQ/ s'g} vf; kf7sf] vf; ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{sf] ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf hfFRgsf nflu ;f]lwG5 .
s'g} klg kf7 ;DalGwt ljBfyL{n] slQsf] a'´]sf] 5, To;sf af/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff s:tf] agfPsf]
5 eGg] s/' fsf] dfkgsf nflu ljj]rgfTds k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf ljBfyL{n]
n]vg ;Lksf hg' ;s' } z}nL -tfls{s, ljZn]if0ffTds, j0f{gfTds, ljj/0ffTds cflb_ k5\ofP/ n]Vg
;S5g\ .
ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf lgDg s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ lbFbf ;j{k|yd lgwf{l/t kf7;Fu ;Da4 eO{ tfTko{ :ki6 geP;Dd uDeL/

lrGtgdgg ug{'k5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]vgsf] ;?' jftdf kf7;Fu ;Da4 eO{ n]vsLo kl/ro s[lt, k|j[lQ

pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L tLg v08 /xG5g\ . cflb efudf n]vsLo

kl/ro, s[lt, k|j[lQ tyf lgwf{l/t kf7sf] dn" dd{sf] ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . dWo efudf lgwf{l/t
kf7sf] af/]df tfls{s jf ljZn]if0ffTds z}nLdf rrf{ ul/G5 . o; v08d} kf7sf] s]Gb|Lo sYo
jf d"nefj ;d]l6G5 . cGTo efudf cfˆgf] ljrf/ tyf ;´' fj ;lxtsf] lgisif{ k|:tt' ul/G5 .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df sfNklgs s/' fx¿nfO{ eGbf k|Zgn] dfu]sf s/' fx¿ p7fpg'k5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf k|Zgsf] af]w x'g' cToGt cfjZos 5 . k|Zgn] dfu]sf] s/' f al' ´Pg
eg] n]v]sf] pQ/n] sg' } cy{ /fVb}g .
♦ kf7sf]÷k|Zgsf] k|j[lQcg';f/ ljleGg pbfx/0f, pvfg 6'Ssf, egfO cflb /fVg ;lsG5 .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df jfSo vFlbnf], cfsif{s tyf :ki6 xg' ' h?/L 5 .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ …ofqf ;'? u/f}FÚ sljtfsf] d"n ;Gb]z s] xf] < :ki6 kf/ .
ba' ;' If]qL g]kfnL ;flxTodf lg/Gt/ snd rnfO/xg] ;|i6f x'g\ . cfwl' gs g]kfnL sljtfsf
kmFf6df pgn] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L pgn] sljtfsf If]qdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dlk{t
u/]sf 5g\ . k|:tt' …ofqf ;?' u/f}FÚ pgsf] pTs[i6 sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf sljn] 3fd pbfPsf]
laxfgL cyf{t\ kl/jt{g;Fu} xfdLn] ofqfsf] yfngL ug{k' g{] s/' f atfPsf 5g\ . ;a} hfthflt, wd{

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 209

;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFdf pleP/ cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ eGg] sljsf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 .

cf:yfsf] 6s' L afn]/ xfdLn] cf/f]x0fsf] yfngL ug{'k5{ . of] df};d j;Gtdo ag]sf] sljsf] 7x/
5 . of] df};d j;Gtdo ag]sf] sljsf] 7x/ 5 . pgL kmqm]sf u/' fF;x¿sf] dfnf pGgk' g{] cleJolQm
lbG5g\ . xfd|f] ofqf hxfF /f]lsPsf] lyof] ca ;f]/7Lsf] tfndf gfRg lal;{gx' F'b}g . vlnofgdf /fv]/
df3Lsf] GjfuL vfFb} gjLg ofqf/De ug{k' 5{ . xfdLn] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ hfGgk' 5{ .
cf:yfsf] km" n r9fpFb} wfld{s Pstfsf] kf7 ;a}nfO{ k9fpg xfdL cfkm}Fn] hfGgk' 5{ . ;]nf]sf]
efsf;Fu} aGw'Tjsf] uLt ufpgk' 5{ . rfx] Nxf];f/df xf];\ rfx] uf}/fdf xf];\ hxfF klg xfdLn] /dfpg
;Sgk' 5{ . b]p8f gfRb} s0ff{nLsf] lsgf/af6 gjlgdf{0fsf] ofqf ;?' jft ug{'kg{] s/' fdf sljn] hf]8
lbPsf 5g\ . zflGtsf ;]tf k/]jfx¿ p8fpFb} ofqf/De ug{k' g{] sljsf] a´' fO 5 . u'Daf, dl:hb,
dlGb/ / luhf{3/x¿af6 ;xwd{sf] ofqf ;'? ug{'kg{] s/' f pgn] ;'´fPsf 5g\ . gfDr]sf] km]bLaf6
;u/dfyfsf] ofqf/De ug{k' g{] sljsf] ts{ /x]/sf] 5 . pgL lxGb,' dl:nd, af}4 / lqml:rogsf
aLrdf slxNo} dgd'6fj x'g'x'Fb}g . sfi7d08ksf] b]jnaf6 lwd] ahfpFb} gjofqfsf] yfngL ug{k' 5{ .
slj lxdfnb]lv t/fO{ / t/fO{b]lv lxdfn;Dd x/]s g]kfnLn] lgjf{b¿kdf cfjudg ug{ kfpg'k5{
eG5g\ . Oltxf;df sfnf lbgx¿ kfvf nflu;s]sf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{ pgn] sf]6\ofPsf 5g\ .
kl/jt{g xg' ] j]nf xfdLn] ljleGg cK7\of/fx¿ ef]u]sf lyof}F . ;ª\j|md0f sfn kf/ u/]kl5 xfdLn]
gjLg ofqf ;?' ug{ l9nf ug{'xF'b}g .

/fi6«lgdf{0f ug{ ;a} g]kfnLx¿ Ps} :yfgdf e]nf xg' k' 5{ . wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts
Pstfn] b]znfO{ dfly p7fpF5 . a4' sf] el" d zflGtsf] of] cfFugdf slxNo} xTof lx+;f x'g'xF'b}g .
h:tf];s' } afwf JojwfgnfO{ klg kG5fP/ ofqfdf cufl8 a9\g ;Sgk' 5{ eGg] lgrf]8 sljn] k|:tt'
u/]sf 5g\ . k|:t't sljtfsf] dn" cfzo oxL xf] .

@_ Dofgdf/sf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng ;kmn kfg{sf nflu cfª ;fg ;'sLn] s] s:tf] e"ldsf
v]n]sL l5g\ < ljj]rgf ug{'xf];\ .

adf{ -Dofgdf/_sf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng ;kmn kfg{ cfª ;fg ;s' Ln] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k¥' ofPsL
5g\ . pgsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld klg /fhgLlts g} lyof] . :jtGqtfsL dxfg\ ;]gfgL ;'sLnfO{
Dofgdf/sf hgtfx¿ cToGt ;Ddfg ug{ ?rfpF5g\ . k|hftGq / :jtGqtf k|flKtsf] n8fOFdf pgn]
v]n]sf] e"ldsf clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b]z, hgtf, k|hftGq tyf dfgj clwsf/sf nflu
pgn] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;ª\3if{ u/]sL lyOg\ . ufGwLh:t} clx;+ fsf] /fhgLlt ug{ ?rfpg] pgL
;ª\3if{zLn gf/L xg' \ .

a'4sf] Tofu, tk:of / ;dk{0fdf ljZjf; ug{] cfª ;fg ;'sL zflGtlk|o lyOg\ . /fhgLlts
;ª\s6af6 b]znfO{ dQ' m ug{ pgL cxf]/fq vl6/lxg\ . ;g\ !($* sf] cS6f]a/df la|l6; pklgj]zaf6
Dofgdf/ :jtGq eof] t}klg ToxfFsf] cj:yfdf vf;} ;w' f/ cfpg ;s]g . o4' / ul/aLn] yª\
lynf] ag]sf] dn' 'snfO{ dfly p7fpg pgn] lgs} ;ª\3if{ ug{'k¥of] . cIfd ;/sf/ / ;zQm g]t[Tj
cefjsf sf/0fn] pgsf] b]zn] csNkgLo bl' g{olt ef]Ugk' ¥of] . ;g\ !(^) df pgsL cfdf ef/t
/ g]kfnsf] Ps;fy /fhbt" eOg\ . ;'sLn] lbNnLl:yt sGe]G6 h];; / sDe]G6 d]/L :sn' af6
ljBfnosf] k9fO k"/f ul/g\ . ;g\ !(^$ ;Dd pgn] sn]hdf /fhgLltzf:qsf] cWoog ul/g\ .

210 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

lbNnLdf /xFbf;d]t pgn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] /fhgLltsf af/]df rf;f] /flv/lxg\ . ;g\ !(^$ kl5 pRr
txsf] cWoogsf lglDt pgL a]nfotsf] /fhwfgL nG8g kl' ug\ . pgn] ToxfF /fhgLltzf:qsf
cltl/St cy{zf:q / bz{gzf:q klg cWoog ug{ kfOg\ . pgn] a]nfotsf] :s'n ckm cf]l/PG6n
PG8 clk|msg :6l8haf6 cfwl' gs ad{]nL ;flxTodf Pd=lkmn= klg ul/g\ . ;g\ !(&@ sf] hgj/Ldf
pgn] a]nfotL gful/s dfOsn Pl/;;Fu pgsf] ljjfx ;DkGg eof] . ;g\ !(** df pgsL
cfdf la/fdL k/]sfn] x]/rfx ug{sf lglDt pgL Dofgdf/ kmls{Og\ . Tolta]nf k|hftGqdf kIfw/
ljBfyL{x¿n] Dofgdf/df cfGbf]ng dRrfO/x]sf lyP . cfdfsf] cj:ykg / b]zsf] hh{/fj:yfn]
pgnfO{ lgs} b'Mv tN' ofof] . pgL cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eOg\ . k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf c´
;zQm 9ª\un] ;xefuL aGg pgn] ;a} hgtfnfO{ clkn ul/g\ . pgsf ;zQm lj|mofsnfkn] ubf{
hgtfx¿n] pgnfO{ v'a dg k/fpg yfn] .

;g\ !(**, @$ ;]K6]Da/df cfª ;fg ;s' Ln] …g];gn lunkm/ 8]df]j|m];LÚ gfds /fhgLlts bnsf]
u7g ul/g\ . h;sf] g]t[Tj pgL cfkm}Fn] lnOg\ . a'4 / ufGwLaf6 k|efj u|x0f ub{} pgL Dofgdf/df
k|hftGq axfnLsf nflu cxf]/fq nflu/lxg\ . ;g\ !(^@ df ;}lgs zf;g nfu' x'Fbfb]lv g} pgL
To;sf] lj/f]wdf plqPsL lyOg\ . ;db' fosf] zflGt / :yfloTjdf vnn k'¥ofpg] sfd u/]sf] eGg]
pgdf cf/f]k nufOof] . ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ hn' fO{ @), !)*( df 3/}df gh/aGb u¥of] . kmn:j¿k
hgtfx¿ ´g\ ;zQm ¿kdf cfGbf]ngdf plqP . ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] hgdtsf] sb/ ug{ ;s]g .
Dofgdf/sf] ;/sf/n] hgdtsf] sb/ ug{ ;s]g . Dofgdf/sf] ;/sf/n] ;g\ !(() df lgjf{rg
u/fof] . ;s' Ln] g]t[Tj u/]sf] kf6L{n] ax'dt Nofof] t}klg pgsf] kf6L{nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f gug{]
rfnafhL /lrof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgsf] kIfdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o hgdt tof/ eof] .
;}lgs ;/sf/sf] rf}tkmL{ cfnf]rgf eof] t}lkg ;}lgs ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ ;Qf ;D' kg rfx]g .
k|hftGq, dfgj clwsf/ / zflGtk|ltsf] lgi7fnfO{ cfb/ ub{} ;s' LnfO{ ;g\ !((! df gf]a]n zflGt
k'/:sf/ lbOof] . h'g k'/:sf/sf] !# nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ pgn] Dofgdf/sf hgtfsf] lzIff /
:jf:Yodf vlr{g 6«:6nfO{ k|bfg ul/g\ . pSt k/' :sf/n] pgnfO{ gh/aGbsf] hLjg JotLt ug{ yk
k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u¥of] . pgL k6sk6s u/L sl/a @! jif{;Dd gh/aGbdf kfl/g\ . To;a]nf pgn]
cfˆgf ;dy{s / cGt/f{li6«o z'elrGtsx¿;Fu e]63f6 / s/' fsfgL ug{;d]t kfOgg\ . ;g\ !(((
df pgsf >Ldfg\ dfOsn Pl/ssf] SofG;/ /f]udf sf/0f d[To' eof] . hlt a]nf pgnfO{ gh/aGbdf
/flvPsf] lyof] . Dofgdf/sf] ;]gf ;dlk{t hGt/ ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 kfvf nufpg
lgs} if8\oGq / lts8d /Rof] . t/ pgL k|hftfGqsf] kIfdf cl8s /x]/ nl8/lxg\ . ;g\ @)!) df
Dofgdf/df ;]gf ;dlk{t /fi6«klt lyPgg\ . h;sf sf/0f /fhgLlts ;'wf/sf] cf/De x'g kU' of] .
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o tkm{af6 ;'sL l/xfO ug{ bafa a9\of] . kmn:j¿k !# gf]e]Da/ @)!) df
pgL nufot ;a} /fhgLlts aGbLnfO{ l/xf ug{ Dofgdf/sf] ;}lgs ;/sf/ afWo eof] . /fhgLlts
bndflysf] k|ltaGw km'Ssf ul/of] . /fhgLlts z/0ffyL{nfO{ ;d]t dfkmL lbOof] . k|hftflGqs
;dfhjfbsf] kIfdf pgL c´} ;ª\3if{/t l5g\ .

o;/L cfª ;fg ;s' Ln] Dofgdf/sf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng ;kmn agfpg clj:d/0fLo e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]sL l5g\ eGg] k|i6 xG' 5 .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 211

#= …d sf] xF'Ú lgaGwn] lbg] d'Vo ;Gb]zsf af/]df ljj]rgf ug{x' f];\ .

;'wf lqkf7L of] ;dosf] ;zSt lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . pgsf y'k|} lgaGwx¿ k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ .
k|s[lt, hLjg / hut\nfO{ k|d'v ljifo agfP/ lgaGw ;[hgf ug{] pgL dxŒjk"0f{ gf/L x:tfIf/
xg' \ . ;fdflhs ljs[lt Pjd\ lj;ª\ultdfly tLj|f Joª\Uo k|xf/ ug{ ?rfpg] pgL qmflGtsf/L Pjd\
k|ultzLn ;h{s xg' \ . k|:tt' …d sf] x'FÚ lgaGw …hLjg ;q" / :jKgfef;Ú lgaGw;ª\u|xaf6 ;fef/
ul/Psf] xf] . dflg; cfkm}Fdf slxNo} k"0f{ xg' ;St}g . l;ª\uf] k|s[lt, hLjg / hut\af6 dflg;n]
w]/} s/' f l;ls/x]sf] xG' 5 eGg] ;Gb]z o; lgaGwn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .

dflg;n] k|s[ltaf6 w]/} s'/f l;s]sf] x'G5 . lgaGwsf/ klg km" naf6 d':sfg rf]l5{g\ . afbnaf6
uDeL/tf rf]l5{g\ . pgL kxf8x¿nfO{ x]/]/ ltgLx¿sf] k|tLIffleqsf] w}o{sf] efj rf]l5{g\ . j;Gtdf
kfn'jf knfPsf] b]v]/ ltgLx¿af6 pgL gjhLjgsf] efj rf]/]sf] cg'et" ug{ k'lU5g\ . ;Nnf3f/Lsf
;';fOx¿af6 pgL 56k6L / lgMZjf;df efjx¿ rf]g{ yflN5g\ . kx/fx¿af6 pgL rf]6sf] efj
rf]l5{g\ . olt dfq geO{ pgL lx;+ |s kzx' ¿af6 lx;+ |stfsf] efj rf]/]sf] dx;;' ug{ kl' U5g\ .
r/fr?' ª\uLx¿sf] lr/Lla/Laf6 pgL hLjgsf] syf rf]l5{g\ . o;/L g} pgL zi' s k|s[ltaf6 lg/;tfsf]
efj rf]g{ kl' U5g\ . o;y{ k|s[lt, hLjg hut\af6 dflg;n] w]/} s'/f l;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . rf]/]/
k|s[ltsf] efj slxNo} gl/lQg] lgaGwsf/sf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . k|s[ltnfO{ grf]g{], g7Ug] / gn'6\g]
dflg; ;;+ f/df ;fob} xF'b}gg\ . k|s[ltsf] ;j{:j g} k|f0fLsf] ;f´f ;DklQ xf] . k|s[lt cfdf xg' \ eGg]
lgaGwsf/n] pb\3f]if u/]sL l5g\ . dflg;n] k|s[ltaf6 h;}u/L cfˆgL cfdfaf6 klg w]/} s/' fx¿
rf]/]sf x'G5g\ . lgaGwsf/n] cfˆgL cfdfaf6 cfdf x'gs' f] efj rf]/]sL 5g\ . oltdfq geO{ pgn]
n}ª\lus ljifdtfsf lj?4 nfUg cfu|x u/]sL l5g\ lsgeg] g]kfnL ;dfhsf sltko gf/Lx¿
n}ª\lus lje]baf6 cfqmfGt ag]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf lktfaf6 ;Gtfgx¿n] ;/ntf, lgeL{stf /
:jfledfgsf] efj rf]g{ ;Sg] :ki6f]lQm lgaGwsf/n] k|:t't u/]sL l5g\ . lkt[efj rf]g{' cf1fsf/L
;Gtfgsf] dn" et" ljz]iftf xf] . lgaGwsf/sf nflu csf{] cfdfafafeGbf 7"nf O{Zj/ c¿ s'g} 5}
gg\ . k|To]s ;Gtfgn] cfˆgf dftflktfaf6 bofdfof / k|]dsf] efj rf]l//x]sf xG' 5g\ . pgL ;a}
dflg;x¿af6 s]xL g s]xL l;Sg] s/' f ul5{g\ . ul/a, bM' vL / Odfgbf/ dflg;x¿af6 pgL kL8fsf]
efj rf]g{ k'lU5g\ . cfd g]kfnL dlxnfx¿af6 ?jfO / s'07fsf] efj rf]g{] ljrf/ pgn] cufl8
;f/]sL l5g\ .

dflg;n] afnsx¿af6 klg hLjgdf w]/} s'/f l;ls/x]sf xG' 5g\ . afnaflnsfaf6 lgaGwsf/n]
ljl:dt, rlst / kn' lst x'g] efj rf]l//x]sL l5g\ . pgn] h;}u/L ;;+ f/sf clwsfz+ dflg;x¿n]
b'Mv;'v, xfF;f], /f]bg cflbaf6 y'k|} s/' f l;ls/x]sf 5g\ . ;'vfGts ;flxToaf6eGbf klg dflg;n]
bM' vfGts ;flxToaf6 w]/} s'/f rf]/]/ hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;S5 eGg] lgaGwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0f
/x]sf] 5 . rf]/Lsf s'g} g sg' } rLh k|of]u gug{] dflg;x¿ sxfF xf]nfg\ / eGg] lgaGwsf/sf] cgd' fg
/x]sf] 5 . dflg;n] hLjgdf st} g st}af6 s]xL g s]xL efj cf:jfbg gul/sg sg' } klg sfo{
;DkGg ug{ ;St}g . ;Rrf lsl;dn] s;}sf] s[lt, hLjgz}nL / cGo rLhx¿af6 dflg;n] efj

212 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

rf]g{ ;S5 . sg' } klg dflg; cfkm}Fdf k"0f{ aGg ;St}g eGg] lgisif{ k|:tt' …d sf] xF'Ú lgaGwn] k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 . l;sfOnfO{ ljleGg tj/n] JofVof ug{' lgaGwsf/sf] dn" Wo]o /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lSni6
efiffz}nLsf] k|of]un] lgaGwnfO{ b?' x agfP klg efj kIf eg] ;an ag]sf] kl' i6 xG' 5 .

$= …8fS6/ cª\snÚ syfsf] dn" efjdfly k|sfz kfg{x' f];\ .

jf, 8fS6/ sdnn] cfˆgf] JolQmTj lgdf{0f ug{ hLjgdf s] s:tf ;ª\3if{ ug{k' ¥of] < :ki6
kfg{'xf];\ .

cfTdf/fd zdf{ k'8f;}gL cfwl' gs g]kfnL syf hut\sf dxŒjk"0f{ lzNkL xg' \ . pgL ;fdflhs
oyfy{jfbL syf n]vgdf lgs} cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds bj' } b[li6n] pgsf
/rgfx¿ ljlzi6 b]lvG5g\ . k|:tt' 8fS6/ cª\sn pgsf] pTs[i6 syf xf] . o; syfdf 8fS6/
cª\snn] hLjgdf u/]sf ;ª\3if{x¿sf af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . lgDgjuL{o kl/jf/n]
hLjgdf s]–s:tf] ;ª\3if{ ug{'k5{ eGg] tLtf] oyfy{nfO{ o; syfdf ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

8fS6/ cª\snn] hLjgdf w]/} g} ;ª\3if{ ug{'k¥of] . pgsf cfdfaf ;b/d'sfd;Dd ef/L af]Sg
hfg] uy{] . Ps lbg ef/L af]s]/ cfˆgf] ufpF kmls{g] j|mddf eL/af6 n8]/ pgsL cfdfsf]
d[To' eof] . ;Ltfk/' ufpFdf ;ª\3if{zLn hLjg lhpg] ls;fgx¿sf] b'Mv kL8fnfO{ k|tLsfTds
¿kdf syfsf/n] lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgL cfdfsf] d[To'kZrft\ 8fS6/ cª\snn] cToGt bM' v
´]Ng'k¥of] . olt xF'bf klg pgn] x/]; vfPgg\ . pgsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf klg cToGt gfhs'
lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgnfO{ ;fy lbg] pgsf lktf dfq lyP . pgsf bfhl' bbL cfcfˆgf af6f
nflu;s]sf lyP . cfˆgL cfdfsf b]xfj;fg x'Fbf pgsf] pd]/ ;fg} lyof] . eljio cGwsf/ ePkl5
Pslbg pgL 3/ 5f]8]/ t/fO{df /x]sf] c~rn ;b/ds' fd;Dd ku' ] . ToxfF Pp6f Jofkf/Lsf] 3/df
3/]n' ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf pgn] sfd ug{ yfn] . csf{sf] 3/df sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf pgn] sfd ug{
yfn] . csf{sf] 3/df sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ a:bf klg pgn] cfˆgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbO/x] . pgL sIff rf/df egf{ eP . ;fx'sf] sfd ub{} Odfgbf/Lk"j{s cWoogdf tNnLg eO/x] .
;do laTb} uof] . pgL k9fOdf ´g\´g\ nugzLn xF'b} nflu/x] . pgn] k|yd >]0fLdf k|j]lzsf pQL0f{
u/] . pgsf] ldlxg]t / nugzLntf b]v]/ pgsf lzIfsx¿n] pgnfO{ ;xof]u u/] . pgL /fhwfgL
k'u]/ lj1fg ;ª\sfodf sn]hdf egf{ eP . /fhwfgL ;x/df klg pgL TolQs} rk' nfu]/ a;]gg\ .
k9fO;Fu;Fu} pgL sfddf klg nfUg yfn] . ;'?;'?sf lbgdf pgn] HofdL sfd klg u/] . kl5kl5
pgn] ;fF´laxfg s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9fP / cfˆgf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg yfn] . kmn:j¿k lj1fg
ljifodf pgn] k/LIffdf ;jf{]Ts[i6 cª\s k|fKt u/] . ljb]zdf 8fS6/L k9\g] pgn] 5fqj[lQ kfP .
ljb]zsf] kfFr jif{sf] a;fOdf pgn] 8fS6/Lsf] cWoog k"/f u/] . 8fS6/ ag]/ pgL :jb]z kmls{P .
o;/L hLjgdf cg]sf}F sl7gfOx¿;Fu hw' ]/ 8fS6/ cª\sn cyf{t\ sdnn] dxŒjk"0f{ ;kmntf
xfl;n u/]/} 5f8] . t/ pgn] cfˆgf afa';Fu a;]/ ;v' ef]u ug{ kfPgg\ lsgeg] pgn] ufpF
5f8]sf] 5 dlxgfkl5 g} pgsf lktfsf] lgwg eO;s]sf] /x]5 . 8fS6/ cª\snn] hLjgdf u/]sf
;ª\3if{x¿af6 dflg;n] yk' |} s/' f l;Sg ;S5g\ . dflg;n] hLjgdf slxNo} x/]; vfg x'Fb}g . hLjg

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 213

eg]sf] b'Mv;v' sf] ;lDd>0faf6 ag]sf] xG' 5 . b'Mv kbf{ cflQg] / ;v' kfpFbf dflQg] dflg; sfd
nfUb}g . hLjg egs} ;ª\3if{sf] kof{o xf] . hLjgdf afpGg 3':;f lqkGg 7Ss/ gvfg] dfG5] sfFrf]
xG' 5 . x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf ;ª\3if{ ug{ hfGg'k5{ . s]xL u5{' eGg] dgdf OR5fzlQm xg' ]
JolQmn] h:tf];s' } cK7\of/f / sl7gfOx¿nfO{ klg lxDdtn] kfvf nufpg ;S5 . 8f= -sdn_ cª\
snn] klg k9\g] ceLi6 wf]sf] /fv]sfn] Tof] k"/f u/]/} 5f8] . hLjg Ps lsl;dsf] ofqf klg xf] .
ofqfsf j|mddf p;n] y'k|} psfnLcf]/fnLx¿ kf/ ug{k' 5{ To;}n] slxNo} klg cfOk/]sf ;d:of;Fu
h'Wg dflg;n] uf]8f nUnufpg'xF'b}g eGg] ;Gb]z k|:tt' …8fS6/ cª\snÚ syfn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
5.
o;k|sf/ 8f= cª\sn -sdn_ n] hLjgdf csNkLo / bM' vbfoL ¿kdf ;ª\3if{ ug{k' ¥of] .
;ª\3if{af6 slxNo} gyfSg] dflg;n] dfq k|ultsf] ;f]kfg plSng ;S5 eGg] efj 8fS6/ cª\sn
syfn] ;~rf/ u/]sf] 5 . 5f]6f] ;j+ fb, ;/n efiffz}nL x'FbfxF'b} klg uxg efj ;o+ f]hgsf sf/0f
k|:t't syf pTs[i6 5 .

214 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

ljifo M g]kfnL ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf @)&# k"0ff{ª\s M &%

sIff M ( / !)

If]q –k9fO / n]vfO_ ljwf 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr hDdf pQ/ lbg'kg{] cª\s ;do @ :ki6Ls/0f
;Lk bIftf k|Zg k|Zg ;ª\Vof ef/ 306f !%
ldg6]

!= zAb e08f/ cy{ n]vg ! !! @$ kf7df k|of]u ePsf s'g} $ j6f zAb -tT;d–@, tb\ej–! /
cfuGt's–!_ / ltgsf] cy{aLr hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg] . hf]8f
ldnfpg lbFbf zAb ;ª\VofeGbf cy{ ;ª\Vof sDtLdf @ j6f a9L
lbg'kg]{ .

zAb klxrfg ! !! @$ kf7\ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf ljk/LtfyL{–!, kof{ojfrL–!, cg]sfyL{–!
/ >'lt;dleGgfyL{–! zAb kg]{ u/L lbP/ ;ª\s]tadf]lhd vfnL 7fpF
eg{ nufpg] .

jfSodf k|of]u ! !! @$ kf7\ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf cgs' /0ffTds, k|fljlws÷kfl/eflifs,
pvfg, 6S' sf / lgkftdWo]af6 s'g} @ j6f lbO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{
nufpg] .

@= lxHh] -j0f{ z'4Ls/0f -s_ ! !! !@ a÷j, z÷if÷; / k~rd j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿dWo] sg' } bO' {
zAbsf] z'4 ¿k 5fg]/ n]Vg] @ j6f ax'j}slNks k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
ljGof;, n]Vo lrÅg zAbsf] txdf

/ kbof]u tyf ljof]u_

-v_ jfSosf] ! !! @$ Pp6f zAbdf Pp6f dfq czl' 4 kg]{ u/L n]Vo lrÅg–!, kbof]u /
txdf kbljof]u –!, x|:j–! / bL3{–! kg]{ u/L $ j6f czl' 4 ePsf] jfSo
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 215 lbO{ z'4 kfg{ nufpg] .

#=Jofs/0f -s_ zAbju{ ! !! # % gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lj|mofkbaf6 $ j6f / cJoo -gfdof]uL,

lj|mofof]uL, ;o+ f]hs, lgkft, lj:doflbaf]ws_ af6 @ u/L km/skm/s

ju{sf sg' } ^ j6f zAb kg]{ u/L Pp6f cgR' 5]b lbg] / /]vfª\sg u/L

klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .

-v_ zAb ! !! @$ s'g} 5f]6f] uBfz+ lbO{ sDtLdf b'O{ j6f pk;u{ nfu]sf / sDtLdf bO' {
lgdf{0f -c_ j6f k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf zAb lbP/ ltgsf] klxrfg u/L n]Vg nufpg]
pk;u{ / k|Too jf uBfz+ df bO' { j6f pk;u{ / bO' { j6f k|Too lbO{ zAb lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg]

216 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( -cf_ ;df; / ! !! ! @ lju|x ePsf] zAb Pp6f / ;d:t zAb Pp6f lbO{ ;df; jf lju|x ug{
lju|x !! nufpg] jf lju|x / ;df; ePsf sDtLdf PsPs j6f zAb k|of]u
! !! ePsf] sg' } 5f]6f] uBfz+ lbO{ PsPs j6f ;d:t zAb / lju|lxt cj:yf
-u_ sfn, kIf ! klxrfg u/]/ ;df; jf lju|x ug{ nufpg] .
/ efj÷cy{ !!
-3_ jfSo !! @ $ sfn / kIfaf6 @ / efj÷cy{af6 @ j6f wft' ;ª\s]t u/L jfSo k/" f
kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] .
tyf
;Z+ n]if0f $ & sf]i7sdf lgb]{z u/]/ lgDdadf]lhd $ jfSo kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] M
ljZn]if0f -s_ sd{, st[{ jf efjjfRodWo] s'g} Ps jfRo lbO{ csf]{ jfRodf
kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg],
$= k7g af]w ª_ :jtGq ! -v_ ;fdfGo jfSonfO{ k|]/0ffy{s jfSodf kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg],
jfSo /rgf ! -u_ s'g} Ps jfSo lbP/ lnª\u, jrg, k?' if, cfb/, s/0f, cs/0fdf
-j0f{g_ kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] .
s_ -3_ bO' { j6f jfSo lbP/ Pp6} jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ug{ nufpg] jf Pp6f
af]w;DaGwL jfSo lbP/ bO' { jfSodf ljZn]if0f ug{ nufpg] jf
k|Zgf]Q/ ;/n, ;o+ 'Qm / ld>dWo] s'g} Ps jfSo lbP/ csf]{ jfSodf kl/jt{g
-b[i6f+z_ ug{ nufpg] .

# % lj|mofsf] vf; sfn, kIf jf lj|mofsf] cy{÷efjdWo] sg' } Pssf] sf]l6
tf]s]/ # jfSodf sg' } ljifosf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
-o;/L k|Zg agfpFbf dfly dN" ofª\sgdf k/]sf] sfl]6 kg' M gbf]xf]¥ofpg] ._

% ( kf7\o k:' tsleq ;dfj]z ePsf] uBf+z lbO{ lgDgadf]lhd % j6f k|Zg
;f]Wg] M
-s_ bO' { j6f zAb /]vfª\sg u/]/ sf/s / ljelQm klxrfg ug{
nufpg]
-v_ zAbju{, zAb lgdf{0f, sfn, kIf, efj÷cy{, jfSo kl/jt{g, jfSo
;+Zn]if0f ljZn]if0f h:tf kIfx¿sf cfwf/df eflifs kIfsf] klxrfg
ug{ nufpg] .

-u_ pQm cg'R5]bdf ePsf s'g} b'O{ zAb -ljk/LtfyL{ ÷ kof{ojfrL
÷ cg]sfyL{ ÷ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ nufot_ pNn]v u/]/ cy{ vN' g] u/L
jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg]
-3_ Ps jf b'O{ jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] @ j6f tYok/s k|Zg ;f]Wg]

-v_ af]w ! !! % ( uB ljwfaf6 a9Ldf !%) zAb;Ddsf] cg'R5]b lbO{ Ps jf b'O{
;DaGwL k|Zgf]Q/ ! !! jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] tYok/s, ;Gbe{ af]ws, k|lj|mofaf]ws cflb %
-cb[i6f+z_ ! @! j6f k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
! #@
%= aF'bf l6kf]6 / syf ÷ hLjgL, % ( uB ljwfsf kf7af6 a9Ldf !%) zAb;Ddsf] b[i6f+z lbO{ $ j6f a'Fbf
;f/fz+ -b[i6f+z_ ;+jfb ÷ jfb ! !! l6k]/ ;f/f+z n]Vg nufpg] .
^= lgb]{lzt /rgf ljjfb ÷ lr7L @ @!
! !! $ & syf÷sljtf÷lgaGw÷ hLjgL ljwfaf6 sg' } bO' { ljlzi6 kª\lQm lbO{
*= kf7ut af]w -s_ syf, !! sg' } ! sf] efj lj:tf/, JofVof jf ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{ nufpg] .

sljtf, hLjgL, * !$ lgDgadf]lhd tLg k|Zg ;f]wL s'g} bO' { k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg nufpg]

k|aGw ÷ lgaGw -s_ kf7\ok':tssf syfaf6 s'g} c+z pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df
ljifo j:t' n]Vg], 36gf j0f{g, dn" efj jf ;Gb]z, rl/q lrq0f;DaGwL
-;Gbe{df sDtLdf % jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg]

cfwfl/t -v_ kf7\ok:' tssf sljtfaf6 sg' } c+z pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df
ljifoj:t' pNn]v, j0f{g, d"n efj jf ;Gb]z;DaGwL sDtLdf %
;ª\lIfKt jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .

pQ/fTds_ -u_ kf7\ok':tssf hLjgL, lgaGw÷k|aGwdWo] sg' } Ps ljwfaf6
uBfz+ pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df ljifoj:t' n]Vg], 36gf j0f{g
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 217 !)= kf7ut af]w -v_ tfls{s ug]{, dn" efj jf ;Gb]z pNn]v ug]{, rl/q lrq0f;DaGwL sDtLdf %
-ljj]rgfTds_ lzNk÷ ;d:of jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
;dfwfgfTds
!!= :jtGq /rgf $ & kf7\o k':tsleqsf syf, hLjgL, k|aGw÷lgaGwsf] s'g} ;Gbe{ lbO{
-l;h{gfTds_ syf, sljtf, cfÇgf ljrf/n] k'li6 ug]{, ts{ lbg] jf s'g} ;d:of b]vfO{ ;d:of
;dfwfg ug]{ vfnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
hLjgL,
k|aGw÷lgaGw * !$ kf7\o k':tsleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf syf, sljtf, hLjgL,
k|aGw÷lgaGwdWo] s'g} b'O{ ljwfaf6 ljZn]if0ffTds, l;h{gfTds tyf
;dLIffTds Ifdtf k/LIf0f ug]{ lsl;dsf sg' } b'O{ k|Zg ;f]wL Pssf]
pQ/ lbg nufpg] .

* !$ Ps cfTdk/s / b'O{ j:tk' /s u/L tLg zLif{s lbg] / sg' } Pp6fdf
sDtLdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw n]Vg nufpg] .

218 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( k|of]ufTds sfos{ f nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf

;'gfO / af]nfO

jm| =;+= Ifq] -;g' fO / af]nfO_ k/LIf0f ug{] kIf cªs\ ef/ :ki6Ls/0f
!= ;'gfO >l' taf]w -efj af]w
cy{ af]w /]l8of], Sof;]6, df]afOn jf cGo ljBt' Lo ;fdu|Laf6 ;dfrf/, ;+jfb,
@= af]nfO ;Gbe{ af]w ;flxlTos cleJolQm, jf cGo ;Gb]zdn" s uBfz+ ;g' fP/ 1fg, af]w, ;Lk,
cgd' fg k|of]u / ljZn]if0f tx;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ ;f]wL eGg jf n]Vg nufpg] .
hDdf ts{nufot_
jf
df}lvs j0f{g
syf syg !%) b]lv bO' { ;o zAb;Ddsf] sg' } uBfz+ jf kBfz+ -cb[i6fz+ _ ;'gfP/
plNNflvt kfFr j6} tx;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] .
;:j/ jfrg
-kfFr j6} txsf] k|ltlglwTj xg' ] u/L !÷! j6f u/L kfFr k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsg]_

!) -s_ sg' } ljifo, j:t', lrq, kl/j]z lbP/ df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] jf
hfg];g' ]sf] sg' } syf jf s;}sf] hLjgL eGg nufpg]

-o;/L j0f{g ubf{ jf syf eGbf jStfn] af]n]sf] s/' fdf :ki6tf, k|efjsfl/tf,
z}nL, eflifs :t/, z4' f]Rrf/0f, ult, olt, no / xfpefp h:tf kIfdf Wofg
lbg]_

%
-v_ sG' f} kq klqsfaf6 !)) zAb;Ddsf] uBf+z jf kBfz+ lbP/ ult, olt, no
ldnfP/ efjfg'sn" ;:j/ jfrg ug{ nufpg] .

-o;/L jfrg ubf{ :ki6tf, eflifs z4' tf, k|efjsfl/tf, ult, olt, no /
xfpefpdf ljz]if Vofn ug]{_

@%

bi| 6Jo M -s_ 1fg txsf] k|Zg M s], sg' , slxn], s;n], s;nfO{, sxf“ h:tf k|Zgfy{s zAb /fvL s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-v_ af]w txsf] k|Zg M ;Gbe{k/s jf zAb e08f/;DaGwL cy{ eGgk' g]{ s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-u_ ;Lk txsf] k|Zg M ;'g]sf] s/' f l;nl;nf ldnfO{ ;ª\If]kdf eGgk' g]{ jf sfn kIf, efj, jfSou7g cflb dWo]af6 s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-3_ k|of]u txsf] k|Zg M s'g} k|of]hgk/s If]qsf] zAb, 6'Ssf, pvfgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{'kg]{ dWo] sg' } Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-ª_ ljZn]if0f txsf] k|Zg M ;'gfOPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] pkoQ' m zLif{s, lgisif{, ;Gb]z, lzIff cflbdWo] s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]

gd'gf k|Zgkq

ljifo M g]kfnL k"0ff{ª\s M &%

sIff M ( ;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6 pQL0ff{ª\s M #)

!= tn ;d"x …sÚ df lbOPsf zAbsf cy{ ;d"x …vÚ af6 klxrfg u/L hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M @

;d"x M s ;d"x M v

cf/f]x0f sDd/df afFWg] sk8f

k6'sf yf? hfltn] dgfpg] rf8
cf3ft ;'ufn] af]Ng] af]nL
df3L dfly r9\g] sfd

dfgl;s si6

df3 dlxgf

@= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL tnsf vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M @

-s_ …;xhÚsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb====== xf] .-c:jfefljs, c;xh, cldNbf]_

-v_ …sf]l;;Ú sf] kof{ojfrL zAb ====== xf]Og . -hdsf]{, k|oTg, k|:tfj_

-u_ …j/Ú ============== zAb xf] . -kof{ojfrL, n3t' fjfrL, cg]sfyL{_

-3_ ===>'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb x'g\ . -zLt–l;t, ldt–l;t,6\ofSs–6\jfSs_

#= cy{ :ki6 x'g] jfSodf k|ofu] ug{'xf;] \ M @

kf08l' nlk, kf}F7] hf]/L v]Ng'

$= -s_ tnsf zAbdWo] z'4 zAb lrg]/ n]Vgx' f];\ M !

-c_ jftfa/0f aftfa/0f jftfj/0f aftfj/0f

-cf_ kGrfd[t k~rfd[t k+rfd[t kª\rfd[t

-v_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf/L nV] g'xf];\ M @

efO ltld klg d ;Fu} pmv' vfg lxF8 .

%= /]vfª\lst zAbsf] zAbju{ klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ M #

wt\ Û cfh t c;fWo} b'Mv kf] kfOof] .

^= -s_ tnsf] cgR' 5]baf6 pk;u{ nfu/] ag]sf b'O{ cf]6f / kT| oo nfu]/ ag]sf bO' { cf6] f zAb klxrfg

u/L nV] gx' f];\ M @

xfd|f] b]zsf oj' fx¿ >lds ag]/ ljb]z hfg kfP t s] s] g xf]nf eg]/ s'lb/x]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL
e"lddf cfˆgf] cd"No kl;gf aufP/ kl/>d ug'{k/]kl5 aNn pgLx¿n] ToxfFsf] jf:tljstf
a¤' g] 5g\ . ljb]zsf] dfgf]eGbf :jb]zsf] d'7L g} Kof/f] 7fGg g;s];Dd o:t} xf] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 219

-v_ tnsf] cgR' 5]baf6 ;df; ul/Psf] Pp6f zAb / lju|x ul/Psf] s'g} Ps cj:yf klxrfg u/L

;d:t zAbsf] ljux| / lju|lxt cj:yfsf zAbsf] ;df; ug{'xf;] \ M !

;fgf] 5Fbf dfdf3/ hfg] eg]kl5 xfdL ;a} c;fWo} /dfpFYof}F . ToxfF xfd|f 7n" L cfdf /
;fgL cfdf klg cfpg'xG' Yof] . pxfFx¿n] xfdLnfO{ /;e/L NofOlbgx' G' Yof] . xfdL /dfO{
/dfO{ vfGYof}F .

&= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\st] sf ;xfotfn] jfSo k"/f ugx{' f;] \ M @

-s_ sfNb]g / ;fDb]g t ;f+;b kf] ============== . -x' M c1ft et" _

-v_ ;'gGbf rf}w/L xfd|f] :s'nsL k|wfgfWofks ==== . -ag\ M ;Defjgf_

-u_ uf}/f kj{df pgLx¿ ;a} 3/ ==================== . -kms{ M OR5fy{_

-3_ d:' sfg vftg' /f]hf ================= . -a;\ M ;fdfGo jt{dfg_

*= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]z{ gcg';f/ tnsf jfSo kl/jt{g ugx{' f];\ M $

-s_ o; kflnsf] b;}Fdf v'a /dfOnf] ul/G5 . -st{[jfRo_

-v_ pgLx¿ n]sdf rf}F/L r/fpF5g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_

-u_ efO lj|ms]6 v]N5 . pm 7n" f] v]nf8L aGg rfxG5 . -;+oQ' m jfSo_

-3_ pgLx¿ slxNo} 3'Dg hfFb}gg\ . -s/0f_

(= e"t sfnsf tLg cf]6f ;fdfGo lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L ltdLn] u/]sf sfdsf] aofg ug{'xf];\ . #

!)= lbOPsf] uBfz+ /fd/| L k9L cGTodf ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M %

yfª\sf g]kfnLx¿sf] /fd|f] Joj;fo xf] . ljz]iftM tfdfª ;d'bfosf nfvf}F dflg; yfª\sf
Joj;fodf cfl>t 5g\ . cfhef]ln c¿ hfltsf dflg;x¿ klg o;df ;n+ Ug x'g yfn]sf
5g\ . xhf/f}F dflg;n] o;nfO{ dV' o k];f agfPsf 5g\ . a;]{lg c/af}F ?k}ofFsf yfª\sf ljb]zdf
laqmL xG' 5g\ . o;af6 e'StfgL ;Gt'ngdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{'sf ;fy} /fli6«o cfDbfgL;d]t
a9]sf] 5 . ;;+ f/df yfª\sfsf ;fy;fy} a'4;DaGwL dl" t{x¿sf] klg plTts} dfu 5 . sltko
af}4dfuL{x¿ yfª\sfsf ;fy;fy} a'4sf d"lt{x¿ klg n}hfG5g\ . g]kfndf a'4;DaGwL d"lt{sf]
pTkfbg klg xg' ] u/]sf] 5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\lst ljelStsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .

-v_ cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\lst zAbsf] sf/s klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 …cfoÚ / …/f]huf/LÚ zAbsf kof{ojfrL zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .

-3_ …e'StfgLÚ / …tflndÚ zAbsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\ .

-ª_ yfª\sf lrqn] /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <

220 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!!= tnsf] cgR' 5b] /fd/| L k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M %

xfd|f] j/k/ /x]sf hLjhGt' , jg:klt, k|fs[lts ;Dkbf tyf s[lqd j:ts' f] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwnfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 . sg' } 7fp“sf] jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf ToxL 7fp“sf dflg;sf] rfxgf
/ k|lta4tfdf lge{/ ub{5 . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ vf; u/L g]kfnLsf] eljio k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fdf lge{/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ctM jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t–;fwgsf pkof]uaf6 g]kfnL hgtfn]
s] kfO/x]sf 5g\ jf s] kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f dxŒj k0" f{ xG' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL
hgtfsf] ;v' ;d[l4 tyf zflGtk"0f{ hLjgofkg ug]{tkm{ jftfj/0fsf sfo{x¿ lgb]{lzt x'g'
h?/L 5 . ufp“ g} ufp“n] el/Psf] g]kfndf ufp“n] hgtfsf kL/dsf{ vf;u/L af9L–klx/f],
jgljgfz, eI" fosf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg tyf sf7bfp/f, 3f“; h:tf b}lgs cfj:ostf kl" t{
ug]{tkm{ ljz]if Wofg hfg' kb{5 . o;} u/L ;x/Ls/0fsf] j|mddf plAhPsf ;d:ofx¿ vf;u/L
kmf]x/d}nf, jfo'k|b"if0f, Wjlgk|bi" f0f tyf kfgL k|bi" f0fsf ;d:ofx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ klg Tolt g}
h?/L 5 . log} rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L jftfj/0f sfo{j|md th{d' f ug'{ / ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos hg;xeflutf h'6fpg' tyf cfjZostfcg;' f/ P]g, lgod
sfof{Gjog ug'{ PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf] /fli6«o cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

k|Zgx¿

s_ jftfj/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <

v_ jftfj/0f sfo{j|mdx¿ s;/L lgb]{lzt x'gk' 5{ <

u_ ufp“ / ;x/sf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

3_ jftfj/0f sfo{j|md th{d' f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] ug'{k5{ <

ª_ …k|lta4tfÚ / …sfof{GjogÚ zAbsf] cy{ s] xf] <

!@= tnsf] cg'R5b] /fd/| L k9L rf/ cf]6f ab'F f l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/fz+ nV] g'xf;] \ M %

s'g} klg s/' fnfO{ ;fgf] If]q jf v08df ;Lldt ug{' :yfgLos/0f xf] . :yfgLos/0fn] dflg;nfO{
;fgf] 3]/fdf s}b u5{, ;ª\sl' rt agfpF5 . :yfgLos/0fdf :yfgLo zf;sx¿, wgLdfgLx¿,
6f7faf7fx¿ / abdf;x¿sf] af]njfnf x'g ;S5 . To:tf]df gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, sf];]nLkft,
eg;'g, h:tf k|j[lQn] k|>o kfpg] u5{g\ . :yfgLos/0fn] dflg;nfO{ hflt, wd{, k/Dk/f,
If]q cflbsf cfwf/df ljefhg u5{ . o;n] dflg; dflg;aLr lje]b / j}dg:o l;h{gf xG' 5,
åGå lglDtG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] dflg;nfO{ o:tf ;Ldfx¿af6 aflx/ lgsfN5 / v'nf ;+;f/
k|bfg u5{ . vn' f ;+;f/ / vn' f kl/j]zd} dflg;sf] k|ltef, Ifdtf / ldlxg]tn] kmj|mg], km'Ng] /
k}mlng] df}sf kfpF5 . dflg;df cyfx Ifdtf x'G5, To:tf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu km/flsnf]
w/ftn rflxG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f ToxL km/flsnf] w/ftn xf] .

!#= tnsf sg' } Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M $

-s_ tnsf aF'bfx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f hLjgL n]vL zLif{s klg /fVg'xf];\ M

gfd M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f

hGdldlt M lj= ;=+ !(^^, sflt{s @&, nIdLkh" f

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 221

hGd:yfg M wf]aLwf/f, sf7df8f}+

dftflktf M cd//fHonIdL÷ltndfwj b]jsf]6f

lzIff M b/af/ xfO{ :s'naf6 dfWolds txsf] lzIff k|fKt lqrGb| sn]haf6
laP pQL0f{

k|sflzt /rgf M k"l0f{dfsf] hnlw -klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf_, levf/L -sljtf;ª\u|x_,
d'gf dbg -klxnf] k|sflzt v08sfJo_, sl' ~hgL, ng' L, Dx]Gb',
ti' ff/ j0f{g -v08sfJo_, zfsG' tn, ;n' f]rgf, dxf/f0ff k|tfk,
k|ldy;-dxfsfJo_, nIdL lgaGw;ª\u|x -lgaGw;ª\u|x_ cflb .

ljz]iftf M g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxfslj, cfTdk/s lgaGwsf/

lgwg M lj= ;+= @)!^ efb|, sf7df8f}+

-v_ g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] aofg ub}{ ljb]zL kqldqnfO{ g]kfn 3D' g cfpg] cg/' f]w
ub}{ Pp6f kq n]Vg'xf];\ .

!$= s'g} Ps p4/0fsf] ;k|;ªu\ JofVof ugx{' f];\ M $

-s_ /fi6« gj lgdf{0fsf] ofqf ;?' u/f}F ToxLFaf6==

hxfF xfdLn] zflGt / ;d[l4sf ;kgfx¿ ;hfPsf lyof}F .

-v_ ;fFrf] cy{df n]vs ToxL xf], hf] k|lts"n kl/l:ylt / sl7g cj:yfdf klg cfˆgf]
n]vgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul//xG5 .

!%= tnsf sg' } bO' { kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M @×$ Ö *

-s_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L cGTodf ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

sNkntfn] cgf/df xL/f kmn]sf] b]vfpg l5d]sLnfO{ af]nfOg\ / kf]N6fdf ePsf] xL/f b]vfOg\ .
lx/f b]v]kl5 l5d]sLx¿ klg 5Ss k/] . …oL sNkntfn] olt w]/} xL/f sxfF kfOg\ xf]nfÚ egL
pgLx¿ Ps cfk;df x]/fx]/ ug{ yfn] . sNkntfn] pgLx¿nfO{ cgf/sf] j[QfGt ;'gfOg\ . oL
s'/f ;'g]kl5 l5d]sLx¿n] pgnfO{ eg], …x]/ † of] ltd|f] k/LIf0f xf] . ltd|f] w}o{ / >dk|ltsf]
cf:yf klg xf] . of] ltdLn] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] kmn xf] . 9s' '/n] ;d]t ltd|f] k/LIf0f u¥of] . ltd|f]
;]jfaf6 v';L eP/ ltd|f] OR5f k"/f u/fpg p;n] of] kmn ltdLnfO{ lbof] . …;]jf u/] d]jf ldN5Ú
eg]sf] oxL t xf] lg t †Ú l5d]sLsf oL s'/f ;g' ]/ sNkntf uDeL/ eOg\ / elgg\, æxf] /x]5,
;fFRr} O{Zj/ eg]sf] oxL t xf]nf lg † O{Zj/n] b]V5g\, b'Mv u/] ;v' kfOG5 eg]sf] t ;fFrf]
/x]5 . dflg;df dfq xf]Og cGo k|f0fLdf klg ;]jfsf] k}Frf] ltg]{ k|j[lQ kfOFbf] /x]5 . 9's'/nfO{
d}n] arfPF . p;n] t dnfO{ To;eGbf klg w]/} lbP/ uof] .Æ

k|Zgx¿

-c_ …;]jf u/] d]jf ldN5Ú eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] <

-cf_ sNkntfk|lt l5d]sLx¿sf] s:tf] wf/0ff lyof] <

222 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

-v_ tnsf] sljtf+z k9L cGTodf ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

;dosf] Pp6f lg:k6\6 cGwsf/

xfdLn] lrl/;s]sf 5f}F

ca Pp6f gofF hLjgsf] ;?' u/f}F

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