Vyakaran_9_Final_2075

ltdL rDrfn] vfpm .
pm xftn] O;f/f ub}{ 5 .

sf/0f a´' fpg] efjjfrs gfddf …nÚ] nfU5 . h:t} M
pm ysfOn] nvt/fg eO{ .
;Ltf v;' Ln] ubub eO{ .
s[bGt lj|mof;“u …n]Ú nfU5 . h:t} M
afbn nfUgfn] hf8f] eof] .
3fd nfUgfn] udL{ eof] .
aQL hfgfn] c“Wof/f] eof] .

clgjfo{ cfjZostf a´' fpg cfpg] jfSodf stf{;u“ …nÚ] hf]l8G5 . h:t} M
ltdLn] /fd|/L k/LIff lbgk' 5{ .
xfdLn] ;dod} sfd ug'{k5{ .
ef]ln ltdLn] Toxf“ k'Ug'k5{ .

cr]tg stf{ cfPsf] ;sds{ ljm| ofkboQ' m jfSodf …n]Ú nfU5 . h:t} M
xfjfn] 9f]sf vf]Nof] .
3fdn] jiff{ u/fp“5 .

v_ …af6Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u

…af6Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u stf{ sf/sdf, s/0f sf/sdf / ckfbfg sf/sdf xG' 5 . stf{sf] ¿kdf
…af6Úsf] k|of]u sd{jfRodf xG' 5 . sd{jfRosf] stf{df …af6Úsf] k|of]u xG' 5 . sf/ssf] ¿kdf
eg] To;n] s/0fnfO{ hgfp“5 .

h:t} M
/fdaf6 efO sl' 6of] .
xfdLaf6 o:tf] uNtL bf]xf]l/Fb}g .
u?' af6 d af]nfOP“ .

sfd ug{] ;fwg a´' fpg] kb jf s/0f sf/s lrgfpg …af6Ú ljelQmsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . h:t} M
pm;“u 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;Dks{ u/]“ .
xfdL xjfO{hxfhaf6 cfof}“ .

s'g} 5l' §g] 7fp“, sfo{Jofkf/sf] ;|f]t jf ckfbfg sf/s lrgfpg …af6Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
h:t} M

/fd kf]v/faf6 cfof] .
¿vaf6 kft ´¥of] .
u“'8af6 km'n ´¥of] .

…af6Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u sg' } ;|f]t a'´fpg jf s]xL kfOg] 7fp“ a´' fpg cfpg] zAb;“u xG' 5 . h:t} M
zf:qaf6 1fg kfOG5 .
p;n] a}ª\saf6 k};f l´Sof] .
bxLaf6 df]xL aG5 .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 151

u_ ænfOÆ{ ljelQmsf] k|ofu]

…nfO{Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u sd{ / ;Dk|bfg sf/sdf x'G5 . …nfO{Ú k|of]u xg' ] cj:yfx¿ lgDg
/x]sf 5g\ M

;hLj sd{ cfPsf] ;sd{s lj|mofkb ePsf] jfSodf sd{;“u …nfO{Ú hf]l8G5 . h:t} M

d efOnfO{ af]nfp“5' .

xfdL cfdfnfO{ cf}wL dfof u5f}{“ .

låsd{s lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf ;hLj ck|ToIf sd{df …nfO{Ú ljelQm nfU5 . h:t} M

xl/n] efOnfO{ snd lbof] .

cfdf dnfO{ n'uf lslglbgx' 'G5 .

ck|ToIf jf pbf;Lg stf{;“u …nfO{Ú ljelQm nfU5 . h:t}

ltdLnfO{ v';L nfUof] .

p;nfO{ bM' v nfU5 .

sfdsf] p2]Zo a´' fpg cfpg] gfdkb;“u …nfO{Ú ljelQm nfU5 . h:t}M

ljjfxnfO{ vr{ h6' fpg ;lsg“ .

a:gnfO{ 3/} uOG5 .

…nfO{Ú ljelQm nf]k xg' ] cj:yf

;sd{s lj|mofkb ePsf] st[{jfRosf] jfSodf ck|f0fLjfrs sd{ k|of]u x'“bf …nfO{Ú ljelQm nf]k
xG' 5 . h:t} M

/fd eft vfG5 . -eft;“u nfO{ x'“b}g_

/lZd lr7L n]lV5g\ . -lr7LnfO{ x“'b}g_

låsds{ ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ePsf] jfSodf kT| oIf sd;{ u“ …nfOÚ{ ljelQm nfUbg} . h:t} M

d 5f]/fnfO{ slj agfpGg“ . -slj–k|ToIf sd{_

ltdL bfhn' fO{ lstfa lbG5f} . -lstfa–k|ToIf sd{_

3_ æbl] vÆ ljelQmsf] k|of]u M

k|f/De x'g] :yfg hgfp“bf M
sf7df8f}Fb]lv, lqz"nLb]lv, /Tgkfs{b]lv
k|f/De x'g] sfn÷;do a´' fp“bf M
cfhb]lv, Ps jif{b]lv
nfh, 8/, l/; cflb efj a´' fpg] kb cfPdf
alxgL aa' fb]lv nhfO{ .
pm af3b]lv 8/fof] .
d ltdLb]lv l/;fP“ .

152 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

ª_ æsf]Æ ljelQmsf] k|ofu] M

…sf]Ú ifi7L ljelQm xf] . o;n] gftf, :jfldTj jf ;DaGw b]vfp“5 .
/fdsf] sljtf, ljBfyL{sf] 5f]/f]
tkfO{+sf] sfd, cfdfsf] ´f]nf
pTkfbs– pTkfB ;DaGw hgfp“bf …sf]Ú k|of]u x'G5 .
sfpnLsf] t/sf/L, tf]/Lsf] t]n
gfOngsf] ´f]nf, s'v'/fsf] df;'
;do a'´fp“bf …sf]Ú k|of]u x'G5 .
laxfgsf] lx“8fO, ;f“´sf] aQL
lbp“;f]sf] 3fd, laxfgsf] gf:tf

r_ ædfÆ ljelQmsf] k|ofu]

…dfÚljelQmn] jfSodf sfo{Jofkf/sf] cfwf/ a´' fp“5 . o;n] clws/0f sf/snfO{ lrgfp“5 .
o;sf] k|of]u lgDg cj:yfdf x'G5 M

…dfÚ ljelQm sg' } klg sfdsf] cfwf/ a'´fpg k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M
lunf;df lrof 5 .
ljBfnodf k/LIff rNb} 5 .
lj|mofn] ug]{ sfo{Jofkf/sf] ;do a'´fpg klg …dfÚ ljelQmsf] k|of]u xG' 5 .
Ps xKtfdf ;a} sfd ;lsG5 .
;f“´df cfOk'u]sf] kfx'gf b]jtf;dfg x'G5 .
ltdL oxf“af6 b'O{ 306fdf ahf/ kU' g] 5f} .
glhs ;ª\s]t ug'{kbf{ …dfÚ ljelQmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M
gj' fsf]6df d]/f] 38]/L 5 .
cf“ugdf la:s'g xfn .

ljelQm / sf/ssf] ;DaGw

gflds zAb;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg] clg sf/s 56' \ofpg] lrXgx¿nfO{ ljelQm elgG5 . ljelQmn]
sg' } klg jfSodf /x]sf] Pp6f zAbsf] lj|mof;“usf] ;DaGw a´' fp5“ . ky| df, låtLof, tt[ Lof u/L
;KtdL;Dd hDdf ;ft j6f ljelQm 5g\ . n], af6, nfO{, åf/f, b]lv, df cflb ljelQmsf lrXg
xg' \ . jfSodf k|of]u ePsf gflds kb jf gfd, ;j{gfd / ljz]if0f lj|mof;“u ;DalGwt x“'b} stf{,
sd{, s/0f, ;Dk|bfg, ckfbfg tyf clws/0f sf/ssf] el" dsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ / :ki6 cy{ lbG5g\ .
ljelQm / sf/saLrsf] cGt/nfO{ o;k|sf/ k|:tt' ul/G5 M

gflds zAb jf gfd, ;j{gfd / ljz]if0f;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg] lrXgx¿ ljelQm x'g\ eg] sf/s eg]sf
gflds zAb :jo+ xg' \ .

ljelQmn] sf/snfO{ lrgfp“5 t/ sf/sn] gflds zAbsf] lj|mofkb;“usf] ;DaGw hgfp“5 .

ljelQmx¿ ;ft k|sf/sf -k|ydb]lv ;KtdL;Dd_ 5g\ t/ sf/s 5 k|sf/sf 5g\ .

ifi7L ljelQmn] zAbsf] lj|mofkb;“usf] ;DaGw hgfp“b}g . o;y{ To:tf] ljelQm hf]l8Psf] zAbsf]
sf/s 5l' §“b}g .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 153

cEof;

c= tnsf jfSodf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] sf/s 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M

pbfx/0f

uf]7fnf]n] 9ª' \ufn] xfg]/ afFb/nfO{ nv]6\of] clg n6\7Ln] 5]Sb} ufO{j:t'nfO{ v]taf6 uf]7lt/
nUof] .

uf]7fnf] – stf{ sf/s
9ª' \uf – s/0f sf/s
afFb/ – sd{ sf/s
v]t – ckfbfg sf/s
s_ uª\ufn] kfj{tLnfO{ snd lbO{ . kfj{tLn] Tof] snd ´f]nfdf /fvL .
v_ efOn] n6\7Ln] xfg]/ ¿vaf6 cfFk ´f¥of] .
u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fP/ cfp“bfcfp“b} af6fdf sfsfn] dnfO{ xftsf] O;f/fn] af]nfpge' of] . d

bf}8]/ uP“ .
3_ jL/uGhaf6 a;åf/f cfPsf xfd|f sfG5fnfO{ sf7df8f}Fdf hf8f]n] v'a ;tfof] .

ª_ s[i0fn] n6\7Ln] xfg]/ ;k{ df¥of] clg vfN8fdf xfNof] .
r_ wf/fdf k"hfnfO{ rf]vf] kfgL lng uPsf] /fdn] l9nf] u/]sf] x“'bf dflnSgLn] n6\7Ln] lxsf{Og\ .

5_ uLtf sndn] sfkLdf n]lV5g\ . pgsf 3/df k9\gnfO{ k:' tsx¿ 5g\ . k:' tsx¿ lnP/ pgL
ljBfno hflG5g\ .

h_ cN5Ln] lgliqmo eP/ vf6df a;]sf] jL/axfb'/nfO{ ;fyLn] Ogf/af6 kfgL l´s]/ vj' fof] .

´_ /fhfrflx“ /fgLnfO{ knªdf ;'tfP/ cfk"m xftdf t/af/ lnP/ va' rgfvf] eP/ al;/x] .

`_ /fdn] snd lsGof] . p;n] of] snd vNtLdf /fVof] . p;n] sndn] Pp6f lstfa nV] of] .
cGTodf p;n] Tof] snd cfˆgf] efOnfO{ lbof] .

cf= ldNbf] ljelQm /fv]/ tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f u/ M -k|ydf ljelQm_
!= -s_ /fd ======================== ZofdnfO{ 3/ k7fof] . -t[tLof ljelQm_
-v_ bLk]z ======================== sndn] n]Vof] . -;KtdL ljelQm_
-u_ dg' fn] yfn ======================== eft kl:sg\ . -k~rdL ljelQm_
-3_ ¿v ======================== kftx¿ ´/] . -clws/0f sf/s_
@= -s_ /fdsf] lstfa 6]an' ======================== 5 . -ckfbfg sf/s_
-v_ ltdL a; ======================== cfof} . -k|ydf ljelQm_
-u_ /df ======================== syf elgg\ . -k~rdL ljelQm_
-3_ ¿v ======================== cfFk ´¥of] .

154 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

#= -s_ lnª\sg aGr/f] ======================== bfp/f lr5{ . -s/0f sf/s_
-v_ ¿v ======================== kftx¿ ´b}{ 5g\ . -ckfbfg sf/s_
-u_ ;fyLx¿ kf]v/f ======================== klv{/x]sf 5g\ . -clws/0f sf/s_
-3_ lbbLn] d ======================== af]nfpg'eof] . -sd{ sf/s_

$= -s_ /df ======================== eft vfOg\ . -stf{ sf/s_
-v_ r/f] ¿v ======================== p8\of] . -ckfbfg sf/s_
-u_ lzlz/n] ;f}/e ======================== ;D´fof] . -sd{ sf/s_
-3_ s[i0fn] sf]bfnf] ======================== s'nf] vGof] . -s/0f sf/s_

%= -s_ gf]u]{ kf]v/f ======================== cfof] . -ckfbfg sf/s_
-v_ tf/fn] ;ª\ud ======================== k:' ts lbO{ . -;Dk|bfg sf/s_
-u_ xl/ ======================== dnfO{ af]nfof] . -ljelQm_
-3_ ltdL 6]an' ======================== ga; . -ljelQm_

^= -s_ /fd ahf/ ======================== 3/ cfof] . -ckfbfg sf/s_
-v_ cfsfz ======================== afbn nfu]/ hf8f] eof] . -clws/0f sf/s_
-u_ xl/ ======================== n6\7Ln] ;k{nfO{ df¥of] . -t[tLof ljelQm_
-3_ lbbLn] alxgL ======================== gofF snd NofOlbOg\ . -rty' L{ ljelQm_

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 155

(PsfO
afw]

s;}sf] lnlvt jf df}lvs cleJolQm k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf a'¤g] k|of; ug{'nfO{ af]w elgG5 .
cyf{t\ af]w eg]sf] a´' fO klg xf] . 3/Jojxf/sf ;fdfGo sfdsfhb]lv lnP/ 1fglj1fg, snf,
;flxTo, k|ljlw, ;~rf/, k|zf;g, Jofkf/, jfl0fHo cflbsf If]qdf ;d]t af]wn] uxg el" dsf lgjf{x
ub{5 . lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bsf] dd{ ga'´];Dd af]wsf] cy{ :ki6 x'“b}g . 5f]6f] ;dod} ljifoj:ts' f] dd{
klxNofP/ v“lbnf] / k"0f{ pQ/ lbg' g} af]w xf] . o;n] JolQmsf] af}l4s Ifdtfsf] dN" ofª\sg ub{5 .

af]wsf nflu lbOPsf] cg'R5]b jf kf7 g} ;j{:j dflgG5 . cg'R5]b jf kf7sf] uxg cWoog,
lrGtgdgg gu/];Dd af]wsf] cy{ k|efjsf/L aGb}g . af]wnfO{ a¤' gsf nflu lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b -kf7_
sf] ljifo jf ;Gbe{sf] dfq ;xfotf lngk' 5{ . lbOPsf] cg'R5]b -kf7_ eGbf aflx/sf] k|;ª\u af]w
>'ltaf]w xf] eg] k9]/ ul/g] af]w k7gaf]w xf] .

af]w kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbb“ f Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿

lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b jf kf7\of+z ;r]ttf tyf w}o{k"j{s cy{ jf efj :ki6 geP;Dd k6sk6s
k9\gk' 5{ .

cg'R5]bsf cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿ /fd|/L k9]/ k|Zgn] dfu]sf] s'/f kQf nufpg] k|of;
ug{'k5{ .

;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ cg'R5]baf6 vf]h]/ /]vfª\lst ug'{k5{ .
lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bdf pQ/ ge]l6Pdf l;ª\uf] cgR' 5]bs} d"n dd{, efj jf cfzonfO{ a¤' g] k|oTg

ug'{k5{ .
s'g} klg k|Zgsf] pQ/ lb“bf cfˆgf] ljåtf k|of]u gu/L cg'R5]bd} cfwfl/t eP/ lbg'k5{ .
k|Zgn] h] dfu]sf] 5 ;f] dfq 5f]6f], 5l/tf] / :ki6;“u pQ/df n]Vgk' 5{ .
;s];Dd cgR' 5]bs} zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L j}olQms 9ª\uaf6 jfSou7g u/]/ pQ/ n]Vg'k5{ t/

cg'R5]bs} zAbx¿ xa' x' ;fg'{x'“b}g .
pQ/df pbfx/0f lbg], JofVof ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd gu/L r'/ s/' f dfq pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
k|Zgdf k|o'Qm sfn, kIf,jrg,lnª\u, cfb/ cflbsf cfwf/df pQ/ n]Vgk' 5{ .
k|Zgdf h'g 9f“rfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5,pQ/df klg ToxL 9f“rfsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
/]vfª\lst kb jf kbfjnLsf] cy{ n]Vbf sf]zLo cy{nfO{ dfq Wofg lbg'x“'b}g . k|;ª\u ldNg]

jf ;Gbe{k/s cy{ lbg] vfnsf] pQ/ n]Vg'k5{ .
lbOPsf kb jf kbfjnLx¿sf] jfSodf k|of]u ubf{ cgR' 5]bs} ;Gbe{nfO{ ldNg] u/L df}lns

jfSo agfpg'k5{ t/ kf7sf] jfSo x'ax' h:tfsf] t:t} ;fg{'x'“b}g .
zLif{s lbg'kg]{ ePdf cgR' 5]bsf] efj jf d"n dd{ :ki6 x'g] u/L lbgk' 5{ .
efj ;d]6\g] vfnsf] cz+ e]l6Pdf cg'R5]baf6} zLif{s /fVbf ;fGble{s xG' 5 .

156 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

gdg' f afw]

klZrdL d'ns' sf dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs If]qdf lgZro g} kj" L{o ;dfhsf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n'
jf ;fd"lxs el" dsfsf] k|Zgdf a9L :jfwLg / :jtGq 5g\ . j:tt' M klZrdL dlxnfx¿sf] of] ;b' [9,
:jtGq / :jfwLg l:yltsf] >]o Toxf“sf] k?' ifju{sf] pbfQ e"ldsfdfly g} hfG5 . csf]{ cy{df
klZrdL k'?ifx¿ gf/L ;dfgtfsf k|Zgdf :ki6 5g\, k/Dk/fjfbL / ¿9 dfGotfaf6 d'Qm 5g\ To;}n]
Toxf“ gf/L :jtGqtfn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . cj;/ kfPdf jf lbOPdf ;a}lt/ dlxnfju{n] klg k?' ifn]
eGbf /fd|f sfdx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf sg' } zª\sf 5}g . of] tYo af/Daf/ k|dfl0ft
x“b' } cfPsf] 5 . xfdL sxf“ hlt klg dlxnf ljsf;;DaGwL uf]i7L tyf sfo{j|mdx¿ cfof]hgf ul/P
klg o:tf sfo{j|mdx¿af6 lg:sg] lgisif{nfO{ sfo{¿k lbgsf nflu ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ljsf;
x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . olt ug{ ;s]sf v08df k"jL{o gf/Lx¿ klg ;fdflhs If]qdf klZrdL
gf/L;/x xg' ] 5g\ .

k|Zgx¿ M
-s_ klZrdL dn' 'sdf dlxnfx¿ sg' cy{df k"jL{o ;dfhsf dlxnfsf t'ngfdf a9L :jtGq 5g\ <
-v_ klZrdL d'n'sx¿df lsg gf/L :jtGqtfn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 <
-u_ oxf“ n]vsn] gf/Lx¿ kl5 kgf{sf] sf/0f s] b]vfPsf 5g\ <
-3_ ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ljsf; lsg clgjfo{ 5 <
-ª_ …pbfQÚ / …lgisif{Ú zAbsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\ .

pQ/x¿
-s_ klZrdL dn' 'ssf dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs If]qdf tyf 3/]n' jf ;fdl" xs el" dsfsf k|Zgdf k"jL{o

;dfhsf dlxnfsf] tn' gfdf a9L :jtGq 5g\ .
-v_ klZrdL k?' ifx¿sf] pbfQ :jefjsf sf/0f klZrdL dn' s' x¿df gf/L :jtGqtfn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 .
-u_ oxf“ nv] sn] gf/Lx¿ kl5 kgfs{ f] sf/0f ;fdflhs rt] gfsf] ljsf; xg' g;Sgn' fO{ bv] fPsf 5g\ .
-3_ ;fdflhs rt] gfsf] ljsf; ePdf gf/L / k?' iflarsf] c;dfgtf x6g\ ] / dlxnf :jtGqtfn] :yfg

kfpg] xg' fn] ;fdflhs ljsf; clgjfo{ 5 .
-ª_ pbfQsf] cy{ pbf/ xf] eg] lgisif{sf] cy{ lgrf]8 xf] .

cEof;

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
dfgj hLjgdf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf xG' 5 . jftfj/0f / ljsf; Ps}

l;Ssfsf bO' { kf6f xg' \ . lognfO{ ;Gtl' nt / ;dlGjt /fv]/ cufl8 a9]df g} dfgj hLjgsf]
eljio pHHjn xg' ] 5 . d"ntM k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ch]o zlQm / hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf], h;n]
o;sf lj?4 rNg vf]H5, Tof] dflg;n] cfˆgf] lrxfg cfkm} vGg' ;/x xf] . k|s[ltdfly ljho
k|fKt u5{' eGg] 7fGg' kxf8nfO{ 6fpsfn] kmf5] {' eGg] dv" t{ f dfq xf] . jftfj/0f / dfgjhLjg
;f/f kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltsf] hLjgfwf/ xf] . o;sf] ;/+ If0fljgf dfgjhLjgsf] ;/+ If0f ;Dej

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 157

5}g . o;y{ o;sf] ;/+ If0fsf] nflu ;dod} sbd rflngk' b{5 . k|f0fLhut\ / jftfj/0fsf]
;DaGw cfTdf / z/L/sf] h:tf] 5 . jftfj/0fljgf k|f0fLhut\sf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g .
cGo u|xx¿df k[YjLdf h:tf] jftfj/0f gePsf]n] g} k|f0fLsf] cl:tTj g/x]sf] xf] . t;y{
dfgjhLjgsf] cl:tTjsf] nflu klg jftfj/0f ;/+ lIft /xg' h?/L 5 .
k|Zgx¿M
-s_ dfgj hLjgsf] eljio s;/L pHHjn x'g ;S5 <
-v_ jftfj/0f lj?4 rNg' eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ k|f0fLhut\ / jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 <
-3_ cGo u|xx¿df k|f0fLsf] cl:tTj g/xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-ª_ …sbdÚ / …;/+ If0fÚ zAbsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\ .
@= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
rfp/L kl/;s]sf ufnf / xftsf 5fnf, ´§ x]bf{ lgs} sdhf]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pgLx¿
oyfy{df eg] lgs} sl7g ofqfsf ;f/ly x'g\ . cfwl' gs v]tLkftLsf] gfddf k[YjLsf] pj{/ zlQm
g} gi6 xg' ] u/L / k|fs[lts cj:yf g} vnalng] u/L hyfefjL ljiffbL, /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u
a9]kl5 la/fdL k/]sf] k[YjLnfO{ pkrf/sf] ;Gb]z lnP/ lxF8]sf 5g\, Go'lhNofG8sf ;/ XofG;
dN8/ / pgsL kTgL Olgs] lzIf0f k];faf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf pgLx¿n] k[YjLnfO{ arfpg] xf]
eg] h}ljs hLjgz}nLsf] ljsf; ug{'kg]{ 7x/;lxt ljleGg b]zdf uP/ ;a}nfO{ ;';l" rt u/fpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}Fsf] s]leg /f]xg :d[lt k|1f k|lti7fgsf] cfof]hgfdf ;f]daf/b]lv
;'? ePsf] bO' { lbg] afof] 8fOgflds ;]ldgf/df ljz]if1 eP/ ;xefuL ePsf dN8/ bDktLn]
a9LeGbf a9L b]zdf uP/ dfgj hfltn] cfˆgf] :jf:Yosf nflu k[YjLsf] :jf:Yosf] ljz]if
Vofn ug{'kg]{ / df6f] / k[YjL la/fdL k/] xfdL la/fdL k5f}{+ eGg] lzIff ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lbg]
u/]sf 5g\ . XofG;sf cg';f/ *^ jif{ cl3 kY[ jLsf] df6fd] f hg' cufl{ gs tŒj lyof,] clxn]
To;sf] ljgfz eO;ss] f] 5 . of] ljifodf a]n}df ;r]t gx'g] xf] eg] Osf]l;:6d / l;ª\uf]
k|fs[lts cj:yf g} etfeª' \u x'g] vt/f a9\g] 5 .
kZ| gx¿ M
s_ cfw'lgs v]tLkftLsf] kl/0ffddf s] s:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 <
v_ k[YjLsf] pkrf/sf] ;Gb]z lnP/ lxF8]sf JolQmx¿ sf] – sf] xg' \ < pgLx¿ s'g b]zsf gful/s
x'g\ <
u_ dN8/ bDktLsf] xfnsf] p2]Zo s] /x]sf] 5 <
3_ k[YjLsf] df6f]df klxn] / clxn]df s] leGgtf b]lvG5 <
ª_ …;r]tÚ / …etfe'ª\uÚ zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .

158 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!)PsfO
ab'“ fl6kf6] / ;f/fz+

sg' } kf7 jf cg'R5]bdf ;dfj]z ePsf d"ne"t s'/fx¿nfO{ l6Kg' g} a'“bfl6kf]6 xf] . cgR' 5]b jf
kf7df ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ cz+ x¿nfO{ a“'bfl6kf]6sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . ab“' fl6kf6] n] l;ªu\ f] kf7sf] r/' f]
kQf nufpg] xb“' f o;sf] dxŒj w/] } 5 .

ab'“ fl6kf6] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿

lbOPsf] cz+ ÷kf7\of+z÷cgR' 5]b jf kf7nfO{ cToGt cle?lrk"j{s k9\g'k5{ .
kf7sf dxŒjk"0f{ a“'bfx¿nfO{ :ki6 kf/L ltgnfO{ /]vfª\lst ug'{k5{ .
l;nl;nf eª\u gxg' ] u/L l6lkPsf a“'bfx¿nfO{ /fVg'k5{ .
l6lkPsf a'“bfx¿df klg ;z+ f]wg / kl/dfh{g ug{'k5{ .
a'“bfl6kf]6sf] jfSo k0" f{, ck0" f{ h'g klg x'g ;S5 t/ l6k]sf s/' fx¿ :ki6 xg' k' 5{ .
k|Zgdf tf]lsPsf] ;ª\VofeGbf a9L a“'bf l6Kg'x“'b}g, gtf]lsPsf] eP $÷% a“'bf l6Kgk' 5{ .
s'g} klg kf7\of+z÷cg'R5]b jf cz+ df /x]sf s/' fx¿nfO{ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ j|md eª\u gx'g] u/L
Pst[tLof+zdf ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ k|lj|mof g} ;ª\If]kLs/0f xf] . o;nfO{ ;f/f+z klg eGg]
rng 5 .

;ªI\ fk] Ls/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s/' fx¿

;ª\If]kLs/0f ug{ lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b cToGt uxgtfkj" {s k6sk6s k9\g'k5{ / r'/f] s/' f kQf
nufpg'k5{ .

cg'R5]bsf] r/' f] s/' f kQf nfu]kl5 dV' od'Vo c+zdf /]vfª\lst ug'{k5{ .
cg'R5]bsf] zAb;ª\Vof kQf nufO{ To;sf] Ps ltxfO{÷Pst[tLofz+ zAb;ª\Vof lglZrt

ug{'k5{ .
cgR' 5]baf6 l6lkPsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df v];|fn]vg tof/ kfg{'kb{5 .
v];|fn]vg ubf{ ;d:t zAb / hl6n jfSo ;+/rgfdf hf]8 lbgk' 5{ .
;ª\If]kLs/0f ubf{ cg'R5]bdf plNnlvt k|ToIf sygnfO{ ck|ToIf sygdf kl/jt{g ug{'k5{ .
;ª\If]kLs/0f ul/;s]kl5 cgR' 5]bsf] dn" dd{nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L pkoQ' m zLifs{ /fVgk' 5{ tyf

cGTodf zAb;ªV\ of klg :ki6;u“ pNnv] ul/gk' 5{ .
dfWolds txsf] k/LIffdf aF'bfl6kf]6 / ;f/f+z Pp6} k|Zgdf ;f]lwG5 . o:tf] k|Zgdf klxnf $ j6f
a'Fbf l6Kg] clg ;f/fz+ n]Vg] ug{'k5{ .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 159

gd'gf a'bF fl6kf]6 / ;f/f+z

ldlynf lrqsnfdf :yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwgx¿s} k|of]u ul/G5 . d}lyn gf/Lx¿n] rfdnsf] kL7f],
a];f/, l;Gb'/ cflb ljleGg 3/]n', ;fdu|Lx¿ / jg:kltaf6 lrqsnfdf k|of]u xg' ] /ªx¿ agfp“5g\ .
of] nf]ssnfdf ;fdGotof ;ft k|sf/sf /ªx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . tL x'g\ M– ;]tf], l;Gb'/L, kx]“nf],
gLnf], /ftf], sfnf] / xl/of] . rfdnsf] kL7f]af6 ;]tf] /ª tof/ ul/G5 . afv|Lsf] bw" df l;Gb'/
ld;fP/ l;Gb/' L /ª agfOG5 . kx]“nf] /ªsf nflu a];f/ k|of]u ul/G5 . gLnaf6 gLnf] /ª lgsflnG5 .
o;/L g} Ps Wjf“;f]df uf]a/ / u“'b ld;fP/ sfnf] /ª agfOG5 . xl/of] /ªrflx“ l;dLsf] kftaf6
tof/ kfl/G5 . lrqdf 6ns lbgk' /]df /ªdf an]sf] ub' L ld;fOG5 . d}lyn gf/Lx¿n] af“;sf]
sK6]/fdf skf; jf g/d sk8f a]/]/ jf cfÏgf cf}“nfx¿ k|of]u u/]/ lrq sf]b{5g\ . o:tf lrqx¿
3/sf leQf / eO' “sf ;fy} 3f“; / af“;af6 agfOPsf ;fdfgx¿, ;'tL tyf /];dL sk8fx¿df
agfOG5g\ . vf;vf; k"hfcfhf, ljjfx, j|taGw cflb rf8kj{df agfOg] o:tf lrqx¿ k|foM
c:yfoL g} xG' 5g\ tfklg gf/L ;d'bfon] Pskl5 csf]{ k:' tfnfO{ snf x:tfGt/0f ub}{ cfPsfn] of]
k/Dk/f cfh klg d}lynL ;dfhdf ljBdfg 5 .

a'b“ f l6kf6]
ldlynf lrqsnfdf :yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/g],
d}lyn gf/Lx¿n] rfdnsf] lk7f], a];f/, l;Gb'/ cflb 3/]n' ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ lrq sf]g]{,
lrq sf]g{ af“;sf sK6]/f tyf xftsf cf}“nf k|of]u ug]{,
c:yfoL eP klg o:tf lrqsnf Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'“b} cfPsfn] hLljt /x]sf] .

;f/fz+

ldlynf lrqsnf

ldlynf lrqsnfdf :yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . d}lyn gf/Lx¿ rfdnsf] kL7f], a];f/
l;Gb/' cflb ljleGg 3/]n' ;fdu|L tyf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/]/ d}lyn gf/Lx¿n] ;'Gb/ lrq
sf]5{g\ . pgLx¿ lrq sf]g{ af“;sf sK6]/f tyf xftsf cf}“nfsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . o:tf lrqx¿ c:yfoL
eP klg Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k:' tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'“b} jt{dfg;Dd hLljt /x]sf 5g\ .

hDdf !^! zAb

Pst[tLof+z – %$ zAb

;f/f+z – %@ zAb

160 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

cEof;

!= tnsf] uBf+zaf6 rf/ j6f a'Fbf l6kL ;f/fz+ n]Vgx' f];\ M
DofGdf/df ;g\ @)!) df ;]gf ;dlk{t /fi6«klt lyPgg\, To;n] ubf{ ToxfF s]xL /fhgLlts ;'wf/

sf] k|f/De eof] . o; l;nl;nfdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o b'j}tkm{af6 cfª ;fg ;s' LnfO{ l/xf
u/fpg e/dUb/' k|of/ eof] . ;s' Ln] klg ghf/aGbdf /xFbf ;}lgs ;/sf/n] nfu' u/]sf lgod
k"0f{ kfng u/L cbfntn] tf]s]sf] gh/aGbsf] cjlw;d]t e'Qmfg u/]sL lyOg\ . kmn:j¿k
!# gf]e]Da/ @)!) df pgL nufot ;a} /fhgLlts aGbLnfO{ l/xf ug{ ;}lgs ;/sf/ afWo
eof] . ;}lgs ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts bndflysf] k|ltaGw klg x6fof] / ljb]zdf /x]sf /fhgLlts
z/0ffyL{nfO{ ;d]t dfkmL lbof] . b]zdf k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbsf] k0" f{ sfof{Gjog eOgs;s]sf]
sf/0f k|ltkIfL g]t[sf ¿kdf cfª;fª ;s' Lsf] ;ª\3if{ hLjge/ hf/L /Xof] .
@= tnsf] uBf+zaf6 rf/ j6f a'Fbf l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f];\ M
;+:s[lt e"uf]n, hltcg;' f/ km/s xG' 5 . t/fO{ dw];df udL{ xg' ] ePsfn] ToxfFsf dflg;sf] klx/g
a9L vn' f k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . lxdfnL e]udf cTolws hf8f] x'g] ePsfn] ToxfFsf] klx/g a9L g}
aGb k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . To:t} kxf8sf] xfjfkfgL w]/} udL{ / w]/} hf8f] gxg' ] ePsfn] ToxfFsf] klx/g
;f]xL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;}u/L vfglkg d]nf, pT;j, hLjg ;+:sf/, rf8kj{, af]nLrfnL cflb
klg xfjfkfgLcg;' f/ km/s xG' 5g\ . ;+:s[lt hftlkR5] km/skm/s xG' 5g\ eGg] pbfx/0f xfdL;Fu
hlt klg 5g\ . Pp6} 6f]ndf a:g] z]kf{x¿ Nxf];f/df, /fO{x¿ ;fs]nfdf, g]jf/x¿ O{Gb|hfqfdf,
lnDax" ¿ wfggfrdf /dfpF5g\ . dlxnf / k'?ifsf klx/g, u/uxgf, af]nLrfnLdf kfOg] leGgtfsf
cfwf/df klg ;:+ s[lt km/s x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= tnsf] uBf+zaf6 rf/ j6f aF'bf l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vg'xf];\ M
kY[ jLdf /xs] f af6] la?jf, sL6ktªu\ , r/fr?' ªu\ L, hgfj/ / dflg;x¿ k/:k/df lge/{
5g\ . kf| 0fLx¿n] vfBtŒj / clS;hg af6] la?jfaf6 kfp5F g\ . af6] la?jfx¿n] klg cfkm" nfO{
rflxg] xfjf / vfgs] /' f hLjhGta' f6 lnG5g\ . dflg; tyf hgfj/sf dndq' af6] la?jfsf
pQd vfgf xg' \ . ;8u] ns] f kftkltªu\ /nfO{ sx' fP/ af6] la?jfsf nflu vfgofU] o dn agfpg]
sfd sL6ktªu\ x¿n] u5g{ \ . o;/L kY[ jLsf kf| 0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf ng] bg] kl| jm| of rjm| ´F}
3l' d/xG5 . o:t} cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGwn] kY[ jLdf hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej ePsf] xf] . oxL
lnglbg] kl| jm| of gldn/] clxn] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f a9s] f] 5 .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 161

!!PsfO
lgbl{] zt /rgf

s= syf n]vg

syfsf] ;+/rgf

!= zLif{s – rl/q / kl/j]zcg'¿k 36gfsf] cf/De
@= k|f/De – syfj:t'sf] yfngL cyf{t\ syfsf] ;df]b\3f6g
– kl/j]z / 36gfsf] ljsf; tyf s'tx" ntf ;[hgf
#= dWo – åGå / ;ª\3if{sf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ r/df]Tsif{
– qf;bL, s?0ff, ;j+ ]bgf, ;xfg'e"lt tyf lh1f;f ;[hgf
– k|ltr/df]Tsif{ / ljifoj:ts' f] cjt/0f
$= lgisif{ – pkb]zd"ns cyf{t\ ;Gb]zd"ns ;dflKt
– lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKt


k/LIffsf] ;Gbe{df syf n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿
syf n]Vg'k"j{ lbOPsf a“'bfx¿nfO{ lrGtgdgg ug{'k5{ .
syfsf] 36gf;“u ;DalGwt kfq÷rl/qx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ª\Vof a9fpg ;lsG5 t/

ljifoj:t'eGbf aflx/ axlsP/ syf n]vg ug{'x'“b}g .
syfdf 5f]6f5f]6f ;+jfbsf] ;dfof]hg ug{'k5{ .
syf n]vg ubf{ kfqfg's"n ;/n Pjd\ ;xh efiffz}nL ljGof; ug{'k5{ .
syfnfO{ lrQfsif{s / cf]hk0" f{ agfpg df}lns efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
sg' } klg p2]Zoljgf syfsf] ;[hgf ul/“b}g t;y{ lglZrt p2]Zo /fv]/ dfq syf ;[hgf ug'{k5{ .
syfdf ;s];Dd kf7sdf sf}t'xntf / lh1f;f ;[hgf ug]{ vfnsf] 36gfsf] lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ .
;se/ syfnfO{ /f]rs / oyfy{k/s agfpg'k5{ .
syf n]vgdf sDtLdf tLg cgR' 5]b xg' k' 5{ . o;df cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L ltg efu x'g'

cfjZos 7flgG5 .

162 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

lbOPsf a'“bfsf] dn" dd{ gdg]{ u/L syf tof/ kfg'{k5{ .
syf s'g} g s'g} ;Gb]z lbg] vfnsf] xg' k' 5{ . syfn] lbg] ;Gb]zsf af/]df n]vs df}g x'g'k5{ .

;f] s/' f 36gfn] g} :ki6 kfg{'k5{ .
syf n]vgsf] cGTodf syfsf] efjcg';f/sf] zLif{s /fVg'k5{ . zLif{s d"n efjsf cfwf/df,

kfqsf cfwf/df jf laDa k|tLssf cfwf/df /fVg'k5{ . h;/L zLif{s /fv] klg zLif{s
cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L xg' 'k5{ .
syfdf lbOPsf ck0" f{ jfSox¿nfO{ dfl} ns 9ªu\ af6 k0" f{ agfpgk' 5{ .

gd'gf syf

!= lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf n]vL zLif{s klg /fVgx' f];\ M

Pp6L al3gLnfO{ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf af3n] l;sf/ u/L v'jfpg' – Ps lbg l;sf/ k]mnf kfg{
g;Sg' – kms{g] a]nf :ofnsf] aRrf] e]6L al3gLnfO{ lhpFb} a´' fpg' – al3gLn] dfof u/]/
h]7f] 5f]/f] dfgL kfNg' – af3sf] 8d? / :ofnsf] aRrf] bfhe' fOsf ¿kdf ;“u;“u} hª\undf
3d' lkm/ ug'{ – cgf{, u}“8f cflbsf] l;sf/ ug{ cl3 ;g]{ 8d?nfO{ :ofnsf] aRrfn] /f]Sg' – Ps
lbg ltgLx¿sf] xfQLl;t hDsfe]6 xg' ' – 8d? xfQLdfly hfOnfUbf :ofnn] /f]Sg' – 8d?n]
cfkm" nfO{ bfh'n] xfQLsf] l;sf/ ug{ /f]s]sf]df al3gLl;t ug' f;f] ug{' – o;sf] sn' df xfQLsf]
l;sf/ x'g g;Sg] s/' f al3gLn] hjfkm lbg' .

sn' ug' a'l4, dn" ug' kfgL

Psfb]zdf Pp6f 3gf hª\un lyof] . hª\undf ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x¿ lyP . s'g} lx+;|s
lyP eg] s'g} clx+;|s lyP . hgfj/x¿ cfkm" a:g] hª\unnfO{ cToGt dfof uy]{ . af3, efn',
xl/0f, d[u, cgf{ cflb hgfj/x¿ /x]sf] pQm hª\undf af3;Fu w]/} hgfj/x¿ 8/fpFy] .
Tof] :jfefljs klg lyof] . af3sf] :jefj eg]s} lx+;|s x'g' xf] . k|s[ltn] g} p;nfO{ cGo
hgfj/x¿sf] lx+;f u/]/ cfˆgf] hLljsf rnfpg] j/bfg lbPsf] 5 . hª\undf Ps lbg Pp6L
al3gL ;T' s]/L eO{ . af3n] l;sf/ u/]/ NofO{ p;nfO{ vj' fpg] u/]sf] lyof] .

;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf /x]sL al3gL cfkm}F l;sf/ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sL lyO{ . l;sf/df
lgl:sPsf] af3n] s]xL km]nf kfg{ ;s]g . lbgel/sf] c;kmn k|of;kl5 lgGofp/f] cg'xf/
nufP/ 3/ kms{b+ } u/]sf] af3n] Pp6f :ofnsf] aRrf] e]6\of] . Tof] aRrf]nfO{ cfˆgL al3gLn]
g} df/]/ ef]hg u/f];\ eGg] ;f]r]/ p;n] lhpFb} nUof] / al3gLnfO{ a'´fof] . ;'Ts]/L al3gLn]
:ofnsf] aRrfdf cfˆgf 8d?x¿sf] k|ltlaDa b]vL . p;n] To;sf] l;sf/ ug{ ;lsg . p;sf]
dft[Tj PsfPs pn]{/ cfof] . :ofnsf] aRrfnfO{ gdfg]{ clg cfˆgf 8d?x¿ ;Fu} kfNg] lg0f{o
u/]/ To;nfO{ 8d?;Fu} x'sf{pg] ljrf/ u/L . 8d? / :ofnsf] aRrf bfh'efOh;/L ;Fu} v]Ng] /
8'Ng] ug{ yfn] . pgLx¿ hª\undf ;Fu} hfGy] / l;sf/ uy]{ . Ps lbg pgLx¿ ;Fu} 8N' b} lyP .
cufl8 Pp6f xfQL cfof] . 8d? xQkQ xfQLdfly hfOnfUof] . Tof] b]v]/ :ofnsf] aRrfn]

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 163

p;nfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hof] . Tof] b]v]/ 8d?nfO{ crDd nfUof] . pm cfdfsf] 5]pdf cfof] / eGof]
…cfdf, d xfQLsf] l;sf/ ub}{ lyPF t/ bfOn] dnfO{ /f]Sge' of] .Ú cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] s/' f ;g' ]/
al3gLn] :ofnsf] s'ndf xfQLh:tf] 7"nf] hgfj/sf] l;sf/ gxg' ] s/' f atfO{ .

af3n] h:tf] hgfj/sf] klg l;sf/ ug{ ;S5 t/ :ofnn] ;Sb}g . af3sf] sn' / :ofnsf] sn'
km/s xf] . dn" cg';f/ kfgL, s'ncg;' f/ a'l4 xg' ] s/' f :ofnsf] aRrf]n] 8d?nfO{ xfQLsf]
l;sf/ ug{af6 /f]s]sf] 36gfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . To:t} dflg;sf] sfd u/fOdf klg p;n] kfPsf]
/xg;xg, lzIffbLIff cflbn] p;sf] sfd u/fOdf c;/ kf5{ eGg] s/' f :ofn / 8d?sf] syfn]
l;sfPsf] 5 .

@= lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df pko'Qm zLif{s lbO{ 5f]6f] syf n]Vg'xf];\ M

Pp6f b]zsf /fhf ufp“lt/ 3'Dg lg:sg–' –Pp6} pd]/sf p:t} / pq} cfsf/sf ;u' fnfO{ lk“h8fdf
/fv]/ ;'uf a]Rg lx“l8/x]sf] dflg;l;t e]6 xg' –' –;'ufsf] df]n ;f]Wg–' –;'ufjfnfn] Pp6fsf] ;o
?lkof“ / csf{sf] kf“r ?k}of“ atfpg'––df]nsf] cGt/ ;u' f lsGg]n] cfk}m“ yfxf kfp“5 eGg–'
–/fhfn] ;u' fx¿ nu]/ ;'Tg] sf]7f aflx/ /fVg nufpg'––laxfg Pp6f ;u' fn] dL7fdL7f Znf]s
/ :tl' t eGg yfNg'––csf{n] cZnLg ufnL ug{'–– ;'ufsf] af]nL dL7f] / gdL7f] ePkl5 pgn]
To;sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg' ––ljåfg\sf] 3/df kflnPsfn] dL7f] af]Ng'––d"v{sf] 3/df kflnPsfn]
cZnLn af]Ng' .

;ªu\ tsf] kmn

Psfb]zdf Pshgf /fhf lyP . pgL x/]s laxfg cfˆgf] /fHosf ljleGg ufpFsf] e|d0fdf
lg:sGy] . cfˆgf k|hfsf] xfnva/ a'¤y] . s;}nfO{ s]xL dsf{ k/]sf] 5 lsÙ sf]xL cGofodf
k/]sf 5g\ ls jf /fHo Joj:yfdf s]xL ;w' f/ ug{'kg]{ 5 ls eGg] ljifodf ;Nnfx ;'´fa lnGy] .
pgsf] e|d0f ljz]ifu/L /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos dfu{ klxNofpgdf s]lGb|t xG' Yof] .
;w}Fh:t} Ps lbg laxfg} /fhf ufpFsf] e|d0fdf lgl:sPsf lyP . Toltv]/} af6f]df Pp6} pd]/sf
/ p:t} b'O{ j6f ;'ufnfO{ lkFh/fdf /fv]/ a]Rg lxF8]sf] dflg;;Fu pgsf] e]6 eof] .

/fhfn] tL ;u' fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ x]/] . pgnfO{ ;u' f cfkm}Fn] lsg]/ n}hfg'k¥of] eGg] nfUof] /
ltgsf] dN" o ;f]w] . Jofkf/Ln] Pp6f ;u' fsf] ;o ?lkofF / csf{sf] kfFr ?lkofF d"No /x]sf] s'/f
atfof] . /fhf cndndf k/] . pgnfO{ ;u' fsf] dN" odf cfsfz / kftfnsf] cGt/ /x]sf] s'/fn]
ljl:dt t'Nofof] . pgn] Jofkf/LnfO{ ;'uf p:t} / pq} eP/ klg dN" odf lsg cfsfz kftfnsf]
cGt/ eof] eGg] s'/f ;f]w] . ;u' f Jofkf/Ln] gd| eP/ eGof], …dxf/fh, ;'ufsf] d"Nosf] cGt/
;u' f lsg]/ n}hfg]n] cfkm}F yfxf kfpg] 5 .Ú of] s/' f ;'g]kl5 t ´g\ /fhf ;u' f lsGg pT;flxt
eP . pgn] bj' } ;'uf lsg] . tL ;'ufnfO{ pgn] cfk"m ;T' g] sf]7fcufl8 /fVg nufP . ef]lnkN6
laxfg pHofnf] /fd|} ePsf] lyof] . ;u' fsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ uPsf /fhfnfO{ Pp6f ;'ufn] cZnLn
zAbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ufnL u¥of] . csf]{ ;'ufn] eg] dL7fdL7f Znf]s ;'Gb/ nodf ;'gfpg
yfNof] . Pp6f ;u' fn] dL7f] af]Ng] / csf]{n] gdL7f] af]Ng] u/]sf] b]v]/ /fhfn] ;u' f Jofkf/LnfO{
af]nfP . pgn] ;'ufsf] af]nLdf /x]sf] cGt/sf] af/]df ;f]w] . ;u' f Jofkf/Ln] dL7f] :j/df Znf]s
eGg] ;u' f ljåfg\sf] 3/df kflnPsf] / csf]{ dv" {sf] 3/df kflnPsf] hfgsf/L lbof] .

;'uf Jofkf/Laf6 ;u' fsf] af]nLsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfPkl5 /fhfn] w]/} s'/f a'´] . ;ª\utn] sg' }

164 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

klg JolQm jf j:t'df c;/ kg]{ /x]5 . ;ª\uts} sf/0f Pp6fn] /fd|f] af]Nof] eg] csf]{n] ufnL
ug{ yfNof] . ;ª\utsf] kmn /fd|f] dfq xF'b}g g/fd|f] klg xG' 5 . dflg;df klg c;n sfo{ ug]{ /
gug]{df w]/} cGt/ xG' 5 . h:tf] 7fpF jf kl/j]zdf x'ls{of]Ù ToxLFsf] efsf, no tyf ljrf/;d]t
c;/bf/ x'G5 . dflysf] syfn] lbg] dV' o ;Gb]z eg]sf] g} ;ª\utn] JolQmsf] :jefj lgwf{/0f
u5{ eGg] /x]sf] 5 .

cEof;

s= lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df pkoQ' m zLif{s lbO{ 5f]6f] syf n]Vgx' f];\ M

sak=;a==/r:wg'=]jg=}=f}“ 'fp=ja=kg=gg=/fx=x] ]jd='g=]hs=ff]=x='l;Q=w¿=cmN]/nnk}¿l]kg/f]jxv/s;]jffx]talNfbx¿dg} g¿fhd' aWf=un=ao"9=O=]:fd={]=gaf=wk=] "9=/ukf=g=f]jg]=/=f]s{'k=n=v==/f==f]j==fO=g==f={ a=n=] ==c=9"=u]====fggh==s=='/'{==f=ff=n==]]w======;=====b=Nu==h=n]V==g=gf=f'{jn=x' ==g==d====sc===f=====f==¿=]k===g==/l==s=]ls=kh====;/f==s=]j==f=k=g}=f==n/ln=s]ja] ]af;g"9xk"9dff¿/gnff]]jsnG]gkfxf]l'/]sk¿]j=v=;5=fn=n]tf=t' g=f]=Of=p=c={==c=“b=h==f=}=hf=f=P=hn===/==f=v=n==yh=a]ta=f=fd"9K=fng6==ff]'

=l´===S==b==f===l=t==d==L=x= ¿a"9f;saf]} d/] h:t} ug'{ hfn al´f“Rsg]k' l=5=====;===a==}===P==s==;cfyfk"mpe8Gb\gf' eGg] ;Nnfx lbg'
;Nnfxaf6 ;a} k/]jf cu|h / kl/kSjn]

lbPsf] ;Nnfx gdfGbf bM' v kfOg] ;Gb]z .

v= lbOPsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df pkoQ' m zLif{s lbO{ 5f]6f] syf n]Vgx' f];\ M

;'g;fg hª\un–b'O{ hgf dflg; lx“l8/xg–' glhs}af6 efn' s/fPsf] cfjfh cfpg'–Ps hgf
dflg; bf}l8“b} ¿vdf r9\g'–csf]{ dflg; gcflQsg eO' “df 3f]K6f] k/]/ nDk;f/ kg{'–s]xL
a]/kl5 efn' cfP/ e'O“df nl8/x]sf] dfG5]nfO{ ;'“£g–' Tof] dfG5] d/]sf] 7fg]/ efn' csf]{ dfG5]
ePsf] ¿vdf r9\g–' efnn' ] To; dfG5]nfO{ df/]/ l3;fb}{ Psflt/ nUg'–s]xL a]/kl5 e'O“df
n8]sf] dfG5] p7]/ cfˆgf] af6f] nfUg–' cfkt\df gcflQO{ a'l4 k'¥ofP/ sfd ug{'kg]{ ;Gb]z .

u= lbOPsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf tof/ kf/L pkoQ' m zLif{s klg lbg'xf];\ M

sg' } ;x/df rf/ hgf ?jf Jofkf/L /xg' – ?jfsf] 7"nf] uf]bfd – pgLx¿n] Pp6f la/fnf] kfNg'
– la/fnfsf] PsPs v'§f] efu nufO{ :ofxf/ ug]{ k|To]ssf] lhDdf – la/fnf] Pp6f v§' fdf rf]6
nfuL 3fon x'g' – hf8fn] cu]gflg/ a;]sf] la/fnfnfO{ cfufn] kf]Ng' – kf]lnPsf] la/fnf]
ctflNnP/ efUbf cfuf] pl5l§O{ ?jfsf] uf]bfd ;lNsP/ ;vfk xg' ' – ;2] v§' fsf dflns
Jofkf/Lx¿åf/f 3fon v§' fsf] dflnsaf6 Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu u/L cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ – ltg
cf]6f ;2] v§' fsf] ;xfotfn] la/fnfnfO{ ?jfsf] uf]bfddf k'¥ofPsf] eGg] ts{sf cfwf/df
;2] v'§fsf dflnsx¿af6} Ifltkl" t{ xg' k' g]{ cbfntsf] lg0f{o – sl' gotsf] kl/0ffd g/fd|} x'g]
;Gb]z .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 165

3= lbOPsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df pkoQ' m zLif{s lbO{ 5f]6f] syf n]Vg'xf];\ M
Pp6f hª\undf xfQL / af“b/;“u} ldn]/ a:g' / ;“u} vfg]s/' f vf]Hg' ===== Ps lbg …sf] 7n" f] <Ú

eGg] ljifodf ´u8f kg{' ===== nf6f]sf];]/f]nfO{ ´u8f l5lglbg cg'/f]w ug'{ ===== nf6f]sf];]/f]n]
bj' }nfO{ vf]nfkfl/af6 gl/jn l6k]/ Nofpg nufpg' ======= vf]nf] tbf{ af“b/ xfQLsf] lk7\o'Fdf
r9\g' ====== vf]nf] tg'{ ===== gl/jnsf] ¿v Hofb} cUnf] x'g'====== xfQLn] af“b/nfO{ gl/jn l6k]/
Nofpg c/fpg' ======= af“b/nfO{ gl/jn af]Sg cK7\of/f] xg' ' ======== xfQLn] dv' df RofKg' ======
nf6f]sf];]/f]n] gl/jn s;/L Nofof} egL ;f]Wg' ====== b'j}n] ;dfg sfo{ u/]sfn] b'j} cf–cfˆgf
sfddf 7n" f 5f} egL nf6f]sf];]/f]n] atfpg' ====== klxn]h:t} ldnL hª\undf a:g yfNg' .

v= hLjgL n]vg

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] JolQmsf] hLjgLsf dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf, df]8,
sfo{ cflbn] cGo JolQmdf klg k|efj kfg]{ xg' fn] To:tf JolQmsf] hLjgL n]lvG5 . hLjgL
k9\g] afgLn] dflg;df ljutsf cge' j, l;k, sdL sdhf]/L cflbsf] 1fg xG' 5 . To;}n]
kl5Nnf] k':tfsf nflu hLjgL ;w}F k|]/s aGb5 . k/LIffdf eg] hLjgL lgb]{lzt /rgfcGtu{t
/flvPsf] xG' 5 . s'g} JolQmsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ tYox¿sf] hfgsf/L lbP/ hLjgL n]Vg
nufOG5 .

hLjgL n]Vbf -k/LIffsf] ;Gbe{df_ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿
lbOPsf a'“bfx¿nfO{ uxg ¿kdf cWoog ug{'k5{ .
a'“bfx¿ cWoog u/]kZrft\ a'“bf cgs' "n zLif{s 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ .
lbOPsf a“'bfx¿nfO{ cflb, dWo / cGTosf] z[ª\vnfdf ;d]6\gk' 5{ .
hLjgL ltg cgR' 5]bdf n]Vgk' 5{ .
hGd, hGd:yfg, dftflktfsf] gfd, afNofj:yf, lzIffbLIff cflbnfO{ cflb efudf ;d]6\g'k5{ .
hLjgdf 36]sf ofjt\ 36gf, ;ª\3if{, ;d:of, cefj, ;kmntf, k|d'v of]ubfg, s[lt eP

vf;vf; ljz]iftf tyf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:tf/nfO{ dWo efudf ;d]6\g'k5{ .
cGTo efudf k/' :sf/, dfg;Ddfg, kbjL, ljei" f0f, d"Nofª\sg cflbnfO{ pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
o;df sf]/f sfNklgstfsf] k|of]u ug'{x“'b}g . ;TotYo tyf k|fdfl0fs s/' fnfO{ dfq pNn]v

ug{'k5{ .
o;sf] efiffz}nL ;/n, ;a' f]w / ;Dk|]if0fLo x'g'k5{ .
lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf] z[ª\vnf g6'6fO{ ;/n efiffdf ul/Psf] df}lns k|:tl' tnfO{ cª\s lb“bf

k|fyldstf lbOG5 .

166 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

gdg' f hLjgL

-s_ lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
gfd – uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn
hGd:yfg – nug6f]n, sf7df8f}“
hGdldlt – lj=;=+ !(&% h]7 !* ut]
lktf – pdfsfGt l/dfn
dftf – cflbTos'df/L
– lj=;+= !((@ df k|yd >]0fLdf k|yd eO{ P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ u/]sf,
– cfO{=P= ;Ddsf] cWoog,
– h'4f]bo klAns :s'nsf ;+:yfks, alb{of cldgLdf nK6g,
– o'jfj:yfd} ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;flxlTos sfo{df ;n+ Ug,
– /f0ffzf;g lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;lj|mo eO{ h]n;d]t k/]sf,
– lj=;=+ !((@ sf] …k|ltÚ zLif{ssf] sljtfaf6 ;flxToofqf k|f/De u/]sf,
– lj=;=+ @))) df efiffg'jfb kl/ifb\df n]vssf ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf / @))# df

…zf/bfÚ ;flxlTos klqsfsf ;Dkfbs,
– …d;fgÚ, …of] k|]d †Ú gf6s / …cfdfsf] ;kgfÚ sljtf;ª\u|xsf] k|sfzg,
– uBsljtfsf k|yd k|of]Qmf, gf/Lk|lt ljz]if ;Ddfg / /fli6«o r]tgf ePsf slj,
– dbg k'/:sf/ / lqe'jg k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt,
– lj=;+= @)#) df sf7df8f}“df b]xfj;fg .

ufk] fnk;| fb l/dfn

hxflgofF /f0ffzf;gsf] sfnf] ;dodf cfzfsf] Hof]lt ag]/ lj=;+= !(&% h]7 !* df sf7df8f}Fsf]
nug6f]ndf hGd]sf uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 ;fws xg' \ . pdfsfGt l/dfn
/ cflbTos'df/L l/dfnsf ;k' q' l/dfn ;fg}b]lv s'zfu| a'l4sf lyP . laxfgn] lbgsf] ;ª\s]t
u5{ eg]´}F l/dfn ;Dkg kl/jf/df hGd]/ ;v' ;'ljwfdf x's]{sf eP klg ;l' jwfef]uL ag]gg\ . pgL
qmflGtsf/L 5ljsf slj ag]/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ cfnf]lst tN' ofP .

;fg}b]lv k9fOdf cToGt rnfv uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn lj=;=+ !((@ sf] P;=Pn=;L k/LIffdf af]8{
k|yd eP . cf}krfl/s lzIff cfO{=P=;Dd dfq lnPsf eP klg :jfWoogaf6 pgn] cfˆgf] 1fgsf]
lIflth cToGt km/flsnf] agfPsf lyP . b]zdf JofKt c;dfgtf, zf]if0f, bdg tyf pTkL8gsf
sf/0f bM' vL ag]sf l/dfnn] s]xL ;do ;]gfdf nK6gsf] hflu/ vfP klg pgsf] slj Åbon]
To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]g . /f0ffx¿sf] lj?4df ;flxlTos tyf /fhgLlts cleofgdf ;n+ Ug ePsf
l/dfnn] efiffg'jfb kl/ifbsf] n]vs eP/ klg sfd u/] . /fhgLlts ehgd08nLdf ;lj|mo eP/
tyf zf/bf klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs eP/ logn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c;dfgtfsf lj?4 cfjfh p7fP .
cfˆgf sljtfdf ou' sf] cfjfh cleJoQm ug]{ l/dfn g]kfnL sljtf gjLg uB z}nLsf] cf/Destf{
x'g\ . h4' f]bo klAns :s'nsf ;+:yfks l/dfn lzIffsf] ljsf; u/]/ gful/sdf r]tgf clej[l4
ug]{ sfo{df ;d]t lj|mofzLn /x] . !((@ df …k|ltÚ sljtf n]v]/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u/]sf l/dfnsf …

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 167

cfdfsf] ;kgfÚ sljtf;ª\u|x, d;fgÚ / …of] k|]d †Ú gf6s k|sflzt 5g\ . dbg k/' :sf/ tyf lqej' g
k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt l/dfn g]kfnL ;flxTosf cToGt k|efjzfnL qmflGtsf/L slj xg' \ .

gf/LjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t gf6s n]Vg] l/dfn cfˆgf s[ltdf gf/L hfltsf ;Ddfgsf] kIfdf
cfjfh p7fpF5g\ . gf/LnfO{ dgf]/~hgsf] ;fwg dfGg] tyf kmf];|f] k|]dnfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;+:sf/sf
lj/f]wL l/dfn b]zsf] c:tJo:t jftfj/0faf6 lj/lQmP/ s]xL ;do ef/tsf] kflG8r]/Lsf] c/ljGb
cf>ddf uO{ ;T;ª\udf klg nfu] . logn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ nufPsf] u'g clj:d/0fLo 5 . dxfg\
k|ltef ePsf l/dfnsf] lj=;=+ @)#) df sf7df8f}“df b]xfj;fg eof] .

-v_ lbOPsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

gfd M df]tL/fd e§

hGd M lj=+= !(@# sz' ]cf}“;L, sf7df8f}F, ef]l;sf] 6f]n

lktf M bof/fd e§

dftf M l/k'dlb{gL b]jL

k|dv' s[ltx¿ M k|XnfbelQm syf, lksb"t, piffrl/q, uh]Gb|df]If, dgf]b\j]uk|jfx, e|d/uLt,

efiff, slj;d"x j0f{g, lk|oblz{sf gfl6sf, zs'Gtnf -gf6s_, efg'eQmsf]

hLjgL cflb

– g]kfnL sfJohut\df ;j{k|yd …;d:ofkl" t{Úsf] z'ef/Destf{

– ef/thLjg gfds k|]; vf]nL To;sf] Joj:yfks cfk}mF eP/ To; k|];af6

efg'eQmLo /fdfo0fsf] …afnsf08Ú sf ;fy} …uf]/vf ef/t hLjgÚ eGg]

g]kfnL efiffsf] klqsf k|sfzg,

– g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds sfnsf s]Gb|Lo k|ltef

– k|yd g]kfnL uhnsf/, slj, gf6ssf/, hLjgLsf/, ;dfnf]rs, cGj]ifs,

kqsf/ cflb ax'dv' L JolQmTjsf wgL,

– efiffk|]dL, b]zk|]dL, ;f}Gbo{k|]dL, k|l;4 slj,

– agf/; / sf7df8f}Fdf /x“bf …df]tLd08nLÚsf] :yfkgf u/L gjf]lbg

k|ltefx¿sf nflu pkoQ' m jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf,

d[To' M lj=;=+ !(%#

df]tL/fd e§

lj=;=+ !(@# efb| s;' ]cf}F;Lsf] sfnf] /ftdf sf7df8f}Fsf] ef]l;sf] 6f]ndf g]kfnL ;flxTosf pHHjn
df]tL ag]/ slxNo} gc:tfpg] u/L pbfPsf df]tL/fd e§ l;ª\uf] g]kfnL ;flxTos} dxfg\ :tDe ag]sf
5g\ . lktf bof/fd e§ / dftf l/kd' lb{gLb]jLsf kq' /Tg df]tL/fd ^ jif{s} pd]/df cfˆgL cfdf;“u
sfzL uPsf lyP . a|fXd0f kl/jf/df hGd]sfn] pgsf ;+:sf/x¿ klg tt\cg's"n xF'b} uP . x'g]
la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg]´}F df]tL/fd e§ ;fg}b]lv tLI0f :jefjsf lyP . agf/;df a;]/ pgn]
;+:s[t / kmf/;L efiffsf] /fd|f] cWoog u/] . o; j|mddf pgn] ef/tsf k|l;4 ufos tyf jfBjfbs
kGgfnfn;“u ufog / jfBjfbgsf] ;d]t lzIff u|x0f u/] .

168 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

lj=;+= !(#& df g]kfn cfPsf e§ Ps jif{ g]kfndf a;]/ j}jflxs ;q" df afFlwPkl5 kg' M lj=;+=
!(#* df sfzL uO{ cª\u|]hL :sn' df egf{ eP/ cfwl' gs lzIff u|x0f ug{ yfn] . agf/;df a:bfb]lv
g} ;flxTodf ´s' fp /fVg] e§ g]kfnL ;flxTodf ljz]ifu/L tflgP . cfk"mn] k|jf;sf sfndf b]v]sf
tyf cge' j u/]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ g]kfnLdf k|of]u ug{ pgL a9L tNnLg eP . g]kfnL sfJohut\df
;d:ofk"lt{sf] ze' f/De ug]{ e§ g]kfnL uhnsf klg cflb uhnsf/ x'g\ . x:tlnlvt :j¿kdf
/x]sf] g]kfnL ;flxTon] pgs} kfnfb]lv k:' tsfsf/ ¿kdf k|sfzgsf] dfu{ e]6\of] . o; j|mddf pgn]
…ef/t hLjgÚ gfds k|]; vf]nL efge' QmLo /fdfo0fsf] afnsf08sf ;fy} …uf]/vf ef/t hLjgÚ
eGg] g]kfnL efiffsf] klqsfsf] k|sfzg u/] . ax';ª\Vos g]kfnLsf] efiff eP/ klg k|sfzgdf cfpg
g;s]sf] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ k|sfzgdf Nofpg] e§ dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTosf s]Gb|Lo k|ltef
xg' \ . pgn] ;flxTosf k|foM ;a} ljwfdf snd rnfPsf 5g\ . pgL uhnsf/, slj, gf6ssf/,
hLjgLsf/, ;dfnf]rs, cGj]ifs, kqsf/ cflb ax'dv' L k|ltefsf wgL x'g\ . e§ efiffk|]dL, b]zk|]dL
/ ;f}Gbo{k|]dL slj xg' \ . pgn] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] pTyfgsf nflu agf/; / sf7df8f}Fdf /x“bf
…df]tLd08nLsf]Ú :yfkgf u/L gjf]lbt k|ltefx¿sf nflu pkoQ' m ;flxlTos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
u/] . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sljtf ljwfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; xg' yfNof] .

g]kfnL ;flxTosf oj' f slj df]tL/fd e§sf y'k|} s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf k|Xnfb elQmsyf,
kLsbt" , uh]Gb|df]If, dgf]b\j]uk|jfx, e|d/uLt efiff, slj ;d"x j0f{g, lk|oblz{sf gfl6sf, zsG' tnf
-gf6s_ u'g;gf]a/, efge' Qmsf] hLjgL cflb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . cfˆgf] 5f]6f] hLjg sfndf
g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ cToGt 7"nf] u'g nufpg] df]tL/fd e§ g]kfnL cfsfznfO{ g} cFWof/f] agfP/
#) jif{s} slnnf] pd]/df lj=;=+ !(%# efb| s';] cf}F;Lsf lbg o; ;+;f/af6 labf eP .

cEof;

-!_ lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

gfd M tf/fb]jL >]i7,

hGdldlt M lj=;+= @))@ df3 @

hGd:yfg M OGb|rf]s, sf7df8f}F,

dftf–lktf M /fwf sfsL{ / s[i0faxfb/' sfsL{,

klt M lzjaxfb'/ >]i7

lzIff M Onfxfjfbaf6 ;ª\uLtdf …ljzf/bÚ

klxnf] uLt M …ltd|f] Ps gh/sf] l;sf/ x'FÚ, ;ª\uLtsf/ e}/jaxfb'/ yfkfsf] ;ª\uLtaf6
ufogofqf cf/De,

M /]l8of] g]kfndf uflosfsf ¿kdf sfd u/]sL, /fli6«o uf}/j / hftLo
:jfledfg p7fpg] ljifo ;d]l6Psf uLt ufpg] uflosf,

M df}lnstf, g]kfnL df6f] / dg ;'xfpFbf] uLt ufog, gf/L uflosfsf] k|]/0ff,

M k'qljof]u / kltljof]u ;xgk' /]sf], /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 crfgs lgsflnPsL,

M hLjgsf] clGtd 38Ldf dfgl;s tgfjdf hLjg latfpg ljjz .

k'/:sf/ M l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, hubDaf>L k/' :sf/ cflb .

d[To' M lj=;=+ @)^@, df3 * ut], sf7df8f}F .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 169

-@_ lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

gfd M lji0fs' 'df/L jfOaf

;flxlTos gfd M kfl/hft

hGd M lj=;=+ !(($

hGd:yfg M bflh{lnªsf] lnl3of lrof sdfg

lktf÷dftf M 8f= s]=Pg= jfOaf÷cd[t df]Qmfg

s[ltx¿ M lz/Lifsf] km" n, a}F;sf] dfG5], dxQfxLg cflb -pkGof;_

;8s / k|ltef, cflbd b]z -syf;ª\u|x_, cfsfª\Iff, a}F;fn' jt{dfg

-sljtf;ª\u|x_ wk' L, ;Nnf / nfnL u'/fF;sf] km]bdf cflb .

ljz]iftf M lj;ª\ultjfb cl:tTjjfb, z"Gojfb, k|ultjfb h:tf cfw'lgs jfbx¿sf]
k|efjaf6 ;flxlTos /rgf ug]{ ljlzi6 gf/L k|ltef, ax'dv' L k|ltefsL
wgL, k|l;4 cfVofgsf/, ;flxTon] ;dfh ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg]
ljrf/ ePsL n]lvsf, zf/Ll/s si6 Pjd\ cfly{s b/' j:yf eP klg
dfgl;s ;antfn] ;DkGg ;ª\3if{zLn gf/L k|ltefzfnL, cljjflxt
hLjg latfPsL .

dfg ;Ddfg M dbg k'/:sf/, uª\sLj;'Gw/f k'/:sf/, ;j{>]i7 kf08'lnlk k'/:sf/ cflb .

lgwg M lj=;=+ @)%) j}zfv %, sf7df8f}F .

-v_ lbOPsf] aF'bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kf/L zLif{s /fVg'xf];\ M
gfd M dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]

hGd M lj=;+=!(&^ c;f]h & ut]

hGd:yfg M k':t'g, ndh'ª, u08sL c~rn

lzIff M ;+:s[tdf :gfts

k];fut ;n+ Ugtf M uf]/vfkqsf ;xfos ;Dkfbs

– /f]on g]kfn Ps]8]dLsf n]vs

– g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf ;b:o, pksn' klt / s'nklt

k|d'v ;flxlTos ljz]iftf

– z}nLdf kl/isf/jfbL, efjut k|:t'ltdf :jR5GbtfjfbL ;|i6f

– k|s[ltjfbL lrGts, dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/s

– /fi6«k|]dL ;|i6f

kd| 'v ;flxlTos s[lt –

sljtf;ª\u|x M gjd~h/L, 3fdkfgL

uLlt;ª\u|x M lsGg/lsGg/L, ;g' kª\vL r/L

v08sfJo M uf}/L, /fh]Zj/L, kflkgL cfdf cflb

uLltgf6s M zs'Gtnf, dfntLdª\un], cZjTyfdf cflb

k'/:sf/ M lqe'jg k|1f k'/:sf/, uf]/vf blIf0fafx,'

of]ubfg M ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf pk;efklt,

g]=k|=k|=sf cfhLjg ;b:o

lje"if0f M /fi6«slj pkflwåf/f ljel" ift

170 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!@PsfO
Jofjxfl/s n]vg

lr7L÷kq nv] g

s_ JolQmut lr7L

JolQmut lr7LnfO{ 3/fo;L lr7L tyf ;fwf/0f lr7L klg elgG5 . cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{,
Oi6ldq tyf cfkmGtx¿nfO{, ;fyL ;FuftLx¿nfO{ n]lvg] kq JolQmut kq xf] . efjgf cfbfgk|bfg
tyf ;Grf] ;'lj:yfsf] af/]df a¤' g, s]xL hfgsf/L lng tyf lbg o:tf] lr7L n]Vg] ul/G5 .

JolQmut kq n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿
;j{k|yd kq n]lvg] sfuhsf] bflxg]lt/ l;/fgdf kq k7fpg]sf] :ki6;“u 7]ufgf / kqn] lbPsf]

ldlt pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
7]ufgf / ldlt n]lvPsf] s]xL tn afof“lt/ cfˆgf] gftf jf ;DaGwcg;' f/ lr7L k7fpg]n]

k|zl:t -;Daf]wg_ pNn]v ug{'kb{5 .
kq k7fpg]n] gftfcg;' f/ ;Daf]wg / clejfbgsf zAbx¿ k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
kq cfjZostfcg;' f/ ljleGg cgR' 5]bdf n]Vg ;lsG5 t/ k/LIffsf nflu n]lvg] kq

d'Votof ltg cg'R5]bdf n]Vg] ul/G5 .
kq n]Vbf cfkm" n] n]Vg nfu]sf] ljifosf] dn" s/' f :ki6;“u pNn]v ug{'kb{5 .
kqsf] efiff ;/n, lzi6, snfTds / bf]xf]/f] cy{ glbg] vfnsf] x'gk' 5{ .
kq k7fpg]n] cfˆgf ljrf/ n]lv;s]kl5 kqsf] cGTo efudf -6'ª\UofpgLdf_ ;dfkg;r" s

jfSofz+ sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
kqsf] cGTodf kq k7fpg]n] kq kfpg];“usf] ;fOgf]cg;' f/sf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
kq tof/ ePkl5 vfdsf] gdg' f / kq kfpg]sf] :ki6;“u gfd 7]ufgf pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

gdg' f 3/fo;L kq

enfovs{, ndh'ª
ldlt M @)&!÷!)÷!@

cfb/0fLo dfdf,
;fb/ gd:sf/ .

kqsf] ldlt;Dd oxf“ ;a} sz' ndª\un 5 . w]/} eof] dfdf;“u s'/fsfgL gu/]sf] . kmf]gdf w]/} s'/f
ug{ ;Dej klg gxg' ] / kqsf] :yfg kmf]gn] lng klg g;Sg] eP/ cfh dfdfnfO{ of] kq sf]b}{ 5' .
;f“Rr} dfdf dnfO{ kq k9\g / n]Vg v'a /dfOnf] nfU5 . dfgl;s ysfgsf] j]nfdf o;f] k'/fgf
kqx¿ kN6fP/ x]¥of]Ù dg xn'sf xG' 5 . To;}n] dfdfnfO{ klg kq n]v“"h:tf] nfUof] . To;f] t Od]n

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 171

tyf kmf]gaf6 Pscsf{sf] dgsf s/' f cfbfgk|bfg gePsf] t xf]Og t/ klg dg dfg]g . dfdfn]
Od]ndf n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] lg ljb]zdf sdfO /fd|} eP klg cfTd;Ddfg 5}g . xf], ToxL s/' fn]
lk/f]n]sf] 5 .

dfdf, d}n] klg ljb]z uP/ s]xL sdfpg] / eljio ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] lyP“ . slt 7fp“df
cfj]bg klg lbPsf] lyP“ . dfdfsf] ljb]z a;fOsf] cge' jkl5 dnfO{ ljb]z hfg] tyf wg sdfpg]
df]xn] 5f]8]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ljb]z hfg' g/fd|f] xf]Og t/ ljb]z ofqf s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s/' f dxŒjk0" f{
xF'bf]/x]5 . cWoogsf nflu, 1fgfh{g tyf b]zbz{gsf nflu ul/g] ljb]z ofqf /fd|f] eP klg
ljb]zdf uP/ cfˆgf] :jfledfg a]Rg] / csf{sf] nflu >d / l;k vr{ ug]{ s'/fn] dflg;nfO{ sdhf]/
agfp“5 . dflg;sf] cfTd;Ddfg tyf :jfledfg p;sf] ;j{:j xf] . cfTd;Ddfgn] g} dflg;nfO{
hLjg af“Rg] cfwf/ lbG5 . cf“6 / e/f];f lbG5 . csf{sf] e"lddf /utkl;gf Ps u/]/ tR' 5 sfd
ug{ ljb]z hfg' 5Ù To;df klg :jfledfgdf 7]; k'Ug] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf eof] eg] s] /dfOnf] eof]
/ < cfˆgf] b]zdf klg ljleGg ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . xfdLn] csf{sf] d'v gtfsL cfkm}“ klg s]xL
Joj;fo ug{ ;S5f}“ . To;df klg dfdf t of] b]zsf] lzlIft gful/s x'g'x'G5 . sqf] nufgL u/]sf]
5 tkfO{+nfO{ ;Ifd gful/s agfpg, of] b]zn] . dfdf † g]kfndf /x“bf tkfO{+ cToGt ;Ddflgt
xg' 'x'GYof] . dxfljBfnosf] cWofksh:tf] dfG5] tkfO{+ ljb]zdf uP/ cfˆgf] Ifdtfcg';f/sf] sfd
gkfP/ dhb'/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{'k/]sf] km]l/ k};fnfO{ dxŒj lbP/ tkfO{+ c´ b'O{rf/ jif{ Tot} a:g]
;f]rfOdf /xge' Psf] yfxf kfPkl5 d]/f] dg t e/ª\u ePsf] 5 . dfdf, oqf] dfgj;fu/ c6fPsf]
g]kfndf s] tkfO{+ xfdL gc6fcf}Fnf / < s] oxf“ xfd|f] s]xL klg 5}g / < km]l/ k};fsf] nflu xfdL
ljb]z hfG5f}“ s] Tof] g} ;a}yf]s xf] / < dnfO{ t cfˆg} b]zdf xf“;Lv]nL af“Rg' a]; nfUof] . dfG5]sf]
hLjgsf] s'g} 6'ª\uf] 5}g . hltv]/ klg of] k|f0fkv]? p8\g ;S5 . d]l;gn] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdu|Lsf]
lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] nflu Uof/]G6L x'G5 t/ dfG5]sf] hLjg – Ps ;]s]G8sf] klg e/ 5}g .

xf], cfhsf] ou' df wgn] dfG5]sf] hLjgdf pRr dxŒj /fV5 . k};fljgf s]xL klg ;Dej 5}g .
lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu klg k};f rflxG5 t/ To;sf] cy{
k};f g} ;a}yf]s xf] eGg] rflxF lgZro g} xf]Og . k};feGbf k5fl8 klg s]xL 5 . Tof] xf] :jfledfg,
cfTd;Ddfg, Oi6ldq tyf kl/jf/ . dfdf † d oltv]/ sIffdf u'?n] eGg'ePsf] s/' f ;lD´/x]sf] 5Ù'
æ;'v / ;'ljwf cnu s'/f xg' \ . ;'v cflTds s/' f xf] eg] ;l' jwf ef}lts s/' f . k};fn] ;l' jwf lsGg
;S5, ;'v ;Sb}g . vfgf lsGg ;S5Ù ef]s ;Sb}g . knª lsGg ;S5Ù lgb|f ;Sb}g .Æ dflg;nfO{
;v' lbg g;Sg] o:tf] k};fsf] nflu km]l/ lsg ljb]zLsf] u'nfd aGg], xf]Og t <

cfˆgf] b]z eg]sf] cfˆg} b]z xf] . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL, 9'ª\ufdf6f], ¿vla?jf ;a}df cfTdLotf x'G5 .
oxfF cfkt\ljkt\df ;xof]u ug]{ xftx¿ xG' 5g\ . ;v' b'Mvdf ;fy lbg] sfFwx¿ xG' 5g\ . xfd|f k'vf{sf]
sd{e"ld xfdLn] o;/L 5f]8\g] xf] eg] xfd|f ;Gtltn] xfdLaf6 s] l;Snfg\ < cfh ul/aL, clzIff,
/f]u, zf]s tyf ef]sn] cfqmfGt b]z p4f/sf] nflu xfd|f] ;fy vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] d dfdfnfO{
:jb]z kms{g cfu|x u5'{ . :jb]zd} cfˆgf] Ifdtfcg;' f/sf] sfd u/L, ;fyLefO, Oi6ldq;“u
xf“;f]v;' L ;f“6\bf / /dfOnf] ubf{ g} hLjgsf] c;nL cfgGb e]l6G5 . w]/} s/' f s] n]vF" < dfdfaf6
zL3| kq kfpg] ck]Iff ub}{ cfhnfO{ oltd} kqsf] la6 df/]“ .

tkfO{+sf] Kof/f] efGhf

/fwf/d0f kGyL

172 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

vfdsf] gdg' f

k7fpg] kfpg]
/fwf/d0f kGyL /]jtL/d0f kf]v/]n
enfovs{ –*, vf]Knfª –$,
ndh'ª . uf]/vf .

v_ Jofj;flos lr7L

Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] clej[l4sf nflu n]lvg] kqx¿ Jofj;flos kq xg' \ . Jofj;flos kq s'g}
Pp6f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] csf]{ Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgnfO{ n]Vg], JolQmn] Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgnfO{
n]Vg] / Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] JolQmnfO{ n]Vg] u/L ltg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . dfWolds txsf] k/LIffdf
Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgnfO{ n]Vg] kq ;f]lwG5 . o;nfO{ Jofkfl/s lr7L klg
elgG5 .

Jofj;flos kq n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿
kqsf] bfof“kl§ dflyNnf] efudf ldlt pNn]v ug{'k5{ .

kqsf] afof“lt/ kmf]g, ˆofS; g=+ n]Vgk' 5{ .

kmf]g, ˆofS; n]lvPsf] 7Ls tn ;+:yfsf] k|d'vnfO{ >Ldfg\=== n]v]/ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .

;ª\3;+:yfsf] k|dv' nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/;s]kl5 ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf klg pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

Jofj;flos kqdf Jofj;flos ;+:yfs} kqsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

;ª\3;:+ yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf n]lvPsf] 7Ls tn ljifo:tDe n]Vgk' 5{ .

ljifo n]lvPsf] s]xL tn dxfzo jf dxf]bo n]Vgk' 5{ . ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lzi6 / ;Eo
efiffdf pNn]v ub}{ cfkm" n] dufpg rfx]sf] jf k7fPsf] ;fdfgsf] k0" f{ ljj/0f lbgk' 5{ .

cfk"mn] dufPsf ;fdfgx¿sf] kl/0ffd, d"Nosf] ljj/0f, k]:sL k7fPsf] tyf d"No eQ' mfgL ug]{
cfjZosLo ;t{x¿ k|:t't ug'{k5{ .

Jofj;flos kqsf] efiff ;/n, ;a' f]w tyf cfsif{s lsl;dsf] xg' k' 5{ .

sfof{noLo kqsf] cGTodf bfof“lt/ ejbLo n]vL cfˆgf] gfd, x:tfIf/ tyf sfof{nosf] gfd
klg n]Vgk' b{5 .

Jofj;flos kqsf] cGTodf vfdsf] gdg' f klg agfpg'k5{ .

vfdsf] gd'gfdf k|]ifs / k|fkssf] k0" f{ gfd / 7]ufgf pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 173

gdg' f Jofj;flos kq

k= ;+= )&$÷!)$ kf/} vL k:' ts e08f/

/fdgu/, lrtjg
>Ldfg\ dxfk|aGws,
z'ef/De klAns];g k|f=ln= ldltM @)&$÷!÷!!
-k|sfzs tyf ljt/s_
sf7df8f}F .

ljifo M k':ts k7fOlbg] af/] .

dxfzo,

pko'{Qm ljifosf ;DaGwdf To; k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt tyf ljtl/t k':tsx¿sf] ahf/df cTolws
dfu ePsfn] tkl;n adf]lhdsf k':tsx¿ laqmLsf nflu oyfzL3| k7fO{ lbg'xg' cg'/f]w ub{5' M

tkl;n

!_ 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / /rgf sIff ! – # k|lt sIff %)) k|lt

@_ 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / /rgf sIff $ –% k|lt sIff %%) k|lt

#_ 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / /rgf sIff ^ – * k|lt sIff %)) k|lt

$_ 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / n]vgsnf sIff ( / !) #%) k|lt

%_ 5l/tf] g]kfnL lgaGw / n]vgsnf $%) k|lt

plNnlvt k':tssf] e'QmfgL k':ts / lan k|fKt xg' f;fy a}ª\s 8«fˆ6åf/f ul/g] 5 eg] clxn]
¿=%%)))-krkGg xhf/ dfq_ k]:sL:j¿k a}ª\s 8«fˆ6åf/f k7fPsf] Joxf]/f cg/' f]w 5 .

====================

-;Gtf]if clwsf/L_

k|f]k|fO6/

vfdsf] gdg' f

k7fpg] kfpg]
;Gtf]if clwsf/L
kf/} vL k:' ts e08f/ >Ldfg\ dxfk|aGws,
/fdgu/, lrtjg ze' f/De klAns;] g k|f=ln=
-k|sfzs tyf ljt/s_
174 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( ;fgfe] ¥ofª, sf7df8f}F .

u_ sfof{noLo kq

sfof{noLo kqnfO{ lgj]bg klg elgG5 . JolQmn] s'g} sfof{noaf6 sg' } s'/fsf] cg'/f]w, dfu jf
ug' f;f]sf nflu n]Vg] kq, s'g} sfof{non] csf]{ sfof{nonfO{ s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L dfu]/ jf lbP/
jf s'g} cg/' f]w u/]/ n]Vg] kq tyf sfof{non] JolQmnfO{ n]Vg] kq o;df k5{g\ . of] cf}krfl/s kq
xf] . cfh lj1fgsf] sf/0f Od]n,OG6/g]6 h:tf k|ljlwn] 3/fo;L kqsf] nf]slk|otfdf x|f; cfPsf]
eP klg sfof{noLo kqsf] dxŒj c´ sfod 5 . of] cf}krfl/s kq xf] . h;sf] dxŒj ;w}F /xG5 .

sfof{noLo kq n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

!= sfof{noLo kqsf] dflyNnf] efudf bfof“kl§ ldlt n]lvG5 . o:tf] kqsf] l;/fgdf ldlt;“u}
7]ufgf n]lv/xgk' b}{g .

@= ldlt n]lvPsf] s]xL tn afof“kl§ ;DalGwt sfof{no k|dv' nfO{ ;Daf]wg / pQm sfof{nosf]
gfd, 7]ufgf klg pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

#= sfof{no k|dv' nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ >Ldfg\ zAbsf] k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 …Ho"Ú n]lv/xg'kb}{g . t/
>Ldfg\ gn]lvsg ;f]´} ;Daf]wg u/]df …Ho"Ú sf] k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 . h:t} M

>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,

sfof{no k|dv' Ho,"

$= ;Daf]wg / 7]ufgfeGbf tn ljifo:tDe /fVgk' 5{ .

%= ljifo:tDeeGbf tn afof“kl§ dxf]bo÷dxfzo h:tf zAbåf/f ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .

^= ljifo;“u ;DalGwt s/' fx¿nfO{ ljgd| / lzi6 efiffdf pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

&= sfof{noLo kqsf] cGTodf bfof“lt/ lgj]bs, ejbLo, ljgLt h:tf zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 /
cfˆgf] gfd / 7]ufgf klg n]Vgk' 5{ . ;fy} lgj]bsn] x:tfIf/ klg ug'{k5{ .

*= sfof{noLo kq cf}krfl/s x'g] x“'bf o;sf] efiff :ki6, ;/n, z4' lsl;dsf] xg' 'k5{ .

(= sfof{noLo kq ;fdfGotof tLg cg'R5]bdf, s]/d]6 gu/L, ;kmf, :ki6 / cfsif{s agfpgk' 5{ .

!)= sfof{noLo kq;“u} sfuhkqx¿ ;n+ Ug eP ltgsf] ljj/0f klg kqsf] cGTodf k|:t't ug'{k5{ .

!!= k/LIffdf sfof{noLo kq n]lv;s]kl5 vfdsf] gd'gf klg lbg'k5{ .

gdg' f sfofn{ oLo kq

b]jL3f6, g'jfsf]6

ldlt M @)&$÷!!÷)%

>Ldfg\ k|d'v,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
ljb/' , gj' fsf]6 .

ljifo M P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ af/] .

dxf]bo,

pko{'Qm ljifosf ;DaGwdf g'jfsf]6 P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] w]/} dxŒj /fVg] lhNnf xf] . g]kfn

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 175

PsLs/0fsf] ul/dfdo Oltxf; af]s]sf] gj' fsf]6df P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b/af/ If]qsf]
;/+ If0f xg' ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf ljleGg sfnv08df ag]sf cg]s b/af/x¿dWo] gj' fsf]6sf]
;fttn] b/af/ ;a}eGbf 7n" f] dflgG5 . b/af/sf] ;+/rgf, o;sf] cjl:ylt tyf lgdf{0flzNkn]
o;nfO{ ljlzi6 t'NofPsf] 5 . b/af/ x]g{ cfpg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ o;sf] P]ltxfl;s
kIfsf] af/]df hfGg rfxG5g\ . b/af/ cToGt cfsif{s eP klg o;sf sf]7fx¿ l/Qf ePsfn]
To;n] cfuGt'ssf] dg s'Fl8G5 . b/af/sf] k|frLgtf d';fg{ nfnflot cEofutsf cfFvfx¿ o;sf]
kl/;/df /x]sf] cJoj:yf b]v]/ wldnf] aG5g\ . b/af/sf] cf;kf;df /x]sf k/' ftflŒjs dxŒjsf
cGo dxnx¿, dlGb/ cflbsf 5fgfdf ´f/ pld|Psf] b]v]/ kfxg' fx¿ lg/fz aG5g\ .

xfdLnfO{ ljZjdf lrgfpg] xfd|f P]ltxfl;s ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ xfdLnfO{ xfd|f kv' f{x¿sf] gf;f]
xf] . k'vf{x¿n] kl;gf aufP/ agfPsf o:tf w/f]x/x¿sf] ;+j{4g ug{' xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L dfq geP/
pQ/bfloTj klg xf] . xfd|f] ko{6g Joj;fosf] d]?b08 ag]sf o:tf w/f]x/x¿nfO{ pRr dxŒj lbP/
;/+ If0f ug{'k5{ . t/ gj' fsf]6 b/af/ If]qsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ug{ cfPsfx¿n] kv' f{sf] gf;f]sf]
lxkmfht gePsf] ug' f;f] kf]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . vf;df xfd|f] Oltxf;sf] k|ltlaDa ´Nsfpg] o:tf
;Dkbfsf] ;/;kmfO{, hL0ff]{4f/ tyf k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ cleef/f xfd|} xf] . xfdLn] o;f] ug{ ;s] dfq
xfd|f ;GtltnfO{ o:tf ;Dkbfx¿ ;xL ¿kdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;S5f}F . ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfs} dfWodaf6
sg' } klg /fi6«n] ljZjnfO{ cfk"mdf ;d]6\g ;S5 . xfd|f] uf}/j xfd|f o:tf w/f]x/x¿sf] ;+j4{g ug{
;/sf/L txaf6} vf; of]hgfsf ;fy kxn xg' ' h?/L 5 . k|frLg ejg tyf dlGb/x¿sf] 5fgfdf
pld|Psf] ´f/ x6fpg], af/–3]/fsf] dd{t ug]{, elTsPsf jf eTsg nfu]sf ;/+ rgfx¿sf] hL0ff]{4f/
ug]{, b/af/sf sf]7fx¿df P]ltxfl;s j:tx' ¿sf] ;hfj6 u/]/ ;ª\u|xfnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{
h:tf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ sfdx¿ tTsfn ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;f] ePdf xfdLn] xfd|f k'vf{sf] gf;f]nfO{
;bk' of]u u/]sf] 7xg]{ 5 . o;y{ >Ldfg\ ;dIf gj' fsf]6 b/af/ If]qh:tf dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx¿sf]
;/+ If0fdf ljz]if of]hgfsf ;fy ;lj|mo e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ub{5' .

ejbLo

====================

d's'Gb cof{n

vfdsf] gd'gf

k7fpg] kfpg]
ds' G' b cofn{
b]jL3f6, gj' fsf6] >Ldfg\ k|d'v,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
ljb'/, gj' fsf]6 .

176 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
!= :jb]zdf a;]/ sfd ubf{ g} /fi6«sf] pGglt xg' ] s'/f hgfpFb} ljb]zdf a:g] bfh'nfO{ lr7L

n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= ;x/sf] jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f / 6«flkms hfdsf] ;d:ofaf6 lbSs eO{ …ufpFn] hLjg g} /d0fLo /

k|]/0ffbfoL x'G5 .Ú eGg] ;Nnfx lbFb} ufpFdf a:g] cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .
#= cfkm" n] cjnf]sg u/]sf] s'g} bz{gLo :ynsf] j0f{g ub}{ ljb]zdf a:g] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L

n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= cfk;L ;d´bf/L d]nldnfkaf6} /fi6«sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ k|i6 kfb}{ wgu9L

a:g] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .
%= …nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o{;gÚ df km:g nfu]sf] cfˆgf] cleGg ldqnfO{ …cdN" o hLjgsf] b¿' kof]uÚ

gug{ ;Nnfx lbFb} kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
^= lgh{/f k':ts e08f/ kf]v/fn] cfjZos k':ts dufpgsf nflu ;femf k|sfzg, nlntk/' nfO{

n]Vg] kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
&= dxfnIdL k':ts e08f/ kf]v/fn] cfjZos k':ts dufpgsf nflu ljBfyL{ k|sfzg,

sf7df8f}“nfO{ n]Vg] kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
*= cfˆgf] 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] t/ cfkm" nfO{ k9\g] tLj| OR5f ePsf] Joxf]/f

pNn]v ub}{ 5fqj[lQ lbnfO{ kfp“m egL k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
(= cfkm" n] ljBfno kl/jt{g ug'{kg{] plrt sf/0f v'nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f k|df0fkq dfu ub}{ cWoog/t

ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
!)= gf/fo0fL e]/fO6L :6f];{ x]6f}F8f, dsjfgk'/n] ;ug' 9fsf sk8f pBf]u tfg;]t, kfNkfnfO{

ljleGg afgf tyf kl/df0fsf 9fsf sk8f k7fOlbg cg'/f]w u/L n]lvg] kq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 177

!#PsfO
:jtGq /rgf

s_ jfbljjfb

s'g} lglZrt ljifo jf zLif{ssf] kIf jf ljkIfdf pleP/ cfˆgf ljrf/ jf ts{ k|s6 ul/g] eflifs
cleJolQm g} jfbljjfb xf] . jfbljjfb Ps k|sf/sf] ax; xf] . jQmfx¿sf aLrdf ts{ljts{k0" f{
v08gd08goQ' m 5nkmn g} jfbljjfb xf] . o;df jQmfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] kIfaf6 ts{x¿ k|:t't
ub{5g\ . kIf / ljkIfsf aLrdf j}rfl/s åGå k|:t't ul/G5 . jfbljjfb ts{sf] v]n xf] . o;df
h;n] /fd|f] ts{ lbg ;S5 pm g} ljhoL xG' 5 . sv' /' f klxnf cfof] ls cG8f eGg] ljifodf s;}n]
ts{ u/]/ 306f}F latfpg ;S5 . cfˆgf s/' fnfO{ h;n] a9L k|efjf]Tkfbs 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't u5{ p;}sf]
s/' fdf cGo JolQmx¿ ;xdt x'G5g\ .
jfbljjfb n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿
;j{k|yd ;efsf] k|s[ltcg;' f/ ;Daf]wg ug]{,
;Daf]wg ubf{ ;j{k|yd ;efklt / To;kl5 cfjZostfcg';f/ cltly / cGo pkl:yltnfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{,
n]Vgk' g]{ ljifosf] kIf jf ljkIf;“u ;DalGwt a“'bfx¿nfO{ tfls{s / k|efjk0" f{ agfO{ z[ªvnfa4

tl/sfn] k|:t't ug]{,
;efklt, lg0ff{os d08n, u?' ju{ tyf pkl:yt cltlyju{, ;fyL cyf{t\ >f]tfu0fnfO{

;Daf]wg ub}{ jfbljjfb n]vg cf/De ug]{,
>4]o ;efklt, cfb/0fLo ;efklt, >Ldfg\ ;efklt, cfb/0fLo ;efsf ;efgfos cflb

h:tf zAbn] ;Daf]wg cf/De ug{ ;lsg],
cfˆgf ljkIfLsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ cf}“NofO{ tfls{s 9ª\un] cleJolQm k|:t't ug]{,
k|yd k'?ifz}nLdf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|:tt' ug]{,
ljkIf jf kIfsf] v08g ubf{ JolQmut cfIf]k gnufpg] tyf ts{ k|:tt' ubf{ dgu9Gt]eGbf

;To / oyfy{sf] ;xf/f lng],
xfpefpnfO{ sf]i7sdf hgfpg ;lsg],
lgisif{sf ¿kdf cfˆgf kIfsf tkm{af6 cToGt alnof] b[i6fGt lbO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub}{

jfbljjfb 6'ª\Uofpg] .

178 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

gdg' f jfbljjfb

t/af/eGbf snd alnof]

-kIfaf6_
t/af/eGbf snd alnof] ljifos jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfsf ;Ddflgt ;efklt dxf]bo, k|d'v
cltly, xftdf Gofosf] t/fh' lnP/ a:ge' Psf lg0f{osx¿, cfb/0fLo lzIfslzIfsfx¿ tyf
k|ltof]uL tyf cGo ;fyLx¿ †

æ1fg db{5 xfF;]/ /f]O{ lj1fg db{5Æ eg]/ xfd|f gf6ssf/ ;dn] To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\ . snd
eg]sf] 1fg xf] / t/af/ eg]sf] lj1fg . sndn] dfG5]sf] JolQmTj ljsf; u5{ . dfG5]nfO{ cnu
klxrfg lbG5 . sndsf v]tfnfx¿ d/]/ klg cd/ x'G5g\ . snddf Tof] zlQm 5 h;n] JolQmnfO{
o'uf}Fo'u;Dd arfO/fV5 . snd dfgjLo hLjgsf] cfnf]s xf] . snd ;]jf xf]Ù wd{ xf] / dfgjLo
hLjgsf] j}ej xf] . t/af/ dfgjtf dflysf] snÍ xf] . t/af/ eo xf]Ù 8/ xf] . t/af/n] dflg;sf]
JolQmTjdf x|f; NofpF5 . xfd|f] vNtLdf ´l' G8Psf] sndn] xfdLnfO{ cfb/ tyf ;Ddfg lbPsf]
xG' 5 . o;sf] ;§fdf xfdL t/af/ af]s]/ lxF8\g yfNof}F eg] ls t xfdL ck/fwLsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5f}F
ls cftª\ssf/Lsf] . ljZj Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] t/af/n] s;}nfO{ bL3{sfnsf] nflu ;fy lbPsf]
5}g . Ifl0fs cfj]zsf] nflu zlQmsf] pGdfbn] dfG5] cfk"mnfO{ anjfg\ 7fGnf t/ d]/f k"j{jQmf
;fyLn] eg]h:tf] g g]kflnog, g l;sGb/, g lx6n/ g :6flng sf]xL klg ;Eo Oltxf;df /x]sf
5}gg\ . ;2fd x';]g xg' \ jf cf];fdf ljgnfb]g s;}n] zlQmsf] e/df cfk"mnfO{ ;/' lIft /fVg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . t/af/sf] dftdf /x]sfx¿nfO{ ;don] o;/L ´fk8 xfG5 ls pgLx¿sf] ufnfdf Tof] ;bf
´G´gfO/xG5 . snd t dfG5]sf] ;fyL xf] . k|jf;df ldq aGg ;Sg], cfkt\df dftf aGg ;Sg] tyf
cGwsf/df aQL aGg ;Sg] snd dfG5]sf] kyk|bz{s xf] . sndn] dfG5]nfO{ dfG5]h:t} eP/ afFRg
l;sfpF5Ù hLjgsf] ;f/ a´' fpF5 . dfgjLo hLjgsf] Ifl0fstf af]w u/fP/ o:tf] Ifl0fs ;dodf
c;n sd{ ug{'kg]{ s'/fsf] 1fg lbG5 .

d]/f kj" {jQmf ldqn] cfˆgf] ;/' Iffsf] nflu t/af/ ckl/xfo{ eg]/ e|d 5g'{eof] . o;df d ;xdt
xg' ;lSbgF . s] cª\u'nLdfnf h:tf] eofgs /fIf;nfO{ e]6\g uPsf a4' n] xftdf t/af/ af]s]sf
lyP < lyPgg\, ;fyLx¿ † …glbg] cfd} cfOtaf/ afl5{g\Ú eg]h:t} cfkm" df Ifdtf gx'g]x¿n] dfq
;'/Iffsf] b'xfO{ lbG5g\ / b/' frf/ u5{g\ . cfkm" df ljZjf; xg' ]x¿ slxNo} To;f] ub}{gg\ . cfh
hª\unL hgfj/x¿nfO{ /TofP/ /fVg ;Sg] dfG5] lsg dfG5];Fu 8/fpF5 < ;a}sf] pQ/ Pp6} xG' 5 –
ToxL t/af/sf] sf/0f . sndn] slxNo} af6f] la/fpFb}g . snd ;To tyf Gofosf] kIfdf xG' 5 eg]
t/af/ cGofo / c;Tosf] . -hgfp 306L aH5 ._

;fyLx¿ † k/' f0fsf kfgfx¿ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg t/af/sf] zlQmn] pGdQ ePs} sf/0f dxfef/tsf]
o'4 eof] . nÍf bxg tyf /fj0fsf] gfz eof] . t/af/s} dftn] ubf{ Iflqox¿sf] gfz eof] .
hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf c0f'ad k8\Sof] . n]agfgsf] 3fp ;]nfPsf] 5}g . cd]l/sfsf
h'DNofxf ejg Wj:t eP . ckmuflg:tfg, O/fs / lnlaofdf lx;+ f a9\of] . hflt, wd{, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo
cflbdf dfG5] ljeQm eof] . zlQmsf] dftn] ubf{ k|s[ltn] dfgjsf] nflu j/bfg lbPsf] of] ;G' b/ wtL{
dfgj a:tLsf nflu cof]Uo aGb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf]df d]/f ljkIfL ldqx¿nfO{ ;d]t e|ddf gkg{ tyf
sndsf] kIfdf nfUg cfXjfg ub}{ d cfˆgf] ljrf/ 6ª' \UofpF5' . wGojfb † -tfnL aH5_

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 179

6]lnlehgeGbf /]l8of] hftL

-ljkIfaf6_

;Ddflgt ;efsf ;efkltHo", cltlyu0f, Gofof;gdf a:g'ePsf lg0ff{osHox" ¿, u'?ju{ tyf
d]/f åGåL Pjd\ k|ltåGåL ;fyLx¿ † cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d ljifosf] ljkIf cyf{t\
6]lnlehg hftL eGg] ljifodf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ub}{ 5' .

cfhsf] ljZj e"d08nLs/0fsf] hdfgfdf dflg;nfO{ sg' } s/' f ;'g]/ dfq k'Ub}g . ;g' ]sf s/' f ;fFrf]
x'G5g\ eGg] klg 5}g . xfdLn] sg' } 36gfsf] af/]df ;g' ]/ hlt a'¤5f}F x]/]/ Tof]eGbf w]/} rfF8} / /fd|/L
a¤' g ;S5f}F . sxfF s] eP5 eGg] s/' fsf] ljj/0fsf] ;fydf b[Zo klg x]g{ kfOg] x'gfn] 6]lnlehg
cToGt ;'Gb/ ag]sf] 5 . 6]lnlehgn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf ljleGg kIf, /fhgLlt, lj1fg, snf, ;flxTo
tyf b}lgs hLjgsf ef]ufOx¿sf af/]df :ki6;Fu b[Zo b]vfOlbG5 . xfdLn] gb]v]sf] tyf g;'g]sf]
7fpFsf] af/]df 6]lnlehgdf x]/]/ hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5f}F . …s'08s'08 kfgL d0' 8d'08 al' 4Ú eg]´}F
dfG5]n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf hlt 5 Tolt g} k|bz{g ug]{ xf] . ljkIfL ldqsf] cNk1fgn] 6]lnlehgsf] dxŒj
a¤' g ;s]g . o;nfO{ d}n] vf;} cgf}7f] dflggF . vf;df eGg] xf] eg] d]/f kj" {jQmf ;fyLn] /]l8of]sf]
dlxdf ufpFb} cToGt e|fds s'/fx¿ u/]/ hfg'eof] . pxfFsf ts{x¿;Fu d ;xdt xg' ;lSbgF .
6]lnlehgn] snf;:+ sltsf] ;+/If0f u5{Ù n'Kt xg' nfu]sf snf, ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 .
xfd|f ;:+ s[ltleqsf cg]s s/' fx¿ 6]lnlehgaf6 g} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . ljZj ;db' fodf s]s:tf]
k|ult ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f hfGgsf nflu klg 6]lnlehg ;fy{s xG' 5 . dfG5]sf] /xg;xg, hLjgk4lt
tyf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 . 6]lnlehgn] ljZjsf] h'g;s' } sg' fdf ePsf]
36gfnfO{ k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/]/ To;sf] af/]df 1fg lbG5 . xfd|f k|wfgdGqL cd]l/sfsf] s'g} ;df/f]xdf
uP/ s] af]n], xfd|f v]nf8Ln] aflx/ uP/ s:tf] v]n k|bz{g u/], ljZjsf] sg' b]zdf s:tf] 36gf
36\of], lj1fgsf] If]qdf s:tf] k|ult eof] eGg] s/' f 6]lnlehgs} dfWodaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
d]/f ljkIfL ldqn] eg]h:tf] 6]lnlehg xflgsf/s xf]Og . 6]lnlehgnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s/' f
dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . ljkIfL ldqn] hlt /]l8of]sf] avfg u/] klg To;n] cfjfh dfq ;'gfpF5, b[Zo
b]vfpFb}g . b[Zoljgfsf] cfjfh eg]sf] g'gljgfsf] t/sf/L h:t} xf] . cfhsf] cTofw'lgs ou' df klg
aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] cfp68]6]8 /]l8of]sf] rrf{ u/]/ sxfF xG' 5 / † -hgfp 306L aH5_

3/sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf a;]/ ljZjsf] af/]df 1fg lng ;lsg] xF'bf 6]lnlehg 1fgsf] ;|f]t xf] .
6]lnlehgdf cfpg] ;a} sfo{j|md x]g{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . lglZrt ;dosf] ;dfrf/, dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{j|mdx¿
tyf ljz]if sfo{j|mdx¿ x]g]{ ug'{k5{ . xfdLnfO{ lbgel/ sfd ubf{ ysfO nfu]sf] x'G5 . ysfgaf6
d'lQm kfpg klg xfdLnfO{ dgf]/~hg rflxG5 . xfd|f nf]s;:+ s[ltdf cfwfl/t uLt, ;ª\uLt, g[To
tyf gf6sx¿ x]/]/ klg xfdL dgf]/~hg lng ;S5f}F . /]l8of] sfd ub}{ klg ;G' g ;lsG5 eGg] ljkIfL
ldqnfO{ d s] eG5' eg] /]l8of] ;G' b} u/]sf] sfd klg lau|G5 / /]l8of]n] s] eGof] eGg] s'/f klg
/fd|/L al' ´Fb}g . o;y{ sfdsf] ;dodf sfd / dgf]/~hgsf] ;dodf dgf]/~hg ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu
6]lnlehg w]/} pkof]uL 5 eGb} d d]/f egfO oxL 6ª' \UofpF5' . wGojfb .

180 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

cEof;

s_ ljkIfL dtsf] v08g ub}{ …;}4flGts 1fgeGbf Jofjxfl/s 1fg g} 7n" f] x'G5Ú eGg] ljifosf
kIfdf cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

v_ ljkIfLsf dtsf] v08g ub}{ …dxFuf / :jflbnf tof/L vfg]s'/f eGbf 3/]n' tfhf vfg]s'/f g}
a9L :jf:Yojw{s x'G5g\Ú eGg] ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

u_ ljkIfL ts{x¿sf] v08g ub}{ æ5f]/LnfO{ k}t[s ;DklQeGbf lzIff lbgk' 5{Æ eGg] ljifosf kIfdf
cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

3_ ljkIfLsf dtx¿sf] v08g ub}{ æwgeGbf ljBf 7"nf] xG' 5Ú eGg] ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf
uxlsnf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

ª_ …lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf]Ú eGg] ljifosf] kIfaf6 cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
r_ ljkIfsf dtsf] v08g ub{} …6]lnlehgn] k9fOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5Ú eGg] jfbljjfbsf] ljifodf

kIfsf tkm{af6 cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
5_ …efUodf xf]Og kl/>ddf ljZjf; /fVgk' 5{Ú eGg] ljifosf kIfdf ljkIfsf dtsf] v08g ub}{

cfˆgf ts{ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
h_ ljkIfLsf dtsf] v08g ub{} …3f]sGt] 1fgeGbf Jofjxfl/s 1fg g} lbuf] xG' 5Ú eGg] ljifosf

kIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{x' f];\ .
´_ ljkIfsf] dtsf] v08g ub{} …ef}lts ;'veGbf cfWoflTds ;v' n] g} hLjgnfO{ ;v' L agfpF5Ú

eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
`_ …cfˆgf] k|z+;f ul/lbg] ldqeGbf sdhf]/L cf}FNofOlbg] zq' g} hftL xG' 5Ú eGg] ljifosf kIfdf

ljkIfLsf dtsf] v08g ub{} cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
6_ …hflu/eGbf lghL Joj;fo /fd|f]Ú eGg] ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

v_ ;+jfb

;j+ fb n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ M
;j+ fb n]Vbf ;j{k|yd zLif{s, :yfg tyf ;do pNn]v ug]{,
;DalGwt ljifonfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] k|:t't ug]{ kfqx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug]{,
;+jfbdf sDtLdf klg bO' { kfq xg' 'kg]{ tyf cfjZostfg';f/ kfqsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg],
cfjZostfg';f/ xfpefp / kl/j]znfO{ sf]i7sdf /fVg],
;+jfbdf s;n] cleJolQm k|:tt' u/]sf] xf] eGg] :ki6 kfg{ sfkLsf] afof“tkm{ kfqsf] gfd

pNn]v ug]{ tyf bfof“tkm{ kfqsf] cleJolQm k|:t't ug]{,
;j+ fbsf] efiff n]Vo ¿kdf eP klg sYo cyf{t\ af]nrfnsf] glhs agfpg ljleGg egfO

tyf b[i6fGtx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg],
;+jfb w]/} nfdf] / lbSsnfUbf] geO{ 5f]6f] tyf :ki6 x'gk' g]{,

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 181

;+jfbdf k|oQ' m kfqx¿ ;xdltsf] ljGbd' f cfO;s]kl5 dfq ;+jfb 6'ª\Uofpg],
sg' } klg lgrf]8ljgf ;j+ fbsf] cy{ g/xg] .

gdg' f ;j+ fb

jg;Dkbfsf] dxŒj

-k"mndfof Pp6L ul/a kl/jf/sL 5f]/L xf] . pm lgoldt hª\undf uP/ bfp/f NofO{ a]r]/ cfˆgf]
hLljsf]kfh{g ub}{ cfPsL 5] . cfh klg pm hª\unaf6 bfp/f sf6]/ NofpFb} 5] . dbg ljBfnoaf6
3/lt/ kms{b+ } 5, af6f]df b'j}sf] hDsfe]6 xG' 5 ._
dbg M cf]xf] lbbL † tkfO{+ c´} bfp/f a]Rg] sfd ug{'x'Fb} 5 . of] afx]s c¿ s'g} sfd

ug{'ePsf] ePxG' Yof] lg .
km" ndfof M P dbg kf], d t ofb} gu/L lxF8]sL, clg 5'§L eof] ljBfnodf, rfF8} g} cfP5f} lg

cfh t <
dbg M cfh z'qmaf/ xf] lg lbbL 5§' L x'g]lalQSs} cfp“b} 5' . lbbLnfO{ ;w}F bfp/fsf] ef/L;Fu

b]Vg] u/]sf] 5' . cfh klg bfp/f af]s]/} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . s] hª\unaf6 Nofpg'ePsf]
xf] bfp/f <
km" ndfof M hª\unaf6} NofPsf] t xf] lg . gNofP/ s] u/f}“ t, laxfg a]n'sfsf] xftdv' hf]8\gnfO{
t ;fx|f] xf]nf h:tf] e};Sof] . cfˆgf] t kl/jf/sf] e/ eg]s} oxL bfp/f xf] . of] klg
ufx|f] eO;Sof] kfpg . km]l/ d"No klg eg]h:tf] kfOFb}g .
dbg M clg lbbL tkfO{+x¿n] bfp/fsf] nflu sf6]sf] ¿vsf] 7fpFdf csf]{ la?jf nufpg]
ug'{ePsf] 5 ls 5}g t <
km" ndfof M bfp/f sf6]/ Nofp“b}df lbg hfG5 . Toxf“ s;n] la?jf /f]Kg EofpF5 / †
dbg M x}g lbbL tkfO{x+ ¿n] g} To:tf] eGge' of] eg] hª\un t gfl;P/ uOxfN5 lg . km]l/
kl5sf nflu bfp/f sxfF kfOG5 / † ¿v la?jfaf6} cfˆgf] hLljsf rnfpg] clg
la?jf nufP/ hª\un ;/+ If0f ug]{ sfo{af6 klG5g] xf] eg] lgZro g} hª\un ljgfz
xG' 5 . lbbL † jghª\un t xfd|f ;Dkbf xg' \ . o;sf] ;/+ If0f ug'{ xfd|f] cfˆg} st{Jo
xf] . xfdLn] jghª\unsf] ;/+ If0f u¥of}F eg] bfp/f, 3fF; dfq xf]Og jftfj/0fsf]
;Gt'ngsf nflu klg cToGt cfjZos 5 . jghª\un ;/' lIft /x] cNkj[li6,
cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 h:tf ;d:ofx¿ 36]/ hfG5g\ . eI" fo, e":vng xF'b}g . cfˆgf]
dfq geP/ ;Dk0" f{ jftfj/0fsf] rf;f] /x]sf] jg;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f t ug{'k5{ lg x}g / <
km" ndfof M c“ ;fFRrL g} dbg ca t bfp/f sxf“af6 Nofpg] eGg] ;d:of cfO;s]sf] 5 .
dbg M To;}n] t lbbL bfp/f sf6\gx' 'Gg eGg] xf]Og . bfp/f s;/L sf6\g], ¿v sf6]kl5 ToxfF
gofF la?jf s;/L nufpg] eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . o;f] ug{ ;s] dfq jghª\un
;w}Fel/ /lx/xG5, xfd|f] v]taf/Lsf] ;/' Iff klg x'G5, jftfj/0f klg hf]luG5 . To;}n]
jghª\un ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ lg x}g lbbL .

182 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

km" ndfof M ltdLn] d]/f] cfFvf vf]lnlbof}“+ dbg Û ca ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ eg]/ d j[If/f]k0flt/
;a}sf] Wofg tfG5' .

dbg M xf] t, lbbLn] aNn s/' f a'¤g'eof] . ;a} ldn]/ u/]kl5 eOxfN5 lg . sg' } klg sfdsf]
yfngL cflv/ Psaf6} t xg' ] xf] . Psn] u/]kl5 b'O{, rf/ x'Fb} w]/}n] To;nfO{
k5\ofpF5g\ .

km" ndfof M cfh ltdLnfO{ e]6]sf] ;fy{s eof] efO .
dbg M dnfO{ klg lbbLnfO{ e]6]/ w]/} /dfOnf] cg'ej eof] . -b'j} 3/lt/ nfU5g\ ._

cEof;

s_ ænfu' kbfy{sf] bJ' o{;gÆ zLif{sdf Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
v_ …dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fÚ o; zLif{sdf Pp6f ;+jfb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
u_ æljsf;sf nflu zflGtsf] cfjZostfÆ zLif{sdf Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
3_ æ;/;kmfO{ g} :j:y hLjgsf] cfwf/Æ eGg] ljifodf ;j+ fb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
ª_ …jg;Dkbfsf] dxŒjÚ eGg] ljifodf Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
r_ gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fdf oj' fju{sf] e"ldsf eGg] ljifodf Pp6f ;j+ fb n]Vg'xf];\ .
5_ …k|fljlws lzIff M /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/Ú eGg] ljifodf Pp6f ;j+ fb n]Vg'xf];\ .
h_ …w"dkfgn] lnG5 HofgÚ eGg] ljifodf Pp6f ;+jfb n]Vgx' f];\ .
´_ …c;n ;fyLÚ zLif{sdf Pp6f ;j+ fb n]Vg'xf];\ .
`_ …kfgLsf] dxŒjÚ eGg] zLif{sdf Pp6f ;+jfb n]Vgx' f];\ .
6_ …uNtLaf6 g} kf7 l;lsG5Ú eGg] zLif{sdf Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
7_ dlxnflj?4 eO/x]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] lx+;f x6fpg s] ug{'k5{, u?' / r]nf aLrsf] ;j+ fb tof/

kfg{'xf];\ .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 183

u_ jStt[ f

s'g} lglb{i6 ljifodf jQmfn] >f]tfx¿;dIf k|efjzfnL 9ª\uaf6 cleJolQm, ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f
cflb k|:tt' ug]{ snfnfO{ jSt[tf elgG5 . k|jrg, efif0f, jSt[Tj, jfs\sf}zn, dGtJo, jStJo
cflb klg jSt[tfs} kof{o x'g\ . cyf{t\ jQmfn] s'g} vf; ljifodfly s]lGb|t /x]/ k"j{ tof/Lsf ;fy
cfˆgf 7f]; ljrf/nfO{ cleJolQm snfsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug'{nfO{ g} jSt[tf elgG5 .

jSt[tf n]vgdf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿
;aeGbf klxn] ljifo;“u ;DalGwt a'“bfx¿ ;ª\sng ug]{,
a“'bfx¿nfO{ z[ª\vnfa4 agfpg cflb,dWo / cGTosf] 9f“rfdf /fVg],
jSt[tf tof/ kfbf{ ;j{k|yd zLif{s /fVg] / ;efcg;' f/ ;Daf]wg ug]{,
lzi6 efiffsf] dfWodåf/f ;DalGwt ljifodf s]lGb|t /xL cfˆgf cleJolQmx¿ k|:tt' ug]{,
sg' } wd{, hflt, j0f{, lnª\u / ;:+ s[ltdf cf3ft k'Ug] ;fDk|bflos jf hfltut lje]bnfO{

pTk|]l/t ug]{ ;dfh tyf /fi6«lj/f]wL efjgf km}nfpg] Pjd\ JolQmut cfIf]k nfUg] vfnsf
cleJolQm jQmfn] k|:t't ug{ gkfpg],
ljrf/ k|s6 ubf{ aLraLrdf egfO tyf b[i6fGt k|:t't ug{ ;lsg],
cGTodf lgisif{;lxt wGojfb 1fkg u/]/ jSt[tf 6ª' \Uofpg] .

gd'gf jSt[tf

;dfh ;'wf/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ lzIff xf]

;efklt dxf]bo,

Gofosf] t/fh' lnP/ a:ge' Psf lg0ff{os d08nsf ;b:ox¿,

cltlyu0f, u'?ju{ tyf d]/f ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿ †

…;dfh ;w' f/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ lzIff xf]Ú eGg] ljifos jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutfdf cfˆgf wf/0ffx¿
/fVg kfp“bf xif{n] ubub ePsf] 5' . ;dfhnfO{ ;;' Eo, ;';:+ s[t / lzlIft agfpgsf nflu lzIffsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIffljgf dfgj dl:tis r]tgzLn aGg ;Qm}g . dfgj dl:tis r]tgzLn
geOsg ;dfh ljsf;sf] dfu{df nlDsg ;Qm}g . lzIffs} sf/0f ;dfh ;'wf/ ePsf k|z:t}
b[i6fGtx¿ e]l6G5g\ . cfh lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
h;n] ubf{ ;dfh ;w' f/sf] cfwf/ lzIff xf] eGg dnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 .

dfgj hLjgdf lzIff sf]j|mf]af6 ;'? eP/ lrtfdf ku' ]/ dfq ;dfKt x'G5 . dflg;n] cf}krfl/s
/ cgf}krfl/s bj' } ¿kdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . dxfg\ bfz{lgs Kn]6f]n] …lzIff Tof] cf}iflw xf]
h;nfO{ vfP/ dfgj dl:tisnfO{ :j:y agfpg ;lsG5Ú eg]/ To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\ . lzIffljgfsf]
hLjg cGwsf/do x'G5 . lzlIft JolQmn] dfq ;dfhdf hsl8Psf cGwljZjf;, s';:+ sf/, s/' Llt
cflbnfO{ x6fpg ;S5 . lzIffn] jt{dfg ;dodf lgs} nfdf] km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] 5 . lzIffs} sf/0f

184 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

cfh ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿ ljsf;sf] ;f]kfg r9]sf 5g\ / r9\b} 5 . lzIffljgf cjZo klg ;dfh
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . ;dfhsf] ljsf; geO{ s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; xg' ;Sb}g . h;n] ubf{ lzIff
g} Tof] cfwf/ xf] h;n] ;dfh ;w' f/ u5{ eGg ;lsG5 . lzIffn] a'l4, ljj]s / r]tgfsf] åf/
vf]N5 . lzlIft JolQmn] dfq c;n v/fa 56' \ofpg ;S5 . cfˆgf] hflt, wd{, k];f cflbnfO{
dfof ug{'kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ To;} dflgPsf] xf]Og ;dfhdf b]vfk/]sf, b]vfkg]{
ljleGg ljs[lt Pjd\ lj;ª\ultx¿sf lj?4 n8\g s]jn lzIffn] d2t k'¥ofp“5 . lzIffn] g}
;dfhsf c“Wof/f kIfx¿nfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfg{ ;lsG5 . lzIff ePg eg] ;dfh cjgltsf] dfu{tkm{
ws]lnG5 . lzIff ePg eg] c/fhstf km}lnG5, ;dfhdf xToflx;+ f cftª\s km}lnG5 / qflxqflx
eP/ hLjg lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . lzIff geP ;dfhdf hª\unL ;Eotf df}nfpg
yfN5 . 5j' f5t' cGTo ug{, ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{, ;Rrl/qjfg\ aGg tyf e]befj/lxt
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ lzIffsf] cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ 5 . lzlIft JolQmx¿n] ;dfhdf hsl8Psf
ljleGg s/' Lltx¿nfO{ j|mdzM x6fpg ;S5g\ . …lzIff ToxL rLh xf] h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfTdljZjf;L
/ lg:jfyL{ agfp“5Ú eg]/ CUj]bdf To;} n]lvPsf] xf]Og . lzIffn] v/fa h8nfO{ ;dfKt kfl/lbG5 .
lzIffn] g} dflg;sf b;} OlGb|ox¿nfO{ ;xL dfu{df lx“8fpg pTk|]l/t u5{ . lzIffn] dflg;sf] JolQmTj
ljsf; u5{ . cK7\of/f kl/l:yltx¿;“u h'Wg] Ifdtf a9fp“5 . cIf/sf c:qx¿df cToGt 7n" f]
zlQm x'G5 . lzIffn] g} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ 9ª' \u]o'uaf6 cTofwl' gs cGtl/If o'udf k|j]z u/fPsf]
xf] . lzIff cfhsf] dfG5]sf] cf“vf xf] . of] dfgjsf] hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] . vKt8 afafn] ælzlIft
dfG5] ;/n xG' 5, clzlIft dfG5] ;fdfGo x'G5 t/ cw{lzlIft dfG5] vt/gfs x'G5Æ eg]/ lzIffsf]
dxŒj atfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ ;dfh ljsf;sf nflu dfG5] k"0f{ lzlIft xg' k' 5{ .

;efklt dxf]bo † lzIff ;dfh ;w' f/sf] dxŒjk0" f{ c:q xf] h;n] ;dfhnfO{ pGgltsf] lzv/df
r9fp“5 . ;dfh ;w' f/ ug]{ xf] eg] k|To]s cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ lzIff k|bfg
ug{'k5{ . To;f] t lzIff PsfGtsf] ;fyL / k/b]zsf] ;xofqL klg xf] . Pp6f c;n gful/s agfpg
lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf lgjf{x ub{5 . o;y{ lzIff geP l;ª\uf] ;dfh cGwsf/do x'G5 .
o;n] ;dfhdf r]tgfsf] cfnf]s km}nfp“5 . ufp“ufp“df ljsf;sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ gful/s
r]tgf Nofp“5 . gful/sdf clwsf/ / st{Jok|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fp“5 . To;}n] lzIffnfO{
;dfh;'wf/sf] dV' o cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . olt eGb} d]/f] 5f]6f] dGtJo oxL“ 6ª' \Uofp“5' . wGojfb †

>4]o ;efgfosHo", kfgL g} hLjg xf]
lg0ff{osd08n,
u?' ju{ tyf ;fyLx¿ †

cfhsf] o; jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutfdf d …kfgL g} hLjg xf]Ú eGg] ljifodf af]Ng uO/x]sf] 5' .
z/L/sf k|To]s cª\ucª\usf] hlt dxŒj x'G5, Tolt g} xfd|f] hLjgdf kfgLsf] dxŒj x'G5 . …:jR5
kfgL :j:y hLjgÚ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

lxhf]cfh ufp“b]lv ;x/;Dd :jR5 kfgLsf] cefj a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . kfgLsf dx' fgx¿df hyfefjL
ufO{j:t' 5f8\gfn] vfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿, Ogf/, s'jf, sn, wf/f cflbk|lt x]nr]S|ofO“ ugf{n]
lxhf]cfh vfg]kfgL k|bl" ift x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . sltko JolQmx¿n] kfgL g5flgsg, gttfOsg lkpg]

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 185

u/]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] lkpg] kfgLsf] ef“8f]nfO{ ;d]t 5f]k]/ /fVg] u/]sf 5}gg\, h;n] ubf{ xfjfdf
pl8/x]sf ljleGg ;"Id sL6f0f'x¿ kfgLdf k|j]z u5{g\ / h;nfO{ xfdLn] lkof}“ eg] ljleGg /f]ux¿
nfUg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ;j{k|yd kfgLsf] dx' fg / kfgLsf ;|f]t:ynx¿ :jR5 /fVg'k5{ . To;kl5
;a}n] kfgL pdfn]/, 5fg]/ dfq lkpg] ug{'k5{ . clg dfq xfdLnfO{ ´f8fkvfnf, cfp“, 6fOkmfO8,
x}hf h:tf cflb /f]ux¿n] xQkQ cfj|md0f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . dfgj z/L/df kfgLsf] cToGt 7n" f] dxŒj
/x]sf] 5 . kfgLljgf z/L/n] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn kfgLsf] ljt/0fdf ;/sf/ pbf;Lg
b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;x/L If]qdf kfgLsf] 7n" f] cefj /x]sf] 5 . kfgL ljt/0fdf clgoldttf,
r'xfj6, c:tJo:t ;x/Ls/0f, cToGt 7n" f] dfu / ;'Sb} uPsf ;|f]tx¿ ;x/df kfgL cefj xg' s' f
k|d'v sf/0f b]lvPsf 5g\ . oxL ljifd kl/l:yltsf] unt kmfObf p7fp“b} ;x/df kfgL a]Rg] xf]8
rn]sf] 5 . dfgj :jf:Yo;“u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] kfgL slQsf] :j:y /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf]
Wofg uPh:tf] b]lv“b}g . kfgL hLjg xf] . o;df ;a}sf] kx'“r kU' g' dfgjsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] .
kfgL lkpg kfpg' / To;df klg :j:y kfgL lkpg kfpg' ;a}sf] clwsf/ ePsfn] ;/sf/sf] Wofg
o;tkm{ hfg' cTofjZos b]Vb5' .

o;k|sf/ :jR5 kfgLljgfsf] hLjg hLjgh:tf] x“'b}g . clwsf/sf nflu dflg;x¿n] qmflGt u/]h:t}
:jR5 kfgL lkpgsf nflu qmflGt ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . t;y{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ ;Dk0" f{
cr]tgzLn ;d'bfonfO{ …kfgL g} hLjg xf]Ú eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/lbg'k5{ . kfgLdfly x'g] /fhgLlt
cGTo xg' 'k5{ / kfgL ;a}n] lgMzN' s kfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;/sf/ csd{0o xg' x' '“b}g eg] ;a}
kIfaf6 kfgLsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿nfO{ ;/' lIft /fVg] sf]l;; ug{'k5{ clg dfq xfdLn] :jR5 kfgL
lkpg kfp“5f}F . olt eGb} of] 5f]6f] jQmJo oxL“ 6ª' \Uofp“5' . wGojfb †

cEof;

-!_ …ljsf;df hg;xeflutfÚ eGg] ljifodf jSt[tf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-@_ …b]z ljsf;df oj' fsf] e"ldsfÚ eGg] zLif{sdf jSt[tf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
-#_ æcfhsf] cfjZostf, k|fljlws lzIffÆ zLif{sdf jSt[tf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
-$_ tnsf ljifodf jSt[tf n]Vg'xf];\ M
s_ lzIff g} hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf]
v_ gf/L lzIffsf] dxŒj
u_ aGb, x8tfnn] kf/]sf] c;/
3_ z}lIfs ljsf;df lghL ljBfnosf] el" dsf
ª_ nfu' kbfy{sf] bJ' o{;g
r_ ko{6gsf] cfwf/ M zflGt;'/Iff
5_ c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo
h_ a9\bf] dx“uLn] kf/]sf] c;/

186 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

3_ b}lgsL

sg' } klg JolQmn] Ps lbgel/df u/]sf dV' od'Vo cge' jnfO{ ;d]6L l;nl;nfa4 9ª\un] n]lvg]
eflifs cleJolQmnfO{ b}lgsL elgG5 . o;df laxfg p7]b]lv a]n'sf g;t' ];Ddsf k|dv' s'/fx¿nfO{
;d]l6G5 . JolQmsf] cfTdsyfnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ul/G5 . lbgel/df 36]sf 36gf, JolQmn] u/]sf
lj|mofsnfk, ;D´gf, e]63f6, JolQmaf6 ePsf dxŒjk0" f{ sfd cflbnfO{ o;df ;d]6\g] ul/G5 .

b}lgsL n]Vbf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿
b}lgsL n]Vbf ;j{k|yd ;fn, dlxgf, ut], af/ cflbnfO{ :ki6¿kdf pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
k/LIffsf b[li6n] b}lgsL cflb, dWo / cGTosf] z[ª\vnfdf ltg cg'R5]bdf n]Vg'k5{ .
b}lgsLdf k|yd k?' if z}nL k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;df ld7f;k"0f{ tyf ;[hgfTds jfSox¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
b}lgsLdf sfNklgs s'/feGbf oyfy{sf s/' fx¿ a9L eP klg k|:t'lt snfTds / cfsif{s x'gk' 5{ .
b}lgsLdf ;flxlTos efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ sfNklgstfeGbf oyfy{tfdf hf]8 lbgk' 5{ .
o;df pNn]vgLo 36gfnfO{ 56' fpg'x'“b}g / gu0o 36gfnfO{ pNn]v ul//xgk' b}{g .
lgwf{l/t ljifodf b}lgsL n]Vbf d'Vo ljifonfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbgk' 5{ .
b}lgsLdf dxfk'?if, bfz{lgs tyf ;flxTosf/x¿sf dxŒjk0" f{ cleJolQmnfO{ :yfg lbg ;lsG5

t/ n]vfOnfO{ e2f agfpgx' '“b}g .
b}lgsL n]vgn] ;flxlTos n]vgsf] k[i7el" d tof/ kfg]{ x“'bf o;df dL7f;k0" f{ efiffsf] k|of]u

ug{' ;fGble{s xG' 5 .

gd'gf b}lgsL

;f:+ sl[ ts rf8sf] cg'ej

km" nvs{, wflbª, @)&$ ;fn sflt{s !@ ut]

cfh jif{ lbgdf PskN6 cfpg] rf8 ltxf/sf] lbg ;a}sf 3/df /ftLb]lv g} aQLx¿ l´nldnL
aln/x]sf 5g\ . lxhf] /ftL ca]/;Dd dfnf agfp“bf 3]/} ysfO nfu]sfn] cfh laxfg ^ ah]dfq
d]/f cf“vf vn' ]sf lyP .

cfh efO6Lsfsf] lbg To;}n] 6Lsfsf] ;fdu|L tof/ kfg]{ sfdb]lv gx' fpg'kg]{ clg ljleGg k|sf/sf
vfgfx¿ tof/ kfg'{kg]{ To;}n] d xtf/xtf/ p7]/ sk8f af]sL k“w]/flt/ nfu]“ . lgTosd{ l;WofP/
3/df cfP“ clg k"hfsf] yfnLdf ljleGg ;Kt/ª\uL 6Lsfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ /fv]F . csf]{ yfnLdf
dfnfx¿ ldnfP/ /fv]“ . csf]{ yfnLx¿df ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ /fv]“ . oL ;a cfh bfhe' fOnfO{
6Lsf nufO{ pgLx¿sf] bL3f{os' f] sfdgf ub}{ dfnf unfdf nufOlbP/ dL7f–dL7f vfgfx¿ lbg'
lyof] . t;y{ jif{ lbgdf cfpg] rf8 xif{ / pNnf;sf ;fy dgfpg d}n] ;a} ;fdfg tof/ kf/]“ .
cfdfn] cl3 g} sf]7fdf lnkkf]t u/L bfhe' fOnfO{ a:gsf] nflu un}Frf klg cf]5\ofO{ ;Sg'ePsf]

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 187

lyof] . bfh'x¿nfO{ 6Lsf nufpgsf] nflu a:g nufP“ . clg snz 7Ls kf/]/ lbof] k"hf u/L
kfgLn] bfh'x¿nfO{ tLgk6s 5]s]/ od/fhsf] gfddf 9f]sfsf] ;F3f/df cf]v/ km6' fO{ 9f]sf aGb u/L
d}n] bfh'x¿nfO{ 6Lsf nufOlbP“ clg ;a} ldn]/ dL7fdL7f kl/sf/x¿ vfof}“ . ;fx|} /dfOnf] ePsf]
lyof] . To;kl5 d dfdf3/ uP/ dfdfnfO{ klg 6Lsf nufO{ lbP/ a]ns' L 3/ kms]{+ .
;f“´;Dddf d ysfOn] un]sL lyP“ . a]ns' Lsf] vfgf vfP/ ;'t]F . lbgel/sf] 36gfj|md ofb ub}{
;T' g] t/v/df nfu]“ .

ljBfnosf] jflifs{ fT] ;j

afnfh,' sf7df8f}“, @)&!.!).@$
uf8Lsf] l6F== l6F== cfjfhn] ubf{ cfh d]/f cf“vf % ah] g} v'n]sf lyP . lgTosd{ ;s]/ s]xL ;do
uLt ufpgnfO{ tof/L eP“ . cfdfn] sf]7fdf g} lrof NofOlbge' of] . km]l/ uLt ufpg] tof/L u/L d
vfgf vfP/ ljBfnotkm{ nfu]F .
d !) ah] ljBfnodf kU' bf oxf“ ;a} sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu tof/L ul//x]sf lyP .
k|wfgfWofksn] :jfut efif0f ub}{ jflif{s pT;j k|f/De ug{'eof] . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] cf–cfˆgf
;f:+ s[lts sfo{j|mdx¿ k|:tt' u/]sf lyP t/ d}n] nf]s uLt k|:tt' u/]sf] lyP“ . d}n] uLt ufp“bf
ljBfyL{x¿ tyf s]xL u?' ju{x¿ klg gfRg'ePsf] lyof] . sIff !) sL Plngfn] b]vfPsf] gfr dnfO{
Psbd} /fd|f] nfUof] . sIff ! sf ;fgf–;fgf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf] afnuLt Psbd} dg k¥of] .
sfo{j|mdsf] cGTodf k|dv' cltly lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] k/' :sf/ ljt/0f ug'{eof] / d}n] uLt
k|ltof]lutfdf k|yd k/' :sf/ kfP“ . k|wfgfWofksaf6 g} wGojfb 1fkg ePkl5 sfo{j|md lbp“;f] #
ah]lt/ ;lsPsf] lyof] . sfo{j|md ;lsPkl5 d 3/ cfP“ . d]/f] xftdf k/' :sf/ b]v]/ cfdfa'af v';L
x“b' } dnfO{ wGojfb k|s6 ug'{eof] . o; sfo{j|mdaf6 d]/f] ufos aGg] OR5f c´ pTs6 x“'b} uof] .
;f“´ vfgf vfPkl5 lbgel/sf] ysfgn] ubf{ rf“8} lgb|fb]jLsf] sfvdf k'u]“ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ cfkm" z}lIfs e|d0fdf hf“bf cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ ;d]6L Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ cfˆgf] ljBfnosf] v]ns'b lbj;df cfof]lht v]nsb' k|ltof]lutfdf ;xeflutf b;f{O{ Ps

lbgsf] b}lgsL n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ ljBfnoåf/f cfof]lht jgef]h sfo{j|mddf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf b;f{O{ Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ …lzIff lbj;Ú sf pknIodf ljBfnodf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{j|mddf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf

b]vfp“b} Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL n]Vgx' f];\ .

188 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!$PsfO
lgaGw n]vg

;flxTosf ljljw ljwfx¿dWo] lgaGw Ps ;zQm uB ljwfsf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . …lgaGwÚ tT;d
zAb xf] . o;sf] JoT' klQ …aGwÚ cfwf/kbdf …lgÚ pk;u{ nfu]/ xG' 5 . of] zAbn] …/fd|/L af“Wg]
sfdÚ, …lgoddf af“Wg] sfdÚ jf …ljz]if k|sf/n] af“Wg] sfdÚ eGg] cy{ lbG5 . vf;df sg' } ljifonfO{
lgoda4 eP/ qmlds ¿kdf tYo jf cge' jsf cfwf/df k|:t't ug{' lgaGw n]Vg' xf] / To;/L
tof/ ePsf] /rgf lgaGw .

;:+ s[taf6 lnOPsf] …lgaGwÚ zAb g]kfnLdf cª\u|]hLsf] …P;]Ú (Essay) sf] ;dfgfyL{ zAbsf] ¿kdf
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . cfwl' gs lgaGwsf] :j¿k klZrdL ;flxTos} b]gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] kj" L{o
;flxTosf] k|frLg ;|f]t 6]s]/ ljsf; ePsf] xf]Og . o;n] j:t' / efjgf tyf tYo / sNkgf bj' }nfO{
plQs} ;r]ttfsf ;fy k|:t't ub{5 .

s_ lghfTds jf cfTdk/s lgaGw

hg' lgaGwdf lgaGwsf/ ljifo jf zLif{sdf lghL efjgf cleJoQm ub{5 Tof] lgaGw lghfTds
lgaGw xf] . o;df lgaGwsf/sf] ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f qmlds ¿kdf k|yd k'?if -cfGtl/s_
b[li6ljGb'df k|:t't ul/G5 . d, xfdL h:tf k|yd k'?ifsf ;j{gfd k|of]u u/]/ n]lvg] lghfTds
lgaGwdf lgaGwsf/ xs' ]{sf] ;dfh, p;n] ef]u]sf] hLjg, p;sf ljrf/ tyf b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ePsf
xG' 5g\ . n]vssf lghL cge' l" tx¿sf] snfTds k|sfzg xg' ] o:tf lgaGwdf tLj| sNkgfzlQm
e]l6G5 . j:tn' fO{ eGbf cg'ejnfO{ dxŒj lbOg] o:tf] n]vgdf ;h{s jfo'j]usf ;fy efjs' tfsf]
p8fgdf p8\g] ub{5 . :jtGq ¿kdf ljifoj:ts' f] ljGof; ul/g] o:tf lgaGwdf oyfy{sf] t'ngfdf
efjgfsf] k|fwfGo e]l6G5 . n]vs x[bodf pAhg] cg]sg\ ljrf/x¿ o;df ;d]l6G5g\ . g]kfnL
lgaGwsf] If]qdf nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, zª\s/ nfld5fg], e}/j cof{n, cfTdk/s lgaGwsf s'zn
;|i6f dflgG5g\ . lghfTds lgaGw cfTdk/s / efjk/s b'j} z}nLsf xG' 5g\ .

v_ k/fTds jf j:tk' /s lgaGw

cª\u|]hL lgaGwsf/ a]sg k/fTds lgaGwsf ;"qfwf/ xg' \ . j:tl' gi7 n]vg o:tf] lgaGwdf
x'G5 . vf; ljifo, j:t' jf zLif{s;“u n]vssf] k|ToIf ;DaGw b]lvg] k/fTds lgaGwdf ljifo;“u
;DalGwt ;TotYo ;Gbe{nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf lrq0f ul/G5 . t[tLo k'?if -afXo_ b[li6ljGb'df /lrg]
o:tf lgaGwdf n]vs :jod\ pkl:yt x“'b}g . pm ef]Qmf geP/ b|i6fsf] ¿kdf ljifosf] k|:tl' t
ub{5 . ljifoj:tn' fO{ cToGt glhsaf6 lgofNg] / 6f9} a;]/ To;sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd
j:t'k/s lgaGwdf x'G5 . o;df cfTdk/s lgaGwdf h:tf] xflb{s kIf geP/ af}l4s jf dfgl;s
kIf ;an aGb5 . lgoddf af“lwP/ k|:t't x'gk' g]{ afWotf o;df cfTdk/s lgaGwdf eGbf Hofbf
x'G5 . sfNklgs p8fg o;df jlh{t 5 . j:t'nfO{ dxŒj lbP/ n]lvg] o:tf lgaGwdf ljljw z}nL

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 189

ckgfOG5– j0f{gfTds, ljj/0ffTds, tfls{s tyf ljZn]if0ffTds . oLdWo] tfls{s z}nL lghfTds
lgaGwdf ;3g eP/ cfp“5 .

k/LIffsf] ;Gbe{df lgaGw n]vg
k/LIffdf ;[hgfTds geP/ lgb]{lzt lgaGw n]lvG5 . o;y{ k|Zgkq /x]sf] lgaGwsf] k|Zg g+=

n]v]/ 5]pdf lgaGw n]Vg] clg Ps x/km 5f]8]/ zLif{s n]Vg],
zLif{s 5gf]6 ubf{ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] If]q hg' ljifodf km/flsnf] 5 / cfkm" n] hg' ljifodf /fd|f]

cleJolQm lbg ;S5h' :tf] nfU5 ToxL ljifo 5gf]6 ug]{,
5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifodf cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L ltg efudf ;d]l6g] s/' fx¿ s] s] x'g\ eGg]

dfgl;s tof/L ug]{,
k/LIffdf lglZrt zAb ;ª\Vof tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] zAb ;ª\Vofleq ;d]l6g] u/L zLif{s

jf ljifosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf /x]/ lgaGw n]Vg yfNg],
lgaGw n]Vbf cflb, dWo / cGTo ljifonfO{ k|;f/ ug]{,
ljifo s]lGb|t / p2]Zodn" s lgaGw n]Vg ;'?df kl/ro / ljifosf] k|:tt' Ls/0f ug]{ clg

ljifoj:tn' fO{ :ki6 ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{,
df}lns z}nL, z'4 / :ki6 efiff tyf /f]rs n]vg snfåf/f lgaGwnfO{ :t/Lo agfpg],
lgaGwsf k|To]s jfSonfO{ ljifo;“u ;Da4 u/fpg], cgfjZos j0f{g tyf cf}kb]lzs efiffsf]

k|of]u gug]{ tyf ;nn au]sf] ;/n efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

d/] f] b]z M d/] f] ;j:{ j

ljZjsf] gS;f kN6fP/ lgofNbf l;Gw'df x/fPsf] laGb'´}“ nfU5 d]/f] b]z . lxdfnsf lz/df klUn/
x]5g\ lxp“sf 8Nnfx¿, kxf8sf] 5ftLdf xl/of ef]6fn] ;f}Gbo{ kl:s/x]5g\, t/fO{sf s6Ldf kx]“nk/'
s5f8 kmkm{/fO/x]5 . k|s[ltsf] cg'kd pkxf/´}“ nfUg] d]/f] b]z d]/f] x[bosf] w8\sg xf], d]/f] b]xsf]
g;f xf] . d]/f] b]zsf] wdgLaf6 /Qm;~rf/ x“'bf lhpg kfp“5' d . …hggL hGdel" dZr :juf{bkL
ul/o;LÚ of] g} d]/f] cfbz{ xf]Ù hLjg af“Rg] cfwf/ xf] . d]/f] b]zsf] 5ftLaf6 clj/n ¿kdf ´/´/
´l//x]5g\ ´gf{x¿, 5ª\u5ª\u 5ª\ls/x]5g\ 5f“ufx¿, snsn alu/x]5g\ vf]nfx¿ . df]gfln;fsf]
;f}Gbo{ lkmsf agfpg] d]/f] b]zsf] ;f}Gbo{ sfdb]jsL /tL xf] . ;Ltfh:tL ;tL xf] . dnfO{ d]/f]
lxdfnn] c6n, kxf8n] jL/ / t/fO{n] sd{of]uL aGg l;sfPsf] 5 . sf];L / u08sLsf j]u;“u}
lg/Gt/ ultjfg\ xg' rfxG5' d . oxL xf] b]zaf6 d}n] kfPsf] 1fg .

d}n] ;Ltfaf6 cfbz{sf] kf7 l;s]sf] 5' . zfnLg / zfGt aGg l;sfPsf 5g\ a4' n] . d}n] t]lGhª
/ kf;fªx¿af6 cf“6 kfPsf] 5' . cd/l;x+ , elQm, aneb| / eLd;]gx¿af6 jL/tfsf] kf7 k9]sf]
5' . cGofosf] lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg bz/yrGb, uª\ufnfn, z'qm/fh / wd{eQmx¿n] l;sfPsf
5g\ . cg]stfdf Pstfsf] snfTds ljGof; ePsf] d]/f] b]zsf lxdfnnfO{ 7]; nfu] kxf8nfO{
bV' 5Ù kxf8nfO{ rf]6 nfu] t/fO{nfO{ bV' 5 . sf];Ldf af9L cfp“bf s~rgk/' ?G5Ù dw];df cfuf]
nfu] lxdfnn] lgefp“5 . of] b]z d]/f] k|f0f xf] . o;sf] ;Gtlt xg' kfPsf]df uj{ u5'{ d . d;“u
sfnfkfgL;“u} bV' g] d6' ' 5Ù sf];L;“u} ?g] cf“;' 5Ù ;:' tf Roflk“bf d]/f cª\uk|Toª\u ´D´dfp“5g\ .

190 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

6gsk/' sf] 3fp c;x\o eP/ 56kl6Psf] 5' d . vb' {nf]6g / nId0fk'/ af“wn] d]/f] df6f] 8a' fp“bf
s'“l8Psf] 5' d . d cfkm}“ zflGtk'q x“', d cfkm}“ x“' qmflGtkq' klg . j}/Lsf lu2] b[li6 d]/f] d'n'sdfly
knf{ ls eg]/ ;r]t /xg] ;hu l;kfxL x“' d . …;]jf g} wd{ xf]Ú of] d]/f] b]zn] lbPsf] dGq xf] dnfO{ .
d b]x Tofu ug{ ;S5' t/ b]z TofUg ;lQmg“ .

cg]s hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] k"mnaf/L d]/f] g]kfn d]/f] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| xf] . d]/f] ljZjf; xf]Ù d]/f]
d'6s' f] 9s' 9'sL xf] . d hflt, efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf gfddf xg' ] ljs[lt ?rfpGg“ . d]/f] dfq
/fd|f] csf{sf] g/fd|f] eGg] xf]OgÙ c¿ efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfˆgf]kgsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ lzIff d}n] kv' f{x¿af6 kfPsf] 5' . k/lxtsf] efjaf6 l;l~rt g]kfnLel" dn] dnfO{ Tofu /
;dk{0f l;sfPsf] 5 . dnfO{ d]/f] b]z Kof/f] 5 . cfˆgf] ;Eotf / ;:+ s[lt eN' gx' '“b}g s;}n] klg .
uLtfsf dGq dfq xf]Og, lqlk6s, s'/fg tyf afOansf x/kmx¿n] dfgjtfsf] kf7 k9fPsf 5g\
dnfO{ . d ;defj tyf ;x–cl:tTjsf] kIfdf 5' . wfg gfr, ;f]/7L, 3f6,' ;FlugL, ;]nf], b]p8f,
/f]Onf h:tf d]/f ;f:+ s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] dnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg lbPsf 5g\ . d]/f 8f“8fkfvfdf
uf]7fnfx¿n] ;fnsf] kftsf] lklk/L ahfPsf] / 3f“;]x¿n] 3'“u'/f ahfPsf] dgk5{ dnfO{ . d'r{'ª\uf
/ dfbn'sf] tfndf Psf]xf]l/G5' d . b;}“, ltxf/, tLh, Nxf];f/, lqm;d;, 57, Ob, hg}kl" 0f{df h:tf
;f+:s[lts Pstfsf kj{x¿n] a]nfa]nfdf d]/f] ysfg d]6\5g\ . Pstf tyf ;defj a9fp“b} d]/f]
g]kfn / d g]kfnL eGg] ;Gb]z 5f]8\5g\ .

dnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljzfn e08f/ / k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/tfleq nLg x'g kfp“bf uj{ nfU5 . dnfO{ yfxf
5, cfw'lgstfsf] r/drn' Ldf ku' ]sf ljZjsf slt b]zeGbf d]/f] g]kfn kl5 k/]sf] 5 . d]/f] b]zdf
cfly{s ljkGgtf 5 . ul/aL, c1fg tyf clzIffsf sf/0f b]zsf ufp“ tyf ;x/;d]t kLl8t 5g\ .
…x/]s b]zsf] cj:yf Ps} x'“b}gÚ eGg] ufGwLsf] dxfjf0fLn] 3R3Rofp“5 dnfO{ . d}n] a'´]sf] 5,' d]/f]
b]znfO{ d]/f] sf“wsf] cfjZostf 5 . dh:tf oj' fx¿n] b]znfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ ljb]z knfog ePsf]
b]v]/ /f]Psf] 5 d]/f] dg . xf]Ù d]/f] b]zk|lt d]/f] 7"n] st{Jo xG' 5 . d b]znfO{ dfof u5{' eg]/ dfq
x'“b}g . dfof s/' fdf xf]Og Jojxf/df ´Nsgk' 5{ . oltv]/ h]= Pk\m= s]g]8Lsf] æof] g;f]Wgf];\ b]zn]
tkfO{+nfO{ s] lbg ;S5 < a? of] ;f]Wgf];\ b]zsf nflu s] ug{ ;Sgx' 'G5 <Æ eGg] egfOn] tflgPsf]
5' d . dnfO{ of] b]zn] w]/} s/' f lbPsf] 5 . d}n] oxLFsf] df6f]df cf“vfsf] 9sgL klxnf]rf]l6 vf]n]“Ù
o;} df6f]df afnfkg latfP“ . 5ftL k'mnfP/ …g]kfnL x'“Ú eGg] kl/ro oxL b]zn] lbof] . d}n] oxL“sf]
cf“ugLdf afd] ;g{ l;s]“ . of] d]/f] klxnf] kf7zfnf klg xf] . d}n] cIf/ lrg]b]lv g} g]kfn / lxdfn
k9\g / n]Vg hfg]sf] x“' . dnfO{ g]kfnL k|s[ltn] hLjgaf]w u/fPsf] 5 .

cr]n b]z sdhf]/ 5Ù ;Defjgf tyf cj;/ 5}g eg]/ ljb]z k:g]x¿sf] eL8 c:jfefljs ¿kdf
a9]sf] 5 . d eg] …b]zelQm t db}{g r'Ty} b]z eP klgÚ eGg] gf6ssf/ ;dsf] efjgf;“u Psfsf/
x'G5' . jf:tjdf dflg;n] cj;/ cfkm}“ vf]Hgk' 5{ . dflg;df Ifdtf 5, ;docg;' f/ rNg ;Sg] l;k
/ bIftf 5 eg] lgZro g} p;n] cj;/ kfp“5 . s¿' k eP klg cfdf slxNo} g/fd|L xG' gg\ . of]
b]zk|lt d]/f] klg st{Jo 5 eGg] efj ;a} gful/sdf x'g' h?/L 5 . d}n] oxL b]zsf lglDt s]xL ug'{
5 . d 1fgfh{g tyf e|d0fsf] nflu ;+;f/e/ hxf“ klg kU' g :jtGqt 5Ù' t/ sxL“ klg cfˆgf] >d
/ kl;gf a]Rg] :jtGqtf 5}g dnfO{ . d]/f] kl;gfdf b]zsf] nufgL 5 . d}n] b]zsf] nflu s]xL ug{
;lsg“ eg] d]/f] hLjg lg/y{s xG' 5 . d}n] oxL“sf eL/kfvf / sfGnfx¿df cfˆgf] >d vlr{g' 5 .
dnfO{ k/fO{sf] bf; ag]/ cfˆgf] /fli6«o :jfledfg u'dfpg] clwsf/ 5}g . d cfˆg} b]zdf cGwfnfO{
af6f] b]vfp“5,' nf6fsf] af]nL aG5,' cGofodf k/]sfnfO{ Gofo lbnfp“5' . d bf;tf / qf6gsf]

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 191

cGTo rfxG5' . c¿n] 3f]8f r9] eGb}df w'/L r9\g rfxg] ;+:sf/sf] kl5 nfUg] xf]Og /fi6«lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;dlk{t eO{ cfˆgf] gful/s st{Jo k/" f ug{df /dfp“5' d . ljb]zsf l;ª\udd{/ la5\ofOPsf
dxneGbf km;' n] 5fPsf] zLt÷5]kfpg] ´k' 8L Kof/f 5g\ dnfO{ . tf/] xf]6nx¿sf lkHhf lx\j:sL,
a|fG8LeGbf cf“6f] / kL7f] dL7f] 5 dnfO{ . d}n] a´' ]sf] 5' :jb]zL dg, :jb]zLkg oyfy{df cfˆg}
wg xf] .

…uf“; 6'6] 66' f];\ t/ g]kfnLsf] ;fy g56' f];\ eGg] OR5f 5 d]/f] . g]kfnL hgx¿sf] ;'vbM' vsf]
;xofqL x'g rfxG5' d . rGb|, ;o" { cª\lst Wjhf kmkm{/fO/xG5Ù' /f]wL3/df gf}dtL ahfO/xG5'Ù
klxnf b]z agfp“5'Ù hgtf arfp“5' clg cfk"m klg af“Rg] 5' . d"nsf] kfgL lkP/, g]kfnL sn' df
lhpg rfxG5' d . d kl08t afh], cf/g] bfO, rgfr6k6]jfnf sfsf, ;"rLsf/ 7"naf / alwgL
efphs" f kL8fdf Psfsf/ xg' rfxG5' . g]kfnL ufp“x¿ z"Go x'“bf lk/f]lnG5' . d]/f ufp“;x/df
lj;ª\ult lelq“bf x[bo l5ofl5of x'G5 . d]/f] 3/sf] vf“af, anf, ef6f / blngx¿df wld/f nfUb}
5g\ . cl:y/ /fhgLlt, cb"/bzL{ g]t[Tj tyf lrGtgxLg :jfyL{ dgf]j[lQn] u|l;t d6' \7Le/ JolQmx¿
b]zsf] gfd hk]/ b]znfO{ g} lnnfd ug{ nfu]sf] aLeT; b[Zo b]v]/ d]/f] dg w?' w?' /f]Psf] 5 . s]
lbPsf] 5}g of] b]zn] dnfO{ < :jtGq b]zsf] :jtGq gful/ssf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 . bx|f] ljZjf; /
el/nf] cf“6 lbPsf] 5 . ddf dfgjLo ;j+ ]bgf e/]sf] 5Ù dnfO{ ;]jf, ;dk{0f / Tofusf] lzIff lbPsf]
5 . d ljZjsf] h'g;s' } b]zdf /x] klg of] df6f], oxf“sf] efiff, ;:+ s[lt tyf Oi6ldqaf6 lg/k]If /xg
;lSbg“ . of] b]z d]/f] xf]Ù d of] b]zsf] x'“ . d uj{sf ;fy eG5', d]/f] b]z d]/f] ;j{:j xf] .

;dosf] dxŒj

;do eg]sf] j]nf xf], sfn xf],df}sf xf] / cj;/ klg . 38L, knf, ldg]6, ;]s]G8, lbg, dlxgf,
jif{ cflbdf o;nfO{ gfKg vf]lhP klg of] cgGt 5 . ou' f}“b]lv ultdfg\ eP/ alu/x]5 ;do .
o;nfO{ g t s;}n] /f]Sg, g t 5]Sg ;S5 . s;}sf] 8/ gdfGg], k|nf]egdf gkg]{, ;do lxdgbLh:t}
lg/Gt/ alu/xG5 . s;}nfO{ e]befj ub}{g ;don] . e]befj/lxt xG' 5 ;do . l/Qmtf / ltSttfdf
sf]Sofp“5 ;doÙ cfgGb / xif{df kLoi" fh:t} :jflbnf] aG5 oxL ;do . ;doeGbf anjfg\ s]xL
x“'b}g of] ;[li6df . ;doåf/f kl/rflnt 5g\ x/]s dg'iox¿ . xf“:g]nfO{ ?jfp“5 ;don]Ù ?g]nfO{
x“;fp“5 . ;don] g} 3fp lbG5 / ;don] g} dnd nufp“5 . ;don] g} hLjg lbG5 / ;don] g}
r'“8]/ nfG5 . cgf}7f] / cnf}lss 5 ;do . To;}n] eGg ;lsG5 ;do lg/fsf/ 5, ;j{zlQmdfg\
5, hf] O{Zj/ xf] .

;do dfu{bz{s xf], u?' xf], h;n] dfu{bz{g u5{ x/]s dgi' onfO{ . sK6]/fsK6]/f ePsf] ljlIfKt
x[bodf dnd nufp“5 ;don] . ;dosf] dxŒj ga'¤g]x¿ tl' xG5g\ Oltxf;sf] ue{df . ;dosf] dfu
tyf cfjZostf a'¤g]x¿ Kn]6f], ;s' /ft, c/:t' aG5g\ / ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u5{g\ . dfS;{, n]lgg,
dfcf] aG5g\ / ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts qmflGt Nofp“5g\ . a4' , dxfjL/, ljj]sfgGb, cf]zf] aG5g\
/ cfWoflTds, g}lts hfu/0f Nofp“5g\ . 8fla{g, cfOG:6fOg / k|mfo8 aG5g\ / j}1flgs rdTsf/
leœofp“5g\ . ufGwL eP/ :jfwLgtfsf nflu n8\5g\ . t]lGhª ag]/ ;u/´}“ rl' nG5g\Ù dG8]nf ag]/
hgtfsf x[bodf lj/fhdfg x'G5g\Ù ˆnf]/]G; eP/ dfgj;]jfdf ;dlk{t xG' 5g\ . ;]S;lko/, ldN6g,
u]6], sflnbf; / b]jsf]6f eO{ efiff ;flxTosf] ;]jf u5{g\ . ;dosf] dlxdf ckf/ 5 . st} r:;
la´fp“5 ;do, st} gogsf] /ftLu]8L´}“ ;G' b/ aG5 ;do . ;dosf] dxŒj ga¤' g] / b?' kof]u ug]{x¿

192 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

/f]d hln/x]sf] a]nf af“;/' L ahfpg] lg/f]´}“ kltt aG5g\Ù lx6n/´}“ hgtfsf ;fd' cfTd;dk{0f
u5{g\Ù hl' no; l;h/sf] xltof/´}“ lvof nfU5g\Ù cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] d[u´}“ v]lbG5g\ . …;donfO{ gi6
gu/ lsgls hLjg o;}af6 ag]sf] x'G5Ú eG5g\ ˆ|ofª\slng . hLjg / ;dosf aLrdf tfbfTDo
;DaGw xG' 5 . ;do hLjg xf] / hLjg ;dos} c+z . ;doh:t} ultzLn x'gk' 5{ hLjg klgÙ
lg/Gt/ aUg'k5{ hLjg ;doh:t} . ;do u'l8/x]sf] /]nh:t} x'G5, kG5Lh:t} kª\vf lkm“hfp“b} p8\5,
jf0faf6 56' ]sf] lt/h:t} xG' 5Ù j[Ifaf6 v;]sf] kmnh:t} xG' 5, an]gLsf] kfgL h:t} tls{G5Ù hf]
PskN6 5'6]kl5 e]l6Gg slxNo} . ;do sd{ xf]Ù ;do k"hf xf]Ù ;do ljwftf klg xf] . ;don]
k|To]s dg'ionfO{ sd{ ug{ l;sfp“5 / t ;do sd{ xf] . ;Tsd{ ug]{nfO{ k'H5 ;don] . o;y{ ;do
k"hf klg xf] . cfˆg} tfndf alu/xG5 lg/Gt/ .

knkn ;dosf] plQs} dxŒj xG' 5 . x/]s sfo{sf] nflu ;do x'G5 . ;do 56' ]kl5 k5t' fP/
sfd 5}g . nugkl5sf] kf]t]sf] sg' } cy{ /x“b}g . n8fO“sf] d}bfgdf knkn xTs]nfdf d[To' yfk]/
n8\g] l;kfxLn] Ps ;]s]G8sf] ;bk' of]u ubf{ Hofg hf]ufp“5 eg] ug{ g;Sbf d[To'j/0f u5{ . Pp6f
v]nf8Ln] d}bfgdf kfPsf] Ps ;]s]G8sf] ;do ;b'kof]u u/]/ km' 6annfO{ uf]ndf kl/0ft ug{ ;S5 .
Pp6L o'jtLn] kfPsf] PsknnfO{ ;bk' of]u ub}{ lbJod:' sfg 5f]8\5] / aG5] ljZj;'Gb/L . d~rdf
kfPsf] bO' { ldg]6sf] ;do ;bk' of]u ugf{n] Pp6f JolQm g]tf aG5 . x/]s tx / ju{sf dflg;nfO{
;dosf] dxŒjaf]w x'g'kb{5 . ;do cToGt zlQmzfnL 5 . ;don] c/lgsf] / efge' Qm hGdfof]Ù
;don] g} hGdfof] k[YjLgf/fo0f, aneb|, eLd;]g / cd/l;+xx¿nfO{ . ;donfO{ ;dfTg ;Sg]n]
o'unfO{ hGdfp“5 / dfgj ;Eotfaf6 slxNo} gc:tfpg] u/L cd/ /xG5 . o'un] hGdfPsfx¿
ou' ;“u} ;dfKt x'G5g\ t/ ou' hGdfpg]x¿ w|'jtf/f ag]/ rlDs/xG5g\ .

;do cnf}lss 5 . af]nL, uf]nL, vf]nf / pd]/h:t} ;do klg slxNo} kms{Gg . …df}sf cfp“5
kv{Gg, au]sf] vf]nf kms{GgÚ To;} elgPsf] xf]Og . j]bJof;n] kn]6L s;] klg, OGb|n] nfvf}“aflh
laGtL u/] klg ud' ]sf] ;do kmls{“b}g . a8f] ljlrqsf] xG' 5 ;do . s;}sf] ;fx|f]ufx|f], b'MvkL8f
a'¤b}g, cft{x¿sf] qmGbg ;G' b}g, s]jn alu/xG5 cfˆg} ultdf . ;dosf] ;bk' of]u ug]{x¿ hLjgsf
3D' tLx¿df slxNo} cndln“b}gg\ . ;dosf] b¿' kof]u ug]{x¿ kk' {'/f]df xft /fv]/ kZrfQfkdf
lklN;/xG5g\ . ;don] hLjgnfO{ kl/rfng u5{, hLjgn] ;donfO{ kl/rfng ub}{g . ;dosf]
b'¿kof]u u/]/ w/fzoL aG5 b]z / hgtfsf] eljio . cleefjssf] 6fpsfdf lu/ v]Ng kNs]sf
5f]/f5f]/L, hgtfsf] 6fpsf]nfO{ esG' 8f] 7fGg] g]tfx¿, r]nLsf] cl:dtf x/0f ub}{ ltgnfO{ a]Rg
kNs]sf g/fwdx¿, sfnf]wGbf ug]{ Jofkf/L / t:s/x¿, b]zsf] 9s' 6' L vf]qmf] kfg]{ e|i6x¿,
;+;f/nfO{ Wj:t kfg{ vf]Hg] nfb]gx¿, cfˆgf] uf]8fdf cfkm}“ aGr/f] xfGg] b]zb|f]xLx¿ tyf /Qmsf]
s'08df xf]nL v]Ng kNs]sf afbzfx / tfgzfxx¿n] slxNo} a'¤b}gg\ ;dosf] dN" onfO{ . ltgn]
;dosf] d"NonfO{ ckJofVof u5{g\ . æcj;/ cfkm}“ cfpg] xf]Og, of] t ;ª\s]t lb“b} cfp“5 .Æ
JolQmut :jfy{nfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ ;a}n] ;dosf] dN" o a¤' g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;dosf] d"No a¤' g
g;s]/ c¿nfO{ vf8n vGbf cfkm}“ kl' /g ;S5 dgi' o . cfh ug]{ sfd cfh} ug{'k5{, ef]lnsf
lglDt yftL /fVg'x“'b}g . ef]lnjfbL bz{g kf]Ngk' 5{ . a'l4ljj]ssf] åf/ xf] ;do . of]uL ljsfzfgGb
eG5g\, …;;+ f/nfO{ abNg' 5 eg] ;?' cfkm}“af6 ug'{k5{ .Ú xf], kl/jt{g :jtM x'“b}g, dgi' osf] ann]
xG' 5 . ;dosf] b'¿kof]u u/] eljiodf kZrfQfkdf lklN;g' l;jfo c¿ s]xL x'g ;Qm}g . lat]sf]
;dosf] af/]df lrGtfdf 3f]lTn“bf eljiosf] :jl0f{d cj;/ klg lrlKng ;S5 . ljutnfO{ s'Nr]/,
jt{dfgnfO{ ;b'kof]u u/]/, :jl0f{d cfutsf] ck]Iffdf hLjgnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg'k5{ x/]s dg'ion] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 193

bfloTj / st{Josf] k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]u eO/xG5 dfG5]sf] hLjg . hLjg klg Pp6f k|of]u xf] .
;dosf] ;bk' of]u u/] k/LIf0f ;kmn x'G5 lhGbuLsf], b¿' kof]u u/] c;kmn xG' 5 . ;dok|ltsf]
;r]ttf g} ;kmntfsf] ;f]kfg xf] . ;dosf] nfkaf{xLn] ofqLsf] ofqf layf]lng ;S5Ù /f]uLsf] Hofg
hfg ;S5Ù k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff 56' \g ;S5Ù s[ifssf] v]t af“´} a:g ;S5Ù kl/>dL xftx¿ a]sDdf
aGg ;S5g\Ù nfvf}“nfv wgdfnsf] Iflt xg' ;S5 . ;dosf] ult;“u} rNg g;s];Dd g t dgi' on]
k|ult ug{ ;S5Ù g t /fi6«df sfofkn6 xg' ;S5 . /fh]Gb|k|;fbn] eg]sf klg 5g\, æ;do Joy{df
gi6 gu/, ;donfO{ x/fpg' hLjgnfO{ x/fpg' xf]Ù ;doeGbf pQdf]Qd wg c¿ sg' } 5}g .Æ

cEof;

tnsf ljifodf @)) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M
s_ g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
v_ d]/f] hLjgsf] nIo
u_ xfd|f] ;:+ s[lt M xfd|f] klxrfg
3_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cfsif{0f
ª_ dnfO{ dgkg]{ ;flxTosf/
r_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
5_ g]kfnsf] hn;Dkbf
h_ k/f]ksf/
´_ afnclwsf/
`_ d]/f] afNosfn
6_ k|fljlws lzIffsf] dxŒj
7_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f

194 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!%PsfO
;k;| ª\u JofVof

kf7df k|of]u ePsf] s'g} x/km jf kª\lQmnfO{ ;Gbe{ ldnfP/ JofVof ug{'nfO{ ;k|;ª\u JofVof
elgG5 . k9]sf] kf7df k|of]u ePsf ;l" Qmx¿sf] oyf]lrt cy{ nufpg tyf efj lj:tf/ ug{
;k|;ª\u JofVofsf] cEof; ul/G5 . ;k|;ª\u JofVofn] s'g} klg s'/fsf] a'´fOsf] If]q km/flsnf]
kf5{ . lbOPsf] cz+ sg' ;Gbe{df cfPsf] xf], s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf] eGg] s/' fsf] 1fgsf
nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{ nufOG5 .
;k|;ª\u JofVof ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ M
;k|;ª\u JofVof tLg cgR' 5]bdf ul/G5 h;dWo] klxnf] cg'R5]bdf kl/ro /xG5 .
kl/ro v08df
;k|;ª\u JofVof ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxnf lgwf{l/t c+znfO{ pQ/ k'l:tsfdf n]Vgk' 5{ .
lbOPsf] cz+ sljtfsf] eP k|:t't kBfz+ ÷sljtfz+ / cGo uBljwfsf] eP p4/0f, x/km,

c+z, dflysf] cleJolQm cflb n]Vg'k5{ .
lbOPsf] c+z sg' kf7af6 l´lsPsf] eGg] af]w ePkl5 To;sf n]vssf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro

lbg'k5{ . n]vssf] gfd pNn]v gePsf] kf7df eg] kf7sf] kl/ro dfq lbP kU' 5 .
n]vssf] kl/rokl5 kf7sf] d"nefj pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
JofVof v08
lbOPsf] cz+ sf] cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L JofVof ug{'k5{ .
;k|;ª\u JofVof cflb, dWo / cGTosf] z[ª\vnf ldn]sf] x'g'k5{ .
lgwf{l/t cz+ sf] JofVof ubf{ tfls{s, ljZn]if0ffTds tyf j0f{gfTds z}nL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
df}lns efiff, k|efjsf/L cleJolQm tyf tfls{s z}nL /fd|f] dflgG5 .
lgisif{ v08
;k|;ª\u JofVofsf] lgisif{ v08df tf]lsPsf] c+zsf] d"ndd{, k|of]u ePsf] efiffz}nL, laDa,

k|tLs, 5Gb, cnª\sf/ cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbgk' 5{ .

!= ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{x' f];\ M
-s_ j;Gtsf] uf}/jn] u/Lsg
v';L 5 ;fx|} sns07sf] dg .
k|:tt' kBf+z sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnåf/f /lrt …j;Gt sf]lsnÚ sljtfaf6 ;k|;ª\u
JofVofsf nflu lemlsPsf] xf] . kf}8\ofnn] cfwl' gs g]kfnL sljtf n]vgsf] aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 195

x'g\ . zf:qLotfjfbL, k|s[ltk|]dL, dfgjtfjfbL tyf elQmefjdf sljtf ;[hgf ug{ ?rfpg] slj
kf}8\ofnsf 5Gbf]a4 sljtfx¿ cToGt dfld{s / snfTds b]lvG5g\ . k|s[ltsf ufos kf}8\ofn
k|s[lts} ufg ufpg tNnLg 5g\ . j;Gt Cts' f] avfg ug{] ;Gbe{df pko{'Qm kª\lQm sljn] k|:t't
sljtfsf] 6'ª\UofpgLdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

j;Gt Ct'nfO{ Ctx' ¿sf] /fhf dflgG5 . lzlz/ofdsf] s7fª\lu|Fbf] hf8f] / To;kl5sf] ktem8nfO{
lal;{g] u/L j;Gt Ct'sf] cfudg xG' 5 . o;j]nf g zLtn] dflg; nU' n'ufpF5 g 3fdn] dflg;nfO{
;f:tL lbG5 . au}Frfx¿ gfª\uf klg x'Fb}gg\ . o;j]n j[li6sf] kL/ klg x'Fb}g . gfª\uf 8fF8f kfvfx¿df
j;GtCt'n] xl/ofnL u/fpF5 . j;Gtsf] uf}/j ufP/ sf]xL klg yfSb}gg\ . d'emf{Psf af]6la?jfdf
kfn'jf knfpg] ePsfn] j;Gt Ct'df ;a}sf] dg nf]leG5 . k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/tf ;a}nfO{ lk|o nfUb5 .
k|s[ltsf] sfvdf 8'aN' sL dfg{ kfpFbf dflg;sf ;f/f kL/Joyfx¿ b/" x'G5g\ . To;}n] slj kf}8\ofnn]
j;Gt Ct'nfO{ uf}/jsf] ofd eGg] pkdf lbPsf 5g\ . of] j]nf s'x's'x' ub{} sf]OnLn] dL7f] uLt
ufPsL x'G5] . pm k|s[ltsf] cflnª\ugdf x/fpFbf bª\u kb{} v';L JoQm ub{5] . k|s[lt dflg;sf nflu
dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL hut\sf nflu ;j{lk|o xG' 5 eGg] sljsf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 .

ctM hLljt k|f0fLsf nflu k|s[lt cTofjZos kb{5 k|s[ltljgf dfgj / dfgjljgf k|s[ltsf]
cl:tTj /xg ;Sb}g . To;}n] slj k|s[ltsf] uf}/jufg u/]/ slxNo} yfs]sf 5}gg\ . j;Gt Cts' f]
dlxdfufg ubf{ub{} slj k|s[ltk|lt a]hf]8n] tflgPsf 5g\ . j;Gt Cts' f] ufg ub{} sljn] sf]lsnsf]
dL7f] :j/sf] ;d]t k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . j+z:y 5Gbdf ;+/lrt pko{Q' m sljtfz+ ;n' lnt efiffz}
nLsf] sf]dn ljGof; tyf efj ;+of]hgsf sf/0f yk k|efjf]Q]hs ag]sf] 5 .

-v_ cfdfafaf afx]s d]/f] csf{] O{Zj/ 5}g .

k|:t't c+z g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 ;fws ;'wf lqkf7Låf/f /lrt …d sf] xF'Ú lgaGwaf6
;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . lqkf7L k|ultjfbL Pjd\ qmflGqsf/L lgaGwsf/ xg' \ . pgsf /rgfdf k|s[ltk|]d,
dfgjtfjfbL lrGtg, qmflGtr]t tyf pRr j}rfl/s b[li6sf]0f kfOG5 . ;ª\VofTds / u0' ffTds bj' }
b[li6n] pgsf /rgfx¿ ;zQm b]lvG5g\ . k|s[ltaf6 dfq geO{ dflg;n] cfˆgf dftflktfaf6 klg
w]/} 1fg a6l' n/x]sf] xG' 5 . dftflktfaf6 1fgfh{g ug{] ;Gbe{ sf]6\ofpFb} lgaGwsf/n] pb\w[tf+z
k|of]u u/]sL 5g\ .

dflg;x¿ O{Zj/k|flKtsf lglDt ;'g};g' sf] 5fgf] ePsf] dlGb/ wfpF5g\ . ToxfF 9'ª\u] d"lt{ k"hf u/]/
O{Zj/k|flKtsf] gf6s ub{5g\ t/ vf;df O{Zj/ t dfgj x[boleq lj/fhdfg xG' 5g\ . lgaGwsf/sf
ljrf/df O{Zj/ eg]sf dflg; dfq x'g\ . To;df klg cfdfaf rflxF ;jf{]Rr O{Zj/ xg' \ eGg]
lgaGwsf/sf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . cfdfafn] ;GtfgnfO{ hGd lbG5g\ . hGdfO{ lbP/ ;[li6 b]vfOlbg]
dftflktf ;fFRr} O{Zj/sf k|ltdl" t{ xg' \ . dflg;nfO{ O{Zj/n] hGd lbg] geP/ dflg;n] g} hGd lbg]
xg' \ . 9ª' \u] dl" t{ vf;df O{Zj/ xf]Ogg\ eGg] lgaGwsf/n] pb\3f]if u/]sL l5g\ . cfdfafn] ;GtfgnfO{
hGd lbg] dfq geO{ nfngkfng u/L x'sf{pF5g\ . ltgn] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L dfof
u5{g\ . cfdfafsf] dfof kfP/ g} ;Gtfgx¿ k|kmN' n aGb5g\ . k|ultsf] ;f]kfg plSng ;GtfgnfO{
cfdfafn] g} ;3fPsf xG' 5g\ . t;y{ lgaGwsf/n] cfˆgf cfdfafnfO{ O{Zj/ dfGg' ts{ ;ª\ut
b]lvG5 . pgL x/]s If]qaf6 s]xL g s]xL s'/f gSsn gu/L dflg;sf] hLjg k0" f{ aGb}g eGg] kIfdf
l5g\ .

o;/L cfˆgf cfdfafnfO{ O{Zj/sf] k|ltdl" t{sf ¿kdf pEofpFb} lgaGwsf/n] cfˆgf b[li6sf]0fx¿

196 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

cl3 ;f/]sL l5g\ . dftflktfnfO{ cfb/;Ddfg ub{} afFRgk' 5{ eGg] rng g]kfnL ;dfhdf k/Dk/fb]lv
g} rNb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ToxL k/Dk/fnfO{ lgaGwsf/n] wfGg] k|oTg u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf nflu
cfdfaf g} ;j{:j ag]sf 5g\ lsgeg] ltgn] g} pgnfO{ ;;+ f/ b]vfOlbP . olb cfdfaf geOlbPsf
eP pgn] ;[li6 b]Vg kfpg] lyOgg\ . cfˆgf ;[li6stf{dfly >4f efj k|s6 ul/Psf] pko{Q' m cz+
;/n efiffz}nLsf] ;s' f]dn ljGof; tYo ljlzi6 efj ;+of]hgsf sf/0f yk lrQfsif{s aGg k'u]sf]
5.

-u_ ;v' / ;Gtl' i6 eGg] s/' f ;DklQ, kb / k|lti7af6 x}g, c;n sfdaf6 k|fKt x'Fbf] /x]5 .

k|:t't uBf+z …lgb|fÚ syfaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . P]ltxfl;s ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ n]lvPsf]
;d:ofk|wfg syf …lgb|fÚdf rb|zdz]/nfO{ lgb|f gnfUgfsf] sf/0f / To;sf] ;dfwfg b]vfOPsf]
5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g;Qfsf] afu8f]/ ;DxfNbf klg rGb| zdz]/n] /flt /fd|/L lgbfpg] r]i6f
u/]gg\ . cfˆgf st{'tx¿n] pgsf] lgb|f eufP . pgn] afnsd' f/L;Fu ljjfx u/]sf] b'O{ bzs
eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ rGb|zdz]/ /fd|/L lgbfPsf] pgnfO{ yfxf lyPg . bf;k|yf pGdn" gsf] 3f]if0ff
u/]kl5 /flt pgL /fd|/L lgbfpg yfn] . o;} ;Gbe{df afsd' f/Ln] dgdg} pko{Q' m cz+ eg]sL xg' \ .

dflg;nfO{ v/fa sfdn] s'Voft / c;n sfdn] k|Voft agfpF5 . v/fa sfo{ ug{]x¿ hLjgdf
slxNo} ;Gti' 6 x'g ;Sb}gg\ . v;n sfo{ ug{]x¿ eg] ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ . ef}lts ;'v;l' jwfn] dflg;nfO{
cflTds ;'v lbg ;St}g . cflTds ;'v k|flKtsf nflu ;DklTt, kb / k|lti7f cfjZos kb{}g .
;Tsd{ ug{] dflg;nfO{ TolQs} ;'v k|fKt xG' 5 . rGb|zdz]/n] h]h:tf st{'tx¿ u/] klg bf; k|yfsf]
pGd"ng u/]/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf clj:d/0fLo ug' nfPsf 5g\ . bf;k|yf pGd"ng x'g'kj" { pgn] u/]sf
gsf/fTds sfo{n] ubf{ pgnfO{ slxNo} cfTd;Gtl' i6 k|fKt x'g ;s]g To;}n] pgL e//ft hfu|fd a;]
t/ bf; k|yf pGd"ng u/]s} /ftb]lv pgL /fd|/L ;T' g yfn] . o;y{ afnsd' f/Lsf ljrf/df ;DklQ,
kb / k|lti7feGbf c;n sfo{af6 cfTd;Gtl' i6 k|fKt x'G5 .

o;/L pko{St oBfz+ n] ef}lts ;v' nfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ cflTds ;'vsf] vf]hL u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
olt dfq geO{ ;'sf]dn tyf ;/n efiff z}nLsf] ljGof; tyf ljlzi6 efj ;+of]hgsf sf/ p4tfz+
yk k|efjsf/L ag]sf] k[li6 xG' 5 .

-3_ aflx/ a;]/ b]z rnfpg]nfO{ ufnL ug{'eGbf ToxLF a;/] b]z agfpg cleofgdf nfUg'k5{ .

k|:t't jfSo sIff gf}sf] g]kfnL lstfadf ;ª\slnt …cfª ;fg ;'sLÚ gfds hLjgLaf6 ;k|;ª\u
JofVofsf nflu lemlsPsf] xf] . adf{ cyf{t\ Dofgdf/sf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;'sLn] ctn' gLo
Pjd\ clj:d/0fLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sL l5g\ . Dofgdf/sf] /fhgLlts ljifonfO{ lnP/ yl/yl/sf
6Lsf l6Kk0fL x'g] uy{] . s}of}F dflg;x¿ ;'sL sxfF cfpFy] / Dofgdf/sf ;}lgs zf;sx¿nfO{
a]:;/L ufnL uy{] . o;/L csf{nfO{ ufnL u/]sf] ;s' LnfO{ dg kb{}gYof] . o;} ;Gbe{df ;s' Lsf]
j}rfl/s cleJolQmsf ¿kdf pko{Q' m cz+ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

;+;f/df afFRg] :jtGqtf ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ rflxG5 lsgeg] afFRg kfpg' ;a}sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] .
b]zleq a;]/ b]znfO{ g} ufnL ub{} aflxl/g]x¿ ;of}F, xhf/f}F x'G5g\ . cfkm" nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf /
dft[el" d :ju{eGbf Kof/f xG' 5g\ . cfdf / dft[el" dsf] cy{ ga'‰g]x¿ dfq b]znfO{ tR' 5 7fG5g\ .
;'sL /fi6«jfbL Pjd\ k|hftGqk|]dL JolQmTj xg' \ . pgn] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf l;ª\uf] hLjg
latfPsL l5g\ . pgL b]z rnfpg]nfO{ ufnL ug{e' Gbf cfˆg} b]zdf a;]/ /fi6«lgdf{0f ug{k' 5{ eGg]

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 197

ljrf/df b[9 l5g\ . s'/fn] eGbf sfdn] dflg;nfO{ hLjGt agfpF5 . cfˆgf] b]zn] lbg g;s]sf]
cfgGb csf{sf] b]zn] lbg ;St}g . tTsfnLg ;dodf Dofgdf/df lg/ª\sz' ;}lgs zf;g hsl8Psf]
lyof] . sltkon] tL ;}lgsx¿nfO{ ufnL u/]/ dfq a:y] . ltgsf lj?4 sg' } klg lj|mofsnfkx¿
ub{}gy] . o:tf] ljrf/ ;'sLnfO{ dg kb{}gYof] . pgsf ljrf/df s/' fnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;fx|} sl7g
x'G5 . b]z aflx/ a;]/ pN6} b]znfO{ g} ufnL ubf{ slxNo} kl/jt{g ;Dej xF'b}g . b]z agfpg]
sfFwx¿ b]zd} ;'/lIft xg' 'k5{ . b]z agfpg] cleofgdf gnfu];Dd dflg;n] c¿sf] b]zaf6 ;Gtl' i6
k|fKt ug{ ;St}g . gful/sn] cfˆgf] b]zfO{ ufnL ug{e' Gbf klg b]z g} agfpg nfUg'k5{ eGg] 7x/
;'sLn] u/]sL l5g\ .
o;k|sf/ 6f9f a;]/eGbf klg glhs a;]/ b]zsf] ;]jf ug{k' 5{ eGg] pb\3f]if pko{'Qm c+zn]
u/]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . ;/n efiffz}nLsf] ;s' f]dn ljGof; tyf uxg efj ;o+ f]hgsf pSt c+z yk
lrTtfsif{s ag]sf] kl' i6 x'G5 .
-ª_ k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf /x]sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwn] k[YjLdf hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej

ePsf] xf] .
k|:t't uBf+z sIff gf}sf] g]kfnL lstfadf ;ª\slnt …h}ljs v]tLÚ lgaGwaf6 l´lsPsf] xf] .
/f;folgs k4ltaf6 ul/g] v]tL eGbf h}ljs v]tL w]/} pQd x'G5 . k|f0fLljgf jg:klt / jg:kltljgf
k|f0fLsf] cl:tTj ;Dej x'Fb}g eGg] k|;ª\u sf]6\ofpg] j|mddf p4[tfz+ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw xG' 5 . k|f0fLx¿n] vfBtŒj af]6la?jfx¿af6
k|fKt ub{5g\ . af]6la?jfx¿n] klg cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] vfgf hLjhGt'x¿af6 kfpF5g\ . k[YjLdf /x]sf
af]6la?jf, sL6ktª\u, r/fr?' ª\uL, hgfj/ / dflg;x¿ k/Dk/df lge{/ 5g\ . k[YjLdf k|f0fL /
jg:kltsf aLrdf n]gb]gsf] k|lj|mof lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . k|f0fLn] jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;/' lIft ug{
d2t k¥' ofPsf] xG' 5 eg] jg:kltn] klg k|f0fLnfO{ arfO/x]sf] xG' 5 . k|f0fLx¿n] vfBtTj dfq
geO{ af]6la?jfaf6 clS;hg klg k|fKt ub{5g\ . kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ klg kz'kG5L /
jg:klt Pscfk;df lge{/ x'G5g\ . k[YjLsf x/]s k|f0fLx¿ jg:kltsf nflu cfjZos 5g\ eg]
jg:klt k|f0fLsf nflu cfjZos b]lvG5g\ . k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrsf] o:tf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw
ou' f}Fb]lv rlncfPsf] kfOG5 .
o;/L k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf gª / df;s' f] h:t} cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft
x'G5 . k|f0fLsf nflu jg:klt / jg:kltsf nflu k|f0fL cTofjZos b]lvG5g\ . k|f0fL / jg:kltsf
aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw gxg' ] xf] eg] hLjsf] cl:tTj hLljt /xg ;St}g eGg] ;ª\s]t
pb\w[tfz+ n] u/]sf] 5 . ;/n efiffz}nLsf] ljGof; tyf uxlsnf] ljrf/sf sf/0f pko{'Qm c+z yk
pTs[i6 ag]sf] 5 .

198 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (

!^PsfO
kf7ut af]w

ljBfyL{sf] k7gzlQmsf] dfkgsf nflu kf7ut af]w pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . o:tf] k|Zgsf] dn"
p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{n] cfk"mn] k9]sf] ljifodf /fd|/L k9]/ cleJoQm ug{ ;Sg' xf] . ljBfyL{n] 3f]s]/ jf
s07 kf/]/eGbf df}lns z}nLdf k9]sf] s/' f cleJoQm ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
kf7ut af]w pQ/ n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿
♦ ;DalGwt kf7sf af/]df cfjZos 1fg xfl;n ug{],
♦ af]wsf nflu lbOPsf] kf7 /fd|/L k9\g],
♦ kf7sf] af]w ePkl5 k|Zg k9\g] / k|Zgn] rfx]sf] pQ/sf] af/]df cg'dfg nufpg],
♦ cfkm" n] ;f]r]sf] s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg] .
♦ lbOPsf] kf7af6 ;s];Dd ldNg] x/km g;fg]{,
♦ df}lns pQ/ n]vgdf hf]8 lbg],
♦ k9\g], a'¤g] / n]Vg] .

!= tnsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
afnssfnb]lv g} ljleGg afhf ahfpg l;s]sf bgf{nn] snsTtfdf klg To;}df cEof; a9fpg
kfP . ToxfF pgn] lutf/, d]G8f]lng / xjfO{ lutf/ l;Sg] cj;/ kfP . pgn] dgf]xl/ l;x+ ;Fu
d]G8f]lng lkofgf] Psl8{Pg ahfpg l;s] . bflh{lnªdf k9\bf 6«Dk]6 l;s] . g]kfn Ps]8]dLdf hflu/]
ePkl5 pgn] cfk"mn] l;s]sf k/' fgf s/' fnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{] cj;/ k|fKt u/] . ToxfF pgn] ;ª\
uLtnfO{ ;flxTo / gf6s;Fu hf]8\g] cj;/ klg kfP . o;sf nflu pgn] gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d,
slj dfwj l3ld/], ;ª\uLt ;fwsx¿ o1/fh zdf{ / g//fh 9sfnaf6 cgk' |]/0ff / k|efj u|x0f
u/] . /fdz/0fsf] ;fwgfnfO{ ;zQm kfg{] sfo{df plNnlvt ;flxTosf/ / ;ª\uLtsf/sf] of]ubfg
klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ bgf{nn] s;/L afhf ahfpg l;s] <
;fg}b]lv ;ª\uLtk|lt ?lr /fVg] bgf{nn] snsTTff a;fOsf j|mddf ljleGg afhfx¿ l;Sg]

cj;/ kfP . ToxfF pgn] lutf/, d]G8f]lng / xjfO{ lutf/ l;s] . pgn] snsQfdf dfq geO{
sf7df8f}Fdf sfsf hhL{ Aofª\S;af6 lkofgf] Psl8{;g l;s] eg] bflh{lhªdf pgn] 6«Dk]6 l;Sg]
cj;/ kfP . o;/L ljleGg 7fpFdf leGgfleGg} kl/l:ylt;Fu hw' ]/ klg pgn] afhf ahfpg
l;s] .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 199

-v_ pgsf] ;ª\uLt ;fwgfnfO{ ;zSt kg{] sfo{df ss;sf] dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubf /x]sf] 5 <

pgsf] ;ª\uLt ;fwgfnfO{ ;zSt kfg{] sfo{df ljleGg JolQmx¿sf of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pgnfO{
dgf]xl/ l;x+ n] d]G8f]lng l;sfP . sfsf hhL{ Aofª\S;n] lkofgf] Psl8{og l;Sg d2t u/] .
Ps]8]dLdf hflu/]sf ¿kdf lgo'St ePkl5 pgn] y'k|} JolQmx¿;Fu lxdlrd a9fpg kfP . pgn]
gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d, /fi6«slj dfwd l3ld/] ;ª\uLt ;fwsx¿ o1/fh zdf{, g//fh
9sfn nufotsf JolQmaf6 cg'k|]/0ff / k|efj u|x0f u/] . o;k|sf/ plNnlvt ;flxTosf/ /
;ª\uLtsf/sf] of]ubfgn] pgsf] ;ª\uLt ;fwgf cem ;zQm / k|efjsf/L ag]sf] k'li6 xG' 5 .

@= tnsf lgawfz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ .

k[YjLdf /x]sf af]6la?jf, sL6ktª\uf, r/fr?' ª\uL, hgfj/ / dflg;x¿ k/:k/df lge{/ 5g\ .
k|f0fLx¿n] vfB tŒj / clS;hg af]6la?jfaf6 kfpF5g\ . af]6la?jfx¿n] klg cfkm" nfO{ rflxg]
xfjf / vfg]s/' f hLjhGta' f6 lnG5g\ . dflg; tyf hgfj/x¿sf dndq" af]6la?jfsf pTtd vfgf
xg' \ . ;8]un]sf kft kltª\u/nfO{ s'xfP/ af]6la?jfsf nflu vfg of]Uo dn agfpg] sfd sL6ktª\
ux¿n] ub{5g\ . o;/L k[YjLsf k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] aLrdf n]gb]g k|lj|mof rqmem}F 3l' d/xG5 . o:t}
cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwn] k[YjLdf hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej ePsf] xf] . oxL lng]lbg] k|lj|mof gldn]/
clxn] jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f a9]sf] 5 .

-s_ af]6la?jfx¿n] s;/L vfgf k|fKt ub{5g\ <

af]6la?jfx¿n] cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] xfjf / vfg]s'/f hLjhGt' tyf dflg; dnd'qaf6 k|fKt
ub{5g\ . ;8]un]sf kftkltª\ux¿nfO{ sx' fP/ af]6la?jfsf nflu vfg of]Uo dn agfpg] sfo{
sL6ktª\ux¿n] u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L af]6la?jfx¿n] dflg; / hLjhgfj/af6 vfgf k|fKt ug{]
ub{5g\ .

-v_ k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 <

k[YjLdf /x]sf af]6la?jf, sL6ktª\u, r/fr?' ª\uL, hgfj/ dflg;x¿sf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t
;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 . k|f0fLx¿n] vfBtŒj / clS;hgx¿n] klg cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] xfjf /
vfg]s/' f hLjhGta' f6 lng] u5{g\ . sL6ktª\ux¿n] ;8]un]sf kft kltª\u/x¿nfO{ sx' fP/
af]6la?jfsf nflu vfg of]Uo dn agfpF5g\ . o;y{ k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf n]gb]gsf]
k|lj|mof rln/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|f0fLn] jg:klt / jg:kltn] k|f0fLsf] cl:tTj ;/' lIft ul//x]sf
xG' 5g\ . plNnlvt sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ k|f0fL / jg:kltsf aLrdf cToGt lgs6 / csf6\o
;DaGw /x]sf kl' i6 xG' 5 .

#= tnsf] syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

bf;k|yf pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 rGb|zdz]/ cfgGbn] lgbfpg yfn] . 5\ofª\u pHofnf] xF'bf;Dd klg
pgL d:t lgbfO/x]sf xG' y] . rGb|zdz]/;Fu afnsd' f/Lsf] lax] eP/ cfPsf] bO' { bzs eof] . o;
aLrdf klxnf] k6s rGb|zdz]/ o;/L cfgGbn] lgbfPsf] b]v]/ afnsd' f/L v;' L eOg\ . o:tf] b]v]/
pgn] dgdg} elgg\, æb'v / ;Gt'li6 eGg] s/' f ;DklQ, kb / k|lti7faf6 x}g, c;n sfdaf6 k|fKt
x'Fbf] /x]5 .Æ

200 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (