51re view 5 | Units 10 • 11 • 12 4 Change the sentences from active to passive without changing the verb tense. 1 They didn’t boil the water. The water wasn’t boiled. ....................................................................... 2 Have they melted the chocolate? ....................................................................... 3 They didn’t whip the cream. ....................................................................... 4 They have added too much salt. ....................................................................... 5 We are going to pour hot cream on top of the cake. ....................................................................... 6 They will sell their biscuits on the Italian market. ....................................................................... 7 They produce great cheese in this dairy. ....................................................................... 8 They drink a lot of coffee in Italy. ....................................................................... 5 Complete the passage with the passive form and the correct tense of the verbs in the box. know own located maintain open reopen nickname close (x2) make The Millennium Bridge 1 …………… officially ……………………… as the London Millennium Footbridge. is known It is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Bankside with the City. It 2……………………… between Southwark Bridge (downstream) and Blackfriars Railway Bridge (upstream). The bridge 3……………………… and 4……………………… by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. The bridge 5……………………… on 10 June 2000 for the first time. It 6……………………… the "Wobbly Bridge" after participants in a charity walk felt an unexpected swaying motion on the first two days after the bridge opened. The bridge 7 ……………………… later that day, and after two days of limited access it 8……………………… for almost two years while modifications 9 ……………………… to eliminate the wobble entirely. It 10……………………… in 2002. Communication upgrade 6 MP3 | 006 Complete the dialogue with the passive form and correct tense of the verbs in the box. Then listen and check. find open lock force (x2) steal discover Derek Have you heard the news? Tricia No, what news? Derek A painting 1 .................................... from the local art gallery. has been stolen Tricia When did it happen? Derek Last night but it 2.................................. this morning, when the doors 3.................................... . Tricia Was there any sign that the doors 4....................................? Derek No, the doors 5.................................... but the window 6................................. . Tricia Was the painting on a ground floor room? Derek No, it was in a room on the first floor. The thieves used a ladder, which 7 .................................... nearby. 7 Rewrite the passage using the passive form whenever possible. The restaurant across the road was very run down until two young chefs rented it a few months ago. They redesigned the interior of the dining room themselves and renovated the kitchen. They created a new menu and attracted a lot of young people living in the area. They have been so successful that they have just bought the house next door and have made plans to enlarge the dining room to accommodate more customers.
exam practice 52 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Interactive task 1 Here is a possible topic you can choose for Trinity examination Grade 7 where you prepare a topic to discuss with the examiner. • The forms of art I like best You don’t need to make any notes for this part of the exam. However, you may find it useful to draw a spidergram while you are preparing to speak. The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments. So, when you prepare your topic, try to imagine possible questions and be ready to answer them. You have to be able to ask the examiner questions, too. This part of the exam lasts no more than five minutes. Prepare a spidergram on the topic above then have a discussion with your friend. See how long you can discuss your topic for. Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Reading Part 5 2 Read this account of the Portland Vase and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. The Portland Vase is a Roman glass vase, dated to about AD 5–25, which came to England at the end of the 18th century. Since 1810, the vase 1 ...................... kept almost continuously in the British Museum in London. At present it 2 ...................... displayed in Room 70. The vase 3 ...................... made of violet-blue glass, and 4 ...................... surrounded with a single continuous white glass cameo depicting seven figures. It may 5 ...................... made as a wedding gift, as the scenes refer clearly to love and marriage with a mythological theme. Recent research has shown that the Portland vase, like the majority of cameo-glass vessels, 6 ...................... produced by dipping an elongated bubble of glass into a fire-resistant container of white glass before the two 7 ...................... blown together. After cooling, the white layer 8 ...................... cut away to form the design. It is 9 ...................... that the Portland Vase must 10...................... its original creator less than two years to produce. The cutting must 11...................... performed by a skilled gem-cutter. The poem Ode to a Grecian Urn 12...................... written by John Keats in 1819 after the poet had seen the Portland Vase. 5 1 A is being B was being C has been D had been 2 A is B was C have been D will be 3 A was B will be C is D have been 4 A is B are C was D were 5 A was B were C have been D are 6 A had been B has been C have been D was 7 A was B were C is D are 8 A is B are C was D is being 9 A believing B believed C believe D believes 10 A have taken B be taken C has taken D be taking 11 A have being B have been C been D has been 12 A would be B were C will be D was
53 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exam practice 5 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 3 3 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. These toy cars have been in 1 .................................... for more than forty-five years and most of our 2.................................... remember them from their early 3.................................... . However, nobody buys them any more. Some of the latest 4.................................... in the toy world are much better than our 5.................................... products. We need ideas from the 6.................................... of this company if we are to survive. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 4 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 He is believed to be the best painter in town. It is believed that IT .................................................................................... he is the best painter in town. 2 What do they use these vegetables for? ARE What .................................................................................... for? 3 They might have recorded these songs in Britain. BEEN These songs .................................................................................... in Britain. 4 It is reported that the stolen painting is in our country. BE The stolen painting .................................................................................... in our country. 5 The painter might have finished the Queen’s portrait by now. BEEN The Queen’s portrait .................................................................................... by now. 6 They say The Rolling Stones will release a new album next year. SAID The Rolling Stones .................................................................................... a new album next year. 7 A private collection has lent a famous painting to the town's art gallery. BEEN The town's art gallery .................................................................................... painting by a private collection. 8 It is thought that the new mayor is a very talented painter. BE The new mayor .................................................................................... a very talented painter. 9 Susan's boss has offered her a pay-rise because she is very good at her job. BEEN Susan .................................................................................... by her boss because she is very good at her job. 10 It is believed that these old drawings are very valuable. BE These old drawings .................................................................................... very valuable. PRODUCE CUSTOM CHILD INVENT FASHION MANAGE
54 unit 13 Make/Let someone do something; Have/Get something done Look at the following expressions, which are similar to each other but vary in meaning: • the verb make + base form: make someone do something, which has quite a ‘neutral’ meaning or is used with the idea of obligation. Don’t make me laugh! The boss made me stay in the office till seven last night. (the passive structure is also possible: I was made to stay in the office…) My parents made me attend this course, but I didn’t really want to. (also possible: I was made to attend….) • the verb let + base form: let someone do something or with the verb allow + infinitive: allow someone to do something, which are both used with a sense of permission. My dad let me use his computer yesterday. They let her go on holiday on her own. They allowed us to park our car in the staff car park. (also: We were allowed to park…) • the verb get + infinitive: get someone to do something, used in the sense of convincing someone to do something. I’ll get her to talk to him. We got him to sing a song at the party. • the verbs to be/feel obliged or force + infinitive: force someone to do something or be obliged to do something (stronger sense of obligation than ‘make someone to something’). The police forced him to surrender. (also: He was forced to surrender.) I was obliged to go to the meeting. It was important. Also: I felt obliged to go. • the verb cause + infinitive: cause something to happen, usually with negative effects. The frost caused the plants to die. Look at the following passive construction: get / have something done (by someone). In this case, someone else is doing something for us, usually a type of service. The person doing the action/service isn't expressed as it is usually obvious. Sandra got / had her hair cut very short (by the hairdresser). Peter got his arm tattooed with a big dragon. Note the difference between: They’re going to have the kitchen painted yellow. (by a painter) They’re going to paint the kitchen yellow. (They’re are going to do it themselves) What is done to us can also be against our will or not depend on us. Compare for example: I got my car fixed after the accident. (it’s me who decided) I had my bag stolen. (I certainly didn’t want that to happen!) The following constructions are also common: I need to / I want to / I must have something done. I need to get these photos printed. I want to have some trees planted in my garden. I must get this jumper dry-cleaned. A B
55 1 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verb make. 1 Peter’s mother ........................ him tidy his bedroom yesterday. made 2 My sister always ........................ me miss the school bus in the mornings. She never gets out of the bathroom in time! 3 My grandmother ........................ me weed the flower beds last week. 4 Working in the garden ........................ me feel energetic! 5 My parents ........................ just ........................ my brother water all the plants in the house. 6 Mum ........................ us lay and clear the table every evening. 7 Will Dad ........................ you wash his car? 8 Are you really going to ........................ me mow the lawn next Saturday? 2 Complete the sentences with the appropriate tense of let, get, force or cause. 1 Mum ........................ me use the Dyson vacuum cleaner yesterday. let 2 My sister ........................ the accident to happen! She dropped a heavy saucepan on my foot! 3 My brother ........................ me play with his new video game last night. 4 The salesman ........................ us to buy a new car. He said the old one was too expensive to repair! 5 My Dad ........................ me to play golf with him. He said he wouldn’t lend me the car unless I went! I hated it! 6 The heavy rain ........................ the river to rise and flood our house! 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ a 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 My parents had their bedroom a decorated pink last month. Ugh! 2 My brother got his car b filled next week. 3 Daisy is having a hole in her tooth c upgraded tomorrow. 4 Mrs Hicks had the hedge d manicured yesterday. 5 Stella is going to have her hair e repaired by a good mechanic. 6 Andy is getting his computer f cut in a London salon. 7 Laura had her nails g trimmed last week. 8 I must have h this old photo printed. 4 Use the words given and the the present simple or present continuous of verbs in brackets to write sentences. unit 13 | Make/Let someone do something; Have/Get something done Lexis: Where we live | See Word Bank pages 135-136 1 I / get / car / washed (need) I need to get my car washed. ........................................................................ 2 My brother / have / hair / cut (need) ........................................................................ 3 Lucy / get / bike / repaired (must) ........................................................................ 4 My mum / have / kitchen / extended (want) ........................................................................ 5 We / get / new satellite dish / installed (want) ........................................................................ 6 Dad / Susan / stay out / after midnight / (not let) ........................................................................ 7 Our neighbours / change / all the windows / (have) ........................................................................ 8 When / repair / your computer / (have) / ? ........................................................................
56 unit 14 See someone do/doing something; See something being done The most common verbs of perception are: see, hear, smell, taste, feel and a few others such as notice, listen to and find. These verbs are often accompanied by the modal can. You can see the cathedral on your right. What can you hear? I could smell something burning. Perceiving active actions Two different constructions can be used to talk about a person or a thing that actively carries out an action. • if the action perceived is immediate or of a short duration, we use the construction: see / hear someone do something I heard him slam the door. (I perceived the entire action, from start to finish) • If the action perceived is prolonged in time, then we use the construction: see / hear someone doing something I heard her crying. (I perceived only a part of the action, she had already been crying and continued crying) Look at these other examples: They got on the bus. I saw this. They were waiting for the bus. I saw this. → I saw them get on the bus. → I saw them waiting for the bus. (action that started and finished) (action that extended itself in time) NB: In sentences that contain the adverbs always, never, often… and in negative sentences, it is preferable to use the construction with the base form of the verb. I’ve never seen her smile. I didn’t hear the bell ring. Perceiving passive action To talk about an object (person or thing) that undergoes an action, we use the construction: see / hear something (being) done I saw him being chased by a dog. I heard her name called out. We’ve never seen anyone treated like that. Perception verbs in the passive form When a perception verb is in the passive form, the verb that follows is in the infinitive (to + base form) or in the -ing form. They were seen to leave / leaving the pub at eight o’clock. He was heard to shout / shouting. She was last seen walking around in a street market. A B C
57 16 1 Complete the sentences with a verbs in the box. see hear smell taste feel listen to 1 I could .................................... the market traders shouting. hear 2 I can .................................... the onions in this hot dog really strongly!! 3 Would you like to .................................... the music? 4 I could .................................... a big dog walking towards me. 5 Can you .................................... coffee being made somewhere? 6 I could .................................... a cold wind blowing around the street. 2 Join the two sentences and write one sentence that has the same meaning. 1 The musicians were coming in our direction. I saw them. I saw the musicians coming in our direction. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 2 The market traders were putting up their stalls. Paula heard them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 3 Two people left the stand early. I noticed them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 4 The temperature was dropping. I felt it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 5 The buskers were singing on the corner of the market. I heard them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 6 The greengrocer dropped a box of oranges. We saw him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 7 Fish and chips was being fried in a nearby stall. We smelt it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 8 The baker was making some great bread. We saw him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. walking unloading arriving being put up stealing frying 1 We saw some teenagers .................................... fruit from a greengrocer’s. stealing 2 The children ran when they heard the ice cream van .................................... . 3 We saw two men .................................... some furniture from a lorry. 4 We noticed an elegant woman .................................... among the stands. 5 We smelt pancakes .................................... on one of the market stalls. 6 The boys watched the rollercoaster .................................... near the fair. 4 Complete the sentences with the base form or the –ing form of the verbs in the box. to juggle to talk to shout to fall to burn to stand 1 fall I heard something ........................ from the counter. 2 I didn’t hear the man ........................ my name. 3 I saw a young man ........................ near the kiosk. 4 We overheard two women ........................ about our neighbour. 5 I smelt something ........................ at the hot dog stand. 6 Did you see the clowns ........................? unit 14 | See someone do/doing something; See something being done Lexis: Where we live | See Word Bank pages 135-136
review 58 review | Units 13 • 14 Lexis upgrade | Where we live WORD BANK pp. 135-136 1 Match the verbs on the left to the terms on the right. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 tidy a the carpet 2 wash b the table 3 vacuum c the bedroom 4 lay d clothes 5 clear e the floor 6 iron f the dishes 7 sweep g the table 8 mow h the plants 9 dust j the lawn 10 clean k the flower beds 11 weed l the furniture 12 water m the windows 2 Complete the text using the verbs in the box and the appropriate form of the verbs make, get or let. water drive grow help mow pick weed trim When it is sunny, my parents 1 make help ........................ us ........................ them in the garden - it's awful! The front garden is small and has some flowers but the back garden is very big and my parents 2........................ us to ........................ vegetables there. We eat them for dinner. We also have some apple and pear trees, my mother 3........................ us to ........................ the fruit for the family. Dad 4........................ us ........................ the lawn once a month and mum 5........................ us to ........................ the flower beds at the front. When she’s too busy with her job, mum 6........................ us ........................ the plants – indoor and out – and dad 7 ........................ my brother ........................ the hedge with him. Sometimes dad 8........................ me ........................ his car - I much prefer this to doing gardening. Grammar upgrade 3 Complete the text using the verbs in the box and the appropriate tense of the verbs make or get. dry-clean clean cut vacuum move made I’m having a party at home tonight and I’ve been working all day! My mum 1 ........................ me me ........................ the house from top to bottom and dad vacuum 2........................ me to ........................ all the windows as well. Well, I suppose it is my party!! Dad 3........................ (just) me and my brother ........................ the sitting room furniture because there will be dancing. I’m going to the hairdresser’s in a minute. I 4........................ my hair ........................ . Then, I’ll go to the cleaner’s where I 5........................ my dress ........................ . I should look great for the party!! 6
59 16review 6 | Units 13 • 14 4 Complete the sentences using the base form or the –ing form of the verbs in the box. load pick sing be baked run be shaken walk 1 We smelt something .................................... in the van in the market. being baked 2 Did you see that man .............................. some fruit from the stall and .............................. away? 3 The market is closing. I can see the greengrocer .................................... his van. 4 We didn’t see the woman .................................... towards us. 5 We could hear the street buskers .................................... all morning. 6 I felt the house .................................... by the wind during the storm. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in the box. make allow hear force see need oblige get 1 Mum .................................... me to learn the piano even though I had no musical talent. forced 2 The teacher .................................... the students do a test every day. 3 Sally .................................... her hair done in London every month. 4 Ben’s parents .................................... him to stay out until midnight. 5 I .................................... people buying international products at the fair yesterday. 6 John .................................... to get his hair cut tomorrow. 7 I felt .................................... to go. It was a work dinner. I couldn’t miss it. 8 Charlotte .................................... the market traders shouting early this morning. Communication upgrade 6 MP3 | 007 Complete the dialogue with the correct tense of the verbs in the box. Then listen and check. bark cry shout meow run rise ring (x 2) Charlotte You look strange! What’s the matter? Peter crying I heard somebody 1 ........................ in the street last night. And I heard some other people 2........................ and 3........................ away. Charlotte Did you see what was happening? Peter No, because by the time I got to the window there was nobody in the street. Charlotte Did you hear any other noises? Peter No, but I couldn’t get back to sleep. I lay awake and listened to all the other night noises: dogs 4........................, cats 5........................, the church bells 6........................ early in the morning, then I saw the sun 7 ........................ and … I fell asleep. And, then… I didn’t hear the alarm clock 8........................!!! 7 Complete the passage with the correct words. Write only one word for each space. Do you know why you saw a lot of people 1 ………………… to our house last night? Because we coming 2………………… celebrating my grandparents’ wedding anniversary. They have been married 3………………… fifty years. They have 4………………… given a cruise along the Norwegian coast as a present. My parents 5………………… me to sing and play the keyboards during the party but they 6………………… me invite some friends who played with me. The cake was made 7 ………………… the best cake shop in town. It was lovely! At about 9pm, my father 8………………… some bottles of champagne brought in by the catering staff so we could toast my grandparents and their long, happy marriage! Now we need to 9 ………………… the house tidied and the floors washed. Guess what my parents will 10………………… me to do this afternoon??
exam practice 60 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion | Relationship with parents 1 The topic above is the one you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7. For this grade you don’t need to hand in any written notes. However you may find it useful to make notes using the ideas below or draw a spidergram and use that while practising to speak. What my parents make me do / let me do What I would like to do What chores I don’t mind doing at home The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments. So, when you prepare your topic, try to imagine possible questions and be ready to answer them. This part lasts five minutes. Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Speaking Part 3 2 Here are two photos of some people shopping. Work in pairs. Students A show their photo to Students B and talk about it for about one minute. Then Students B talk about their photo. 6 Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Speaking Part 4 3 The photographs show people shopping. Now talk together and say if you regularly do shopping for yourself or your family and where you like going shopping.
61 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exa m practice 6 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 2 4 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word for each space. There is an example at the beginning. Do-it-yourself Quite a lot 1 of ........................ people like doing things in the home themselves. They redecorate rooms, paint the walls, or 2........................ make some simple 3........................ of furniture. When they 4........................ – or think they are – very skilled, they even build new walls or replace the tiles on the floors. I 5........................ . After a miserable attempt at painting the kids’ 6........................, I decided that skilled workers can do things much better and quicker than amateurs. I have just bought an old cottage in the country, which 7 ........................ lots of work. As both my husband and I aren't good at DIY, we are going to 8........................ the roof repaired by a builder. We will have some 9 ........................ installed as there’s only one big fireplace. We are also going to have the 10........................ pipes replaced. In the meantime, we 11........................ work in the garden. That’s something we enjoy doing and we don’t want 12........................ else to decide what flowers or plants we will have. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 4 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 Those lorries arrived in the market place early this morning. I saw them. ARRIVE the lorries arrive I saw .................................................................................... early this morning. 2 She was playing the guitar. I heard her. PLAYING I heard .................................................................................... guitar. 3 Mrs Jones convinced Peter to go shopping for her. GOT Mrs Jones .................................................................................... shopping for her. 4 I need someone to shorten my new skirt. HAVE I’ll .................................................................................... shortened. 5 My car tyres are flat. I need someone to pump them up. PUMPED My car tyres are flat. I’ll .................................................................................... up. 6 Someone is making some cakes. I can smell it. BEING I can smell .................................................................................... . 7 The builders are going to build him an extension. HAVE He's .................................................................................... an extension built. 8 They let me take a day off from the office last week. ALLOWED Last week, I .................................................................................... a day off from the office. 9 He really needs somebody to cut his hair. HAVE He really .................................................................................... his hair cut. 10 Grandma has hired somebody to take care of her garden. TAKE CARE Grandma .................................................................................... of.
62 unit 15 Relative pronouns in defining clauses A defining clause tells us more about a person or thing in a sentence. It answers questions like ‘Which person or thing? What kind of person or thing?’. Relative clauses are joined to the main clause by pronouns (who, which, that…), which makes conversation flow and avoids repetition. The following shows you how two clauses can be joined with a relative pronoun: The waiter was nice. He served us last night. → The waiter who served us last night was nice. Show me the photos. You took these photos in Kenya. → Show me the photos that you took in Kenya. Remember: a defining clause is essential for identifying the person or thing that is being spoken about. In the above sentences, for example, if you were to omit the underlined relative clauses, you would not be able to understand which waiter or which photos were being talked about. As a defining clause is closely tied with the main clause, they are never separated by a comma. The relative pronouns that are used in defining clauses are: referring to people referring to animals or things subject who or that which or that direct object (who) or (whom) or (that) (which) or (that) possession whose whose A relative pronoun can function as a subject, a direct object or an indirect object (if accompanied by a preposition), and can express possession. • When a pronoun is the subject of a relative clause, it has to be expressed. Simon is the boy who lives next door. The cheetah is the animal which runs fastest in the wild. • When a pronoun functions as a direct object, it is usually implied, as the brackets indicate in the table above. The man who / that you met at my house is my uncle. → The man you met… (also possible: …whom you met…, in formal written language) The car which / that we bought last month is a hybrid car. → The car we bought … • A relative pronoun can also be omitted when it functions as an indirect object, whilst the preposition is moved to the end of the relative clause. The magazine for which you’re looking is on the table. The magazine X you’re looking for is on the table. A relative pronoun, however, doesn’t always have to be omitted. It can stay in its place whilst the preposition is moved (The magazine which you’re looking for is on the table) or, in formal English, it is also possible to place the preposition before the relative pronoun (but only before which and whom, not before who and that). Is that the film in which he robs a bank? • To express possession in a relative clause, we use the pronoun whose, which can’t be omitted. That’s the lady whose son works with my husband. A B C
63 Lexis: Information Technology | See Word Bank page 136 1 Complete the sentences using which or who. 1 My friend has a computer game ........................ can take days to finish. which 2 There are meeting places on the Internet .................... are called chat rooms. 3 This is the girl .................... gave me her old laptop. 4 I’ll call that friend of mine .................... can fix most computer problems. 5 I bought the latest software .................... is on the market. 6 Paul is the programmer .................... designed my web-site. 2 Rewrite the sentences by placing the preposition at the end of the relative clause and omitting the relative pronoun. 1 The holiday to which he was looking forward was cancelled. The holiday ................................................................................. was cancelled. he was looking forward to 2 The text with which I was working suddenly vanished from the screen. The text ................................................................................. suddenly vanished from the screen. 3 The e-book about which we were talking got an important award. The e-book ................................................................................. got an important award. 4 Who are the people for whom you are waiting? Who are the people ................................................................................. ? 5 The boat in which he rowed across the Atlantic has been preserved. The boat ................................................................................. has been preserved. 6 The women with whom he went to the conference soon left. The women ................................................................................. soon left. 7 The house in which he lives is super technological. The house ................................................................................. is super technological. 3 Join the two sentences with whose. 1 That is the boy. His father was on TV. .............................................................................................. That is the boy whose father was on TV. 2 She is the girl. Her mother is a famous painter. ............................................................................. 3 We are the students. Our laptops were stolen. ............................................................................... 4 I am the man. My music was played at the wedding. ...................................................................... 5 They are the people. Their house caught fire. ................................................................................. 4 Tick (3) the sentences that you can omit the relative pronoun from. 1 3 The language that they speak must be Urdu. 2 I’ve never met the boy who is going out with Julia. 3 It’s the kind of computer game which I don’t really like. 4 He’s the man whom you saw at the theatre last night. 5 He’s a computer graphics artist whose work has been greatly praised. 6 Have you ever been to the Smart house which the Seymours bought? 5 Join the two sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. Omit it where possible. 1 This is the man. He stole my tablet. ................................................................................................. This is the man who stole my tablet. 2 The iPhone was found in the park. It is Mr Ross’s iPhone. ............................................................. 3 This is the girl. I gave my pen drive to her. ...................................................................................... 4 The videophone call came too late. I was waiting for it. .............................................................. 5 This is the new PC. I’m going to buy it. ............................................................................................ 6 That’s the IT teacher. He gives us lots of homework. ..................................................................... unit 15 | Relative pronouns in defining clauses
64 unit 16 Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses Non-defining clauses provide additional information, but are not essential for identifying the thing or person that the speaker means. For this reason, they are also called ‘extra-information clauses’. Look at, for example: The Porters, who live next door, have three children. If you were to eliminate the relative clause, we would know who is being spoken about (the Porters) and the main clause would still make sense: The Porters have three children. It is therefore a non-defining clause. Now look at this sentence: The people who live next door have three children. In this case, by omitting the relative clause, we wouldn’t know who the speaker means (which people have children?). It is therefore a defining clause (see p.62). The relative pronouns used in non-defining clauses are: referring to people referring to animals or things subject who which direct object who or whom which possession whose whose or of which Note that: • a non-defining clause is always contained between commas or between a comma and a full stop. • in these kind of sentences, that isn’t used. • in non-defining clauses, relative pronouns are always expressed, even when they function as an object. Yesterday I met John Simmons, who used to work in my office. Our friends George and Linda, who(m) you met last year, are now in the USA. (whom is typical in formal written language) This science book, which I borrowed from the library, is really interesting. King Alfred the Great, whose statue is in Winchester, lived in the 9th century. In the case of an indirect object, the preposition can precede the relative pronoun (to whom, with whom, for which, about which …) or it can be moved to the end of the relative clause but, as opposed to defining clauses, the pronoun can’t be implied. The Danes, with whom King Alfred made peace, settled in the north of England. Last week I visited the National Gallery, which I had never been to before. The use of commas is very important, as it can change the meaning of the sentence. Look at, for example, the difference between a defining clause (without commas) and a non-defining clause: The passengers who hadn’t been informed of the delay waited at the airport for six hours. (only those that weren’t informed) The passengers, who hadn’t been informed of the delay, waited at the airport for six hours. (all of them!) A B
65 Lexis: Information Technology | See Word Bank page 136 1 Decide whether the underlined relative clauses are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). 1 The man who I met last week was our new computer programmer. ............ D 2 Doctor Johnson, who I know very well, helped me a lot. ............ 3 Peter, who sits next to me in class, uses social networks a lot. ............ 4 The girl who left her pen drive in the library is called Maria Matthews. ............ 5 My English dictionary, which I use every day, got wet in the rain. ............ 6 The computer that you are using isn’t very good. ............ 7 Richard, whom I study with every day, is a real computer geek. ............ 8 The homepage that was created by one of our programmers ............ is updated every month. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun: who, whom, which or whose. 1 Mark, .................... is a good IT teacher, is also a good sportsman. who 2 My neighbour, .................... I asked for help with my iMac, works in a computer shop. 3 Lucy, ……………… is the best in our IT class, creates interesting websites. 4 Those headphones, .................... were reviewed in Music World, are excellent. 5 Her father, .................... recently started up a computer business, is well-known in the IT field. 6 My girlfriend, ……………. works in an Internet café, is looking for a new job. 7 Your cousin, .................... results in the IT exam were excellent, has joined my class. 8 This iPod, .................... I bought last week, doesn’t seem to work properly. 9 My granny, ………………. you met last year, knows everything about Twitter. 10 John, ………………… I often play tennis with, buys all his tennis equipment on e-Bay. 3 Join the two sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. 1 Mr Driscoll is my father’s boss. He has got a huge collection of old iMacs. Mr Driscoll, who has got a huge collection of old iMacs, is my father’s boss. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Mrs Sarandon returned from the USA two weeks ago. Her daughter is an Apple sales representative. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 My boss is going to retire next December. I’ve worked for him for twenty years. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Bill Gates is in New York at the moment. He is the founder of Microsoft. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Crypto is a novel based on the world of computers. Its author is Dan Brown. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 The Eiffel Tower is the most famous landmark in Paris. It can be seen on Google Earth. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Our rep has good ADSL offers. You met him yesterday at lunch. ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 This new laptop is very light. I bought it on the Internet. ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Mr Roberts is a very good computer technician. He did the backup of my hard disk. ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 This printer is also a scanner and photocopier. We have it in our office. ............................................................................................................................................................ unit 16 | Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
66 unit 17 Relative adverbs where, when, why; which, what, all that in relative clauses To talk about places in a relative clause, we usually use the adverb where, which can be substituted by the expressions in which / at which… The town where I was born is in the north of Belgium. (also: The town in which I was born…) This is the hotel where / in which we spent our honeymoon. To talk about a period of time, we usually use the adverb when, which can substitute in which / on which / at which … Halloween is the festival when children play ‘trick or treat’. With the expressions the year…, the day…, the time… you can find both when and that or no adverb at all. This is the time (when) we usually meet. The year (that) they got married was 1992, I think. To talk about the motive for something happening, we usually use the reason why… or even just the reason…, instead of the reason for which. I don’t know the reason why she left. The reason I went to the party was that I wanted to meet Marion. Other relative clauses can be introduced by: • which, referring to all the previous sentence, not just the last part. Note that a comma separates the main clause from the relative one. Sandra passed her exam, which she didn’t quite expect. They didn’t come to the concert, which was a shame. • what, instead of the thing(s) that… Tell me what you know. Did you hear what I said? • all (that) / everything (that). Watch out! Not: all what Tell me all that you know. This is all we need. She could have everything she wanted. At times, instead of a relative clause, we can use the present participle of the verb (-ing form) if the action described is underway. Or we can use the past participle of the verb if it has a passive meaning. There are a lot of people jogging in the park this morning. (instead of: There are a lot of people who are jogging…) The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo, is one of the most famous paintings in the world. (instead of: The Mona Lisa, which was painted…) A B C D E
67 1 Complete the sentences with where or when. Then try using in/at/on which instead. 1 This is the flat .................... I lived as a student .................... . where in which 2 This is the desk .................... I used to sit in Class 1. .................... 3 Nine o’clock was the time .................... we always went to bed as children. .................... 4 It was a period of my life .................... I was very happy. .................... 5 That was the B&B .................... we always stayed on holiday. .................... 6 It was the day .................... all the students brought their computers to school. .................... 2 Write that in the sentences where it is possible to use it as an alternative to when or which. 1 This is the toolbar which / .................... I use on my computer. that 2 Here’s the e-book which / .................... I wanted to tell you about. 3 It’s the time when / .................... I usually chat with my Irish friend on Skype. 4 I didn’t see them last night, which / .................... made me sad. 5 They didn’t come in when / .................... I called them. 3 Complete the sentences with what / which / why / where / that. 1 I don’t understand .................... you bought a laptop in the shop if it was cheaper on the Internet. why 2 Everything on my computer disappeared last week, .................... is very surprising. Could it be a virus? 3 I want to read everything .................... is written about downloading songs from the Internet. 4 I’m not listening to .................... you’re trying to say. I’m trying to sort out my modem! 5 This is .................... was left in the computer classroom yesterday. 6 She couldn’t decide .................... to go to chat with her friends. She has no Internet connection at home. 4 Change the present or past participle into a relative clause. 1 The free Wi-Fi area was full of people using their laptops. The free Wi-Fi area was full of people ........................................................................... . who were using their laptops. 2 This is the e-book illustrated by my father. This is the e-book ........................................................................... by my father. 3 There were lots of children playing games on the web. There were lots of children ........................................................................... on the web. 4 There are more and more people using open source software. There are ........................................................................... . 5 I met Lynda looking for a new digital camera in the store. I met Lynda ........................................................................... in the store. 6 There was a dark spot covering the PC screen. There was a dark spot ........................................................................... the PC screen. 7 He was looking at the images printed in colour. He was looking at the images ........................................................................... in colour. 8 They usually double-check the information found on Wikipedia. They usually double-check the information ........................................................................... on Wikipedia. unit 17 | Relative adverbs where, when, why; which, what, all that in relative clauses Lexis: Information Technology | See Word Bank page 136
review 68 7 review | Units 15 • 16 • 17 Lexis upgrade | | Information Technology WORD BANK p. 136 1 Match the technical terms to the right definition. file broadband database virus URL download icon login network scanner 1 ........................ database It is a set of similar files of data, which are organised for easy retrieval. 2 ........................ The basic unit of storage on a disk. For example, when you create and save a document, it is stored in this. 3 ........................ It involves transferring files from one computer to another via a modem. 4 ........................ A picture that represents an object. Objects can be programs, text files, disks, etc. 5 ........................ Process of accessing a computer network by entering a user’s name and possibly a password. 6 ........................ A way of connecting a computer to the Internet in order to receive information very quickly. 7 ........................ Interconnected computers that share information and resources. 8 ........................ It is a device that reads text, images, and bar codes. For computers, this device acquires text or images and converts them into a graphic file. 9 ........................ The address of a page on the World Wide Web. 10 ........................ It is a hidden software program that is written to damage a computer’s programs. Grammar upgrade 2 Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun or adverb. Put it in brackets if it can be implied. 1 (which) I quite like the white laptop ............................... you bought at the auction. 2 She didn’t finish sending all her mails, ............................... was quite unusual for her. 3 I talked to the woman ............................... you met at the computer shop last week. 4 I can tell you ............................... camera case that red one is. It’s Sandra’s. 5 I didn’t hear ............................... he was saying on Skype. 6 There’s the boy ............................... brother is a web designer. 7 You didn’t tell her the truth, ............................... is bad. Give her iPod back! 8 This is the office ............................... my father has worked for most of his life. 9 Do you remember ............................... we did the last upgrade? 10 I can’t understand ............................... we should buy a new scanner. This one works perfectly. 3 Join the two sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. 1 The Smiths went to the iPhone 4 premiere. They were the first to buy the new iPhone. The Smiths, who were the first to buy the new iPhone, went to the premiere. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 The computer was struck by lightning. It was in our sitting room. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Brad Johnson is a famous hacker. I met him last summer. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 My friend lives next door. He buys lots of things online. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 My computer still has the Windows Millennium system. It is getting old. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Your sister is very successful. She is responsible for Apple advertising. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Wikipedia is full of interesting information. I use it every day. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….
69 4 Rewrite each relative clause without the relative pronoun. If there is preposition, remember to move it to an appropriate place. 1 He is a graphic designer about whom I have heard wonderful things. He is a graphic designer I have heard wonderful things about. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 She is a webmaster whom I really trust. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Paul is the one colleague with whom I would work on any project. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 She’s a blogger about whom I haven't read much. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 He’s a computer consultant without whom our business couldn’t survive. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 He’s a manager under whom it is a pleasure to work. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Patricia is the person to whom I usually send my reports. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Fill in the blanks in the dialogue. Use only one word in each space. Lynn: Hi, Mike. I’d like to buy a new smart phone. Do you know a shop 1 ........................ I can buy where a good one near here? Mike: My Phone, 2........................ is on the High Street, has got some special offers on at the moment 3........................ sound very good. Lynn: Is that the shop 4........................ you bought your tablet last month? Mike: That’s right. My brother, 5........................ friend Samantha works there, told me about it. If you go, ask for Samantha and tell her it was me 6........................ sent you. Lynn: Thanks, Mike. Do you know what phones they’ve got offers on? I mean, the one 7 ........................ I’ve got now is still quite good, but I’d like a change. Mike: No, I don’t know, but Samantha, 8........................ works in the mobile department, will know for sure. Communication upgrade 6 MP3 | 008 Complete the dialogue with the correct relative pronoun. Omit them when they’re not necessary. Then listen and check. Boy Excuse me, is Mr Farrell here? Shop assistant Mr Farrell? You mean the man 1 ........................ works in the computer department? Boy Yes, that’s right. I was told he is the only person 2........................ could fix my laptop. Shop assistant He’s not here today, I’m afraid. Boy Oh, no! When’s he back? Shop assistant Next week. Is there anything 3........................ I can do for you? Boy Well, when I switch the computer on, nothing happens. Shop assistant It may be a virus 4........................ is interrupting the start up procedure. Have you installed an anti-virus program? Boy No, I haven’t. Have you got one 5........................ eliminates viruses efficiently? Shop assistant I’ll see what I can do! 69 review 7 | Units 15 • 16 • 17
exam practice 70 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Reading Part 5 2 Read the text and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. Last Saturday I didn’t know 1 ............ to do, or A 2............ to go. My friend Peter, 3............ I had arranged to meet in town, was ill for the 4............ time this year, and so I was on my own. There were one or two things 5............ I needed to buy for my computer, so I walked to the shops, 6............ I hoped to find some of them. But the computer shop 7 ............ I wanted to go to had moved. I asked a man 8............ I met in the street if he knew 9 ............ the shop had moved to, but he told me 10............ he was a stranger in the area and didn’t know. I walked a few 11............ metres down the road and soon found 12............ I was looking for. 7 1 A what B who C where D which 2 A what B who C where D which 3 A whose B that C who D which 4 A twentyth B twenth C twentyeth D twentieth 5 A what B who C whose D which 6 A what B who C where D which 7 A what B who C where D which 8 A whom B whose C where D which 9 A what B who C where D that 10 A what B who C whose D that 11 A hundreds B hundredth C hundred D a hundred 12 A what B who C where D which Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion | Social Networks 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7: Social networks For this grade you don’t need to hand in any written notes. However you may find it useful to make notes when you practise. Look at the headings below and make notes about each one then practise discussing with a partner. What are the most popular social networks? How do they work? Positive effects of being connected worldwide Negative effects especially on teenagers The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like the ones below: • Have you got an account on a social network? • How often do you log in? • What do you like/dislike about it? Prepare some other questions about social networks to ask the examiner.
71 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exam p ractice 7 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 2 3 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. Computers for the silver surfer The world of computers and the Internet is usually associated 1 .................................... young with people. As a matter 2.................................... fact, they are the ones 3.................................... spend most of their time communicating with other teenagers in the world 4.................................... their computers or their smart phones. However, elderly people too 5.................................... become Internet users nowadays if they have machines 6.................................... are especially designed for their needs. These computers, 7 .................................... start at £299, have large power buttons and special software 8.................................... large, easy-to-read menus. They offer basic functions 9 .................................... as Internet browsing and word processing. "Older people really need a simpler type of computer," says a 72-year-old gentleman, 10.................................... is a director of the firm selling the machines. "A large number of people only require email, Internet, a writing package, and perhaps Skype for chatting. They don’t need all the programmes 11.................................... modern computers offer, they just need something that's simple to use 12.................................... reliable." With an aging population in western countries there’s a wide market for 13.................................... kind of innovative product. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 4 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 The man I met at the party is a doctor. WHOM The man ........................................................................ at the party is a doctor. whom I met 2 About 25% of the population are now unemployed. ONE About ........................................................................ of the population are now unemployed. 3 I found a good free application for my iPad. WHICH The application for the iPad ........................................................................ was good. 4 There were a lot of people queuing outside the museum today. WHO There were a lot of people ........................................................................ outside the museum today. 5 Cupertino is the town where Apple has its headquarters. ARE Cupertino is the town ........................................................................ .
72 unit Asking for confirmation: question tags Short questions 18 To ask for confirmation of what has just been said, we often use question tags, that is, short questions that come at the end of a sentence. They are always separated from the main clause by a comma. It’s nice, isn’t it? He'd be happy to come, wouldn't he? You’ve got a brother, haven’t you? She could see him, couldn't she? Jane will give you a lift, won’t she? They must go, mustn't they? As you can see in the examples, question tags reuse the auxiliary or the modal in the main clause, in the same verb tense, followed by the subject pronoun. If the main clause doesn’t contain an auxiliary or a modal, the question tag is formed using the same verb tense as the main verb. You know what I mean, don’t you? They make a lot of noise, don't they? Peter sent you a text message, didn’t he? You want to go, don't you? Your mother likes travelling, doesn’t she? He went to school today, didn't he? If the main sentence is affirmative, the question tag is negative and vice versa. You can swim, can’t you? Julie didn’t move to London, did she? You don’t mind walking, do you? They won’t get here tonight, will they? In colloquial English: • the expression right? can be used instead of a question tag, to ask for confirmation. ‘You’re John’s friend, right?’ ‘Yes, that’s right.’ • sometimes the first part of an affirmative sentence can be implied. Auxiliaries and modals can also be used in short questions to show interest or surprise. They can be accompanied by the adverb really. ‘I’m terribly tired.’ ‘Oh. Are you really? How come?’ ‘I’ve written ten pages of my essay so far.’ ‘Have you? I’ve only written three.’ A B C D
73 Lexis: Communication | See Word Bank page 136 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 He’s been here with us before, has / hasn’t he? 2 It was a good match, was / wasn’t it? 3 They hadn’t told us anything about the news on Twitter, had / hadn’t they? 4 You’ve never met him in the park, have / haven’t you? 5 He wouldn’t leave her without telling her the truth, would / wouldn’t he? 6 Chelsea beat Arsenal in the Champions League, did / didn’t they? 7 The browser’s working today, is / isn’t it? 8 You haven’t got a new digital camera to take pictures of us, haven’t / have you? 2 Match the sentences to the appropriate question tag. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............ 1 Dick often goes there with Lucy, a didn’t we? 2 Jane sometimes plays with us on the beach, b didn’t they? 3 The boys went to the cybercafé last week, c doesn’t he? 4 My parents work very hard, d doesn’t she? 5 You and I won easily, e did you? 6 The manager looked worried, f don’t they? 7 You didn’t have to wait for me for long, g do they? 8 They don’t look very pleased, h didn’t he? 3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate question tag. 1 It’s an updated program, isn’t it ................................................? 2 You’ve bought a new computer, ................................................? 3 He’ll buy me some DVDs, ................................................? 4 They’d like to upload some songs, ................................................? 5 She’d seen the film before, ................................................? 6 Sarah called you yesterday, ................................................? 7 John taught you to use this program, ................................................? 8 The students were using their netbooks, ................................................? 9 She’s used a Macintosh for two years, ................................................? 4 Write short questions for the following affirmative sentences. 1 Of course, John’s very good at IT. .................................................................................................... Is he really? 2 The connection is always bad here. ................................................................................................ 3 Nelson was a skilled computer programmer. ................................................................................ 4 They’d be happy to try the new system. .......................................................................................... 5 Lucy wants to become a web designer. .......................................................................................... 5 Tick (3) the sentences with the correct question tags and correct the wrong ones. 1 He isn’t still writing messages, does he? ……….................................……………………………………….. He isn't still writing messages, is he? 2 Your mother speaks English, doesn’t she? ...............................……………………………………………….. 3 You could help me do the backup of my computer, can you? ……...………………………………………….. 4 You stayed at home yesterday, didn’t you? ................................……………………………………………….. 5 ‘I can’t go to the cinema. I've got a lot of homework.’ ‘Haven’t you? I haven't got anything to do.’ ………………………................................……………………….. unit 18 | Asking for confirmation: question tags | Short questions
74 unit 19 Disagreeing | Agreeing | Don’t you? I do. / Do you? I don’t. So do I / Neither do I / Nor do I. To agree with what has been said by the speaker, we use the adverbs so or neither / nor followed by an auxiliary verb or modal and by the subject. The verb tense is the same as that of the sentence we are agreeing with. In particular: • to express agreement with an affirmative statement, we use expressions such as: So am I. / So do I. / So can I. / So did I. / So would I… ‘We’re ready to go.’ ‘Yes, so am I.’ (also: ‘Me too’ in colloquial English) ‘I think he’s right.’ ‘So do I.’ • to express agreement with a negative statement, we use expressions such as: Neither am I. / Neither do I. / Neither can I. / Neither did I. / Neither would I… or Nor am I. / Nor do I. / Nor can I. / Nor did I. / Nor would I… ‘I don’t think this is a good idea.’ ‘Neither do I.’ (also: ‘Me neither’ in colloquial English) ‘I’m not going to swim in the sea.’ ‘Nor am I. It’s far too rough.’ To express disagreement or contradict what has been said, we use short affirmative or negative sentences, consisting of: subject + auxiliary or modal (affirmative if the first sentence is negative and vice versa) ‘I think the Redbulls are great.’ ‘Do you? I don’t.’ ‘I was quite surprised to hear she failed her exam.’ ‘I wasn’t. In fact, I was expecting it.’ In sentences that express agreement or disagreement, we can also use other names or pronouns different from I. ‘I’m going for lunch now.’ ‘So are we.’ ‘Sheila didn’t go camping last summer.’ ‘Nor did Helen. But Laura did, I think.’ In English, you can't agree or disagree by saying just I, yes. or I, no. The auxiliary or modal is always repeated with the subject. ‘I liked it a lot.’ ‘I didn’t (like it a lot).’ ‘I wouldn’t like to work part-time’. ‘I would (like to work part-time)’. With verbs like believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, think, be afraid, we usually use the following constructions as an alternative to repeating the auxiliary or modal: • to agree: affirmative verb + so ‘Do you think she’ll like our present?’ ‘I hope so!’ (= I hope she will.) (also: I think so. / I expect so. / I guess so. / I suppose so.) ‘Was the test difficult?’ ‘I’m afraid so.’ (= I’m afraid it was.) • to express a contrary opinion: negative verb + so or affirmative verb + not ‘Are they coming?’ ‘I don’t suppose so. / I suppose not.’ (also: I don’t think so. I don’t expect so.) With hope and be afraid, we only use the construction: affirmative verb + not ‘Is it going to rain?’ ‘I hope not.’ A B C D E
75 2 Agree with these statements. Use the words in brackets. 1 I So do I. love playing computer games with friends. (I) ............................................................................. 2 She enjoys surfing the web. (her brother) ............................................................................. 3 We often go to Milan. (Mike and Tom) ............................................................................. 4 I’m going to check my emails. (she) ............................................................................. 5 I’d like a new computer. (I) ............................................................................. 6 We'll send her an SMS. (they) ............................................................................. 3 Match the following expressions of disagreement (a–f ) to the statements (1–6). 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 I love watching football on TV with friends. a Oh, we would! 2 She enjoys using Twitter. b Really? I don’t! 3 We’d never go skiing there at weekends. c No, it isn’t. 4 I’m going out tonight. d Does she? Her brother doesn’t. 5 It’s very warm outside. e Never mind, Paul can. 6 I can’t phone Sarah. I have no credit. f Really? I’m not. It’s raining. 4 Answer the questions using the first person and the verbs in brackets in the affirmative (+) or negative (–) form. 1 Will you go I think so. there tomorrow? (think /+) ......................................................................................... 2 Will they enjoy themselves? (hope /+) ........................................................................................... 3 Are they coming here later? (think /–) .......................................................................................... 4 There’s an IT test tomorrow, isn’t there? (am afraid /+) .............................................................. 5 Is the boss buying a new fax machine for your office? (guess /+) ............................................... 6 Will you see your friend this afternoon? (am afraid /–) .............................................................. 5 Underline the right option to complete the sentences. 1 ‘I don’t mind reading online newspapers.’ ‘Neither do I./ I guess so./ I’m afraid not.’ 2 ‘Do you think you can come to the art gallery?’ ‘Neither do I./ I hope so./ So do I.’ 3 ‘We are really enjoying the conference’ ‘Nor are we./ So are we./ Nor am I.’ 4 ‘I’ve never downloaded ringtones from the Internet’ ‘I think so./ Nor have I./ Nor do I.’ 5 ‘I like talking on the phone’ ‘I don’t./ I don’t expect so./ I suppose not.’ 1 Choose the correct alternative to agree with these negative statements. unit 19 | Agreeing | Disagreeing 1 I don’t like studying physics. A Neither do I. B So do I. C Neither am I. 2 He wants to go to the international language conference today. A So does she. B Neither does she. C Neither is she. 3 We didn’t eat lunch together yesterday. A So did they. B Nor do they. C Nor did they. 4 The boys couldn’t play football yesterday. A Neither can the girls. B Neither could the girls. C So could the girls. 5 She is very pleased with her new computer. A Nor is he. B So is he. C Nor does he. 6 Mike wouldn’t tell me about it. A Neither does Liz. B So would Liz. C Neither would Liz. Lexis: Communication | See Word Bank page 136
review 76 8 review | Units 18 • 19 Lexis upgrade | Communication WORD BANK p. 136 1 Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Internet key web laptop web designer files password multiplex netbooks social networks virus 1 My .................................... Internet key isn’t very good. The connection is very slow. 2 All the .................................... are saved in a folder called ‘Do not enter’. 3 You need to know my nickname and .................................... to enter my profile on Facebook. 4 I think .................................... have changed our way of communicating. 5 I’m afraid that a .................................... has damaged your PC. 6 Do you know that www stands for ‘world wide ....................................’? 7 Who is the .................................... who has done the company’s homepage? 8 In some modern schools, students have no books; they study on their .................................... . 9 It’s very convenient to have a .................................... . It’s light and handy and you can take it everywhere! 10 The new cinema is a .................................... . You can watch 3D films there and the sound is very high quality. 2 Complete the questions with the missing word. The definition of the word is in brackets. 1 How do you ………………….. download this new program? (transfer data or programs to a central computer) 2 Do you want to change your …………………………………? (the sound your mobile phone makes) 3 Which of these ………………………………… is the best? (a camera that produces digital images that can be stored in a computer, displayed on a screen and printed) 4 What are you going to do with your old …………………………………? (a video display) 5 Which …………………………. do you use? (an online server like Google or Yahoo that helps you look at pages on the web) 6 Have you done your ………………………………… today? (when all the files on your computer are copied onto another disk automatically) 7 The download keeps stopping. The ………………………………… isn't very good today. (link between the computer and the network server) 8 When have you got time to show me that …………………………………? (portable computer small enough to use on one’s lap) Grammar upgrade 3 Use the words to write sentences then add the correct question tag. 1 you / book / your holiday / on the Internet / last night ............................................................................................................................................................ You booked your holiday on the Internet last night, didn’t you? 2 she / play / video games / every / night ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 he / be / the person / you / meet / on chat / yesterday ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 you / never be / to / an Internet café ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 he / can’t download songs / from the web / ............................................................................................................................................................
77 4 Complete the sentences with the appropriate question tags. 1 She knows Twitter well, ................................................? doesn’t she 2 They don’t like the homepage on that website, ................................................? 3 Mike isn’t surfing the net today, ................................................? 4 We played Farmville a lot yesterday, ................................................? 5 Liz couldn’t do without her webcam, ................................................? 6 They can set up the new computer, ................................................? 7 You hadn’t visited that website before, ................................................? 8 She’s already worked with this program, ................................................? 5 Complete the dialogue with the missing phrases in the box. haven’t you isn’t it I suppose not so do I I can I’m afraid not have we A You’ve already visited this site, 1 …………………………? haven’t you B Yes, I have. I think it’s very interesting. A 2 ………………………… Can you click on that link? I think it might be useful. B 3 ………………………… What do you really need? A Pictures and images. We haven’t got enough, 4 …………………………? B 5 ………………………… We’ll have to look for some more. A Can you download music from a CD to the computer? I can’t! B 6 ………………………… Do you want to put background music in? A Yes, where we have the landscape images. That’s a good idea, 7 …………………………? 6 Match sentences 1-7 to sentences a-g to form dialogues. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 Will you be at the conference on new technologies? 2 I don’t like the new page setting of the language blog. 3 I’m curious to know everything about the new iPad. 4 How big is the memory card of your digital camera? More than a gig? 5 Do you think free Wi-Fi is useful for your business? 6 I was quite surprised to hear she bought her third iPhone. 7 Are they coming to the workshop tomorrow? a I think so. I never remember details like that. b So am I. I want to buy one! c I’m afraid not. I have to go to a workshop at our headoffice. d I think so. It’s good publicity. e Neither do I. The old one was easier to use. f I guess so. I was told to pick them up at the airport. g I wasn’t. She loves new technology! 77review 8 | Units 18 • 19
exam practice 78 8 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Tip! Think about the photograph for a few seconds before speaking. Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion | New media vs. traditional ones 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7: New media vs. traditional ones For this grade you have to show that you are able to talk about past habits. This topic offers you lots of opportunities to compare the present and the past. Prepare some notes on the topic using the ideas below then practise discussing with a partner. Traditional media New media • newspapers • magazines • TV • radio • online newspapers • websites • TV programmes through streaming • downloading radio programmes as podcasts My ways of getting information compared to my parents’ or grandparents’ Advantages and disadvantages of new media The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like the ones below: • Do you think that news online should be free? • What about downloading films from the Internet? Do you think that is wrong? • Do you prefer to watch a film on a wide-screen TV or on a computer screen? 2 Prepare some other questions about the media to ask the examiner. Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Speaking Part 3 3 Work with a partner. Describe one of the photos to your partner for about a minute. Talk about these things: • What the people are doing and why, in your opinion • Where you think they are • How they may be feeling
79 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice ex am pr actice 8 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Listening Part 1 4 MP3 | 009 You will hear people talking in five different situations. For questions 1–5, choose the best answer A, B or C. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Writing Part 2 5 You have been doing a class project on technology and communication. Your teacher has asked you to write a composition answering these questions: How has technology changed the way people communicate nowadays? Has this improved relationships? Write your essay in 120-180 words. Use an appropriate style. 1 Listen to these two friends talking about something to buy. What did Mike buy at the shop? A a camera B a laptop C a mobile phone 2 Listen to a boy and a girl talking about reading e-books. What does Tom think of his parents? A They are too old for some kinds of new technology. B They like reading. C They use computers in their jobs. 3 Listen to these two people talking about online news. What is Brandon’s attitude to it? A He’s surprised by it. B He’s annoyed by it. C He loves it. 4 Listen to a man and a woman in a shop. When did they get to the shop? A They both arrived at the same time. B The man was already standing in the queue before the woman arrived. C The woman arrived half an hour before the man. 5 Listen to two students talking about a school project. Why would the IT teacher find it poor? A There is too much material. B The data isn't up to date. C The links don’t work very well.
80 unit 20 Verbs say and tell Say (past simple and past participle said) is used to: • indicate who speaks the words quoted between inverted commas in direct speech. ‘There’s going to be a parents’ meeting next Monday,’ the principal said. Remember: Say is followed by the preposition to when the person to whom the thing is said is expressed. ‘You’re right,’ he said to me. • introduce reported speech, when the person to whom the thing is said is not expressed. Between a main clause containing the verb say and a secondary clause, we can use the conjunction that. The weather forecast says (that) it will be sunny tomorrow. Mr Brown said (that) he had moved to his new office the week before. The verb say is used in the following expressions: say a word, say yes, say no, say thank you, say please, say hello / goodbye, say something. Say thank you to everybody before you leave. Don’t say a word. Someone may be listening. Tell (past simple and past participle told) is used to: • introduce reported speech when the person to whom the thing is said is expressed. In this case, the person is a direct object, therefore it is not preceded by a preposition (He told me…, I told John…). A main clause containing the verb tell can be followed by: – a secondary clause introduced by the conjunction that, which is often just implied. They told me (that) they were looking for a new instructor at the gym near my house. – A verb in the infinitive (to… / not to…, see Pre-Intermediate, p.40) She told me to wait for a while. I told everybody not to be late. When both the person to whom the thing is said and a direct object are present, the double object structure is used: person + object. (see Pre-Intermediate, p.146). I’m going to tell him the truth. The verb tell also has a personal passive form. (see p.44). I was told to bring the receipt. The verb tell is used in the following expressions: tell a lie / lies, tell the truth, tell a story, tell the time, tell someone’s fortune, tell the difference, tell someone about something. Tell me about your trip. A B Don't tell me lies. I can tell the difference between a liar and someone who is telling the truth.
81 Lexis: Outdoor activities | See Word Bank pages 136-137 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 I said / told her not to go snowboarding – it’s too dangerous! 2 He never says / tells me anything about his mountain climbing. 3 Monica said / told that she really enjoys free climbing. 4 David says / tells that there’s a danger of avalanches now. 5 Don’t forget to say / tell them to take their ice picks. 6 The weather forecast said / told there would be heavy snow. 7 ‘Don’t ski off piste,’ he said / told me. 8 He didn’t say / tell how many people had died on that mountain. 2 Use the words to write sentences with the correct tense of say or tell. 1 I / not know / what / say / about / ski competition / next Saturday I don’t know what to say about the ski competition next Saturday. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 2 He / not say / anything / me / about / hiking / yesterday ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 3 They / just / tell / me / about / excursion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 4 Not tell / anyone / our plans / for / trip ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 5 Remember / tell / her / wear / comfortable shoes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 6 I wonder / what / she / say / us / at the meeting / tomorrow ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 3 Write the words from the box into the correct column. a word the time goodbye yes the difference me about... a prayer thank you a lie a story something wrong you how to… say tell a word 4 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of say or tell. 1 My father always ........................ please and thank you. says 2 Mike ........................ me that we would meet at ten o’clock. 3 ‘Don’t forget your boots!’ he ........................ to them. 4 ‘Take your anorak with you,’ ........................ her mother. 5 Can you please ........................ me what time the coach leaves? 6 You must ........................ the truth about what happened. 7 Can you ........................ the difference between a bee and a wasp? 8 Where’s Sheila? I want to ........................ goodbye to her before we go on the boat trip. 9 I don’t know why but they didn’t even ........................ hello to us when they arrived. 10 I don’t want anybody to ........................ me my fortune before I go climbing. unit 20 | Verbs say and tell
82 unit 21 Reported speech (1) Reporting orders In direct speech, advice, orders and bans are expressed with the imperative. However, in reported speech, they are expressed with a verb in the infinitive form. to / not to + base form ‘Stay in bed for a couple of days,’ the doctor said to Jim. → The doctor told Jim to stay in bed for a couple of days. The teacher said to the children: ‘Don’t run in the corridors.’ → The teacher told the children not to run in the corridors. Orders and advice can be introduced by the verb tell or by other verbs like, warn, remind etc. All these verbs can be followed by the infinitive or by a secondary clause, with or without the use of the conjunction that. ‘Don’t drive in this storm.’ → She told me/She warned me not to drive in the storm. ‘Remember to lock the windows before you leave.’ → He told me/He reminded me (that) I should lock the windows before I left. Reporting statements The transformation from direct speech to reported speech involves a few changes that depend, above all, on the tense of the verb say. • When the reported speech is introduced by the present form of the verb say, the changes concern only personal pronouns and possessive adjectives and not the tense of the verb, which remains unvaried compared to the direct speech. Laura always says to me: ‘I love the way you dress. Your clothes are so trendy!’ → Laura’s always says that she loves the way I dress and that my clothes are so trendy. • When the reported speech is introduced by the verb say in its past form, but it refers to an unchanged situation still true in the present or to something that has been said recently, the verb and the expressions of time don’t change compared to the direct speech. The teacher said: ‘The speed of a body is the distance covered over a period of time.’ → The teacher explained to us that the speed of a body is the distance covered over a period of time. (scientific fact) ‘This monument must be at least two hundred years old,’ Joe said. → Joe said that monument must be at least two hundred years old. (unchanged situation still true in the present) Mr Smith’s son calling home from Ibiza: ‘I’m having a great time here, dad!’ → Mr Smith to his wife: ‘Dave called this morning. He said he’s having a great time in Ibiza.’ (the sentence is said on the same day and the situation hasn’t changed) Statements in reported speech can be introduced by the verb tell or by other verbs: add answer / reply, claim, explain, remark, recommend, state (formal use). The suspect claimed that he had been at home all day on 5th November and added that he hadn’t been very well that day. A B C D
83 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 The local guide ordered a the patient to do sport regularly. 2 The science teacher told b the children not to go out in the rain. 3 The doctor advised c drivers not to drive up the mountain in the snow. 4 The teacher warned d the hikers to keep to the path. 5 The policemen warned e the visitors not to feed the animals. 6 The park ranger reminded f the students to find out information about nature. 2 Report the following orders using the verbs in brackets. 1 ‘Don’t go out in the cold, John,’ said mother. (tell) Mother told John not to go out in the cold. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 ‘It’s dangerous for you not to use sun cream in this heat,’ said Mike. (warn) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 ‘Leave your camera behind if you go into that area, Dave’ said Lucy. (advise) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 ‘Stop making so much noise, kids. You’ll scare the animals!,’ said the ranger. (tell) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ‘Pass me the compass. I want to see where east is,’ said John (ask) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 ‘Remember to put your raincoat on before you go out,’ said my grandfather. (remind) ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 ‘Don’t pick those mushrooms. They’re poisonous,’ said Colin. (warn) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the sentences in reported speech making changes where needed. 1 Mary often says to him: ‘I don’t like you spending your time on the sofa.’ Mary often says to him that she ................................................................................ on the sofa. doesn’t like him spending his time 2 I sometimes say to her: ‘You look prettier when you get a suntan.’ I sometimes say to her that ............................................................................................................ . 3 The professor said: ‘Elephants are herbivores, just like cows.’ The professor said that elephants ................................................................................................. . 4 The scientist remarked: ‘These data can’t be correct!’ The scientist remarked that .......................................................................................... be correct. 5 Susan told Tim: ‘I want to change the way we live and be more active.’ Susan told Tim that ............................................. to change the way ............................................. . 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. add remark claim recommend state 1 Jane told me the news and ........................ that she was happy about the new national park. added 2 Micky ........................ that it was very difficult to reach the top of the hill. 3 The Mayor ........................ that the Council couldn’t fund a new green area in the town centre. 4 The doctor ........................ that I stopped eating fats and started jogging. 5 The boys ........................ that they hadn’t jumped over the fence surrounding the zoo. unit 21 | Reported speech (1) Lexis: Outdoor activities | See Word Bank pages 136-137
84 unit 22 Reported speech (2) Reporting statements in the past When reported speech is introduced in the past, there are usually a few changes involved regarding verb tenses. Look at the table below: in the reported speech, someone, some time after the event, is telling a third person about a phone conversation she had with a friend who, at that time, was studying in London. Direct speech Reported speech Present simple → Brenda said: ‘I walk to school every day. I live near the school.’ Past simple Brenda told me she walked to school every day because she lived near the school. Present continuous → ‘I’m going to a party tomorrow.’ Past continuous She said she was going to a party the following day. Past simple / Present perfect / Past perfect → ‘We went to Oxford yesterday.’ ‘I haven’t been to Hyde Park yet.’ ‘I hadn’t been here a week when I met an old friend.’ Past perfect She said they had been (also: they went) to Oxford the day before. She told me she hadn’t been to Hyde Park yet. She said she hadn’t been there a week when she met an old friend. am / is / are going to → ‘I’m going to visit the new Tate Gallery next week.’ was / were going to She said she was going to visit the new Tate Gallery the following week. will / would → ‘My teacher will be thirty tomorrow.’ ‘I would attend a drama course next month if I could find the time.’ would She said her teacher would be thirty the following day. (future in the past see p. 92) She said she would attend a drama course the following month if she could find the time. would have → ‘I would have liked to have you all here with me at Christmas.’ would have She said she would have liked to have us all there with her at Christmas. In the transformation from direct speech to reported speech, the following things change: personal possessive adjectives adverbs and expressions of time pronouns and pronouns now → then I → he / she my → his / her today → that day you → I, we your → my, our tonight → that night / that evening we → they our → their yesterday → the day before, the previous day me → him / her mine → his / hers tomorrow → the following / next day, the day after you → me, us yours → mine, ours last Sunday → the previous Sunday us → them ours → theirs next week → the following week demonstratives this → that; these → those adverbs of place and position here → there
85 1 Complete the second sentence with a personal pronoun and the correct expression of time. 1 Diane: ‘I will go sailing tomorrow.’ Diane said that ........................ would go sailing ................................................ . she the following day 2 Teacher: ‘You will be on the annual hiking trip tomorrow, children.’ The teacher told the children that ........................ would be on the annual hiking trip ................................................ . 3 Roger: ‘Paul and I can’t come skiing next weekend.’ Roger said that Paul and ........................ couldn’t go skiing ................................................ . 4 Andy: ‘Teacher, we haven’t watched the documentary yet.’ Andy told the teacher that ........................ hadn’t watched the documentary .............................. . 5 Ruth: ‘John, you aren’t trying hard enough to get to the top today.’ Ruth told John that ........................ wasn’t trying hard enough to get to the top ........................... ..................... . 2 Turn the sentences into reported speech. Remember to also change the expressions of time and the demonstratives. 1 Alan: I visited the Natural History Museum today. Alan said that ……………………………………………………………………..................................................……. . he had visited the Natural History Museum that day 2 Peter: I’m going to the seaside next month. Peter said that ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………............ . 3 Alison: I’m going to give him this book about safaris. Alison said that ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...........………. . 4 Larry: I watched a great film set in the desert last night. Larry said that ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………....……........ . 5 Danny: I’ll see you tomorrow to talk about backpacking next summer. Danny said that ……………………………………………………………………………………………………............……… . 6 Lucy: I’ll wear these clothes to go hiking. Lucy said ………………………………………………………………………….………………………….……...................... . 3 Change these statements into reported speech. Pay attention to the introductory verb. 1 Mike said: ‘I like skydiving. It isn’t dangerous.’ Mike said that he liked skydiving and that it wasn’t dangerous. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Bill said to me: ‘I fell off my BMX bike eight times yesterday.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Christine said: ‘I really enjoyed water skiing last summer.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Mark said to John: ‘We’re going to go paragliding tomorrow.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Louisa remarked: ‘I would love to fly in a microlight.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Pauline claimed: ‘I would have enjoyed climbing Everest.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Sarah said: ‘I saw this bottle floating on the water. It contained a love message.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 My parents said to me: ‘We’ll all leave for the mountains together next week.’ ............................................................................................................................................................ unit 22 | Reported speech (2) Lexis: Outdoor activities | See Word Bank pages 136-137
86 unit 23 Reported speech (3) Reporting questions Reported interrogative clauses have the same structure as affirmative sentences: the subject precedes the verb and the auxiliaries do, does, did (which are typical of direct questions) are not used. He asked me what the weather was like in Australia in winter. She asked me if I had liked / liked the present. Reported interrogatives are introduced by the verbs: ask, inquire (formal use), want to know, wonder or by questions such as: Do you know…? Can / Could you tell me…? I wonder how long it takes to get to the falls. Could you tell me how I get to the station, please? Wh- questions are introduced by the same interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb in both direct speech and reported speech (what, where, who, how much… Yes / No questions are introduced by the conjunctions if or whether. The verb tenses undergo the same variations as already seen for statements on p.84. The policeman asked the man: ‘What were you doing yesterday around 5 p.m.?’ → The policeman asked the man what he was doing / had been doing yesterday around 5 p.m. The teacher asked me: ‘Have you finished your project?’ → The teacher asked me if / whether I had finished my project. Requests for advice or directions can be made with an infinitive or with the appropriate tense of a modal verb, usually the one found in the direct speech. ‘Excuse me, sir. Where can I buy a map of the town?’ → A tourist asked me where to buy / he could buy a map of the town. Sally: ‘Where shall we meet, Jane?’ → Sally asked Jane where to meet / where they should meet. When we make suggestions or requests (How about…? What about…? Why don’t we / you…? / Let’s…), we usually use suggest as an introductory verb, with the following structures: • when someone suggests that others do something, without being personally involved: suggest that + subject + should / could + the base form of verb or, more simply suggest that + subject + present simple or past simple of verb He said to his guests: ‘Why don’t we go to the theatre tonight?’ → He suggested that they should / could go to the theatre that evening. (also: … that they went to the theatre…) ‘How about staying here?’ → I suggest that you stay here. • when the person suggesting something is personally involved in the request, we can also use: suggest + the verb in the -ing form He said: ‘Why don’t we go to the theatre tonight?’ → He suggested going to the theatre tonight. (all of them, including him) • the verb recommend also uses the same structures as suggest. He recommended that we should bring / brought warm clothes. A B C D E
87 1 Change the following Yes/No questions into reported interrogative sentences. 1 She asked John if he had enjoyed the trip. ‘Did you enjoy the trip, John?’ she asked. ....................................................................................... 2 ‘Do you often go skiing, Elena?’ asked Julia. .................................................................................. 3 ‘Have you ever been to Siena, Mick?’ asked Rob. ............................................................................... 4 ‘Are you enjoying yourselves at the water park, children?’ asked Jo. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ‘Does she like canoeing?’ asked Angela. ................................................................................... 6 ‘Is Donald happy with his new dinghy?’ asked George. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Change the following Wh- questions into reported interrogatives using the verbs in brackets in the past simple. 1 Mary: ‘When is Jane coming tomorrow?’ (ask) Mary asked when Jane was coming the next day. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Sammy: ‘How are we going to travel to Spain?’ (want to know) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Alex: ‘Where will you go for your holidays?’ (inquire) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Joyce: ‘Why didn’t you go swimming last night?’ (ask) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Brian: ‘Who has bought this travel guide?’ (wonder) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Laura: ‘What time do we have to meet to leave for the Highlands?’ (want to know) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 The doctor wanted to know a where the campsite was. 2 The campers wondered b how long I had been riding. 3 The teacher enquired c when we could go climbing together. 4 The riding instructor asked d if I had been exercising lately. 5 My father wondered e how often I trained in a week. 6 The instructor wanted to know f whether I had finished my project about outdoor activities. 4 Report the following suggestions or requests. Use suggest or recommend. 1 ‘Why don’t we go scuba diving next weekend?’ said Martin. Martin suggested going / that we went scuba diving the following weekend. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 ‘What about eating at the new Turkish restaurant tomorrow?’ said Liz. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 ‘You should tour the Greek islands next summer,’ said Luke. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 ‘How about organising a party to raise money for the WWF?’ asked June. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ‘You’d better stay in and rest, Paul,’ said Martha. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 ‘Let’s not do anything energetic next week,’ said Lois. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 ‘You should go for a long walk at least three times a week,’ said Dr Jells. ............................................................................................................................................................ unit 23 | Reported speech (3) Lexis: Outdoor activities | See Word Bank pages 136-137
review 88 9 Lexis upgrade | Outdoor activities WORD BANK pp. 136-137 1 Match the places and the equipment to the correct outdoor activity. Some words may be used more than once. Places: mountains Equipment: boots jeep board seaside helmet skis deck shoes countryside beach towel compass waterproof jacket town wetsuit scuba cylinder goggles wilderness crampons mask and snorkel sleeping bag ocean sunglasses binoculars fins Outdoor activity Place Equipment snowboarding mountains board, boots, helmet, goggles mountain climbing safari sailing skiing scuba diving jogging Grammar upgrade 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the introductory verb. Choose between say, tell, order, warn, remind or ask. 1 My mind went blank and I ............... something really stupid after the scuba diving experience. said 2 Who ............... you that the excursion was postponed? 3 I ............... him if he wanted to come with us but he didn’t reply. 4 He ............... us not to touch his new fins and snorkels. 5 The policeman ............... them to report to the station on Thursday. 6 Hasn’t he ever ............... you about his years as a sailor? 7 Jean should ............... me to buy a new pair of goggles because I keep forgetting to do it. 3 Tick (3) the correct sentences and correct the ones with mistakes in them. 1 Mary told Lucy to go sailing with her. 3 2 Patsy said me all about the use of the scuba cylinder. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Andrew ordered him to get out of the boat. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Dilys told to him the news about the avalanche. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 She said she hadn’t heard about the new scuba centre. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 I said them everything I knew about free climbing. ............................................................................................................................................................ review | Units 20 • 21 • 22 • 23
89 4 Complete the sentences with these verb forms. would never should buy must not had been to go tell 1 The instructor advised me ................................. water skiing in the summer. to go 2 They didn’t ................................. me the truth. Mountain biking can be very dangerous. 3 I told Julian that I ................................. forgive him for telling me all those lies. 4 He said the last time he ................................. sailing was in 2007. 5 I’ve told you a thousand times that you ............................ use a mobile phone when you’re driving. 6 My sister asked what she ................................. for the picnic in the country. 5 Change the sentences into reported speech. 1 ‘What time are you leaving for the excursion?’ asked Sandy. Sandy asked me what time I was leaving for the excursion. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 ‘When are you two coming home?’ asked Lulu. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 ‘Why are you taking a scuba diving course, Gavin?’ asked Liz. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 ‘When did we go skiing down the black run?’ asked Alan. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ‘Where are you going, boys?’ asked the instructor. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 ‘Whose binoculars are these?’ asked Charlie. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Complete the sentences into reported speech without changing the meaning. 1 Arthur said to me: ‘I can’t come to the countryside with you tomorrow.’ Arthur .............................................................................................................................................. . told me that he couldn’t go to the countryside with us the next day. 2 Rachel asked me: ‘Do you want any more food for the picnic?’ Rachel asked if ................................................................................................................................ . 3 Tony said: ‘I’ve had some trouble with my mountain bike.’ Tony said he ..................................................................................................................................... . 4 Damien asked her: ‘Are you happy with your rollerblades?’ Damien wanted to know if .............................................................................................................. . 5 A friend asked me: ‘Why are you giving up windsurfing?’ A friend of mine wondered why ...................................................................................................... . 6 The ranger said to Don: ‘Stay at home during the snowstorm!’ The ranger warned Don ................................................................................................................. . Communication upgrade 7 MP3 | 010 Jane is talking to you about your friend Sally. Listen and complete the dialogue. Jane You know what? Sally has taken up 1 ............................ . scuba diving You Sally? Is she such a 2...........................? Jane No, she isn’t. But she’s got a new boyfriend who is very 3........................... He does 4........................... , rafting and 5........................... And scuba diving, of course. You Now I see why she picked scuba diving. She probably thinks it’s the least 6........................... of all. Has she 7 ........................... it for long? Jane About a month. She quite likes it now that she has become more 8........................... When you go home, you tell your sister about the conversation. Start like this: I met Jane this morning. She told me that Sally 9 ........................... . I asked her if she 10........................... and she answered 11........................... . ................................................................... 89 r e view 9 | Units 20 • 21 • 22 • 23
exam practice 90 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Listening Part 3 2 MP3 | 011 You will hear a woman talking on the radio about hiking in the Lake District. For each question, fill in the missing information in the numbered spaces. Outdoor Life We have organised hiking tours and walks for 1 ........................ years Main events for this month: • introductory walk in the Yorkshire Dales • moderate walk to Silver How and Grasmere • hard walk to Low Pike, High Pike and Dove Crag Silver How and Grasmere Date: 2.................................... Time: 3.................................... Distance: 4.................................... Ascent: 5.................................... Distance for children and elderly people: 6.................................... What to wear: • 7 .................................... boots • 8.................................... jacket and trousers • hat and gloves • 9 no .................................... 9 Tip! The information you need is not always in chronological order. Read the text carefully before listening to get familiar with it. This way you will quickly find the right blank to fill in. Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion | Outdoor activities 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7: Outdoor activities Prepare some notes on it following the guidelines below and use your notes to rehearse your speech. • Most popular outdoor activities in the area where you live • Activities for young people/for elderly people • Relationship between outdoor activities and climate/season of the year • Your favourite outdoor activities The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like these: • Where I live sailing is a very popular outdoor activity. Have you ever thought of taking it up? • My PE teacher used to say that a brisk walk in the morning is worth an hour in an indoor gym. Do you agree? Imagine more possible questions and be ready to answer them.
91 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exam p ractice 9 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 1 3 For questions 1–12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. There is an example at the beginning. Last spring I had quite 1 ............ of minor B 2............ problems. At first the doctor couldn’t 3............ the cause for my not being well and 4............ that I took some vitamins every day to strengthen my immune system. However, I kept feeling weak and weary and the doctor 5............ me to have a check-up at the local hospital. There was nothing wrong with the results of the check-up so the doctor 6............ me if I did any kind of physical activity, possibly outdoor. I had to confess that I was a 7 ............ potato and the doctor 8............ me to take up a sport or at least to go for a brisk walk for half an hour every day. He 9 ............ that he wanted to see me again after one month to make sure I had changed my life style. From the following morning I started to walk to work instead of going by car. It took me about thirty minutes and by the 10............ I was there I felt exhausted. On the first day, I went back home by bus and I went on 11............ that for a couple of weeks. One day, I felt I could try to walk back home and I did. When the doctor saw me he couldn’t 12............ his eyes. I was healthy and fit and I had also saved quite a lot of money by walking instead of driving to work. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Writing Part 2 4 You see this announcement in a sports magazine. Write your report in 120–180 words. ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 1 A a few B a lot C some D many 2 A wealth B wellness C health D well 3 A trace B find C see D look for 4 A told B added C wanted D suggested 5 A advised B suggested C said D say 6 A warned B said C asked D recommended 7 A sofa B couch C armchair D car 8 A suggested B recommended C said D ordered 9 A added B told C asked D advised 10 A moment B hour C time D minute 11 A so B as C in D like 12 A imagine B rely C believe D resist We need information about the outdoor activities of different generations. Write a report about the people in your family. Tell us : • what different generations in your family like/liked to do for outdoor activities • and why
92 unit 24 Conditional verb forms; future in the past The present conditional is formed using: would (’d) + the base form of the verb I would go. I would not / wouldn’t go. Would you go? This structure is used: • in the main clause of a second conditional sentence (see p.94) I would go and live in a big city if I could find a job there. • in dependent clauses and in reported speech (see p.82) after a verb in the past tense. (He promised…, I knew…, I hoped…, He said…). This structure is called ‘future in the past’, as it refers to previous actions compared to the tense in the main clause. Compare: will… (future) would… (future in the past) I know that he will come. I knew that he would come. I’m sure it will be a lovely day. I was sure it would be a lovely day. I hope it won’t rain. I hoped it wouldn’t rain. Tim: ‘I will pay for you too.’ Tim said he would pay for me too. The past conditional is formed using: would have + past participle I wouldn’t have done anything different to what you did. It is used particularly in the main clause of a third conditional sentence (see p.96). He would have been happier if he had followed his dream. The past conditional of would like can be formed in two ways: would have liked followed by the present infinitive or would like followed by the past infinitive. I would have liked to see him. / I would like to have seen him. The equivalent present conditional structure for modal verbs is: could + base form Are you busy? You could help me by setting the table. may / might + base form They might be too tired to eat after their journey. should + base form She should be here soon. The structure equivalent to the past conditional is: could have + past participle I couldn’t have done better than this. may / might have + past participle You might have told me that the library was closed. (denotes a certain reproach for something that wasn’t done) should have + past participle You should have had more patience! (advice given after the event) A B C
93 1 Complete the sentences with would / wouldn’t and the base form of the verbs in the box. be say not mind climb go feel not take 1 If they invited you bungee jumping, what .................................. you ..................................? would say 2 If you went jogging on a regular basis, you .................................. healthier. 3 Why don’t you work out in the gym? You .................................. fitter for free climbing. 4 Look at that strange steep rock! .................................. you .................................. it? 5 I .................................. the kids trekking in the Highlands. It might be too dangerous for them. 6 ‘Suppose your girlfriend didn’t come with you.’ ‘I .................................. . I .................................. anyway.’ 2 Report what the following people said. In the main clause, use the past simple of the underlined verb. 1 Mark: I’m sure mum won’t like my idea of taking up free running. Mark was sure his mum wouldn’t like his idea of taking up free running. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 2 Peter: I believe it will rain this afternoon, so we won’t go paragliding. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 3 Anne: I hope Paul will remember to bring my goggles. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 4 Bill: I think that tree climbing will be a good way to keep fit. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 5 Danny: I know that we will need a good rope and a helmet to go tree climbing. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 6 Ellie: I promise I’ll finish my project on extreme sports by tomorrow. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ 3 Change these sentences from the present conditional to the past conditional. 1 I’d like to try parkour. I would have liked to try parkour. …………………………………………………………… 2 I wouldn’t go skiing. I would go snowboarding. ................................................................................ 3 Would you really spend all that money on scuba diving equipment? .............................................. 4 You should be more careful when you are riding. ............................................................................ 5 Camping in the woods might be fun. ................................................................................................ 6 We could surf much better. ............................................................................................................... 4 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ unit 24 | Conditional verb forms; future in the past 1 If you trained every day, you could a if he had known it was so exciting. 2 You should listen b if I had known about it. 3 Jim might go c enter the Marathon. 4 Jeremy would like d skateboarding tomorrow. 5 I might have gone rafting with you at the weekend e to my advice. 6 Ann should have been more careful f to try kayaking. 7 He would have taken up climbing before g while she was skiing in the Alps. Lexis: Extremes | See Word Bank page 137
94 unit 25 If clauses – Type two When we assume a condition to be improbable or imaginary and one that we don’t expect to happen but is theoretically possible, we use the second conditional. If I won a million dollars on the lottery, I would stop working and I would go and live in the Caribbean. (it is highly unlikely but is possible) The second conditional is also used when we propose a different situation to the present reality. If you worked harder, your grades would be much better. (situation that is different to the present reality: at the moment you aren’t working hard enough) The structure of the second conditional is: If clause: If + past simple Main clause: would / ’d / wouldn’t + base form If I had my own car, I would drive to work. • As you can see above, the tense used in the if clause is the past simple (If I had… / If he didn’t know…). • An if clause in the second conditional can also follow a main clause. You wouldn’t have to hurry if you got up a bit earlier. • Note how the second conditional is structured in the interrogative form. If you won some big money, would you spend it all or would you save part of it? • When the verb be is present in an if clause, were is used for all persons. In colloquial English, was is also used for the first and third person singular: If I / he / she / it were... / was… He would have a very good career if he was / were a little more ambitious. • The expression If I were you / him / her… is used to give advice and warnings. If I were you, I’d talk to her. In main clauses, as an alternative to would, other modals can be found such as: could to express ability and possibility, might to express uncertainty and should to express a piece of advice. If you played a musical instrument, you could join the local band. If she tried Japanese food, she might find that she likes it. The modals would, should or could are often found in if clauses, too (see p.92). • Would is used in if clauses to express a request in a polite and formal way, or even to express willingness to do something (If you would like…). If you would kindly tell the manager, I would really be grateful. • The use of should (or were to) in if clauses renders the hypothesis more improbable. If it were to / should rain, the harvest would fail. • The use of could in if clauses indicates ability and possibility. For the use of I would rather…, (see Elementary p.90). A B D C
95 Lexis: Extremes | See Word Bank page 137 1 Identify the type of conditional. Write 0, 1 or 2. 1 ............ 1 If he’s competing in the next race, I’ll go and see him. 2 ............ If you go to Pamplona in July, you’ll see people running with bulls in the streets. 3 ............ If he did mountain biking, he would get in shape. 4 ............ If you’re looking to take up surfing, our website contains useful links to surf schools. 5 ............ If you want to avoid getting injured while climbing, you need skill and strength. 6 ............ If I were you, I wouldn’t take up rugby. 7 ............ Would you believe me if I told you that cheerleading is one of the most dangerous sports for women? 8 ............ If you want to do in-line skating, you’ll have to wear proper safety equipment. 2 Underline the correct alternative. 1 What would / will / do you do if Paul left you? 2 What would he say if he would found / found / will find out that you were doing white water rafting instructor? 3 Where would you go / did you go / had you gone if there was a thunderstorm? 4 How would they survive if their plane crashed / crashes / has crashes? 5 What would you do if you got lost / lost / would lose during a snowstorm? 6 Who would you contact if you wanted / will want / have wanted to swim with sharks? 7 How long do / will / would you be able to stay under water if you didn’t have any scuba diving equipment? 8 How much did / would / can you be prepared to pay if Patricia decided to sell her skis? 3 Complete the sentences using the second conditional. 1 If Paul ........................ (do) more exercise, he ........................ (be) healthier. did would be 2 John ........................ (go with) her if she ........................ (go) bungee-jumping, 3 If you ........................ (not invite) me to the Grand Canyon, I ........................ (be) disappointed. 4 If you ........................ (try) parachuting, I’m sure you ........................ (enjoy) it. 5 We ........................ (feel) really exhausted, if we ........................ (cycle) up the mountain. 6 I ........................ (go) backpacking around Europe if I........................ (be) younger. 7 I ........................ (not be) surprised if he ........................ (decide) to climb K2. 8 If I ........................ (be) you, I ........................ (not jump) from there. You could hurt yourself. 9 We ........................ (avoid) driving if there ........................ (be) a snowstorm. 10 We ........................ (worry) if they ........................ (tell) us they wanted to go rafting on the river. 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. would could (x2) were (x2) would like 1 If he ........................... talk more, we would understand the problem. would 2 If I ........................... trust the weather forecast, I’d take you sailing today. 3 If you ........................... to come waterskiing, we’d be happy to take you. 4 If he ........................... to look down, I’m sure he’d fall out of that tree. 5 If I ........................... to call the police, they would come immediately. 6 If we ........................... ski, we would come to the Alps with you next winter. unit 25 | If clauses – Type two
96 unit 26 If clauses – Type three When we propose an impossible condition, because it refers to the past and is therefore no longer possible, we use the third conditional. If you had asked me, I would have helped you. The structure of the third conditional is: If clause: If + past perfect (had / ’d / hadn’t + past participle) Main clause: would / ’d / wouldn’t have + past participle If you had come to the concert with us, you would certainly have enjoyed it. If they had taken a taxi, they would have got to the airport on time and wouldn’t have missed the plane. I’d have told him if he hadn’t already heard the news. • As you can see above, the tense used in the if clause is the past perfect (If I had been… / If he hadn’t seen…). • Watch out for the short form ’d: it can be either had or would. If I’d been you, I’d have waited for her. (I’d been = I had been; I’d have waited = I would have waited) • In main clauses, as in the second conditional, would + base form can be used instead of would have + past participle. This happens when the result of the action refers to the present and not to the past. If I had followed your advice, I wouldn’t be broke now. Other modals, for example might, could or should, can also be found in the third conditional. You might have won if you had tried harder. If I had taken my racket with me, I could have played tennis with you. Look at the summary of the different types of conditional in the table below. If clause Main clause Explanation Type 0 If you study hard, you get good results. consequence that is always true in general Type 1 If you study hard, you will get good results. Also: you may get good results. certain result in your particular case Type 2 If you studied hard, you would get good results. Also: you could get / you might get good results. possible consequence, given a condition different from the present situation Type 3 If you had studied hard, you would have got good results. Also: you could have got / might have got good results. impossible condition because it refers to the past A B C
97 3 Use the words to write questions and answers in the third conditional. 1 you / go / skiing / ? ............................................................................................................................ Would you have gone skiing? yes / if / not / snowing ....................................................................................................................... Yes, if it hadn’t been snowing. 2 he / pass / sailing exam / ? ............................................................................................................... yes / if / work / harder ...................................................................................................................... 3 they / enjoy / parachuting / ? ............................................................................................................ yes / if / not be / so frightened ......................................................................................................... 4 she / win / the competition / ? .......................................................................................................... yes / if / she / not / fall over .............................................................................................................. 5 you / come / climbing / in the Alps / with us / ? ………………................……………………………………….. yes / if / you / tell / us / before ……………………………….............……………………………………………………. 4 Rewrite the sentences as in the example. Use If clauses Type 3. 1 My life hasn’t been very exciting because I have never tried any extreme sports. My life would have been more exciting if I had tried some extreme sports. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 My brother didn’t get good marks at school because he spent most of his time training for the cross-country running. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Your parents aren't happy that you haven’t given up parachuting. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 We sailed as far as the island because we didn’t know the storm was coming. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 They went hiking in bad weather because they hadn’t listened to the weather forecast. ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Match the two parts of the sentences and decide whether they are zero, first, second or third conditional. 1 ............ b, 1 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............ 1 If he doesn’t know much, a you wouldn’t come and see the cave with me. 2 If they had said nothing, b I’ll help him. 3 If she broke up with me, c he’ll get there in time for the start of the race. 4 If he hurries up, d he might have tried cliff jumping. 5 If the wind gets up, e she’ll win the match. 6 If he had been braver, f she wouldn’t have known about it. 7 If she plays like that, g we’ll go to the beach to surf. 8 If I told you about the bats, h I’d forget about her. 2 Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets to write third conditional sentences. unit 26 | If clauses – Type three 1 If you .................................. (invite) me to go had invited mountaineering, I ......................................... would have come (come) with you. 2 If she .................................... (know) about the new snowfall, she .................................. (not go) snowboarding. 3 If she .................................... (not be) on her snowboard, she ............................................ (not have) the accident. 4 If they ........................................... (not enjoy) extreme sports, they .................................... (stay) at home. 5 If Lewis Hamilton .......................................... (not drive) so well, he ................................... (not become) world champion. 6 If Sally .......................................... (listen) to her boyfriend, she ........................................ (not take up) scuba diving. Lexis: Extremes | See Word Bank page 137
98 unit Conditional clauses introduced by 27 when…/ unless… | I wish… / If only… The conditional can be introduced by conjunctions other than if. A dependent clause, for example, can begin with: • when, to talk about conditions that are certain to happen. When we finish our exams, we’ll go on a trip to the seaside. (it is certain that we will finish them) • unless, to propose a negative condition, equivalent to if… not. They won’t show you your exam papers, unless you ask to see them. (also: …if you don’t ask…) Note that unless is followed by a verb in the affirmative form. • provided (that), to highlight the idea of restriction or limitation. It’s often used when referring to permissions. You can have a sleepover at your friend’s provided his parents are at home. • but for But for your help, we would never have made it. (also: If it weren’t for your help…) • in case / just in case ‘Take your umbrella in case it rains.’ To express wishes or dreams that are hard to fulfil, other than the forms I would really like / love to, the verb wish can be used with the following structures: • wishes referring to present situations. wish + past simple / past continuous or wish + could + base form of verb I wish my son could play the violin. We wish it wasn’t raining. (but it is raining). wish + would + base form is used only if we want someone else to do something different. I wish you would listen to me. His parents wish he would stop smoking. • regrets, wishes referring to past situations now unchangeable. wish + past perfect He wishes he had never met her. I wish I hadn’t bought this computer. It’s causing me a lot of trouble. The conjunction if only is used in the following constructions: • to express desire, but also disappointment or regret for a present fact. if only + past simple or would / could + base form of verb If only I could have a glass of water! If only she didn’t / wouldn’t cry. • to express regrets regarding a past situation. if only + past perfect If only I hadn’t said those words. (also: I wish I hadn’t said those words.) A B C I wish I was a Maths genius!
99 1 Complete the sentences with the words from the box. when when unless provided that but for in case 1 We’ll go out for dinner ................................. you come bungee jumping with me. when 2 ................................. the money he lent me, I’d never have had enough for that motorbike. 3 Take this £50 note ................................. it costs more than you expect. 4 You can’t get into the safari park ................................. you are in your car. The animals roam free and are dangerous. 5 Everybody can come to the diving class ................................. they bring their equipment. 6 ................................. it stops raining, we’ll go out sailing. 2 Use the suggestions to express desires / wishes. 1 Bruce / go trekking in Nepal ........................................................................................................... Bruce wishes he could go trekking in Nepal. 2 They / win the World Cup ................................................................................................................. 3 I / be 10 cm taller .............................................................................................................................. 4 We / our neighbours / not be / so noisy ........................................................................................... 5 She / act with Johnny Depp .............................................................................................................. 6 I / have a brand new motorbike ....................................................................................................... 3 Express disappointment or regret by using the words in brackets. 1 Peter spent all his money. (if only) ................................................................................................... If only Peter hadn’t spent all his money! 2 Mike lost his job as a ski instructor. (if only) ................................................................................... 3 Sue went rock climbing without me. (I wish) ................................................................................... 4 Dave lost his goggles on the slopes. (if only) .................................................................................. 5 I wasn’t very lucky. (I wish) ............................................................................................................... 6 We didn’t win the trip to Florida. (if only) ......................................................................................... 7 My sisters went on a hiking holiday in the snow. (I wish) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Tick (3) the correct sentences and correct the sentences with mistakes in them. 1 3 If only I hadn’t been rude to Paul yesterday! ............................................................................. 2 I wish I remembered that girl’s name. I wish I remember that girl’s name. .......................................................................................... 3 You can’t get into the mountaineering club unless you’re over 14. ............................................ 4 Don’t forget your sun lotion, just in case it gets hot. ................................................................ 5 The team would have lost but Dave’s brilliant goal. ................................................................. 6 He can come with us provided he’s an experienced surfer. ..................................................... 7 I wish I am as good as my brother at snowboarding. …………………………………........................... 5 Complete the sentences with the words from the box. only wish unless provided but for in case if 1 But for ............................. Colin, I would have never gone diving with white sharks. 2 You can’t play hockey ............................. you wear your knee pads. 3 I ............................. I could go rafting in Canada next summer! 4 If ............................. he had trained before the race! 5 You shouldn't ski off-piste ............................. you cause an avalanche. 6 We would take the children sailing with us ............................. only the wind were not so strong. 7 They will go paragliding in the mountains ............................. that it’s sunny and clear. unit 27 | Conditional clauses introduced by when, unless… | I wish… / If only Lexis: Extremes | See Word Bank page 137 …
review 100 10 Lexis upgrade | Extremes WORD BANK p. 137 1 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in the box. go use need do decide 1 went If you ........................ rafting, who would you go with? 2 What will we need if we ........................ to go parachuting? 3 If they wanted to go bungee jumping, what items ........................ they ........................ to buy? 4 What equipment ........................ you ........................ if you wanted to do bodyboarding? 5 If there is a snowstorm in the city, what ........................ we ........................? 2 Now match the questions in exercise 1 to the following answers. 1 ............ a 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ a I would go with a rafting instructor and some friends of mine. b You'll need lots of warm clothing, fuel and food until it is over. c A small board and fins for your feet. d The cord and the body harness would be the two most important items. e You will need the main parachute and a reserve parachute. Grammar upgrade 3 Match the two parts of the conditional sentences. 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 If he says he can’t come with me, 2 If Jane wants to go on the expedition, 3 If I wanted a new hiking jacket, 4 If they hadn’t warned us, 5 If she buys the tickets, 6 If you’d thought it was dangerous, 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. if when provided unless but for in case 1 I would bring an umbrella ........................................... it rains. in case 2 We always go sailing ........................................... the wind blows. 3 ........................................... they had behaved better, they would have been allowed to go trekking with the rest of the class. 4 He can come scuba diving with us ........................................... he’s an experienced diver. 5 You can’t do bungee jumping ........................................... you’re over 18. 6 ........................................... the instructor I would never have dared ski down that slope. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 If he worked harder, he ........................................... (be) more successful. would be 2 If she doesn’t like hang gliding, she ........................................... (not have) to do it. 3 If you hadn’t used your fins, you ........................................... (not escape) from the shark! 4 If we ask him, I’m sure he ........................................... (lend) us his jeep for our adventure tour. 5 If they tried kayaking once, I’m sure they ........................................... (enjoy) it. 6 If we’d left earlier, we ........................................... (be) back earlier! review | Units 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 a I would go to the new clothes store in the High Street. b I’ll go sailing with somebody else. c you wouldn’t have gone. d we’ll go to the motorbike race with her. e we would have fallen down the ravine. f she’ll have to buy the proper equipment.