#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cfwf/kb 56' \ofP/ cfˆgf] pQ/k'l:tsfdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
lg:t]h, k|Tofudg, lzlIft, 3:' ofxf, pRrf/0f, bz{g, ;Flwof/, gfl:ts, 9f]s], uFh8L,
a]Odfg, ufos, kfkL, v“lbnf], cWoIf, cg'bf/, u|fdL0f, cTolws, st{Jo, lgaGw, JolQmTj,
k/fho, jQmf, b}lgs, ul' gnf], jfbL, cWofks, dfggLo, ejbLo, k|fKt, hgfp, en' Ss8,
cfhGd, >Ldfg\, stf{, k|df0f, udg, ufp“n], 5kfO, :jNk, k7g, duGt], bu' {d, cfkmGt,
bftJo, ef}uf]lns, ldrfxf, ul' 7of/, e'6g, a'4, cjdN" og, /Tof}nL, DofUb]nL .
$= tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 ;df; ul/Psf] Pp6f zAb / lju|x ul/Psf] s'g} Ps cj:yf klxrfg u/L
;d:t zAbsf] lju|x / lju|lxt cj:yfsf zAbsf] ;df; ug{'xf];\ M
s_ ;fgf] 5Fbf dfdf3/ hfg] eg]kl5 xfdL ;a} c;fWo} /dfpFYof}F . ToxfF xfd|f 7n" L cfdf /
;fgL cfdf klg cfpgx' 'GYof] . pxfFx¿n] xfdLnfO{ /;e/L NofOlbg'x'GYof] . xfdL /dfO{
/dfO{ vfGYof}F .
v_ dfG5]n] hLjgsf] uf]/]6f]df cg]sf}F jfbljjfbsf] ;fdgf ug{k' 5{ . lbglbg} ;ª\3if{sf] d}bfgdf
3fdkfgL gegL n8\g'k5{ . sf]xL oxL h'gLdf xtf/xtf/ nvklt aGg rfxG5g\ eg] sf]xL
dxfk?' if . ;a}sf] cfcfˆg} wg' 5 / w'gcg';f/s} cfgLafgL ePsf dflg; 5/k:6 5g\ .
u_ ltdL /fi6« xfFSg] gj o'jsn] ;fgfltgf s]6fs]6Lem}F bf]af6f]df ukm r'6]/ a:g ;x' fpFb}g .
5/l5d]ssf ;a}nfO{ e]nf kf/]/ b]z lgdf{0fsf] rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpgk' 5{ . s]xL sfd geP
af6f]3f6f] ;kmf ug]{ v]taf/L vgvfg ug]{ cflb sfd u/] klg t x'G5 .
3_ Gf]kfnL jL/ hflt xf] eGg] s/' f kv' f{sf] k/fj|mdn] l;4 u/]sf] 5 . t/ cfh xfdL afFRgsf
nflu ;ª\3if{ ub}{ 5f}F . To:tf] ;g' f}nf] et" af6 of] sxflnnfUbf] jt{dfg;Ddsf] xfd|f]
ofqfdf s] ;a} ;f/yLx¿ Gfdb{ dfq lyP t < o;nfO{ ljlzi6 9ª\un] ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf]
5.
ª_ ltdL /fi6« xfFSg] gj o'jsn] ;fgfltgf s]6fs]6Lem}F bf]af6f]df ukm r6' ]/ a:g
;'xfpFb}g . 5/l5d]ssf ;a}nfO{ e]nf kf/]/ b]z lgdf{0fsf] rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpgk' 5{ . s]xL
sfd geP af6f]3f6f] ;kmf ug]{ v]taf/L vgvfg ug]{ cflb sfd u/] klg t x'G5 .
r_ g]kfndf /fhgLltsf] Joj;fo cTolws km:6fPsfn] lgdv' fx¿ 7"nf7n" f ;d:ofdf k/]sf]
b]Vg kfOG5 . nvklt ;fx'x¿n] t/td;s' ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ g} e'mSofpF5g\ . cK7\of/f]
kbf{ ;/;xof]u ug]{ sf]xL gxF'bf pgLx¿sf] efUof]bo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;tkm{ slxn]
s;sf] Wofg hfg] xf]nf . ;a}nfO{ b]zlxtsf] efif0f 5fF6]/ cfcfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]¤ofpFb} 7Ls
5.
5_ pgLx¿ lbge/ cfnf]kfnf] sfd u5{g\ . 3/eF8'jf pgLx¿sf] ldNtLnfO{ b]lv;xFb}gg\ .
5/l5d]sdf pgLx¿sf] h:tf] ;'vb'Mv ;f6]/ sfd ug]{sf] h?/t 5 . ;a}n] cfcfˆgf]
st{Jo a'¤g] / >dhLjL aGg] xf] eg] s'g ;dfh k5fl8 knf{ < sfd ubf{ bf]wf/
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 101
gx'g' sfdsf] rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg ;Sg' pgLx¿sf] ljz]iftf xf] . pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6
cflQPsfx¿ lgn{Hh aGb} ;do JotLt ub}{ 5g\ .
%= tnsf] cgR' 5]baf6 pk;u{ nfu]/ ag]sf bO' { cf]6f / k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf bO' { cf]6f zAb klxrfg
u/L n]Vgx' f];\ M
s_ xfd|f] b]zsf oj' fx¿ >lds ag]/ ljb]z hfg kfP t s] s] g xf]nf eg]/ sl' b/x]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL
e"lddf cfˆgf] cdN" o kl;gf aufP/ kl/>d ug{'k/]kl5 aNn pgLx¿n] ToxfFsf] jf:tljstf
a¤' g] 5g\ . ljb]zsf] dfgf]eGbf :jb]zsf] d7' L g} Kof/f] 7fGg g;s];Dd o:t} xf] .
v_ lxhf]cfh u|fdL0f hgtfx¿ klg ;'zf;gsf af/]df ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . e|i6 / ablgot ePsf
g]tfnfO{ rg' fpsf dfWodaf6 ultnf] rf]6 lbg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm} ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL x'g rflx/x]sf 5g\ .
u_ cfsfzdf 6nn hg' nfu]sf] lyof] . xfdL lqdl" t{ lgs]tg e|d0fdf lyof}F . s]xL ;fyLx¿
b]zlxtsf af/]df ;f]lr/x]sf lyP eg] s]xL bfneft8s' 'sf] ;d:of s;/L xn ug]{ eg]/ lrlGtt
lyP . kfnf] kfnf] ;Qfdf k'u]/ 9's6' L l/Tofpg] e|i6frf/LnfO{ kftf kmsf{pgk' g]{ wf/0ff s;}sf]
lyof] . xfdL sfd;fd s]xL gug]{ t/ 7"N7"nf ukm dfq ug]{ afgL ePsf hgtf xf}F eGGf] l6Kk0fL
s;}sf] lyof] .
3_ 8fFkm] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kIfL xf] . lxdfnL k|b]zdf kfOg] of] r/f] ;G' b/tfsf b[li6n] klg cgdf]n
5 . a9\bf] rf]/L l;sf/Lsf] hfndf k/]/ csfndf d[To' j/0f ug{k' g]{ ePsfn] o;sf] cl:tTj
;ª\s6df k/]sf] 5 .
ª_ Gf]kfnL jL/ hflt xf] eGg] s'/f k"vf{sf] k/fs|dn] l;4 u/]sf] 5 .t/ cfh xfdL afFRgsf nflu
;ª\3if{ ub}{ 5f}F . To:tf] ;g' f}nf] et" af6 of] sxflnnfUbf] jt{dfg;Ddsf] xfd|f] ofqfdf s] ;a}
;f/yLx¿ Gffdb{ dfq lyP t < o;nfO{ ljlzi6 9ª\un] ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
r_ gf/L / k?' if u/L ;+;f/df bO' { hfltsf dfG5] 5g\ t/ of] k|fs[lts leGgtfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]/
dfG5]n] cg]s hfltsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ bfgjLo cTofrf/sf] z[ª\vnf dRrfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
cfh}af6 Tofu]/ ;xsfo{sf] dfu{ cjnDag u/]df dfq ;a}sf] lxt xG' 5 .
5_ xfdL k|ltlglwx¿ Dffkm{t ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lj|mofdf 5f}F . ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 g]kfnLx¿sf] efUo
;g' f}nf] sndn] n]lvlbg] jfrf g]tfx¿n] u/]sf lyP . g]kfnLx¿sf] of] ck]Iff k"/f eP eljio
klg rlDsnf] xg' ] lyof] .
^= ;df; jf lju|x ug{'xf];\ M
!= h;sf v'§f sfusf h:tf 5g\, dlva§' ], kfFr cd[tsf] ;dx" , ;Ktsf];L
@= kLt 5 cDa/ h;sf], jgef]h, nfdf sfg ePsf], ;Ktlif{
#= xfQLsf] h:tf] kfOnf ePsf], /tGwf], gfs sfl6Psf], sd{r08fn
102 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
$= ¿k/fgL, bzfgg, r/fsf] h:tf] r'Rrf] ePsf], kf7sf nflu zfnf
%= cf7kxl/of, cfd/0f, d/0fsf] pk/fGt, gf} /ysf] ;dx"
^= b]zaf6 lgsfnf, x/]s 38L, enfbdL, dxfslj
&= bf]kfof, /tGwf], lr7L¿kL kq, d[usf] h:tf] gog ePsL
*= lgn{Hh, ci6fWofoL, ;ftcf]6f Clifx¿sf] ;dx" , vf]nfsf] kfl/
(= zlQmn] EofP;Dd, ann] k"j{s, 7"NbfO, k~rfd[t
!)= x/]s 38L, 8f“8fsf] dfly, /fhsfh, ux'“uf]/L
!!= k|f0f´}+ lk|o, ;ft sf];Lsf] ;d"x, nf]slk|o, gs6f]
!@= rf/ eh' fsf] ;dx" , h]7f] af7f], nfDkR' 5«], e/k]6
!#= b'O{ lha|f ePsf], /ftf] 5 df6f] hxf“, rf/sf];], af9LkLl8t
!$= 5fq / 5fqf, k|Zgkq, gj /;sf] ;dx" , nfdv'§]
!%= kyaf6 e|i6, ;Ktsf];L, d'gf / dbg, cfhef]ln
!^= nfdsfg] ePsf], rf}dfl;s, efOnfO{ dfg]{, tndfly
!&= efGbfO, bf]efg, df5fsf] h:tf] kR' 5/ ePsf], k'?ifdf pQd
!*= df5fkR' 5«], /f]un] u|:t, ux“'uf]/f], tLg eh' fsf] ;d"x
!(= kyaf6 e|i6, efGbfO, gj /Tgsf] ;d"x, d'gf / dbg
@)= ufO{sf] uf]7, kf“r kfnfsf] ;d"x, tndfly, bfhe' fO
@!= gfs sfl6Psf], /ftLu]8L, 3/nfO{ e“8j' f, gf}tn]
@@= x/]s 38L, al' 4xLg, gf} /Tgsf] ;dx" , rGb|d'vL
@#= tLg j]0fLsf] ;dx" , 3/sfh, sfdnfO{ nfos, jgef]h
@$= kLtfDa/, d[ugogL, bO' { af6fsf] ;d"x, bfh' / efO
@%= gj /Tgsf] ;d"x, kh" fsf]7f, cl3 kl5, 7N" ofdf
@^= hkWofg, lqj]0fL, ;fgf] bfh', tn lt/
@&= dlva'§], h]7f] eP/ klg af7f], /fi6«klt, bO' { gbLsf] ;ª\ud
@*= >dhLjL, e/hGd, ltg sfnsf] ;d"x, d[usf h:tf gog ePsL
@(= /tGwf], lqj]0fL, sk8fn] 5fg]sf], kf“r zLnx¿sf] ;d"x
#)= kh" fsf]7f, ;flgdf, k~r cd[tsf] ;dx" , ;okq 5g\ h;df
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 103
%PsfO
sfn, kIf / efj
s= sfn
sfnsf] cy{ ;do xf] . lj|mofsf] dfWodaf6 sfdsf] ;do a´' fpg] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6nfO{ sfn
elgG5 . wft'df ¿kfos k|Too hf]8]/ lj|mof aG5 eg] ¿kfos k|Toon] sfn lgwf{/0f u5{ . sfnn]
klxn]sf] ;do clxn]sf] ;do / kl5sf] ;donfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . lat]sf] ;donfO{ a'´fpg]
sfnnfO{ et" sfn elgG5 eg] laTg af“sL ;donfO{ a´' fpg] sfnnfO{ ce"t sfn elgG5 . cet"
sfncGtu{t clxn]sf] ;donfO{ a´' fpg] jt{dfg sfn / kl5sf] ;donfO{ a'´fpg] eljiot\ sfn
kb{5g\ .
!_ e"t sfn
lat]sf] ;donfO{ e"t sfn elgG5 . klxn]sf] ;do jf lat]sf] ;donfO{ a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] ¿k et"
sfn xf] . e"t sfnn] sfd eO;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ a´' fp“5 . vfP“, vfof}“, vfO;\, vfof}, vfge' of],
vfof], vfO{, vfOg\, vfP et" sfnsf lj|mof xg' \ .
et" sfnsf lj|mofdf P“, of}“, O;\, of}, ge' of], of], O{, Og\, P h:tf ¿kfos k|Too hf]l8G5g\ .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ b]lvgF . ltdLn] dnfO{ b]v]/ klg af]nfPgf} .
dnfO{ ltd|f] of] afgL dg k/]g . tF lxhf] d]/f] 3/df lsg cfOg;\ <
u?' n] sfn / kIf k9fpg'eof] . pgLx¿n] gofF 7fpF b]v] .
ltdL sf];“u cfof} < pxf“ lsg cfpg'ePg <
/fdn] /fj0fnfO{ df/] . ljBfyL{n] gf6s x]/] .
k|lhtf klg 3/ uO{ . sfsLn] r/' f nufpg'eof] .
dflysf jfSox¿n] klxn] ePsf] sfdnfO{ a´' fPsf 5g\ . To;}n] oL et" sfnsf jfSo xg' \ .
@_ jt{dfg sfn
clxn]sf] ;donfO{ jt{dfg sfn elgG5 . jt{dfg sfnn] clxn]sf] sfdsf] ;donfO{ a'´fp“5 .
eO/x]sf] cyf{t\ clxn]sf] sfdsf] ;do a´' fpg] lj|mofsf] ¿knfO{ jt{dfg sfn elgG5 .
jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofdf 5,' 5f}“, 5;\, 5f}, g'xG' 5, 5, 5], l5g\, 5g\ h:tf ¿kfos k|Too hf]l8G5g\ .
aa' f ;x/ hfg'x'G5 . bfh' clkm;af6 cfpgx' G' 5 .
5f]/L u[xsfo{ u5]{ . afns :ofp vfG5 .
104 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
d ;w}“ ljBfno hfG5' . dg' dl~hn sljtf n]V5g\ .
t“ d;“u 3D' g hfG5;\ . ltdL s] vfG5f} <
wlgofF /]l8of]df sfd ul5{g\ . pgLx¿ km'6an v]N5g\ .
/fdj/0f u[xsfo{ u5{ . ltdL c;n 5f} .
pxfF sfddf hfgx' G' 5 . pgLx¿ l;g]df x]5{g\ .
dflysf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf ljm| ofn] clxns] f] ;donfO{ a´' fPsf 5g\ . oL jfSox¿ jt{dfg
sfnsf jfSo x'g\ .
#_ eljiot\ sfn
eljiot\ sfn eg]sf] kl5sf] ;do xf] . cfpg] ;donfO{ jf laTg af“sL ;donfO{ eljiot\ sfn
elgG5 . eljiot\ sfnn] kl5 xg' ] sfdsf] ;donfO{ a'´fp“5 .
eljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofdf g] 5', g] 5f}“, g] 5;\, g] 5f}, gx' g' ] 5, g] 5, g] 5], g]l5g\, g] 5g\ h:tf
¿kfos k|Too hf]l8G5g\ .
gf/fo0f snfsf/ aGg ]5 . ltdL g]kfnuGh hfg] 5f} .
k"hf l;g]df x]g{ hfg] 5] . cfdf dlGb/ hfg' xg' ] 5 .
d csf]{ jif{ w/fg hfg] 5' . t“ /fd|/L k9\g] 5;\ .
ltdL d]/f] 3/df cfpg] 5f} . alxgL nf]suLt ;'Gg] l5g\ .
u?' sIffdf cfpg' xg' ] 5 . d kf}8L v]Ng hfg] 5' .
ltdL b;}Fdf lkª v]Ng] 5f} . lbln;f 8fS6/ aGg] 5] .
pgL r/' f nufpg] l5g\ . t“ 3f]8f r9\g] 5;\ .
dflysf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf lj|mofn] cfpg afFsL jf kl5sf] ;do a´' fPsf 5g\ . oL eljiot\
sfnsf lj|mof x'g\ .
v= kIf
kIf eGgfn] s'g} ;dodf ePsf] sfdsf] cj:yf eGg] a'l´G5 . sg' } sfd ;lsPsf], hf/L /x]sf]
cyjf s:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kIfn] lbG5 . Pp6} sfndf w]/} kIf x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLdf et" sfndf kf“r j6f / ce"t sfndf tLg j6f kIf 5g\ . ;fdfGo ck0" f{ / k0" f{ kIf ;a}
sfndf x'G5g\ eg] c1ft / cEo:t kIf / et" sfndf dfq xG' 5g\ .
kIfsf] k|sf/ / pbfx/0f M vfG5, vfof], vfg] 5
M vf“b} lyof], vf“b} 5, vf“b} xg' ] 5
;fdfGo M vfPsf] lyof], vfPsf] 5, vfPsf] xg' ] 5
ck0" f{ M vfP5
k"0f{ M vfGYof]
c1ft
cEo:t
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 105
;fdfGo kIfn] sfd ePsf] jf gePsf] cj:YffnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 cyf{t\ o;n] sfo{sf]
;fdfGotfnfO{ a'´fp“5 . ck"0f{ kIfn] sfd k"/f gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'´fp“5 . o;n] sfo{sf]
ck"0f{tf hgfp“5 . k0" f{ kIfn] sfd k/" f ePsf] cj:yf jf sfo{sf] k"0f{tfnfO{ hgfp“5 . cEo:t
kIfn] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ a´' fp“5 . o;n] et" sfndf dfq sfd xg' ] cj:yfnfO{ ;ª\s]t
ub{5 . c1ft kIfn] sfo{sf] cgle1tfnfO{ a´' fp“5 . o;n] sfd klxnf eO;s]sf] t/ glthf
kl5 af]w ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 .
!= ;fdfGo kIf
;fdfGo kIf et" , jt{dfg / eljiot\ tLg j6} sfndf xG' 5 .
;fdfGo et"
lj|mofkbn] ug{] sfo{Jofkf/ klxn] g} ePsf] eGg] efj a´' fpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo et" xf] .
o;n] sfd ;lsPsf] hfgsf/L u/fp“5 . wft'sf] k5fl8 P“, of}“, O;\, of}, of], O{, Og\, P h:tf
¿kfos k|Toox¿ hf]l8P/ ;fdfGo e"tsf lj|mof aG5g\ . h:t} M vfP“, k9\of}“, n]lv;\, uof],
hfg'eof], x]¥of], af]nL, kl9\g\, P cflb .
alxgLn] lr7L n]vL . efO d;' S' s xfF:of] .
ltdLn] s] s] vfof} < pxfF sxfF hfge' of] <
/fdv]nfjgn] ;fOsn lsGof] . km'jf{ ljb]zaf6 cfof] .
pgLx¿n] bf}/f;?' jfn nufP . 1fg]Gb|n] ;kgf b]Vof] .
;fdfGo jt{dfg
sfo{Jofkf/sf] ;do clxn]sf] atfpg] t/ ;f] k0" f{ x'g], rNg] s]xL hfgsf/L gu/fpg] lj|mofsf]
:j¿k ;fdfGo jt{dfg xf] . o;n] jt{dfg ;dodf sfd x'g] lglZrt hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;fdfGo
jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mof wftd' f 5,' 5f}“, 5;\, 5];\, 5\of}, 5f}, g'xG' 5, 5, 5], l5g\, 5g\ h:tf ¿kfos
k|Too hf]l8P/ aGb5g\ . h:t}M vfG5,' vfG5f}“, vfG5;\, vfG5];\, vfG5f}, vfg'xG' 5, vfG5, vfG5],
vflG5g\, vfG5g\ cflb .
xfdL 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5f}F . pgLx¿ u[xsfo{ u5{g\ .
tF ;kmf n'uf nufpF5;\ . ltdL ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\5\of} .
tkfO{+ lqms]6 x]g'{xG' 5 . pxfF ljBfno hfgx' 'G5 .
;fgd' fof n'uf w'G5] . dª\undfg labfdf e|d0f u5{ .
;fdfGo eljiot\
cfpg] ;dodf sfd xG' 5 eGg] s/' f hgfpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ elgG5 . o;n]
klg sfd ePsf] jf x“'b} u/]sf] hgfO{ kl5sf] ;dodf x'g] lglZrttf hfx]/ ub{5 . wftd' f g] 5', g] 5f}“,
g] 5;\, g] 5f}, gx' g' ] 5, g] 5, g] 5g\, g] 5] h:tf ¿kfos k|Toox¿ hf]l8P/ ;fdfGo eljiot\sf lj|mof
106 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
aGb5g\ . h:t} M k9\g] 5', k9\g] 5;\, k9\g] 5f}, k9\gx' 'g] 5, k9\g] 5, k9\g] l5g\, k9\g] 5g\ cflb .
d dg' dl~hnsf sljtfx¿ k9\g] 5' . xfdL a9" f;A' af x]g{ hfg] 5f}F .
ltdL 7n" f dfG5] aGg] 5f} . d~h' / d~hl/sf l;g]df x]g{ hfg] 5}gg\ .
xl/ v8\sfn] ljZjskdf uf]n xfGg] 5g\ . /fh]z xdfnn] l5§} lax] ug]{ 5g\ .
g]kfnLn] :jb]zd} /f]huf/L kfpg] 5g\ . d]xgtL 5fqf g} k|yd xg' ] l5g\ .
@= ck"0f{ kIf
ck"0f{ kIfn] sfd k/" f gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ a´' fp“5 . of] e"t, jt{dfg / eljiot\ ltg cf]6} sfndf xG' 5 .
ck0" f{ e"t
lj|mofsf] sfo{Jofkf/ klxn]sf] ;dodf ;?' ePsf] / k"/f gePsf] jf rln/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg]
kIf ck0" f{ e"t xf] . ck"0f{ et" sf] lj|mof wft'df tf]÷bf] t}÷b} h:tf s[t\ k|Too hf]l8P/ ;f]sf] k5fl8
lyP“, lyof}“, lyO;\, lyof}F, lyof] h:tf e"tsfnLg ;xfos lj|mof hf]l8P/ aG5g\ . h:t} M k9\b} lyP“,
k9\b} lyof}“, n]Vb} lyO;\, a:t} lyof], hfgx' “b' } lyof] cflb .
ltdLn] kmf]g ubf{ d u[xsfo{ ub}{ lyP“ . u'? sIffdf syf ;g' fp“g'x“'b} lyof] .
alxgL au}Frfdf v]Nb} lyO{ . tkfO{+ lxhf] s] ug{'x'“b} lyof] <
tF g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\b} lyO;\ . xfdL d'gfdbg k9\b} lyof}F .
a|h]z syf n]Vb} lyP . pgLx¿ w/fg hfFb} lyP .
ck"0f{ jt{dfg
clxn]sf] ;dosf] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf hgfpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yfnfO{ ck0" f{ jt{dfg elgG5 . ck"0f{
jt{dfgsf] lj|mof wftd' f ck"0f{ kIfaf]ws s[t\ k|Too t}÷b}, tf]÷bf] ;“u jt{dfg sfnsf ;xfos
lj|mofx¿ 5', 5f}, 5;\, 5f}, 5g\, 5, 5], l5g\ cflb hf]l8P/ aG5g\ . h:t} M vf“b} 5', hf“b} 5f}“, k9\b}
5f}+, n]Vgx' “'b} 5 . k9\b} l5g\ cflb .
d efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f k9\b} 5' . alxgL t/sf/L s]nfpFb} 5] .
xfdL rª\uf p8fpFb} 5f}F . tkfO{+ lr7L n]Vgx' F'b} 5 .
ltdL g]kfnL l;g]df x]b}{ 5f} . pgLx¿ u[xsfo{ ub}{ 5g\ .
;ª\ud efOnfO{ af]nfpFb} 5 . tF s] ub}{ 5;\ <
ck"0f{ eljiot\
kl5sf] ;do jf eljiot\ sfndf sfo{ x“'b} u/]sf] a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] kIfnfO{ ck0" f{ eljiot\ elgG5 .
ck"0f{ kIfaf]ws s[t\ k|Too t}÷b}, tf]÷bf] wftd' f hf]l8P/ To;sf] ;fydf e"tsflns ;xfos
lj|mofx¿ x'g] 5,' x'g] 5f}“, xg' ] 5, x'g] 5g\, xg' ] l5g\ cflb hf]l8P/ ck"0f{ eljiot\sf lj|mof aGb5g\ .
h:t}M k9\b} xg' ] 5', n]Vb} xg' ] 5f}F, ;G' b} xg' ] 5, n]Vb} xg' ] 5g\ cflb .
d lgoldt Jofofd ub}{ x'g] 5' . xfdL ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\b} x'g] 5f}F .
tF kf]v/f hfFb} xg' ] 5;\ . ltdL dnfO{ lr7L n]Vb} x'g] 5f} .
tkfO{+ ljBfno hfgx' 'Fb} xg' ] 5 . pgLx¿ v]tdf sfd ub}{ x'g] 5g\ .
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 107
cf]dsf/ vfhf vfFb} x'g] 5 . u'? sljtf ;'gfpg'x'Fb} x'g] 5 .
#= k0" f{ kIf
k"0f{ kIfn] sfd k/" f ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ a´' fp“5 . wftd' f Psf, Psf], PsL h:tf s[t\ k|Too hf]l8P/
k"0f{ kIf aGb5 . of] klg e"t, jt{dfg / eljiot\ ltg cf]6} sfndf x'G5 .
k"0f{ et"
klxn]sf] ;dodf sfd k"/f ePsf] a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yf k0" f{ et" xf] . k0" f{ e"tsf lj|mofx¿
wftd' f Psf÷Psf]÷PsL h:tf s[t\ k|Too;“u et" sflns ;xfos lj|mof hf]l8P/ aG5g\ . h:t}M k9]sf]
lyP“, n]v]sf lyof}“, a;]sf] lyO;\, ;'g]sf lyP cflb .
d}n] af3 b]v]sf] lyPF . xfdL lrtjg 3D' g uPsf lyof}F .
t}Fn] /fd|/L gfr]sf] lyO;\ . ltdLn] s] u/]sf lyof} <
tkfO{n+ ] l;g]df x]g'{ePsf] lyPg . pgLx¿ ljBfno uPsf lyPgg\ .
aa' fn] :ofp lsGge' Psf] lyof] . cfdfn] aQL sfTg'ePsf] lyof] .
k0" f{ jt{dfg
clxn]sf] ;dodf sfo{Jofkf/ ;lsPsf] t/ To;sf] k|efj eg] /x]sf] a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yf k"0f{
jt{dfg xf] . o; kIfdf wftd' f Psf÷Psf]÷PsL h:tf s[t\ k|Too;“u jt{dfgsflns ;xfos lj|mof
5', 5f}“, 5;\, 5], l5g\, 5f}, 5g\ cflb cfp“5g\ . h:t} M cfPsf] 5', n]v]sf 5g\, k9]sL 5], ;'g]sL
5\of}, k9\g'ePsf] 5 cflb .
d}n] ldlxg]t u/]/ k9]sf] 5' . ltdLn] ;G' tnf vfPsf 5f} .
xfdLn] gofF nu' f nufPsf 5f}F . t}Fn] s] b]v]sf] 5;\ <
pgL ljBfnoaf6 cfPsL 5}gg\ . tkfO{n+ ] Jofs/0f k9fpge' Psf] 5 .
zs'Gtnfn] b'ioGtsf] af6f] s/' ]sL 5] . dbg ef]6 uPsf] 5 .
k0" f{ eljiot\
k"0f{ eljiot\ sfnn] eljiot\ jf kl5sf] ;dodf sfo{sf] Jofkf/ k/" f x'g] 5 eGg] a'´fp“5 .
wftd' f Psf÷Psf]÷PsL h:tf s[t k|Too;“u x'g] 5,' x'g] 5f}+“, x'g] 5g\ h:tf eljiot\sflns
;xfos lj|mof nfu]/ k0" f{ eljiot\sf lj|mofx¿ aGb5g\ . h:t} vfPsf] x'g] 5,' a;]sf xg' ] 5f}“,
k9]sL x'g]l5g\, hfg'ePsf] xg' ] 5 cflb .
d}n] …/fwfÚ pkGof; k9]sf] x'g] 5' . ltdL /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno uPsf xg' ] 5f} .
ljBfyL{x¿ jgef]h uPsf x'g] 5g\ . tkfO{n+ ] gf6s x]g'{ePsf] x'g] 5 .
lg/~hgf dlGb/ uPsL x'g] l5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;x/df k;n /fv]sf xg' ] 5g\ .
kzk' ltdf d]nf nfu]sf] xg' ] 5 . t}Fn] a;fOF pkGof; k9]sf] xg' ] 5;\ .
$= cEo:t kIf
klxn] afgLsf] ¿kdf jf lgoldt cEof; ePsf] / jt{dfgdf /x]sf] eGg] a'´fpg] e"tsfnsf] Ps
kIf cEo:t kIf xf] . cEo:t kIf a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] lgdf{0f wftd' f y]“, Yof}“, ly;\, Yof}, Yof], yL,
108 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
lyg\, y] h:tf ¿kfos k|Too nfu]/ xG' 5 . ltdL rnlrqdf clego uYof}{ .
pgL lgoldt u[xsfo{ uly{g\ . tkfO{+ ;fx|} /S;L lkpg'xG' Yof] .
cleif]s w]/} rsrs uYof]{ . pm kf}8L v]NYof] .
;fu/ ;w}F k|yd xG' Yof] . xfdL el" dsfnfO{ grfpFYof}F .
;~ho /fd|f lrq sf]Yof]{ .
%= c1ft kIf
sg' } klg sfo{ klxn] g} ;DkGg ePsf] t/ To;sf] kl/0ffd jt{dfgdf jf kl5 dfq 1ft x'G5 eg]
To:tf] cj:yf a'´fpg] lj|mofsf] kIfnfO{ c1ft et" elgG5 . o; kIfsf lj|mofsf] lgdf{0f wft'df
P5', P5f}, P5;\, O5];\, P5f}, P5, O5], P5g\ cflb ¿kfos k|Too hf]l8P/ xG' 5 .
kl' n;n] rf]/nfO{ ;dft]5 . d t k9\bfk9\b} e;' 'Ss} lgbfP5' .
d la/fdL xF'bf cfdf ?g'eP5 . clDasfn] k/LIffdf /fd|/L n]lv5] .
ltdL ;b:odf dgf]lgt eP5f} . pm laxfg} lx“8]5 .
pgLx¿ dgsfdgf bz{g ug{ uP5g\ . lxhf] km]l/ a; b'3{6gf eP5 .
u= lj|mofsf] efj jf cy{
jQmfsf] dgf]efj jf cfzo a'´fpg] lj|mofkbsf] cy{nfO{ efj elgG5 . jQmfn] s'g cfzo k|s6
ug{ jf s'g dg;fon] lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] s/' f lj|mofkbsf] ;/+ rgfaf6 1ft xG' 5 cyf{t\
lj|mofsf] efj a'´fpg] cnu–cun ¿kx¿ xG' 5g\ . ;fdfGofy{, OR5fy{, cf1fy{, ;Defjgfy{ /
;ª\s]tfy{ u/L lj|mofsf efjx¿ kf“r k|sf/sf 5g\ .
!_ ;fdfGofy{
ljm| ofkbsf] sfoJ{ ofkf/ ;fdfGo ¿kdf ePsf] a´' fpg] ljm| ofkb ;fdfGofys{ xf] . o;sf] k|of]u ubf{
jQmfn] sg' } ljz]if k|sf/sf] dgf]efj JoQm gu/L ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] cy{ k|s6 ub{5 . h:t} M
/fd 3/ hfG5 . ltdL sfd ub}{gf} .
pgLx¿ kf]v/f uP . alxgL gfrL .
ljgf]b rnlrq x]5{ . ltdL stf hfFb} 5f} <
d g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5' . tkfO{+ slxn] cfpg'eof] <
e}/j ef]ln ufpF hfg] 5 . xfdLn] syf ;G' of}F .
s/0f a´' fpg] jfSo cs/0f a'´fpg] jfSo k|Zg a'´fpg] jfSo
alxgL s/]nf vfG5] . efO s/]nf vfFb}g . s] ltdL s/]nf vfG5f} <
pm rsrs u5{ . pm rsrs ub}{g . ltdL slt sIffdf k95\ f} <
xfdL ef]ln cfpg] 5f}F . xfdL efl] n cfpg] 5g} fF} . xfdL stf hfFb} 5f}F <
ljk'n ;x/df a:5 . ljkn' ufpFdf a:b}g . pm sf];Fu a:5 <
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 109
;fdfGofys{ f lj|mofn] sfn klg lrgfp5“ g\ .
d}n] sfd u/]F . -e"t_
d sfd u5{' . -jt{dfg_
d sfd ug]{5' . -eljiot\_
;fdfGofy{sf ljm| ofn] sfnsf] kIf klg lrgfp5“ g\ .
kljtf efOnfO{ dfof u5]{ . -;fdfGo kIf_
;G' b/ lj|ms]6 v]Nb} xg' ] 5 . -ck0" f{ kIf_
uf]jw{g cd]l/sf uPsf] 5 . -k"0f{ kIf_
p;n] xfdLnfO{ b]v]5 . -c1ft kIf_
pgL ;w}F k}bn lxF8]y] . -cEo:t kIf_
;fdfGofy{sf lj|mofx¿ ;a} k'?if / cfb/df k|ofu] xG' 5g\ .
d of] ;fn P;=Pn=;L k/LIff lbg] 5' . -k|yd k?' if_
ltdL ;fx|} /fd|f lrq agfpFbf /x]5f} . -låtLo k'?if_
pgL w]/} ldlxg]tL l5g\ . -t[tLo k?' if_
tF stf uPsf] lyO;\ < -cgfb/_
ltdLn] d}n] eg]sf] sfd u/]g5f} . -dWod cfb/_
pxfF klg cfpgx' F'b} 5 . -pRr cfb/_
@_ OR5fy{
jQmfn] OR5f u/]sf] dg;fo k|s6 u5{ eg] To:tf] dg;fo k|s6 ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lj|mof OR5fy{s
xG' 5g\ . jfSodf k|of]u ePsf] stf{sf] cfwf/df k|of]u xg' ] ePsfn] OR5fy{s lj|mof stf{s]Gb|L x'G5 .
s:tf] stf{df OR5fy{s lj|mofsf] ¿k s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . Wofg
lbP/ tflnsf cWoog ug{'xf];\ M
stf{ ¿kfos k|Too lj|mof
d p“m a9“", k9“," n]v“," af]n“," x]¿“,
xfdL cf}“ hfcf}“, a;f}+“, k9f}“, vfcf}“, a;f}“,
t“ P;\ uP;\, k9];\, n]v];\, af]n];\
ltdL÷x¿ P ;g' ], uP, k9], eP, x]/]
tkfO+{÷x¿ gx' f]cf];\ hfg'xf]cf];\, k9\gx' f]cf];\,n]Vg'xf]cf];\
pm÷/fd÷;Ltf cf];\ n]vf];\, k9f];\, af]nf];\, af]nf];\,
pgL÷;Ltf pmg\ k9g" \, n]vg" \, af]ng" \, a;"g\
pgLx¿ pmg\ k9g" \, n]vg" \, af]ng" \, a;"g\,
110 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
d oxL“ a;“" . ltdL cfˆgf] sfddf ;kmn eP .
xfdL ;a}sf] sNof0f xf];\ . g]kfnLn] zflGtsf] cge' j ug{ kfpmg\ .
d]/f] 5f]/f] c;n gful/s agf];\ . s;}n] klg ?g gk/f];\ .
#_ cf1fy{
lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u ug{] jQmfn] cf1f jf cg'/f]wsf] dg;fo k|s6 ug{] lj|mofsf] cy{ cf1fy{s xf] .
jQmf cyf{t\ k|yd k'?ifdf cf1fy{ x“'b}g . t[tLo k?' if ljifosf] ¿kdf cfp“5 o;y{ To;df klg
cf1fy{ x“'b}g . låtLo k?' ifdf eg] cf1fy{ xG' 5 . jQmfn] >f]tf;“u s'/fsfgL ug{] ePsfn] låtLo
k'?ifdf cf1fy{ xG' 5 . h:t} M
t“ 3/ hf . ltdL 3/ hfpm, . tkfO{+ 3/ hfgx' f];\ . cflb
cf1fy{df wft' ± O{, c, pm, gx' f];\, cf], g" h:tf k|Too nfU5g\ .
ltdL 3/ hfpm . ltdLx¿ sfddf hfcf] .
tkfO{+ ;a]/} cfpgx' f];\ . /fd, 3/ hfpm .
t“ sfd ;s]/ ot} a;\ . ltdL e/] ot} a:g" .
;lD´gk' g]{ s'/f
cf1fy{ klxnf] k?' ifdf x“'b}g . klxnf] k?' if jQmf xf] / af]Ng] dfG5]n] cfkm}“nfO{ cf1f ug{ ldNb}g .
ltdL vfgf vfpm . ltdLx¿ gofF n'uf nfcf] .
tkfO{+ lgoldt Jofofd ug{'xf];\ . ;d' g, u[xsfo{ u/ .
ltdL sfd ;s]/ ot} a; . tF st} klg ghfg" .
t“ d}n] eg]sf] v'?Ss dfg\ . ltdL lbbLnfO{ lr7L n]v .
ltdLx¿ st} klg ghfcf] . tkfO{+ ;G' tnf lsg]/ Nofpgx' f];\ .
afa,' otf cfpm . ;'lgtf, vfgf vfpm .
cf1fy{ lj|mof wft'df s]xL ghf]8L tyf pm, cf], g'xf];\ hf]l8P/ aG5g\ .
stf{ lj|mofdf hf]l8g] k|Too lj|mof jfSo
t“ -s]xL ghf]l8g]_ hf, k9\, a;\ t“ lj1fg k9\ .
t“ oxL“ a;\ .
ltdL pm, c vfpm, a;, k9 ltdL vfgf vfpm .
ltdL sf7df8f}“d} a; .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 111
stf{ lj|mofdf hf]l8g] k|Too lj|mof jfSo
ltdLx¿ cf], c hfcf], a; ltdLx¿ ahf/ hfcf] .
tkfO{+ g'xf];\
hfgx' f];\, ltdLx¿ Toxf“ ga; .
vfgx' f];\ tkfO{+ klg vfgf vfg'xf];\ .
tkfO{+ clkm; hfg'xf];\ .
stf{ cfb/fy{ 5 eg] lj|mofdf g'xf];\ hf]l8G5 . o;/L ag]sf] lj|mofnfO{ cg/' f]wfy{ elgG5 .
h:t} M
vfgx' f;] ,\ hfgx' f;] ,\ cfpgx' f;] ,\ k9fpgx' f;] \ cflb .
wftd' f …gÚ" yk/] klg cf1fy{ ljm| of agfpg ;lsG5 .
ltdL cfh st} ghfg" . tnF} ] 7n" fn] egs] f] dfGg" .
$_ ;Defjgfy{
jQmfn] ;Defjgf, cg'dfg jf c8\sn u/]sf] dg;fo a´' fpg k|of]u ug{] lj|mofsf] ¿knfO{ ;Defjgfy{
elgG5 . o;n] sfdsf] lglZrttf a´' fp“b}g . ;Defjgfy{ lj|mof o;k|sf/ aG5g\ M
stf{ ¿kfos k|Too lj|mof
d p“nf k9“'nf, a;'“nf, n]v'“nf
xfdL cf}“nf k9f}“nf, n]vf“}nf, hfcf}“nf
t“ nf;\ k9\nf;\, n]Vnf;\, a:nf;\
ltdL÷x¿ cf}nf vfcf}nf, a;f}nf, k9f}nf
tkfO{+ gx' f]nf k9\gx' f]nf, a:g'xf]nf, vfgx' f]nf
pm÷/fd nf k9\nf, n]Vnf, hfnf
pm÷;Ltf nL k9\nL, hfnL, v]NnL
pgL÷x¿ nfg\ k9\nfg\, xf]nfg\, a:nfg\
pgL÷;Ltf lng\ vflng\, al:ng\, k9\lng\
;Defjgfy{n] sg' } s'/fsf] olsg gePsf] t/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] s'/f a'´fp“5 .
tnsf jfSox¿df ;Defjgfy{ lj|mofsf] k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
d k/LIffdf pQL0f{ xf]pFnf . ef]ln 3fd nfUnf .
g]kfnn] ljZjsk lj|ms]6 lhTnf . efO 8fS6/ aGnf .
xfdL g]jf/L efiff l;sf}Fnf . cfdf dlGb/ hfgx' f]nf .
tF /fdfo0f k9\nf;\ . tkfO{+ g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9fpgx' f]nf .
112 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
pgL ahf/ hflng\ . ;f}/e ;f}/eLnfO{ dfof unf{ .
RofG6L RofG6];Fu l/;fpnL . pgLx¿ ;/f;/ 3/ hfnfg\ .
%_ ;ª\s]tfy{
jQmfsf] cleJolQmdf sf/0f / sfo{ b'j} hgfpg] efj ´NsG5 eg] Toxf“ ;ª\s]tfy{ x'G5 . jfSodf
cfPsf bO' { lj|mofdWo] klxnf]n] sf/0f / bf];|f]n] sfo{ hgfp“bf ;ª\s]tfy{ xG' 5 . h:t}M 3fd nfu]
la:sg' ;S' Yof] . oxf“ cfPsf b'O{ lj|mofdWo] …nfu]Ún] nfUg] sf/0f jf ;ª\s]tsf] cy{ lbPsf] 5 eg]
…;'SYof]Ún] ;'Sg] sfd x'g] gq gx'g] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . of] klg clgZroaf]ws xG' 5 .
;ª\s]tfys{ jfSo agfpg] tl/sf o;ks| f/ 5 M
Pp6f lj|mof ePsf] jfSodf wft' ±P± x'GYof]
efO /fd|/L k9\5 . – efOn] /fd|/L k9] xG' Yof] .
alxgL ljBfno hfG5] . – alxgL ljBfno uP x'GYof] .
bO' { j6f lj|mof ePsf] jfSodf
klxnf] wft' ± P ± af“sL c+z ;a} ;fg]{
kfgL k5{ clg afnL ;k|G5 . – kfgL k/] afnL ;k|G5 .
ltdL k9\5f} / kf; x'G5f} . – ltdL k9] kf; xG' 5f} .
klxnf] wft' ± of] eg] ± af“sL cz+ ;a} ;fg]{
kfgL k5{ clg afnL ;k|G5 . – kfgL k¥of] eg] afnL ;k|G5 .
ltdL k9\5f} / kf; xG' 5f} . – ltdL k9\of} eg] kf; x'G5f} .
gdg' f cEof;
sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fp“ eg'{xf];\ M
-s_ efO w]/} ================= .
-v_ ljdnf a;af6 ================= . -ef]sfp M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
-u_ xl/rfn] lr7L ================= . -cfp M ck"0f{ et" _
-n]v\ M OR5fy{s_
-3_ xfdL ljBfnodf ================= . -e]6\ M cEo:t e"t_
-ª_ tkfO{+ ;w}“ ;f“rf] =================
-af]n\ M cg/' f]wfy{_
pQ/M
-s_ efO w]/} ef]sfpg] 5 . -ef]sfp M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
-v_ ljdnf a;af6 cfp“b} lyO{ . -cfp M ck"0f{ et" _
-u_ xl/rfn] lr7L n]vf];\ . -n]v\ M OR5fy{s_
-3_ xfdL ljBfnodf e]6\Yof}“ . -e]6\ M cEo:t et" _
-ª_ tkfO{+ ;w}“ ;f“rf] af]Ng'xf];\ . -af]n\ M cg/' f]wfy{_
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 113
cEof;
s= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fp“ eg'{xf];\ M
!= s_ ;'Gb/fn] aa' fnfO{ ============================ .
v_ xfdL k/LIff ============================ . -af]nfpM c1ft e"t_
-lbM ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
u_ csf]{ jif{;Dd ;fyLn] …a;fO“Ú ============================. -k9\M k"0f{ eljiot\_
3_ ;GWof sljtf ============================ .
ª_ ltdLx¿ uLt ============================ . -n]v\M OR5fy{s_
r_ d}n] af6f] ============================ . -ufpM cf1fy{s_
@= s_ ltgLx¿n] ufO{e}“;L ============================ . -la;{ M c1ft et" _
v_ lglvn u[xsfo{ ============================ . -r/fpM c1ft et" _
u_ ltdLn] /fd|f] gf]s/L ============================ . -u/\ , ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
-kfpM, k0" f{ jt{dfg_
3_ b]zsf] jftfj/0f rf“8} zfGt ============================ . -ag\M, ;Defjgfy{s_
ª_ d /fd|f] sfd ============================ .
r_ t“ ;x/ ============================ . -u/\M OR5fy{s_
#= s_ hgtfaf6 xfd|f g]tfhL ============================ . -ku' \ M k"0f{ jt{dfg_
v_ g]kfnL v]nf8Ln] v]n ============================ . -3]/\M c1ft e"t_
u_ ufp“n]x¿ ufp“sf] af6f] ============================ . -lht\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
-vg\ M ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
3_ ;fyLx¿ klg cfcfÏgf] 3/ ============================ . -hfM ;Defjgfy{_
ª_ ag' ,' lagL / lbnf;f ;a} ldn]/ ============================ . -k9\ M OR5fy{_
r_ alxgL lr7L ============================ .
$= s_ ;'lag k/LIffdf k|yd ============================ . -n]v\ M ck"0f{ eljiot\_
-x' M k"0f{ et" _
v_ cfp“bf] jif{ xfdL sIff P3f/df ============================ . -k9\ M ck0" f{ eljiot\_
u_ pgLx¿ /fd|f] syf ============================ .
3_ ltdL k9]/ 7n" f] dfG5] ============================ . -n]v\ M ;fdfGo jt{dfg_
ª_ pgLx¿n] /fd|f syf ============================ . -ag\M ;Defjgfy{_
-;'gfpM OR5fy{_
r_ ltgLx¿n] g]kfnL Jofs/0f klg ============================ . -k9\ M ck"0f{ e"t_
%= s_ g]kfnL uhnsf] ljsf; ============================ .
-x'M ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
v_ xfdL g]kfnnfO{ ljsl;t d'n's ============================ . -agfpM ;fdfGo eljiot\_
u_ kl/jt{gsf nflu w]/} g]kfnLx¿n] alnbfg ============================ . -lbM k"0f{ et" _
114 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
3_ pxfFn] ufp“sf] ljsf;df of]ubfg ============================ . -lbM ;Defjgfy{_
ª_ p;n] cfÏgf] sfddf ldlxg]t ============================ . -u/\M OR5fy{_
r_ ;~h' / ;l' gn ldlxg]t u/L ============================ . -n]v\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
^= s_ xfdL w'dwfd;“u rf8kj{ ============================ . -dgfpM ;fdfGo eljiot\_
v_ l;sf/LnfO{ af3n] ============================ . -nv]6\M c1ft et" _
u_ csf]{ jif{ xfdL bz sIffdf ============================ . -k9\M ;Defjgfy{_
3_ cz/' fd lrq ============================ . -agfpM ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
ª_ ;a}n] ;kmntf kfpg ============================ . -;s\M OR5fy{_
r_ ;xb]j kf]v/f ============================ . -hf M k"0f{ jt{dfg_
&= s_ ¿kf w'?w'? ============================ . - ?M c1ft e"t_
v_ km0fLGb| cf“k ============================ . -vfM ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
u_ s]6fx¿n] esG8f] ============================ . -v]nM k0" f{ eljiot\_
3_ O{Zj/n] ;a}sf] sNof0f ============================ . -u/\M OR5fy{_
ª_ ltdL k:' ts ============================ . -k9\M cf1fy{_
r_ pm klg ljjfxdf hGt ============================ . -hfM k0" f{ e"t_
*= s_ bfhn' ] t/fO{df hUuf ============================ . -lsg\M c1ft et" _
v_ ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿ ============================ . -k9\M ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
u_ lgZrnn] cfÏgf] sfd ============================ . -l;WofpM k"0f{ eljiot\_
3_ xfdL ;Eo gful/s ============================ . -ag\M OR5fy{_
ª_ ltdL uLt ============================ . -ufpM cf1fy{_
r_ tkfO{+n] ;fdfgx¿ ============================ . -lsg\ M k"0f{ jt{dfg_
(= s_ lgs]zn] os' ]znfO{ ============================ . -af]nfpM c1ft e"t_
v_ d ldª\df;“u kf]v/f ============================. -hfM ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
u_ ltdL d';'Ss ============================ . -xf“;M k0" f{ eljiot\_
3_ pgLx¿ ljåfg\ ============================ . -ag\M OR5fy{_
ª_ ltdLx¿ ;dod} 3/ ============================ . -cfpM cf1fy{_
r_ ;f]gL sIffdf ;w“} k|yd ============================ . -xM' cEo:t e"t_
!)= s_ ;'lgtf ljb]zaf6 ============================ . -kms{M c1ft e"t_
v_ xfdL ;a} b]zf]Ggltdf ============================ . -nfu\M OR5fy{_
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 115
u_ g]kfnLx¿ ldn]/ ============================ . -a;\M k"0f{ jt{dfg_
3_ cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ ============================ . -pbfpM ;Defjgfy{s_
ª_ ltdL ;dodf sfd ============================ . -;s\M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
r_ efO u[xsfo{ ============================ . -u/\M ck"0f{ jt{dfg_
!!= s_ s'df/ a:g]t nf]suLt ============================ . -ufp, ;fdfGo jt{dfg_
v_ sfd]Zj/ dxtf]n] hn]Zj/df dT:okfng ============================ . -u/\M k0" f{ et" _
u_ 57df dlxnfx¿ ;o" {sf] kh" f ============================ . -u/\, ;fdfGo jt{dfg_
3_ s]6f] laxfg} ============================ .
-p7\, ;Defjgfy{_
ª_ xfdL ;a}n] cfÏgf] st{Jo k/" f ============================ . -u/, OR5fy{_
r_ vu]Gb| g]kfnuGh ============================ .
!@= s_ d c;n JolQm ============================ . -k'u\M k0" f{ jt{dfg_
v_ ;fgL gfgL clxn] ============================ . -ag\ M OR5fy{s_
u_ sdf{ 3n]n] lstfa ============================ . -v]n M ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
3_ l5l/ªn] k|ult ============================ . -lsg\ M k0" f{ e"t_
ª_ ltdLx¿ uLt ============================ . -u/\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
r_ ;fyLx¿ clxn] ============================ . -ufp M cf1fy{s_
-v]n\ M ck0" f{ jt{dfg_
!#= s_ ljBfyL{x¿ o; rf}/df km'6an ============================ . -v]n\ M cEo:t e"t_
v_ ;f]gjfn] sljtf ============================ .
-n]v\ M k"0f{ jt{dfg_
u_ o; jif{ ls;fgx¿n] w]/} ux'“ ============================ . -kmnfp M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
3_ xfdL /fd|f];“u k/LIff ============================ .
-lb M OR5fy{s_
ª_ nlntf ljZjsdf{ klg P;= Pn= ;L= pQL0f{ ============================ . -xM' ;Defjgfy{s_
r_ wL/]Gb|n] k/LIff ============================ .
-lbM k0" f{ e"t_
!$= s_ wd]{Gb| 7fs/' bLkfjnL dgfpg ufp“ ============================ . -hf M cEo:t et" _
v_ kf;fª gf]u]{n] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ============================ . -u/\ M k0" f{ jt{dfg_
u_ xfdL l;Gw'nLsf hg' f/ af]6af6} l6k]/ ============================ . -vf M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
3_ g]kfnLx¿ ldnL gof“ g]kfn ============================ . -ag\ M OR5fy{_
ª_ uh]Gb| ;dfh;]jfdf ============================ .
-nfu\ M ;Defjgfy{s_
v_ ltgLx¿n] g]kfnL Jofs/0f klg ============================ . -k9\ M ck"0f{ et" _
116 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
^PsfO
jfSofGt/0f
!= Jofs/l0fs sf]l6 -lnªu\ , jrg, k?' if, cfb/_
s= lnª\u
efn] jf kf]yL 5'6\ofpg] lrXgnfO{ lnª\u elgG5 . g]kfnLdf lnª\u bO' { k|sf/sf 5g\ .
!= kl' nª\u M efn] gfd jf k'?if hfltnfO{ a'´fpg] zAbnfO{ kl' nª\u elgG5 . s]6f],5f]/f], /fd,
efO, bfO, legfh,' a'af, HjfO“, uf]?, efn], /fhf, k?' if, a]x'nf], sfsf, dfdf, /f“uf], xh'/af,
km' kfh' cflb kl' nª\u a'´fpg] zAb x'g\ .
@= :qLlnªu\ M kfy] L gfd jf :qL hfltnfO{ a´' fpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnªu\ elgG5 . s]6L, 5f]/L,
;Ltf, alxgL, efph", lbbL, cfdf, ufO{, kf]yL, /fgL, dlxnf, a]x'nL, sfsL, dfOh," e}“;L,
xh/' cfdf, k'mk" cflb :qLlnª\u a´' fpg] zAb x'g\ .
lnª\u kl/jtg{
kl' nª\unfO{ :qLlnª\udf / :qLlnª\unfO{ k'lnª\udf kl/jt{g ug'{nfO{ lnª\u kl/jt{g elgG5 .
tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
kl' nª\u :qLlnª\u k'lnª\u :qLlnª\u
b'nfxf bn' xL sfsf sfsL
km'kfh' kmk' " legfh' lbbL
dfdf dfOh" pb\3f]ifs pb\3f]lifsf
afbzfx a]ud la/ eg' L
ljåfg\ ljbi' fL af3 al3gL
ufos uflosf dQf 9f]O{
slj sjloqL 5f]/f a'xf/L
´fFs d8' n' L bfh' efph"
lnª\u kl/jt{g ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿
s_ s'g} zAbsf] cufl8 :qLlnª\u a'´fpg] zAb /fv]/ kl' nªu\ nfO{ :qLlnªu\ agfOG5 .
efn] ;u' f – kf]yL ;u' f nf]Ug]dfG5] – :jf:gLdfG5]
/fhf;fx]a – /fgL;fx]a efn] do"/ – kf]yL do/"
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 117
v_ k'lnªu\ zAbsf] cGTodf O{sf/ u//] kl' nª\unfO{ :qLlnª\u agfOG5 .
sfsf – sfsL s]6f] – s]6L
5f]/f] – 5f]/L afR5f] – afR5L
sd' f/ – sd' f/L afx'g – afxg' L
kf8f] – kf8L s'v'/f] – sv' /' L
u_ kl' nªu\ L zAbsf] cGTodf gL yk]/ :qLlnªu\ L zAb agfOG5 .
gflt – gfltgL du/ – dugL{
bdfO{+ – bldgL dfnL – dflngL
5]qL – 5]lqgL 3tL{ – 3lt{gL
3_ k'lnªu\ L zAbdf PgL jf OgL yk/] :qLlnª\uL zAb agfOG5 .
yfkf – ylkgL ;fsL{ – ;ls{gL
sfsL{ – sls{gL ;'Aaf – ;A' a]gL
af3 – al3gL kfkL – kflkgL
ª_ zAbsf] k"/} ¿k kl/jtg{ u//] k'lnªu\ L zAbnfO{ :qLlnªu\ L zAb agfOG5 .
bfh' – efph" legfh' – lbbL
uf]? – ufO{ nf]Ug] – :jf:gL
/fFuf] – e}F;L a'af – cfdf
r_ kl' nª\uL zAbdf Osf yk]/ :qLlnªu\ L zAb agfOG5 .
ufos – uflosf ;]js – ;]ljsf
n]vs – n]lvsf gfos – gflosf
afns – aflnsf lzIfs – lzlIfsf
g]kfnL efiffdf gfdn] dfq lnª\ue]b hgfp“b}g . g]kfnLdf ljz]if0f / lj|mofn] klg lnª\ue]b
hgfp“5g\ .
s_ ljz]if0fn] k'lnªu\ / :qLlnªu\ 5§' f5'§} hgfp5“ .
sfnf] – sfnL uf]/f] – uf]/L
xf]rf] – xf]rL ;fgf] – ;fgL
/fd|f] – /fd|L 7"nf] – 7n" L
5'Rrf] – 5'RrL df]6f] – df]6L
v_ ljm| ofn] k'lnªu\ / :qLlnª\u 5'§f5§' } hgfp5“ .
k9\5 – k9\5] uof] – uO{
k9\of] – k9L k9\g] 5 – k9\g] 5]
k9]sf] 5' – k9]sL 5' cfPsf] lyof] – cfPsL lyO{
118 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
n]V5;\ – n]V5];\ ;G' 5f} – ;'G5\of}
;lD´g'kg{] s/' f
v= jrg
jrg eg]sf] ;ª\Vof xf] . o;n] Ps jf PseGbf a9L eGg] a'´fp“5 . jrgnfO{ Jofs/0fsf] PsfO jf
sf]l6 dflgG5 h;n] gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / lj|mofsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L eGg] ;ª\Vof a´' fp“5 .
Psjrg M JolQm jf j:ts' f] Pp6f dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 . s]6f], snd, d, t“,
ufO{, lstfa, r/f], 5fgf], 3/, sf]7f, ¿v h:tf zAbn] Pp6f eGg] a´' fp“5g\ . To;}n] oL
Psjrgsf zAb xg' \ .
axj' rg M JolQm jf j:t'sf] PseGbf a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ ax'jrg elgG5 . s]6fx¿, sndx¿, xfdL,
ltdLx¿, ufO{x¿, lstfax¿, r/fx¿, 5fgfx¿, sf]7fx¿, ¿vx¿ h:tf zAbn] PseGbf
a9L eGg] a´' fPsf 5g\ . To;}n] oL axj' rgsf zAb xg' \ .
jrgn] gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / lj|mofsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L eGg] ;ª\Vof a'´fp“5 .
gfdsf] jrg ;j{gfdsf] jrg ljz]if0fsf] jrg lj|mofsf] jrg
snd – sndx¿ d – xfdL sfnf] – sfnf k9\5' – k9\5f}“
3/ – 3/x¿ t“ – ltdLx¿ /fd|f] – /fd|f hfG5;\ – hfG5f}
dflg; – dflg;x¿ tkfO{+ – tkfO{x+ ¿ 7n" f] – 7n" f x]5{ – x]5{g\
¿v – ¿vx¿ pm – pgLx¿ xf]rf] – xf]rf 3D' 5] – 3'D5g\
jrg b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ . JolQm jf j:t'sf] Pp6f dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 eg] PseGbf
a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ axj' rg elgG5 .
;lD´gk' g]{ s/' f
Psjrgdf /x]sf] zAbdf …x¿Ú yk]/ axj' rg agfpgk' 5{ .
ufO{ – ufO{x¿ ¿v – ¿vx¿
sf]7f – sf]7fx¿ snd – sndx¿
alxgL – alxgLx¿ cfdf – cfdfx¿
Psjrgsf] zAbdf cGTodf cf]sf/ eP To;nfO{ cfsf/ agfP/ …x¿Ú yKgk' 5{ .
s]6f] – s]6fx¿ 5fgf] – 5fgfx¿
r/f] – r/fx¿ 5f]/f] – 5f]/fx¿
dfgf] – dfgfx¿ af6f] – af6fx¿
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 119
zAbsf] ¿k km]/]/ Psjrgaf6 ax'jrg agfOG5 .
d – xfdL t“ – ltdLx¿
– tL÷ltgLx¿
of] – oL÷logLx¿ Tof]
u= k?' if
k?' if jf :qL bj' }nfO{ a'´fpg] ;j{gfdnfO{ k'?if elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf ;j{gfd / lj|mofn]
k?' ifsf] e]b hgfp“5g\ .
k'?if ltg k|sf/sf 5g\ M
klxnf] k?' if h;n] af]N5 p;}nfO{ a'´fpg] k?' ifjfrs ;j{gfdnfO{ klxnf] k?' if elgG5 . af]Ng]
JolQmnfO{ a'´fpg] k'?if ePsfn] o;nfO{ jQmf klg elgG5 . k|yd k'?ifdf d / xfdL kb{5g\ .
bf;] f| ] k?' if hf];“u af]lnG5 p;}nfO{ a'´fpg] k?' ifjfrs ;j{gfdnfO{ bf];|f] k?' if elgG5 . bf];|f]
k'?ifn] ;G' g] JolQmnfO{ a´' fpg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ >f]tf klg elgG5 . bf];|f] k?' ifdf t“, ltdL,
tkfO{+, xh'/ kb{5g\ .
t;] f| ] k?' if h;sf] af/d] f afl] nG5 p;n} fO{ a´' fpg cfpg] k?' ifjfrs ;jg{ fdnfO{ t;] f| ] k?' if
elgG5 . t];|f] k'?ifn] klxnf] k?' if / bf;] f| ] k?' ifsf] s/' fsfgLsf jm| ddf cfpg] k?' ifnfO{ a´' fp5“ .
o;nfO{ ljifo klg elgG5 . t];|f] k?' ifdf pm, pgL, pgLx¿, pxf“ cflb kb{5g\ .
tnsf] tflnsf x]g{'xf];\ M
k?' if pbfx/0f jfSo
klxnf] d, xfdL d ;w}“ u[xsfo{ u5'{ . xfdL ljBfno hfG5f}“ .
bf];|f] t“, ltdL, tkfO{,+ t“ w]/} xNnf gu/\ . ltdL ldlxg]tL 5f} .
xh/' tkfO{+ lstfa n]Vgx' 'G5 .
t];|f] pm, pgL, pm d]/f] ;fyL xf] . pgL ldlxg]t ul5{g\ .
pgLx¿, pxf“ pgLx¿ jgef]h uP . pxf“ ;a]/} hfg'eof] .
k?' if kl/jtg{
Pp6f k?' ifnfO{ csf]{ k?' ifdf kl/jt{g ug{'nfO{ k?' if kl/jt{g elgG5 . k|yd k?' ifnfO{ låtLo jf
t[tLo k?' ifdf, låtLo k'?ifnfO{ k|yd jf t[tLo k'?ifdf tyf t[tLo k'?ifnfO{ k|yd jf låtLo k'?ifdf
kl/jt{g ug'{nfO{ k'?if kl/jt{g elgG5 .
3= cfb/
sg' } klg JolQmnfO{ ul/g] ;Ddfg jf ;Tsf/nfO{ cfb/ elgG5 . cfb/n] JolQmsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f of
OHhtnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ :t/cg';f/ dfGg' jf dfg ug{' klg cfb/ xf] .
120 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
cfb/sf k|sf/ lgDg cfb/ pRr
– dWod –
k?' if t“ – tkfO{+÷xh/'
k|yd pm, of], Tof] ltdL pxf“
låtLo pgL, logL, ltgL
t[tLo
s_ lgDg÷;fdfGo cfb/
cfk"meGbf ;fgf jf gftfsf b[li6n] cfkm" n] dfg;Ddfg ug{' gkg]{ JolQmnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/g]
cfb/nfO{ lgDg cfb/ jf ;fdfGo cfb/ elgG5 . o;nfO{ cgfb/fyL{, zG" o cfb/ jf lgDg cfb/
klg elgG5 . ;a}eGbf tNnf] :t/sf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpg o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . låtLo k'?if ;j{gfdsf]
tF, t[tLo k'?if Psjrg tyf gfdkbdf klg ;fdfGo cfb/sf] k|of]u xG' 5 .
v_ dWod cfb/
cfkm" ;dfgsf jf cfkm" eGbf ;fgf JolQmnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/g] cfb/nfO{ dWod cfb/ elgG5 .
o;nfO{ lgDg cfb/eGbf dflyNnf] :t/sf] cfb/ dflgG5 . o;df låtLo k'?if ;j{gfd …ltdLÚ /
o;sf] ax'jrg ¿k …ltdLx¿Ú tyf t[tLo k'?if Psjrg ;j{gfd / gfdkbsf ljleGg ¿kx¿sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
u_ pRr cfb/
cfkm" eGbf 7n" fnfO{ cyf{t\ cfkm" n] dfg ;Ddfg ug{'kg]{ JolQmnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/g] cfb/nfO{
pRr cfb/ elgG5 . o;nfO{ dWod cfb/eGbf dflyNnf] :t/sf] cfb/ dflgG5 . o;df låtLo k?' if
;j{gfd tkfO{÷+ tkfO{x+ ¿, xh/' ÷xh/' x¿ tyf t[tLo k'?if ;j{gfd pxf“÷pxf“ / t[tLo k'?ifsf s'g}
klg gfdkbsf stf{sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
Jofs/l0fs sfl] 6 / kb;ªu\ lt
kb;ª\ult
jfSodf k|of]u ePsf kbx¿sf aLr x'g] cfk;L d]n jf ;ª\ultnfO{ kb;ª\ult elgG5 . vf;u/L
jfSodf stf{ / lj|mof larsf] ;ª\ultnfO{ kb;ª\ult elgG5, t/ kb;ª\ultdf gfd, ;j{gfd,
ljz]if0f / lj|mofsf] ;ª\ult x'gk' b{5 . kb;ª\ult ln¨, jrg, k?' if / cfb/sf] cfwf/df ul/G5 .
kb;ª\ult ePg eg] jfSo cz4' xG' 5 . To:tf] -;ª\ult gldn]sf]_ jfSoaf6 :ki6 cy{sf] ck]Iff
ug{ ;lsFb}g .
h:t} M
alxgLn] eft vfof] . -o;df lnª\usf] ;ª\ult 5}g_
alxgLn] eft vfO{ . -;ª\ult ldn]sf]_
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 121
pgLx¿ hfG5 . -o;df jrgsf] ;ª\ult 5}g_
ltdLx¿ k9\5 . -o;df k'?ifsf] ;ª\ult 5}g_
ltdLx¿ k9\5f} . -;ª\ult ldn]sf] 5_
aa' fn] eft vfof] . -o;df cfb/sf] ;ª\ult 5}g_
aa' fn] eft vfg'eof] . -;ª\ult ldn]sf] 5 ._
kb;ª\ult ldnfpg p2]Zo -stf{_cg;' f/sf] ljw]o -lj|mof_,ljz]if0fcg';f/sf] ljz]io tyf
e]Bcg';f/sf] e]bssf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .
h:t} M
pgLx¿ 3/ hfG5g\ . -p2]Zo – ljw]o ;ª\ult_
/fd c;n 5 . pm eg]sf] dfG5 . -gfd – ;j{gfd ;ª\ult_
sfnL s]6L, /fd|f 3/x¿ -ljz]if0f – ljz]io ;ª\ult_
p;sf] 3/, alxgLsf] lstfa, p;sL :jf:gL -e]B e]bs ;ª\ult_ cflb .
kb;ª\ultsf k|sf/
kb;ª\ult vf;u/L rf/ k|sf/sf 5g\ . lnª\u, jrg, k?' if / cfb/sf] cfwf/df ltgLx¿sf]
lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
lnªu\ sf cfwf/df efO k9\5 . -k'lnª\u_
-:qLlnª\u_
alxgL k9\5] .
jrgsf cfwf/df efO k9\5 . -Psjrg_
efOx¿ k9\5g\ . -axj' rg_
k?' ifsf cfwf/df d n]V5' . -k|yd k?' if_
ltdL n]V5f} . -låtLo k'?if_
pm n]V5 . -t[tLo k'?if_
cfb/sf cfwf/df t“ k9\5;\ . -cgfb/_
ltdL k9\5f} . -;fdfGo cfb/_
tkfO{+ k9\gx' G' 5 . -pRr cfb/_
kb;ªu\ lt lgDg cfwf/df ul/G5 M
s_ stf{ / lj|mofsf] ;ª\ult
jfSodf PseGbf a9L stf{x¿ ePdf stf{cg;' f/s} lj|mof /flvG5 . o;f] ubf{ stf{df ln¨ /
k'?if ;dfg ePsf kb cfPsf 5g\ eg] ;f]xL ln¨ / k?' ifsf] lj|mof /flvG5 .
h:t} M /fd / Zofd uP . ;fg] / 7"n] k9\5g\ .
stf{x¿ km/s k?' ifsf eP lj|mof /fVbf k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo k'?ifsf] stf{ ;“u} cfp“bf k|yd
122 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
k?' if axj' rgsf] lj|mof /flvG5 .
h:t} M xfdL, ltdL, pgL ;“u} a;f}F .
låtLo / t[tLo k?' ifsf] stf{ x'“bf låtLo k?' ifdf axj' rgsf] lj|mof /flvG5 .
h:t} M ltdL / pgL ;“u} cfof} .
ljsNkaf]ws ;o+ f]hsn] hf]l8Psf stf{ 5g\ eg] glhssf] stf{;“u d]n x'g] u/L lj|mof /flvG5 .
h:t} M s]6f] jf s]6L cfp“5] . 5f]/L jf 5f]/f] hfG5 .
sd{jfRo sd{cg;' f/sf] lj|mof k|of]u ul/G5 .
h:t} M bfhå' f/f efO lkl6of] . -efOcg';f/sf] lj|mof_
v_ gfd / ;jg{ fdsf] ;ª\ult
gfd h'g ln¨, jrg / k?' ifsf] ;j{gfd klg ToxL ln¨ jrg / k?' ifdf xg' 'nfO{ gfd / ;j{gfd
;ª\ult elgPsf] xf] . h:t} M lgZrn ahf/ uof] . pm ;f´“ dfq kmsG{ 5 . ;Ltf cfPsL l5g\ .
pgL efl] n kmlsg{ l] 5g\ . k|sfz / lgs]z SofDk; uP . pgLx¿ sf7df8f}Fdf a:5g\ .
u_ ljzi] f0f / ljz]iosf] aLr ;ª\ult
ljz]if0fn] h'g gfd kbsf] ljz]iftf a'´fp“5 Tof] gfd ljz]io xf] . ljz]io h'g ln¨, jrg /
cfb/sf] 5 ljz]if0f klg ;f]xLcg;' f/ /fVg' ljz]if0f / ljz]iosf] ;ª\ult elgG5 .
h:t} M ;fgf] efO -kl' nª\u, Psjrg_
;fgf efOx¿ -k'lnª\u ax'jrg_
7"nL s]6L -:qL Psjrg_
7n" f s]6Lx¿ -:qL ax'jrg_ /fd|f] dfG5], ;]tf] lxdfn, v/fa s]6f], /fd|f ljBfyL{x¿
3_ e]B / e]bssf aLr ;ªu\ lt
ifi7L ljelSt -sf], sf, sL, /f], /f, /L, gf], gf, gL _ nfu]sf kbx¿n] e]bssf] sfd u5{g\ .
e]B eg]sf] rflx“ e]bs;“u cfpg] gfd xg' \ . e]B hg' lnª\ujrg / cfb/df x'G5 ;f]xLcg;' f/
e]bssf] k|of]u ug{' e]bs e]B ;ª\ult xf] .
h:t} M /fdsf] k;n -Psjrg_
xl/sf alxgLx¿ -ax'jrg :qLlnª\u_
ltd|f] 5f]/f] -cgfb/ Psjrg_
d]/f 5f]/f -Psjrg ;fdfGo cfb/_
@= s/0f cs/0f
jfSosf] ;sf/fTds efjnfO{ s/0f / gsf/fTds efjnfO{ cs/0f elgG5 . s/0faf6 cs/0fdf kl/jt{g
u/]/ jfSofGt/0f ul/G5 . s/0fnfO{ cs/0f agfp“bf lj|mofdf …gÚ ylkG5 / cs/0fnfO{ s/0f agfp“bf
lj|mofaf6 …gÚ x6fOG5 . s/0fnfO{ cs/0f agfp“bf lj|mofsf] ;'?df, aLrdf / cGTodf …gÚ ylkG5 .
lj|mofkbsf] ;'?df …gÚ yk]/
;Defjgfy{ tyf ljWoy{, -OR5fy{, cf1fy{_ lj|mofsf] ;'?df …gÚ ylkG5 / cs/0f agfOG5 . h:t} M
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 123
k|d]z ljBfno hfnf . – k|d]z ljBfno ghfnf .
ltdLx¿ ;“u} hfcf] . – ltdLx¿ ;“u} ghfcf] .
pgLx¿ 3'Dg hfpmg\ . – pgLx¿ 3'Dg ghfpmg\ .
lj|mofkbsf] aLrdf …gÚ yk]/
c1ft / cEo:t et" sf] aLrdf …gÚ yk]/ cs/0f agfOG5 .
pxf“ /S;L lkpg'xG' Yof] . – pxf“ /S;L lkpg'x'GgYof] .
pm k/LIffdf pQL0f{ eP5 . – pm k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePg5 .
To:t} s]xL lj|mofsf] aLrdf …gÚ cfp“5g\ M
k9\5;\ – k9\b}g;\ xf“:5g\ – xf“:b}gg\
v]N5g\ – v]Nb}gg\
af]N5g\ – af]Nb}gg\
lj|mofkbsf] cGTodf …gÚ yk]/
;fdfGo, ck0" f{ / k"0f{ kIfsf ;a} sfnsf lj|mofdf cGTodf …gÚ yk]/ cs/0f agfOG5 . h:t} M
k9\5 – k9\b}g k9\of] – k9]g
k9\g] 5 – k9\g] 5}g k9\b} 5 – k9\b} 5}g
k9\b} lyof] – k9\b} lyPg k9\b} x'g] 5 – k9\b} x'g] 5}g
k9]sf] 5 – k9]sf] 5}g k9]sf] lyof] – k9]sf] lyPg
k9]sf] xg' ] 5 – k9]sf] x'g] 5}g
;Defjgfy{ lj|mofnfO{ cs/0f agfp“bf wftd' f cf]Og“, cf]Ogf}“, cf]Og;\, cf]Ogf} cflb yKg] klg
k|rng /x]sf] 5 . h:t} M
knf{ – k/f]Og unf{ – u/f]Og
k9\nfg\ – k9f]Ogg\ hfnf;\ – hfcf]Og;\
To;f] t ;Defjgfy{ lj|mofdf ;?' df g yk]/ klg cs/0f agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M
knf{ – gknf{ unf{;\ – gunf{;\
o'un cs/0f
lj|mofdf bO' { rf]l6 …gÚ yk]/ bf]xf]/f] cs/0f agfpg' o'un cs/0f xf] . Pp6f lj|mofdf dfq …gÚ yKbf
jfSosf] cfzo gsf/fTds gaGg] s]xL cj:yfx¿df bO' { j6f lj|mofdf …gÚ ylkG5 . ou' n cs/0f
x'g] cj:yf o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
PseGbf a9L ;dflksf lj|mof k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf
hxf“ k"mn kmN' 5, Toxf“ ed/f 8N' 5g\ .
hxf“ k"mn km'Nb}g Toxf“ ed/f 8N' b}g .
ls pm hfG5, ls d hfG5' .
ls pm hf“b}g ls d hfGg“ .
124 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
PseGbf a9L c;dfks jf ;dfks lj|mof ePsf] jfSodf
ltdL cfp“bf pm klg cfp“5 .
ltdL gcfp“bf pm klg cfp“b}g .
sn' x]/L gftf hf]8\g" .
sn' gx]/L gftf ghf]8\g" .
;ª\s]tfy{s / ;dfks lj|mof cfPsf] jfSodf
ltdL Toxf“ uP hfpm .
ltdL Toxf“ guP ghfpm .
ltdL Jofkf/ u/] u/ .
ltdL Jofkf/ gu/] gu/ .
cNklj/fdn] hf]l8Psf ;+o'Qm jfSodf g–g hf]l8P/
/fd hfG5, ;Ltf cfp“5] .
g /fd hfG5 g ;Ltf cfp“5] .
s[bGt gfd jf s[bGt ljz]if0f cfPsf] jfSodf
lhl:sg' p;sf] :jefj xf] .
glhl:sg' p;sf] :jefj xf]Og .
>d ug]{ dfG5] ;kmn x'G5 .
>d gug]{ dfG5] ;kmn x“'b}g .
s/0f jfSosf] cs/0fdf kl/jt{g
s/0f cs/0f
pgLx¿ hfG5g\ eg] hfpmg\ . pgLx¿ hf“b}gg\ eg] ghfpmg\ .
s'zn ;w}“ rsrs u5{ . s'zn slxNo} rsrs ub}{g .
pHHjn ;a}nfO{ dfof u5{ . pHHjn s;}nfO{ dfof ub}{g .
kfgL w}/} k¥of] . kfgL slQ klg k/]g .
k'mnjf h] klg eG5] . km' njf s]xL klg elGbg“ .
Rofª\af htf klg hfG5 . Rofª\af st} klg hf“b}g .
pm dnfO{ w]/} dfof u5{ . pm dnfO{ k6Ss} dfof ub}{g .
ef]ln kfgL knf{ . ef]ln kfgL gknf{÷k/f]Og .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 125
#= jfRo
jfRo eg]sf] egfO xf] . jfSodf /x]sf stf{, sd{ jf efjsf] cfwf/df lj|mofsf] ¿k lgwf{/0f u/L
jfRo 56' \ofOG5 . g]kfnLdf o;sf ltg k|sf/ 5g\ M
s= st[j{ fRo
:j¿k uLt ufpF5 . of] jfSodf :j¿k t[tLo k?' if, Psjrg cgfb/ stf{ xf] . stf{;“u ldNg] u/L
k9\5 ljm| of /fv/] ags] f] jfSo …:j¿k uLt ufp5F Ú df stf{ kd| v' 5 . of] stf{ kd| v' eP/ elgPsf]
egfO xf] .
sg' } klg jfSodf stf{ k|d'v 5 / To;s} cfwf/df lj|mofsf] ¿k k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf]
jfSosf] jfRo st[{jfRo x'G5 .
– st[{jfRodf stf{ k|dv' x'G5 .
– st{[jfRodf stf{sf] cfwf/df lj|mofsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
– jfSodf k|of]u ePsf] lj|mofsf] cfwf/df st[{jfRo ;sd{s / csd{s u/L bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
pm d';'Ss xfF:of] . – xfF:of] csd{s lj|mof ePsfn] of] csd{s st[{jfRo xf] .
p;n] cfFk vfof] . – of] jfSodf cfPsf] vfof] ;sd{s lj|mof xf] ePsfn] of] ;sd{s st{[jfRo xf] .
oL jfSox¿df st[{jfRosf] k|of]u ePsf] 5, x]g'{xf];\ t M–
csd{s ;sd{s
alxgL w'?w'? ?G5] . xfdLn] u[xsfo{ u¥of}F .
cfdf dlGb/ hfgx' G' 5 . bfhn' ] lr7L k7fpge' of] .
ltdL t e';'Ss} lgbfP5f} . kl' ;nn] rf]/nfO{ ;dfTof] .
ldlynf yrSs a;L . ;h' ftf gofF nu' f nufpg] 5] .
v= sdj{ fRo
sd{jfRodf sd{ k|wfg kb x'G5 . o;df sd{cg';f/ k?' if, cfb/ cg';f/s} lj|mofsf] ¿k k|of]u
ul/G5 .
– sd{jfRodf sd{ k|wfg kb xG' 5 .
– sd{jfRosf] stf{df …af6 jf åf/fÚ hf]l8G5 . -;j{gfd stf{ 5 eg] nf]k ug{ klg ;lsG5 ._
– sd{jfRodf sd{df …nfO{Ú hf]l8Fb}g .
– sd{jfRosf] lj|mofdf Wfft' ± O u/]/ sd{sf] lnª\u, jrg, k?' if cflbsf] cfwf/df k|Too
hf]l8G5 .
– sd{jfRodf ;sd{s lj|mofsf] dfq k|of]u xG' 5 .
tnsf jfSodf sd{jfRosf] ko| f]u ePsf] 5, x]g'{xf];\ t M
aa' fåf/f ltdL af]nfOof} . efOåf/f alxgL lkl6O{ .
126 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
cfk"mn] t sfd ul/of] . pgLx¿åf/f lj|ms]6 v]lng] 5 .
cfsfzdf afbn b]lvof] . u'?af6 d k9fOPF .
tkfO{+åf/f xfdL lrlgPgf}F . kfj{tLaf6 ds} el' 6of] .
u= efjjfRo
-xfdLåf/f_ a]:;/L xfFl;of] . of] jfSodf k|of]u ePsf] xfFl;of] csd{s lj|mof xf] . of] jfSosf] egfO
lj|mofsf] efj k|dv' eP/ elgPsf] egfO xf] .
efjjfRodf ;DkGg x'g] sfd jf efj cg';f/ lj|mofkb /flvG5 . o;df lj|mofkbsf] t[tLo k?' if,
Psjrg, k'lnª\uaf]ws cgfb/sf] ¿k /x]sf] xG' 5 . csd{s st[{jfRo efjjfRodf kl/jt{g xG' 5 .
– efjjfRodf lj|mofdf /x]sf] wfts' f] cy{ k|d'v x'G5 .
– efjjfRodf csd{s lj|mofsf] dfq k|of]u xG' 5 .
– efjjfRodf stfd{ f af6 jf åf/f ylkG5 cyjf stf{ nfk] ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
– efjjfRodf wft' ± O ul/G5 .
– efjjfRodf t[tLo k?' if, Psjrg / k'lnª\uaf]ws lj|mof dfq k|of]u xG' 5 .
tnsf jfSox¿df efjjfRosf] ko| f]u ePsf] 5, xg] 'x{ f;] \ t M
-pmåf/f_ 3/ uOG5 . efOaf6 d;' S' s xfFl;of] .
-tkfO{+x¿åf/f_ ;a]/} pl7of] . cfk"m t st} uOFb}g .
sfd ubf{ub}{ yflsof] . /d]zåf/f e';S' s lgbfOP5 .
jfRo kl/jt{g
sg' } Pp6f -stf,{ sd,{ efj_ jfRosf] jfSonfO{ csfd{] f kl/jtg{ ug{' jfRo kl/jtg{ xf] . cyft{ \
stj{[ fRonfO{ sd{ jf efjjfRodf / sd{ jf efjjfRonfO{ stj{[ fRodf kl/jtg{ ug{' jfRokl/jtg{ xf] .
st[{jfRodf stf{ k|d'v xg' ] ePsfn] of] ;sd{s / csd{s bj' } vfn] xG' 5 .
sd{jfRodf sd{ k|wfg kb x'g] ePsfn] of] ;sd{s dfq x'G5 . efjjfRodf lj|mofsf] cy{ k|wfg
xG' 5 / of] csd{s dfq xG' 5 .
o;y{ jfRo kl/jt{g o;ks| f/ x'G5 M sd{jfRo
;sd{s st[{jfRo ↔ sd{jfRo ;sd{s
csd{s st[{jfRo ↔ efjjfRo st[{jfRo
st[{jfRoaf6 sd{jfRodf kl/jt{g csd{s
st[{jfRodf /x]sf] stf{df af6 jf åf/f yKg], efjjfRo
– sd{df …nfO{Ú hf]l8Psf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ x6fpg],
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 127
– lj|mofsf] wft'df …OÚ yKg],
– sd{cg';f/sf] k|Too yk]/ sd{jfRosf] lj|mof agfpg],
– ;j{gfd stf{ eP To;nfO{ nf]k ug{ ;lsg] jf sf]i7sn] 3]/]/ /fVg klg ;lsg],
– stf{ d t 5 eg] To;nfO{ cfkm" t agfpg],
– st[{jfRo h'g sfn, kIf / efjdf 5 sd{jfRo klg ToxL sfn, kIf / efjdf xg' 'kg]{ .
– st[{jfRo OR5fy{ jf cf1fy{ eP sd{jfRo agfpFbf Psjrgsf] sd{ eP wft' ± Oof];\ /
axj' rgsf] eP wft' ± Oo"g\ ug]{ .
pbfx/0f M
/fd eft vfG5 . – /fdaf6 eft vfOG5 .
d}n] …a;fO“Ú pkGof; k9]“ . – -dåf/f_ pkGof; kl9of] .
p;n] alxgLnfO{ b]Vof] . – alxgL b]lvO{ . -stf{ nf]k_
ljBy{ lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf wftd' f …Oof];\Ú jf …Oo"g\Ú yKg],
;Defjgfy{ lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf nf÷nfg\ eGbf cl3 …OPÚ yKg],
ltdL sfd u/ . – -ltdLåf/f_ sfd ul/of];\ .
tkfO{+ ;fyLx¿nfO{ af]nfpg'xf];\ . – ;fyLx¿ af]nfOog" \ .
st[{jfRoaf6 efjjfRodf kl/jt{g
st[{jfRonfO{ efjjfRodf kl/jt{g ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M–
Рstf{df af6֌f/f yKg] jf stf{ nf]k ug]{,
– lj|mofsf] wftd' f O hf]8\g],
– t[tLo k'?if, Psjrg, kl' nª\u a´' fpg] k|Too hf]8]/ efjjfRosf] lj|mof agfpg],
– sfn, kIf / efj kl/jt{g gug]{,
– stf{ …d tÚ 5 eg] To;nfO{ …cfk"m tÚ agfpg],
– st[{jfRo OR5fy{ jf cf1fy{ eP efjjfRo agfpFbf wft' ± Oof];\ ug]{ .
pbfx/0fM – va' gflrof] .
xfdL va' gfRof}“ . – cfkm" t ;'ltof] .
d t ;'t]“ . – -xfdLaf6_ jgef]h uOG5 .
xfdL jgef]h hfG5f}“ .
sd{jfRonfO{ st{[jfRodf kl/jt{g
Рsd{jfRosf] stf{df /x]sf] af6֌f/f x6fpg],
– stf{ nf]k ul/Psf] eP cfjZostfcg';f/ stf{ yKg],
– sd{df cfjZostfcg';f/ …nfO{Ú yKg],
– wft'df /x]sf] …OÚ x6fpg],
– sd{jfRodf /x]sf] sfn, kIf, efj kl/jt{g gug]{,
– stf{sf] lnª\u, jrg, k?' if tyf cfb/sf] cfwf/df lj|mof /fVg] .
128 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
pbfx/0f M
st[{jfRo sd{jfRo
lstfax¿ lslgP . – d}n] lstfax¿ lsg]“ .
cfk"m t uhn n]lvG5 . – d t uhn n]V5' .
efOåf/f alxgL sl' 6O{ . – efOn] alxgLnfO{ s'6\of] .
/fdåf/f /fj0f dfl/of] . – /fdn] /fj0fnfO{ df/] .
u'?åf/f ;l/tf xkfl/O{ . – u?' n] ;l/tfnfO{ xkfg{'eof] .
ltdLaf6 efO k9fOg] 5 . – ltdL efOnfO{ k9fpg] 5f} .
of] sfd ul/of];\ . – ltdL of] sfd u/ . -stf{ ylkPsf]_
efjjfRoaf6 st{[jfRodf kl/jt{g
РefjjfRodf /x]sf] stf{af6 af6֌f/f x6fpg],
– wfta' f6 O l´Sg],
– stf{ nf]k eP stf{ yKg],
– efjjfRodf /x]sf] sfn, kIf, efj kl/jt{g gug]{,
– stf{sf] lnª\u, jrg, k?' if tyf cfb/sf] cfwf/df lj|mof /fVg] .
pbfx/0f – ltdL w]/}a]/ lgbfP5f} .
w]/}a]/ lgbfOP5 . – xfdL ef]ln hfg] 5f}“ .
ef]ln uOg] 5 . – d t oxL“ a:5' .
cfkm" t oxL“ al;G5 . – xfdL jgef]h hfG5f}F . -stf{ ylkPsf]_
jgef]h uOG5 . – d t d:t;“u 3d' ]F .
cfk"m t d:t;Fu 3'ldof] . – ;fgL gfgL /f]O5] . -stf{ ylkPsf]_
/f]OP5 . – ltdL st} klg ghfpm .
st} klg guOof];\ .
;lD´g'kg]{ s'/f
– jfSodf stf{ sd{ jf lj|mofsf] efjsf] ;DaGw lj|mofkb;Fu x'G5 .
– stf,{ sd{ jf efjsf] cfwf/df ljm| ofsf] ko| fu] u/] klg jfSosf] cfzo jf cy{ kl/jtg{ xbF' g} .
– o;/L lj|mofkb /fVbf lj|mofkbsf] ¿k km]l/G5 . -cy{ xf]Og_
– stf{, sd{ jf efjsf] cfwf/df lj|mof /fv]/ ul/Psf] cleJolQm g} jfRo xf] .
– jfSodf jfRosf] cleJolQm lj|mofsf] dfWodaf6 xG' 5 .
– ;sd{s st[{jfRonfO{ sd{jfRodf kl/jt{g ul/G5 .
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 129
– csd{s st[{jfRonfO{ efjjfRodf kl/jt{g ul/G5 .
– sd{jfRo / efjjfRonfO{ st[{jfRodf kl/jt{g ul/G5 .
– sd{jfRoaf6 efjjfRo jf efjjfRoaf6 sd{jfRodf kl/jt{g xF'b}g .
– stf{ nf]k ePsf] sd{jfRo jf efjjfRonfO{ st[{jfRodf kl/jt{g ubf{ cfkm" nfO{ OR5f nfu]sf]
stf{ /fVg ;lsG5 t/ stf{cg';f/ lj|mofsf] d]n ePsf] xg' k' 5{ .
lgDg cj:yfdf jfRo kl/jt{g x“'b}g
s_ 5,' 5f,“} 5;,\ 5g,\ 5,] lyof], lyof,“} lyO;\, x'g'xG' Yof,] xf,] xf]Og h:tf ;xfos ljm| ofx¿ d'Vo
lj|mofsf] ¿kdf cfpb“ f To:tf] jfSosf] jfRo kl/jtg{ x'b“ }g .
kfgL lr;f] 5 .
ltdL ldlxg]tL 5f} .
6]an' df lstfa 5 .
of] snd xf] .
pgL sf] xg' \ <
pxf“ ;~r} xg' 'xG' Yof] . cflb
v_ dfgjt] / stf{ ePsf] jfSosf] jfRo kl/jtg{ xb“' }g .
kfgL k¥of] .
xfjf rNof] .
3fd ´'NSof] .
¿v 9Nof] .
u_ u0' fafw] s ljzi] f0f;“u cfPsf] ljm| ofsf] jfRo kl/jtg{ x'“b}g .
nfndf]xg dL7f] x'G5 .
b;“}df vl' ;ofnL 5fp“5 .
$= jfSo
jfSo lgdf0{ fsf] nflu sx] L tŒjx¿ cfjZos kb5{ g\ . stf,{ sd,{ k/" s, ljm| of h:tf tŒjx¿
jfSodf xG' 5g\ . jfSosf] clgjfo{ tŒjsf ¿kdf stf{ / lj|mof /xG5g\ . jfSosf] cfzo :ki6 kfg{],
jfSonfO{ k0" f{tf lbg], jfSosf] ;Gbe{, ;do, egfO cflb a'´fpg] cfwf/df jfSodf sfn, kIf,
efj, jfRo h:tf 36sx¿ klg x'G5g\ . jfSo aGgsf] nflu cfjZos oxL stf{, lj|mof, sd{, k"/s
tyf lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf, efj, jfRo, sf/s cflbnfO{ g} jfSotŒj elgG5 .
130 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
jfSodf p2Z] o / ljwo]
Pp6f cfwf/et" jfSo Pp6f p2]Zo kb / Pp6f ljw]o kbsf] ;dx" af6 aG5 . jfSodf p2]Zo eGgfn]
stf{ / ljwo] eGgfn] ljm| ofnfO{ a´' fp5“ . ;/n jfSodf Pp6f dfq p2Z] o / ljwo] xG' 5g\ . hl6n
jfSox¿Dff eg] PseGbf a9L p2]Zo / ljw]ox¿ x'G5g\ .
ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ ;w}F k|yd x'G5 .
p2]Zo M ljBfyL{ ljw]o M x'G5
/fdsf] ;fgf] efO xl/ cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ sfd ;3fpF5 .
p2]Zo M xl/ ljw]o M ;3fpF5
p2]Zo;“u ;DaGw uf“:g cfpg] kb jf kbfjnLnfO{ p2]Zo lj:tf/ elgG5 . of] jfSodf
p2]ZoeGbf cufl8 cfp“5 . h:t} M
;fgL s]6L gfrL .
d]/f] 5f]/f] ki' sn k9\5 .
b]zsf nflu ;dlk{t dflg; k'lhG5 . cflb
p2]Zo lj:tf/n] p2]Zosf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fp“5 . ljw]o;“u ;DaGw uf“:g cfpg] kb jf kbfjnL
ljw]o lj:tf/ xf] . ljw]o lj:tf/ ljw]oeGbf klxnf cfp“5 . ljw]o lj:tf/n] ljw]osf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fp“5 / of] jfSodf sd{, k"/s tyf lj|mofof]uLsf ¿kdf cfp“5 .
h:t} M
cfz'tf]if ljBfyL{ xf] .
cflbTo /fd|/L lutf/ ahfp“5 .
ljh]tf gx' fP/ dlGb/ uO{ .
clgnn] ;Gtf]ifnfO{ lstfa lbof] . cflb
jfSosf k|sf/x¿
;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df jfSox¿ tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ .
s= ;/n jfSo
Pp6f dfq pkjfSo ePsf] jfSo ;/n jfSo xf] . o:tf] jfSodf Pp6f p2]Zo / Pp6f ljw]o x'G5g\ .
;/n jfSodf Pp6f dfq ;dfks lj|mofsf] k|of]u xG' 5 t/ c;dfks lj|mof eg] hlt klg cfpg
;S5g\ . h:t} …cfo'iff k9\5] .Ú o; jfSodf p2Z] o …cfoi' ffÚ xf] eg] ljwo] …k95\ ] .Ú of] ;/n jfSo
xf] . o;df Pp6f ;dfks ljm| of cfPsf] 5 . ;/n jfSonfO{ p2]Zo lj:tf/ / ljw]o lj:tf/ u/L
nfdf] agfpg ;lsG5 . d]/L ;fgL 5f]/L cfo'iff w]/} /fd|/L k9\5] .
p2]Zo, p2]Zo lj:tf/ tyf ljw]o, ljw]o lj:tf/sf cfwf/df ;/n jfSonfO{ rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
p2]Zo ± ljw]o
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 131
/fd ufof] . ;Ltf gfR5] .
p2]Zo lj:tf/ ± p2]Zo ± ljw]o
;fgf] efO /f]of] .
ltd|L alxgL uO{ .
p2]Zo ± ljw]o lj:tf/ ± ljw]o
af“b/n] ¿vaf6 gl/jn l6Kof] .
cRot' ljBfno hfG5 .
/]jt v'?Ss 3/ uof] .
p2]Zo lj:tf/ ± p2]Zo ± ljw]o lj:tf/ ± ljw]o
d]/f] dfdfsf] 5f]/f] dfwjn] 7d]nsf] rf]sdf k;n /fv]5 .
ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ k/LIffdf k|yd xG' 5 .
v= ld> jfSo
Pp6f kw| fg pkjfSo / csf{] cfl>t pkjfSo /xs] f] jfSo ld> jfSo xG' 5 . o;df ha ta, h;n],
h], hg' , eg], eGg] h:tf ;fk]If ;o+ f]hssf] k|of]u xG' 5 . ;o+ f]hs k|of]u geO{ klg ld> jfSo
aGb5 .
pm 3/ uPsf] 5}g, ;f“rf] s/' f xf] .
hf] /fd|/L k9\5, p;nfO{ of] lstfa lbG5' .
ltdLnfO{ htf–htf dg nfU5, pt}–pt} hfpm .
ld> jfSodf sf/0f sfo{ ;DaGw xG' 5 . Pp6f pkjfSon] sf/0fnfO{ / csf]{ pkjfSon] sfo{nfO{
a'´fpF5 .
kfgL k¥of] eg] af6f] lxnf] x'G5 . of] jfSodf sf/0f – kfgL k¥of], sfo{ – af6f] lxnf] x'G5 . eg]
;fk]If ;+of]hsn] hf]8]/ ag]sf] jfSo ePsfn] of] ld> jfSo xf] .
ld> jfSosf pbfx/0fx¿ M
cN5Ln] k|ult ub}{g eGg] s/' f ;To xf] .
p;n] s] eGof] eg] d ;fx|} /fd|L 5' .
xfdLn] pgL ck/fwL x'g\ eGg] ;f]Rof}F .
hf] ljåfg\ 5 pm ;j{q kl' hG5 .
hf] k9\b}g Tof] cg'QL0f{ xG' 5 .
h;nfO{ xfdLn] g]tf r'Gof}“ Tof] lgs} c;kmn eof] .
hxf“ sfkmn kfS5 Toxf“ r/L gfR5 .
hxf“ wg 5 Toxf“ :ju{ 5 .
ltdL hlxn] af]nfp“5f} d ToxLn] cfp“5' .
132 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
u= ;+o'Qm jfSo
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jtGq pkjfSox¿nfO{ lg/k]If ;+of]hsn] hf]8]/ ag]sf] jfSo ;+oQ' m jfSo
xf] . ;o+ Q' m jfSodf cfpg] pkjfSox¿ :jtGq xG' 5g\ .
:jtGq pkjfSo ± lg/k]If ;o+ f]hs ± :jtGq pkjfSo Ö ;+oQ' m jfSo .
cf}iflw tLtf] 5 t/ lxtsf/L 5 .
;o+ 'Qm jfSodf /, t/, lsgeg], ls, jf, gq, klg, clg h:tf lg/k]If ;o+ f]hssf] k|of]u
x'G5 .
;+oQ' m jfSosf pbfx/0fx¿ M
ltdL /fd|/L k9 cGoyf cgQ' L0f{ xG' 5f} .
dg' f 3/ hflG5g\ clg cfdfnfO{ ;3fp“l5g\ .
lbbL hflu/ vfgx' G' 5 t/ bfO Jofkf/ ug'{x'G5 .
afbn nfUof] / kfgL k¥of] .
cfh xl/n] g'xfof], nu' f wf]of] / ahf/lt/ uof] .
ls k9]/ hflgG5 ls k/]/ hflgG5 .
/fd hfcf];\ of xl/ hfcf];\ .
g ltdLn] eGof} g d}n] ;f]w]“ .
ldqnfn /f]uL 5g\ t}klg w]/} ldlxg]t u5{g\ .
hLjgdf bM' v cfOk5{ tfklg dflg;n] x/]; vfg'xG' g .
ltdL ldlxg]t u/]/ k9 gq cgQ' L0f{ xf]cf}nf .
dnfO{ ltdLn] af]nfPgf} t;y{ d cfOg“ .
jfSo kl/jtg{
;/n jfSonfO{ ld> jf ;o+ 'Qm jfSodf, ld> jfSonfO{ ;o+ Q' m jf ;/n jfSodf / ;+oQ' m jfSonfO{
;/n jf ld> jfSodf kl/jt{g ug'{nfO{ jfSo kl/jt{g elgG5 .
;/n jfSosf] ld> jfSodf kl/jt{g
;/n jfSox¿ ld> jfSox¿
kfgL k/]kl5 afnL l;k|of] . ha kfgL k¥of] ta afnL l;k|of] .
ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ xG' 5 . hf] ljBfyL{ ldlxgt] L 5 pm pQL0f{ xG' 5 .
sfkmn kfSg] 7fpFdf r/L gfR5 . hxfF sfkmn kfS5 ToxfF r/L gfR5 .
k/f]ksf/ ug]{nfO{ O{Zj/n] klg x]5{g\ . h;n] k/f]ksf/ u5{ p;nfO{ O{Zj/n] klg x]5{g\ .
efg'eQm g]kfnsf cflbslj x'g\ . hf] efg'eQm xg' \ pgL g]kfnsf cflbslj x'g\ .
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 133
;/n jfSosf] ;+oQ' m jfSodf kl/jt{g
;/n jfSox¿ ;+oQ' m jfSox¿
kfgL k/]kl5 af6f] lxnf] eof] . kfgL k¥of] clg af6f] lxnf] eof] .
pgL kfv] /f uP/ kmj] ftfn xl] 5g{ \ . pgL kfv] /f hflG5g\ / kmj] ftfn xl] 5g{ \ .
ljåfg\ dx]Gb| 3dG8L 5g\ . dx]Gb| ljåfg\ 5g\ t/ 3dG8L 5g\ .
d 3/ uP/ xft dv' wf]O{ vfhf vfG5' . d 3/ hfG5' clg xft dv' wf]P/ vfhf vfG5' .
la/fdL ePsfn] csa/ ljBfno cfPg . csa/ ljBfno cfPg lsgls pm la/fdL 5 .
ld> jfSosf] ;o+ Q' m jfSodf kl/jt{g
ld> jfSox¿ ;+o'Qm jfSox¿
ha kfgL k¥of] ta hf8f] a9\of] . kfgL k¥of] clg hf8f] a9\of] .
ha /dz] n] ;G' tnf lsGof] ta ´fn] fdf xfNof] . /d]zn] ;'Gtnf lsGof] clg ´f]nfdf xfNof] .
hf] ljBfyL{ k9\g hfGb}g pm cgQ' L0f{ xG' 5 . ljBfyL{ cg'QL0f{ xG' 5 lsgls pm k9\g hfGb}g .
hg' cf}ifwL tLtf] xG' 5 Tof] lxtsf/L xG' 5 . cf}ifwL tLtf] xG' 5 t/ lxtsf/L xG' 5 .
ltdL hfG5f} eg] d oxfF al:bgF . d oxfF al:bgF lsgls ltdL hfG5f} .
%= k|]/0ffy{
s_ k/]| 0ffys{ lj|mof
stf{ :jon+ ] sfo{Jofkf/ gu/L c¿ s;}åf/f k|]l/t eP/ u/]sf] hgfpg] lj|mofnfO{ k|]/0ffy{s lj|mof
elgG5 . ;fdfGo wft'df …cfpÚ k|Too hf]l8P/ k|]/0ffy{s wft' aGb5 . k|]/0ffy{s wft'df ¿kfos
k|Too nufPkl5 k|]/0ffy{s lj|mof aGb5 . st[{jfRodf …cfpÚ k|Too hf]l8P/ ag]h:t} sd{ jf
efjjfRodf …OÚ / …ofOÚ hf]l8P/ k|]/0ffy{s wft' / lj|mof aGb5g\ .
k9fp“5', n]vfp“5g\, af]nfp“5f}
lx“8fOG5, 3'dfOof], cflb k|]/0ffy{s lj|mof xg' \ .
v_ k]/| 0ffy{s jfSo
k|]/0ffy{s lj|mof k|of]u ePsf] jfSo k|]/0ffy{s jfSo xf] . ck|]/0ffy{s lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf] jfSonfO{
k|]/0ffy{s agfp“bf –
k|]/0ffy{s lj|mof k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf stf{ :jo+n] sfo{ gu/L s;}n] k|]l/t u/]sf] x'G5 . ck|]/0ffy{snfO{
k|]/0ffy{s agfp“bf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbgk' b{5 M
ck|]/0ffy{s jfSosf] ;?' df k|]/s stf{ yKg] .
/f]uL a:of] . 8fS6/n] /f]uLnfO{ a;fP .
ck|]/0ffy{s jfSosf] stf{nfO{ k|]l/t sd{ agfpg] M
134 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
5f]/f] eft vfG5 . d 5f]/f]nfO{ eft v'jfp“5' .
k|]/s stf{cg;' f/ lj|mofsf] ¿kfog ug]{ M
xl/ sljtf ;'G5 . u'? xl/nfO{ sljtf ;g' fpgx' G' 5 .
;fdfGo wft'df cfpm÷ofp hf]8]/ k|]/0ffy{s wft' agfpg]M
jfSodf csd{s lj|mof eP ;sd{s agfpg] .
efO yrSs a:of] . d}n] efOnfO{ yrSs a;fPF .
;'GtnL xfF;L . w'd{';]n] ;'GtnLnfO{ xF;fof] .
jfSodf ;sd{s eP låsd{s agfpg] .
/fd snd lsG5 . d /fdnfO{ snd lsgfpF5' .
ltdL uLt ufpF5f} . xfdL ltdLnfO{ uLt ufpg nufpF5f}F .
låsd{s lj|mof ePsf] jfSonfO{ lqsd{s agfpg gldNg] x'Fbf stf{df åf/f yk]/ s/0f sf/s
agfpg] .
cgk' df cfdfnfO{ lr7L n]V5] .
aa' f cgk' dfåf/f cfdfnfO{ lr7L n]vfpgx' G' 5 .
lbbL dnfO{ snd lbgx' G' 5 .
aa' f lbbLåf/f dnfO{ snd lbnfpg'x'G5 .
ck|]/0ffy{s jfSodf /x]sf] sfn, kIf, efj cflbdf kl/jt{g gug]{ .
wft'df cfp÷cfn\÷ofp k|Too yKbf klg k|/]0ffy{s aGb}g eg] wftd' f …gÚ yk]/ …nufpÚ yKg] .
a'af sfof{no hfg'x'G5 .
cfdf aa' fnfO{ sfof{no hfg nufpgx' 'G5 .
ck|]/0ffy{s jfSo k|]/0ffy{s jfSo
/f]uL a:of] . 8fS6/n] /f]uLnfO{ a;fP .
efO w]/} ?G5 . alxgL efOnfO{ w]/} ?jfp“5] .
d t 5'§Ldf klg k9\5' . bfh' dnfO{ t 5'§Ldf klg k9fpgx' G' 5 .
a'af sfof{no hfgx' G' 5 . cfdf aa' fnfO{ sfofn{ o hfg nufpgx' G' 5 .
;a' f]wn] syf k9]sf 5g\ . d}n] ;a' f]wnfO{ syf k9fPsf] 5' .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 135
cEof;
s= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{'xf];\ M
!= s_ d}n] sf]7fdf ;fdfgx¿ 5/]sf] lyPF . -sd{jfRo_
v_ pgLx¿ xfd|f s'/f ;G' y] . -cs/0f_
u_ o'jsn] dL7f] s/' f u¥of] . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ kfgL k¥of] clg d ltd|f] 3/df cf]t dfUg cfP“ . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ lbg]z ;ª\uLt l;S5 . -k|]/0ffy{s_
@= s_ lalgtfn] kf7 k9]sL 5] . -sd{jfRo_
v_ kfgL nfUg] v]tdf afnL /fd|f] xG' 5 . -cs/0f_
u_ kfgL k5{ clg af6f] lxnf] xG' 5 . -;/n jfSo_
3_ pxfFn] 7"nf] pGglt ug'{eof] . -lgDg cfb/_
ª_ efO ;'Gtnf vfG5 . -k|]/0ffy{s_
#= s_ kfgL k/]kl5 lr;f] a9\of] . -ld> jfSo_
v_ s'g} ljBfyL{n] syf n]Vb}g . -s/0f_
u_ ;Ltfn] uLtf / /LtfnfO{ af]nfO5] . -st[{jfRo_
3_ ltdL t c;fWo} ldlxg]tL /x]5f} . -:qLlnª\u_
ª_ ljBfyL{x¿ u[xsfo{ u5{g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
$= s_ /fddfgn] ds} uf]8\of] . -sd{jfRo_
v_ xfdL s;}nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{gf}“ . -s/0f_
u_ t“ sljtf n]V5;\ . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ hxf“ zflGt xG' 5 Toxf“ ;v' x'G5 . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ el/of ef/L af]S5 . -k|]/0ffy{s_
%= s_ p;n] w]/} kmnkm" n vfP5 . -sd{jfRo_
v_ pgLx¿ ;w}“ u[xsfo{ uy]{ . -cs/0f_
u_ s]6f] lgs} rnfv /x]5 . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ h;n] kl/>d u5{ To;n] /fd|f] kmn kfp“5 . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ ltgLx¿ lstfa n]Vg] 5g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
^= s_ p;n] xfdLnfO{ af]nfP5 . -sd{jfRo_
v_ xfdL dL7f vfg]s'/f vfGYof}“ . -cs/0f_
u_ tkfO{+ kf]v/flt/ k'Ugx' 'g] 5 . -;fdfGo cfb/_
3_ /lj 3/ k'u]/ vfhf vfG5 . -ld>jfSo_
ª_ ;fgL gfgL w?' w'? ?G5] . -k|]/0ffy{s_
&= s_ ltdL d]/f] 3/df cfp“Yof} . -cs/0f_
v_ hª\undf d[ux¿ b]lvP . -st[{jfRo_
u_ sfkmn kfS5 clg r/L gfR5 . -;/n jfSo_
3_ efO xf“:5 . -:qLlnª\u_
ª_ la/fdLn] cf}ifwL vfof] . -k|]/0ffy{s_
136 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
*= s_ d}n] hg" / tf/f ;“u} b]v]“ . -sd{jfRo_
v_ bfh' ldlxg]t ug{'xG' Yof] . -cs/0f_
u_ pm 3/ hfG5 . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ kfgL k/]/ afnL ;lk|of] . -ld> jfSo_
ª_ pgLx¿ w]/} sfd u5{g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
(= s_ ltdL lstfax¿ k9\5f} . -sd{jfRo_
v_ pgLx¿ sljtf n]V5g\ . -låtLo k?' if_
u_ rfd] uf}FynLnfO{ dfof ub{Yof] . -cs/0f_
3_ xl/axfb'/ lj|ms]6 v]NYof] . -k|]/0ffy{s_
ª_ pm cfp“5 / uOxfN5 . -;/n jfSo_
!)= s_ cd[tf ufp“ uO5g\ . -cs/0f_
v_ k/LIff /fd|f] n]lvof] . -st[{jfRo_
u_ ltdL ljBfno hfG5f} . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ ;lrg lj|ms]6 v]N5 . -k|]/0ffy{s_
ª_ h;n] dx sf6\5 p;n] xft rf6\5 . -;/n jfSo_
!!= s_ ldlynf lrqsnfdf :yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwg k|of]u ul/G5 . -st[{jfRo_
v_ z]v xl;gf lgaGw n]vg k|ltof]lutfdf k'/:s[t eO5g\ . -cs/0f_
u_ pgLx¿ ldlxg]t;fy k9\5g\ . -k|yd k?' if_
3_ kl/>d ug]{n] dL7f] kmn kfp“5 . -ld> jfSo_
ª_ xfdL g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5f}“ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
!@= s_ cfkm" t o;kfln labfdf dl' QmIf]q uOG5 . -st[{jfRo_
v_ Hof]T;gfn] k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s NofO5g\ . -cs/0f_
u_ ltdLx¿ lsg ljb]z hfg] s'/f dfq u5f}{ < -t[tLo k?' if_
3_ ha ufp“sf] ljsf; x'G5 ta b]zn] sf“r'nL km]5{ . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ 5f]/L u[xsfo{ u5]{ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
!#= s_ ddtfn] ;d' g / ls/0fnfO{ af]nfO5] . -sd{jfRo_
v_ k|ef slxNo} u[xsfo{ ulb{g . -s/0f_
u_ slj dL7f–dL7f sljtf n]V5g\ . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ hf] v/fa 5 To;n] ;a}nfO{ v/fa g} b]V5 . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ pgLx¿n] syf k9]5g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
!$= s_ xl/Gb|n] dnfO{ lrGg]5 . -sd{jfRo_
v_ d ;w}“ Toxf“ hfGy]“ . -cs/0f_
u_ To;n] sfd lauf/]5 . -axj' rg_
3_ d k9\5' clg ;T' 5' . -;/n jfSo_
ª_ /dfn] cIf/ lrg]sL 5] . -k|]/0ffy{s_
!%= s_ k'sf/n] ;fyLx¿nfO{ e]6]5 . -sd{jfRo_
v_ pld{nf ;w}“ Jofofd u5]{ . -cs/0f_
u_ pgL /fd|f sljtf n]V5g\ . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ v/fan] ;a}nfO{ v/fa g} b]V5 . -ld> jfSo_
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 137
ª_ pgLx¿n] syf k9]5g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
v= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg;' f/ tnsf jfSox¿sf] jfRo kl/jt{g ug{'xf];\ M
!= k'ln;åf/f rf]/ nv]l6of] . -st[{jfRo_
@= cfsfzdf hg" / tf/f b]lvP . -st[{jfRo_
#= d t k9\bfk9\b} lgbfP5' . -efjjfRo_
$= xfdL kl/>d u5f}{F . -sd{jfRo_
%= pgn] /fd|f/fd|f uLt ufPsf 5g\ . -sd{jfRo_
^= tkfO“n] of] lstfa k9\ge' of] < -sd{jfRo_
&= /d]z xf]6]ndf a;]5 . -efjjfRo_
*= d t uf]7fnf] hfG5' . -efjjfRo_
(= cfdfn] alxgLnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] . -sd{jfRo_
!)= lbbLn] efOnfO{ lkl6l5g\ . -sd{jfRo_
!!= laxfg} af6fdf k“w]gL{x¿ e]l6P . -st[{jfRo_
!@= cfk"mn] t vfhf vfOof] . -st{[jfRo_
!#= cfkm" t cfh s;};“u af]ln“b}g . -st[{jfRo_
!$= /fd|/L k9] cjZo pQL0f{ eOPnf . -st[{jfRo_
!%= cfh t :s'n hfg} ;lsg“ . -efjjfRo_
!^= ef]hdf ld7fO{ va' vfP“ . -sd{jfRo_
!&= To;n] d;“u k:' tsx¿ dfUof] . -sd{jfRo_
!*= xfdLn] lstfa / snd lsg]sf lyof}“ . -sd{jfRo_
!(= ltdL a]nfotaf6 slxn] cfof} < -efjjfRo_
@)= d}n] lxhf] lgs} k9]“ . -sd{jfRo_
@!= cfh ca]/;Dd ;l' tP5 . -st{[jfRo_
@@= pgLx¿ ef]hdf af]nfO“b}gg\ . -st[{jfRo_
@#= cfkm" t 8l' nGYof] . -st{[jfRo_
@$= pld{nfn] ;fyLx¿ e]l65] . -sd{jfRo_
@%= ul/anfO{ klg bof u/ . -sd{jfRo_
@^= ;Ltfåf/f 6k/L ufFl;P . -st[{jfRo_
@&= d t e;' S' s} lgbfPF . -efj jfRo_
@*= ljBfyL{x¿af6 pQ/ n]lvFb} 5 . -st[{jfRo_
@(= d}n] cfsfzdf hg" / tf/f b]v]F . -sd{jfRo_
#)= ks' f/ ;]tf] k"mn l6K5 . -sd{jfRo_
138 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
u= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg;' f/ tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP
s/0fdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
!= lg/~hg u[xsfo{ u/f]Og . -s/0f_
@= pm s]6fs]6L cj:yfb]lv g} ´6' af]NYof] . -cs/0f_
#= d]/L lbbL l;g]df x]g{ dg ug{'x'Gg . -s/0f_
#= /d]zn] ;'Gtnf lsg]/ ´f]nfdf xfNof] . -cs/0f_
$= alxgLx¿ /fd|/L k9\nfg\ . -cs/0f_
%= OR5f eP pkfo lg:sG5 . -cs/0f_
^= pm c¿nfO{ dgk/L eGb}g . -s/0f_
&= k]df ;fx|} rlN5g\ . -cs/0f_
*= dnfO{ ufx|f] sfd ug{ dg nfUb}g . -s/0f_
(= >Lcf]dn] ahf/af6 k:' ts NofP5 . -cs/0f_
!)= pm slxNo} ljBfno hf“b}g . -s/0f_
!!= ;fu/ l/;fP/ 3/ cfPg5 . -s/0f_
!@= g/fd|f] sfd ug]{n] ;dy{g kfp“b}g . -s/0f_
!#= ltdL csf{sf] nx}nx}df nfU5f} . -cs/0f_
!$= t“ h'jf v]Nb}g;\ . -s/0f_
!%= kf]xf]/ ;fx|} udL{ ePsf] lyof] . -cs/0f_
!^= /d]z k6Ss} rNb}g . -s/0f_
!&= t“ dfdf3/ hfcf]Og;\ . -s/0f_
!*= ltd|L alxgL :sn' hf“bf ?GyL . -cs/0f_
!(= pm t lgs} ;k|]5 . -cs/0f_
@)= v':an' fO{ uflosf aGg] e"t r9]sf] 5}g . -s/0f_
@!= t“ w]/} cN5L 5;\ . -s/0f_
@@= /f]kf/x¿ wfg /f]Kt} 5g\ . -cs/0f_
@#= hxf“ zflGt x'“b}g Toxf“ ljsf; x“'b}g . -s/0f_
@$= cfdf 3/d} x'gx' G' Yof] t < -cs/0f_
@%= xl/of] ;fun] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ub}{g . -s/0f_
@^= afbn gnfUbf kfgL kb}{g . -s/0f_
@&= cfh lgs} hf8f] 5 . -cs/0f_
@*= xl/zsL alxgL kf]v/faf6 cfplng\ . -cs/0f_
@(= pgL ;w}F ljBfno cfp“b}gy] . -s/0f_
#)= ;f]gfdn] ;l/tfnfO{ hf]d;f]d ahf/ 3d' fOlbPg5 . -s/0f_
#!= sfhL z]kf{n] lxdfn r9\g 5f8]sf 5g\ . -cs/0f_
#@= ljBfyL{x¿ lbgel/ rf}/df v]n]5g\ . -cs/0f_
##= bfO dg nufP/ sfd ug'{x'GYof] . -s/0f_
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 139
3= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ jfSo kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M -ld> jfSo_
!= /fd|f] k9\g] ljBfyL{ k/LIffdf k|yd x'G5 . -;o+ Q' m jfSo_
@= kfgL k/]sfn] hf8f] eof] . -;/n jfSo_
#= h;n] dx sf9\5 p;n] xft rf6\5 . -;/n jfSo_
$= hxf“ sfkmn kfS5 Toxf“ r/f] gfR5 . -ld> jfSo_
%= k9\g ghfGg] ljBfyL{ cgQ' L0f{ xG' 5 . -ld> jfSo_
^= kl/>dL ljBfyL{ /fd|f] >]0fLdf pQL0f{ xG' 5 . -;o+ 'Qm jfSo_
&= /d]zn] ;G' tnf lsg]/ ´f]nfdf xfNof] . -;/n jfSo_
*= d}n] h:tf] kfP“ To:t} NofP“ . -;o+ Q' m jfSo_
(= lxp“bdf hf8f] x'G5 . jiff{df udL{ x'G5 . -;/n jfSo_
!) ltdL htf hfG5f}, d Tot} hfG5' . -ld> jfSo_
!!= cfdf cfpge' of] . d uP“ . -ld> jfSo_
!@= pksf/L dflg; kH" o xG' 5 . -;o+ 'Qm jfSo_
!#= tLtf] cf}iflw lxtsf/L xG' 5 . -;/n jfSo_
!$= kfgL k¥of] clg afnL l;k|of] . -ld> jfSo_
!%= kl/>d ug]{n] ;'v kfp“5 . -;/n jfSo_
!^= hg' snd dg k5{ ToxL lsg . -;+o'Qm jfSo_
!&= ltdL 3/ uP/ u[xsfo{ u5f}{ . -;/n jfSo_
!*= hf] /fd|/L k9\5 Tof] pQL0f{ xG' 5 . -ld> jfSo_
!(= d}n] k9] hlt k':ts p;n] k9]sf] 5 . -;o+ Q' m jfSo_
@)= uLtf /fd|/L k9]/ 8fS6/ alG5g\ . -;/n jfSo_
@!= ltdL hfG5f} eg] d oxf“ al:bg“ . -ld> jfSo_
@@= 3fd nfu]sf] j]nf udL{ a9\5 . -;o+ 'Qm jfSo_
@#= afbn x6]/ cfsfzdf rGb|df b]lvof] . -;/n jfSo_
@$= h'g uf]?sf] l;ª 5}g p;sf] gfd ltv] xG' 5 . -ld> jfSo_
@%= sfkmn kfs]sf] 7fp“df r/L gfR5 . -;+oQ' m jfSo_
@^= ljåfg\ ;a' f]w 3dG8L 5g\ . -ld> jfSo_
@&= kl/>d gug]{n] b'Mv kfp“5 . -;+oQ' m jfSo_
@*= o;kfln kfgL k/]sf]n] afnL l;k|of] . -;/n jfSo_
@(= d gx' fP/ sk8f k]m5{' clg kh" fdf a:5' . -;/n jfSo_
#)= hxf“ /lj k'Ub}gg\ Toxf“ slj kU' 5g\ . -;+o'Qm jfSo_
#!= k'0ok|;fbn] lstfa lsGbf ;a} k};f ;s]5g\ . -ld> jfSo_
#@= k};f ePsf] j]nf ltdLnfO{ lbp“nf . -ld> jfSo_
##= gfRg ghfGg]n] cf“ugnfO{ 6]9f] b]V5 .
140 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
ª= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ k|]/0ffy{s jfSodf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
!= /f]lhtf ;w}“ u[xsfo{ u5]{ .
@= >4f sDKo'6/ l;lS5g\ .
#= efO aa' ' lkp“5 .
$= efO u[xsfo{ u5{ .
%= kf;fª / gf]a'{ u[xsfo{ u5{g\ .
^= z]kf{x¿ lxdfn r9\5g\ .
&= ;Ltf g]kfnL k9\5] .
*= sl/gfn] sljtf n]lvg\ .
(= h];gn] syf n]vL .
!)= ltdLn] s]s] n]v]sf 5f} <
!!= d}n] …j;Gt sf]lsnÚ sljtf k9]“ .
!@= ltdLn] g]kfnL klg k9]sf 5f} <
!#= sdn kf]v/Ldf gx' fp“5 .
!$= pk]Gb|n] sljtf n]lvg\ .
!%= lxtfgGb sfgg' k9\5 .
!^= ltdLn] g]kfnL klg k9]sf 5f} <
!&= xfdL lbgx'“ of]u cEof; u5f}{+ .
!*= efO sf]j|mfdf ;'T5 .
!(= p;n] lr7L n]Vof] .
@)= ;fgL alxgL w]/} ?G5] .
@!= pgL vfgf vflG5g\ .
@@= /Ltf g]kfnL pkGof; k9\5] .
@#= d t 5'§Ldf k9\5' .
@$= eQmhg kz'kltgfysf] bz{g u5{g\ .
@%= efO /fd|/L gfR5 .
@^= dg' f lbgx'“ v]lN5g\ .
@&= efOx¿ ;dfrf/ ;G' 5g\ .
@*= rfnsn] df]6/ xf“Sof] .
@(= alxgL bfOnfO{ lr7L n]lV5g\ .
#)= pgLx¿n] k};f a'´] .
#!= n]vfkfnn] z'Ns a'¤5 .
#@= ljBfyL{x¿ u[xsfo{ u5{g\ .
##= d hf“rkl5 /fd|f];“u sDKo'6/ l;S5' .
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 141
r= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g ug{'xf];\ M
!= ltdL b]jsf]6fsf sljtf k9\5f} . -k|yd k?' if_
@= pgL s?' ds'?d ds} vflGyg\ . -kl' nª\u_
#= pgL ;w}F ljBfno hfG5g\ . -:qLlnª\u_
$= xfdL ldlxg]t u/L k9\b} 5f}F . -t[tLo k'?if_
%= pgLx¿ /fd|f];“u k9\5g\ . -k|yd k?' if_
^= s]6fx¿ ljBfno cfP5g\ . -Psjrg_
&= d]/f] dfdfsf] 5f]/f] cfof] . -axj' rg_
*= pgL sljtf n]V5g\ . -k|yd k'?if_
(= d]/f] efO ;w}F ljBfno hfG5 . -axj' rg_
!)= pm lgaGw k|ltof]lutfdf efu ln“b} 5 . -k|yd k'?if_
!!= sljn] /fd|f sljtf n]v] . -:qLlnª\u_
!@= pm vfOnfUbf] / /ftf]kL/f] b]lvGYof] . -ax'jrg_
!#= ltd|L efph" ;a]/} lxF8\g'eP5 . -kl' nª\u_
!$= Tof] 7"nfn] eg]sf] dfG5 . -ax'jrg_
!%= d]/f legfh' snfsf/ ePsf 5g\ . -:qLlnª\u_
!^= p;sf] s/' f] d al' ‰bg“ . -axj' rg_
!&= uf]?n] 3f“; vfof] . -:qLlnª\u_
!*= t“ ;fyL;“u ´u8f gu/\ . -ax'jrg_
!(= ltd|f] 5f]/f] lj1fg k9\g] /] . -:qLlnª\u_
@)= pgLx¿n] ef]6 v;fn]5g\ . -låtLo k'?if_
@!= pm sljtf n]Vbf]/x]5 . -axj' rg_
@@= t}Fn] n}gf] e}F;L a]lr;\ < -t[tLo k'?if_
@#= sfnL s]6L yrSs a;L . -k'lnª\u_
@$= /fdsf] efO cUnf] 5 . -ax'jrg_
@%= k9\g]sf] eljio /fd|f] xG' 5 . -cs/0f_
@^= pgLx¿ st} uPg5g\ . -låtLo k'?if_
@&= t“ ghfg] eP ghf . -axj' rg_
@*= ltdL 3/ uP/ sfd u5f}{ . -pRr cfb/_
@(= d}n] h:tf] kfP“ To:t} NofP“ . -t[tLo k'?if_
#)= of] s]6f] c;n 5 . -ax'jrg_
#!= kl/>dL ljBfyL{ /fd|f] >]0fLdf pQL0f{ x'G5 . -ax'jrg_
#@= pm ;w}“ ljBfno hfGYof] . -k|yd k?' if_
##= ltdL kf]v/f uPsf lyof} . -:qLlnª\u_
142 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
&PsfO jfSo ;+Zni] f0f
Wofg lbP/ k9\g'xf];\ M
– k9\g' ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .
– k9\gfn] w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5 .
– k9]sf] dflg;n] ;dfhnfO{ p7fp“5 .
– k9]sf] dflg; 7lugaf6 aR5 .
– gk9]sf dfG5]sf] hLjg km/flsnf] x'“b}g .
k9\gfn] w]/} s'/f yfxf eO{ 7lugaf6 aRg] tyf k9]sf] dflg;n] ;dfhnfO{ p7fpg ;Sg] ePsfn]
k9\g' ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] lsgeg] gk9]sf] dflg;sf] hLjg km/flsnf] x“'b}g .
jfSo ;+Zn]if0f
jfSonfO{ 5f]6f], 5l/tf] / /fd|f] kfg{ bO' { jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;/n jf :jtGq jfSox¿nfO{ hf]8]/ Pp6}
jfSo agfOG5 eg] Tof] jfSo ;Z+ ni] f0f xf] . jfSo ;Z+ ni] f0f ;/n, ld> / ;o+ Q' mdWo] hg' ;s' } jfSodf
klg xg' ;S5 . ;/n jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ubf{ eg] w]/} c;dfks lj|mof k|of]u x'G5 . jfSo ;+Zn]if0f
ubf{ ljZn]lift jfSox¿n] lbg] cy{df kl/jt{g xg' x' '“b}g . cfjZostfcg';f/ zAbx¿ yk36 ug]{,
zAbx¿ gbf]xf]¥ofpg], gfdLs/0f, ljz]if0fLs/0f, lj|mofljz]if0fLs/0f u/]/ jfSonfO{ 5l/tf] agfpg]
h:tf s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . To:t} ;dfof]hs ;j{gfd, c;dflksf lj|mof / nf]ksf] k|of]u u/]/
jfSo ;+Zn]if0f ul/G5 .
s_ ;/n jfSosf] ;+lZni6 ;/n jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;/n jfSox¿nfO{ Pp6} ;/n jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ;+Zn]if0f
ubf{ ;/n jfSodf /x]sf ;dfks lj|mofx¿nfO{ gfdLs/0f, ljz]if0fLs/0f / lj|mofof]uLs/0f
ul/G5 . o;/L ;/n jfSox¿nfO{ ;Z+ n]if0f u/]/ ;/n jfSo agfp“bf bf]xf]l/Psf kbx¿
x6fOG5 eg] jfSosf] sfn ;s];Dd kl/jt{g ul/“b}g . h:t} M
:jtGq ;/n jfSox¿ ;+lZni6 ;/n jfSox¿
s_ /fd oxf“ cfof] . /fd oxf“af6 uof] . /fd oxf“ cfP/ uof] .
v_ efg'eQm cflbslj x'g\ . cflbslj efge' Qm /fdfo0f n]v]/
efge' Qmn] /fdfo0f n]v] . cd/ eP .
efge' Qm cd/ eP .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 143
u_ dnfO{ ?3fvf]sL nfUof] . dnfO{ Hj/f] cfof] . dnfO{ ?3fvf]sL nfu]/ Hj/f]
d ljBfno hfg ;lsg“ . cfPsfn] ljBfno hfg ;lsg“ .
3_ pm k|yd eof] . pm cfof] . k|yd xg' ] s]6f] cfof] .
v_ ;/n jfSosf] ld> jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f
:jtGq ¿kdf /x]sf ;/n jfSox¿nfO{ ;fk]If ;o+ f]hsn] hf]8]/ ld> jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f ug{
;lsG5 . ld> jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ubf{ Pp6f ;/n jfSo dV' o jf kw| fg pkjfSo / csf{] cfl>t
jf cwLg pkjfSo aG5 . ld> jfSo agfp“bf bf]xf]l/Psf gfdx¿sf] ;§fdf ;j{gfdsf] k|of]u
ug]{ tyf cgfjZos kbx¿ x6fpg] ug{'k5{ . h:t} M
:jtGq ;/n jfSox¿ ld> jfSox¿
s_ kfgL k¥of] . af6f] lxnf] eof] . ha kfgL k¥of] ta af6f] lxnf] eof] .
v_ d sf7df8fd“} f a:5' . sf7df8f“} gk] fnsf] d sf7df8f}“df a:5' hg' g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL
/fhwfgL xf] . xf] .
u_ pm ldlxgt] L 5 . pm ky| d xG' 5 . hf] ldlxg]tL 5 pm k|yd xG' 5 .
3_ p;n] dx sf9\5 . p;n] xft rf6\5 . h;n] dx sf9\5 p;n] xft rf6\5 .
ª_ ltdL ldlxg]tL 5f} . aa' fn] eGge' of] . ltdL ldlxg]tL 5f} egL a'afn] eGge' of] .
u_ ;/n jfSosf] ;+oQ' m jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f
:jtGq ¿kdf /x]sf ;/n jfSox¿nfO{ lg/k]If ;o+ f]hsn] hf]8]/ ;o+ 'Qm jfSodf ;+Zn]if0f ug{
;lsG5 . ;+o'Qm jfSodf ;+lZni6 ;/n jfSox¿ ;a} :jtGq /xG5g\ . logsf] e"ldsf ;o+ 'Qm
jfSodf klg :jtGq jf dV' o pkjfSosf ¿kdf /xG5 . o;/L ;Z+ n]if0f ubf{ cgfjZos
kbx¿nfO{ x6fOG5 . h:t}M
:jtGq ;/n jfSox¿ ;+o'Qm jfSox¿
s_ kfgL k¥of] . af6f] lxnf] eof] . kfgL k¥of] clg af6f] lxnf] eof] .
v_ bj] sf6] fn] dg' fdbg nv] ] . bj] sf6] f cd/ eP . dg' fdbg nv] /] bj] sf6] f cd/ eP .
u_ cfdf dlGb/ hfge' of] . cfdfn] km" n lsGge' of] . cfdfn] dlGb/ uP/ km" n lsGg'eof] /
cfdfn] kh" f uge{' of] . kh" f ug{'eof] .
3_ efO ljBfno hfG5 . alxgL ljBfno hfG5] . efO / alxgL ljBfno hfG5g\ t/ aa' f
aa' f sfof{no hfgx' 'G5 . sfof{no hfg'xG' 5 .
144 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
jfSo ;+Zn]if0fsf pbfx/0fx¿ ;Z+ n]lift jfSo
w]/} jfSox¿
o; hª\undf ¿vx¿ 5g\ . o; hª\undf cToGt cUnf cUnf
tL ¿vx¿ cToGt cUnf cUnf 5g\ . ¿vx¿, 8/nfUbf af3x¿ / /x/nfUbf
hª\unleq 8/nfUbf af3x¿ 5g\ . d[ux¿ 5g\ .
hª\undf /x/nfUbf d[ux¿ klg 5g\ .
ljåfg\x¿ ;a}sf ljrf/ ;G' 5g\ . ;a}sf ljrf/ ;G' g], /fd|f g/fd|f ljrf/x¿
ljåfg\x¿ /fd|f g/fdf ljrf/x¿ ;lhn} ;lhn} 5'6\ofpg], g/fd|f ljrf/nfO{
5'6ofp“5g\ . dgaf6 x6fOlbg] / /fd|f ljrf/x¿dfly
ljåfgx\ ¿ g/fdf| ljrf/nfO{ dgaf6 x6fOlbG5g\ . ljrf/ljdz{ ug]{ ljåfg\x¿ ;j{q kH" o /
ljåfgx\ ¿ /fdf| ljrf/x¿ dfly ljrf/ ljdz{ cfb/0fLo xG' 5g\ .
u5g{ \ .
To;n} ] ljåfgx\ ¿ ;jq{ kH" o / cfb/0fLo xG' 5g\ .
xl/ k9\b} lyof] . aa' fnfO{ a'xf/L leœofpg] OR5f eP/
a'afn] p;nfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu af]nfP . xl/nfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu af]nfP klg k9\b}
p;n] k9fO 5f8]/ ljjfx ug{ rfx]g . u/]sfn] / ljjfx ug{ dg gePsfn] p;n]
ljjfx ug]{ p;sf] dg klg lyPg . k9fO 5f8]/ ljjfx ug{ rfx]g .
afa'nfO{ eg] a'xf/L leœofpg] OR5f lyof] .
/fd lxhf] ahf/ hf“bf af6fdf 7n" f] kfgL
lxhf] /fd ahf/ uof] . k/]/ lgy|S' s leh]kl5 p;n] ahf/df 5ftf
af6fdf 7n" f] kfgL k¥of] . lsg]/ ToxL 5ftf cf]9L 3/ kmSof]{ .
pm lgy|'Ss leHof] .
p;n] ahf/df 5ftf lsGof] .
pm ToxL 5ftf cf]9]/ 3/ kmSof]{ .
/fdn] af/L vg]sf] 5 . /fdn] vg]sf] af/Ldf dnhnsf] Vofn u/L
vg]sf] af/Ldf ;fu nufPsf] 5 . ;fu nufP/ a]Rbf p;nfO{ /fd|f] gfkmf ePsf]
/fd af/Ldf dnhnsf] Vofn u5{ . 5.
k|z:t ;fu pAhfP/ a]R5 .
p;nfO{ /fd|f] gfkmf ePsf] 5 .
gdg' f cEof;
tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ Pp6} jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ug'{xf];\ M
xfdL g]kfnL xf}“ . xfdL cfÏgf] sfd cfkm}“ u5f}{“ . xfdL kl/>dL 5f}“ . xfdL :jfjnDaL 5f}“ . xfdL
;DkGg aGg ;S5f}“ .
pQ/ M xfdL gk] fnL cfÏgf] sfd cfkm“} ug{] kl/>dL tyf :jfjnDaL ePsfn] ;DkGg aGg ;S5f“} .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 145
cEof;
tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ Pp6} jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ug'{xf];\ M
s_ xfdLn] :joDe"gfysf] bz{g u¥of}“ . 5fpgL klg uof}“ . 5fpgLdf P]ltxfl;s ;ª\u|xfno x]¥of}“ .
k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l6kf]6 u¥of}“ . olt ubf{ ltg ah]5 .
v_ xfdf| ] ljBfnodf >fj0f dlxgfbl] v k9fO ;?' ul/G5 . ;fjh{ lgs labf sd lbOG5 . rq} ;Dd
k9fOG5 . kf7\ofz+ /fd|/L k"/f ul/G5 . jflif{s k/LIff lnOG5 .
u_ ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ k9fOdf bQlrQ eO{ nfU5 . lgoldt ljBfno hfG5 . cgz' f;gsf] kfngf
ub{5 . k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s Nofp“5 . pm eljiosf] c;n gful/s x'G5 .
3_ kfl/hft ;ª\3if{zLn ;|i6f xg' \ . kfl/hftsf /rgfdf lj;ª\ultjfb kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf
/rgfdf k|ultjfbL r]tgf kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf /rgfdf dgf]lj1fg klg kfOG5 . kfl/hft
ultzLn rl/qsL ;|i6f xg' \ .
ª_ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] sljtf n]v] . v08sfJo / dxfsfJo n]v] . h] n]v] Odfgbf/ eP/
n]v] . g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] hLjg n]v] . To;}n] pgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxfslj ag] .
r_ d ahf/ uPF . d}n] p;nfO{ af6fdf b]v]F . p;n] dnfO{ b]v]g . xfdL ahf/af6 kmSof}{+ . xfdL
Pp6} a;df r9]sf lyof}F .
5_ g]kfn ;'Gb/ b]z xf] . g]kfndf c;ª\Vo gbLgfnf 5g\ . g]kfndf w]/} cUnf kxf8x¿ 5g\ .
g]kfndf ;'Gb/ snfs[lt 5g\ . dnfO{ g]kfn cToGt Kof/f] nfU5 .
h_ xl/ Hofb} nugzLn 5 . xl/ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] sfd u5{ . xl/nfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fp“5g\ .
xl/ cfˆgf] sfdnfO{ ef]lnsf lglDt ;f“Rt}g . xl/sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;'vL 5 .
´_ ljlkgsf cufl8 a; /f]lsof] . ljlkg a;sf 9f]sf;Dd kU' of] . a;df dfG5] vrfvr lyP .
a;sf 9f]sfdf k'uL ljlkg aNntNn cl8of] . 9f]sf v'n} /fv]/ a; bf}l8of] . 8/n] ubf{
ljlkgsf] ;ftf]k'Tnf] uof] .
`_ /fd sfofn{ o hfb“ } lyof] . /fdnfO{ g/fd/| L 7;] nfUof] . /fd k5fl/of] . /fdn] cfˆgf v§' fdf 7n" }
3fp nfu]sf] b]Vof] . /fd c:ktfntk{m nfUof] .
6_ y'k}| g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zlt/ uP . a9" L cfdfn] g]kfnLx¿sf] cj:yf b]lvg\ . a"9L cfdfn] dg
yfDg ;lsgg\ . a"9L cfdf w/w/L /f]Og\ .
7_ eLd;g] yfkfn] w/x/f agfP . gAa] ;fndf es" Dk uof] . w/x/f efl“ Rrof] . w/x/f ;fgf] eof] .
w/x/fsf] kg' lg{df{0f ul/Psf] xf] .
8_ dg' f ldlxg]tL l5g\ . pgn] cfdf a'afaf6 cg'zf;gsf] kf7 kl9g\ . pgn] o;kflnsf] jSt[Tjsnf
k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnOg\ . pgn] ;fyLx¿nfO{ pl5lgg\ . pgn] k|yd k/' :sf/ xft kfl/g\ .
9_ xfd|f kv' f{x¿ kl/>dL lyP . xfd|f k'vf{ Odfgbf/ lyP . xfd|f k'vf{n] bfdsf nflu slxNo}
cfˆgf] gfd a]r]gg\ . xfd|f kv' f{x¿ k"Ho 5g\ . xfd|f k'vf{sf u0' fx¿ cgs' /0fLo 5g\ .
0f_ Odfgl;x+ /fli6«o ;:+ s[ltsf :tDe lyP . pgn] lzIf0f k];f 5f]8] . pgn] ljleGg 7fpFdf
:ynut e|d0f u/] . pgn] cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk / ;:+ s[ltsf] cg;' Gwfg Pjd\ k|rf/k|;f/ u/] .
pgn] g]kfnaflx/ hGd]/ klg sd{ynf] g]kfnnfO{ g} agfP .
146 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
*PsfO sf/s / ljelQm
s= sf/s
jfSodf k|of]u ePsf gflds zAbnfO{ sf/s elgG5 . h;sf] ;DaGw lj|mof;“u x'G5 . sf/sn]
zAbsf] lj|mof;“usf] ;DaGw a´' fp“5 . ;/n sf/s eGgfn] jfSodf k|of]u ePsf To:tf zAbnfO{
a'´fp“5 h;sf] dn" ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfp“b}g . ;/n sf/sdf ljelQmsf lrXgx¿ tyf gfdof]uL
hf]l8“b}gg\ . o;y{ ;/n sf/sdf gflds kbdf ljsf/ cfp“b}g . h:t} M
d lgoldt k9\5' .
5f]/L 3/ hfG5] .
pm sfd u5{ .
jfSodf k|of]u x“b' f ljelQm lrXg jf gfdof]uL hf]l8P/ afXo :j¿kdf ljsf/ cfPsf gflds
zAbx¿nfO{ lto{s\ sf/s elgG5 . h:t} M
p;n] lstfa k9\of] .
ltdL d;“u lx“8 .
gflds zAbsf cfb/fy{ ¿k axj' rg ¿k tyf ;Daf]wgsf] k|of]un] klg lto{s\ sf/s aG5 . h:t} M
tL d]/f ;fyL xg' \ . -cfb/fy{_
s]6f lx“8] . -ax'jrg_
P /fd, otf x]/ . -;Daf]wg_
!= sfo{sf cfwf/df sf/ssf k|sf/
jfSodf k|of]u ePsf gflds kbx¿sf] lj|mofkb;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ sf/s elgG5 . sfo{ / e"ldsfsf]
cfwf/df sf/s hDdf 5 k|sf/sf 5g\ M
-s_ stf{ sf/s M lj|mofsf] sfo{ Jofkf/ ;DkGg ug]{ jf lj|mof;“u ljz]if ;DaGw /fvL sfd ug]{
gflds kb stf{ xf] . stf{df …n]Ú, …af6Ú ljelQm nfU5g\ / o;n] sfd ug]{nfO{ a'´fp“5 . h:t} M
ltdL ljBfno hfG5f} . -ljelQm/lxt_
xfdL sfd u5f}{+ .
/fdn] eft vfof] . -ljelQm;lxt_
/fdaf6 /fj0f dfl/of] .
-v_ sd{ sf/s M stf{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] c;/ h'g kb dfly k5{ Tof] sd{ sf/s xG' 5 . of] sfo{
Jofkf/sf] c;/ jf kmn efU] g] gflds kb xf] . …nfO{Ú ljelQm hf]l8g] sd{ sf/s ljelQm/lxt
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 147
klg x'g;S5 . h:t} M
xfdL eft vfG5f“} .
u'?n] dnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] .
lbbLn] efOnfO{ s6' L .
-u_ s/0f sf/s M stf{n] ug]{ sfo{sf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lj|mof;“u ljz]if ;DaGw uf“;]/ cfpg] gflds
kb s/0f sf/s xf] . …nÚ] , …af6Ú …åf/fÚ h:tf ljelQm nfu/] s/0f sf/s aGb5 . h:t} M
alxgLn] rSsn' ] t/sf/L sf6L .
kmf]gaf6 va/ cfof] .
sfnLn] sfn]nfO{ O;f/fn] af]nfO{ .
-3_ ;Dk|bfg sf/s M lj|mofkbåf/f ;DkGg sfo{Jofkf/ hf]k|lt nlIft x'G5 Tof] ;Dk|bfg sf/s
xf] . låsd{s lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf] jfSodf cfPsf] ck|ToIf sd{ ;Dk|bfg sf/s xf] . of]
lj|mofkb;“usf] …s;nfO{Ú eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfp“5 . …nfO{Ú, …nfluÚ, …lglDtÚ ljelQmn]
;Dk|bfg sf/s lgwf{/0f ub{5 . h:t} M
cfdfn] dnfO{ dL7fO lbg'eof] .
kh" fsf] nflu k"mn l6k .
eQmn] eujfg\nfO{ k"mn r9fof] .
-ª_ ckfbfg sf/s M ckfbfg sf/sn] sg' } 7fpF jf ;dosf] 5'l§g] laGb' hgfp“5 . ckfbfg
sf/sn] sfoJ{ ofkf/sf] pbu\ d ;f| t] nfO{ klg hgfp5“ . o;df bl] v, af6 ljelQm nfU5g\ . h:t} M
¿vaf6 kft ´¥of] .
/ldtf kf]v/faf6 cfh} cfOg\ .
efOnfO{ cl:tb]lv Hj/f] cfPsf] 5 .
-r_ clws/0f sf/s M sfo{Jofkf/sf] ;dout jf :yfgut cfwf/ a´' fpg] gflds kbnfO{ clws/0f
sf/s elgG5 . o; sf/sdf df, dfly nfUb5g\ / sfo{Jofkf/sf] cfwf/ a'´fp“5g\ . h:t} M
´f]nfdf ;G' tnf 5 .
lstfa 6]a'ndfly 5 .
cf]h]g cfh 3/df 5}g .
@ agf]6sf cfwf/df sf/ssf k|sf/
;+/rgf jf agf]6sf] cfwf/df sf/s hDdf bO' { k|sf/sf 5g\ M
;/n sf/s M gflds kbsf] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g jf ljsf/ pTkGg gxg' ] sf/snfO{ ;/n sf/s
elgG5 . jfSodf k|of]u x'“bf zAbsf] d"n ¿kdf s'g} kl/jt{g gcfpg] sf/s ;/n sf/s xf] .
;/n sf/sdf ljelQm lrXg tyf gfdof]uL nfUb}gg\ . h:t} M d, ltdL, 3/, k;n, eft, kf7===
d kf7 k9\5' . /fd eft vfG5 .
148 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
lto{s\ sf/s M jfSodf k|of]u x“'bf gflds kbsf] d"n :j¿kdf kl/jt{g jf ljsf/ cfpg] sf/s
lto{s\ sf/s xg' \ . lto{s\ sf/sdf ljelQm tyf gfdof]uLx¿ nfUb5g\ . ljelQm jf gfdof]uL
nfUgs' f] cltl/Qm lnª\u, jrg, cfb/, ;Daf]wgh:tf s'/fx¿n] klg ;/n sf/s lto{s\
aGb5 .
efOn] lstfa k9\of] . h:t} M d}n], d]/f, ltd|f], p;sf], pgLx¿, efOnfO{===
ltdL d;“u cfpm . s]6fx¿ efu] . /fd|f ;fyLx¿ e]l6P . cflb .
v= ljelQm
56' o\ fpg] jf ljefhg ug{] tŒj g} ljelQm xf] . jfSodf cfPsf ljleGg kbx¿ aU] nfaU] n} ¿kdf ljefhg
xG' 5g\ . jfSodf ljm| ofafxs] sf cGo kbx¿;u“ hfl] 8P/ 5§' f5§' } ¿kdf ljm| of;u“ sf] cGt;D{ aGw bv] fpg]
sfd ljelQmn] ub5{ . ljelQmn] :jtGq ¿kdf cfpb“ f cy{ jxg ubg{} g\ t/ cGo kb;u“ ufl“ ;P/ tL
kbsf] ljm| of;u“ sf] ;DaGw bv] fP/ sf/s lrgfp5“ g\ . h:t} M
k'ln;n] rf]/nfO{ n6\7Ln] 6fpsfdf lxsf{of] . oxf“ cfPsf n], nfO{, n], df h:tf lrXgn] kl' n;,
rf]/, n6\7L, 6fpsf] h:tf kbsf] lxsf{of] lj|mof;“usf] ;DaGw vn' fPsf 5g\ . o;y{ ljelQm M
cfˆgf] cy{ gx'g] s;};“u ghf]l8O{ :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u xg' g;Sg] eflifs PsfO x'g\ .
gflds kbsf k5fl8 cfpg] lrXg dfq x'g\ .
sf/snfO{ lrgfpg] tŒj x'g\ .
ljelQm hDdf ;ft k|sf/sf 5g\
ljelQm lrXg sf/s jfSo
k|ydf n], af6 stf{ d}n] u[xsfo{ u/]sf] 5' .
låtLof nfO{ sd{
aa' faf6 cf1f eof] .
xl/n] efOnfO{ lk6\of] .
t[tLof n],åf/f,af6 s/0f p;n] n6\7Ln] cf“k ´f¥of] .
rt'yL{ d}n] p;nfO{ kmf]gaf6 va/ lbP“ .
k~rdL nfO{,nflu, ;Dk|bfg cfdfn] dnfO{ :ofp lbge' of] .
ifi7L lglDt ljBfyL{sf lglDt lstfa dxŒjk0" f{ ;fyL xf] .
¿vaf6 kft ´¥of] .
b]lv, af6 ckfbfg pm lxhf]b]lv la/fdL 5 .
d]/f] efO, cfˆgf] dfG5], /fdsf a'af
sf],sf,ls, xl/sL 5f]/L, d]/f ;fyLx¿
/f],/f,/L, –
gf],gf,gL
;KtdL df, dfly clws/0f 6]an' df P]gf 5 .
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff ( 149
;lD´gk' g{] s'/f
ljelQmnfO{ 56' \6} n]Vbf cy{ cfp“b}g . h:t} M n], nfO{, sf], af6
gfd jf ;j{gfd zAb;“u hf]l8P/ cfp“bf ljelQmn] ljz]if cy{ af]S5 / tL zAbsf] cGo
zAb;“usf] ;DaGw a´' fp“5 .
ljelQm lrXg cGo zAb;u“ hfl] 8P/ cfPdf To;n] To:tf] zAbsf] ljm| of;u“ sf] ;DaGw a´' fp5“ .
aa' fn] efOnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] . – aa' fn] af]nfpge' of] .
– efOnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] .
sg' } s'g} zAbdf ljelQm hf]l8“bf To; zAbsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] k|foM zAbsf] ¿kdf
kl/jt{g x'“b}g .
¿k kl/jt{g xg' ] ltdL ± /f] Öltd|f]
d ± n] Ö d}n] t“ ± /f] Ö t]/f]
t“ ± n] Ö t}“n] sf] ± sf] Ö s;sf]
sf] ± n] Ö s;n] pm ± sf] Ö p;sf]
pm ± n] Ö p;n] Tof] ± n] Ö To;n]
Tof] ± sf] Ö To;sf] oL ± sf] Ö logsf]
sf] ± nfO{ Ö s;nfO{
¿kdf kl/jt{g gcfpg] xfdL ± n] Ö xfdLn]
/fd ± n] Ö /fdn] pxf“ ± sf] Ö pxf“sf]
tkfO{+ ± n] Ö tkfO{+n] d ± nfO{ Ö dnfO{
u'? ± åf/f Ö u?' åf/f
ljleGg ljelQmsf] k|of]u
s_ …n]Ú ljelQmsf] k|of]u
…nÚ] ljelQmn] jfSodf stf{ / s/0f sf/s lrgfp“5 . lgDg cj:yfdf o;sf] k|ofu] xG'\ 5 .
/fdn] eft vfof] .
xl/n] efOnfO{ lk6\of] .
p;n] l;g]df x]¥of] .
;sds{ ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ePsf] k"0f{ kIfsf] stfd{ f …nÚ] ljelQm nfU5 . h:t} M
ltdLn] u[xsfo{ u/]sf 5f} .
/fdn] lr7L n]v]sf] lyof] .
efOn] l;g]df x]/]sf] xg' ] 5 .
s'g} ;fwg a'´fpg] zAb;u“ …n]Ú ljelQm nfU5 . h:tM}
k'ln; rf]/nfO{ n6\7Ln] lk6\5 .
150 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff (
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Vyakaran_9_Final_2075
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