101review 10 | Units 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 6 Use the words to write sentences in the conditional form indicated. 1 Type 1: what / you / do / if / he / come / ? What will you do if he comes? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Type 2: what / he / think / if / you / do / bungee jumping / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Type 1: if / he / behave / like that / we / get into trouble ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Type 2: where / you / go / if / you / have / money / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Type 1: if / you / not stop / these extreme sports / I / get worried ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Type 3: if / he / arrive / earlier / we / leave / before the thunderstorm ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Type 2: how much / you / have to pay / if / you / rent / the snowboard / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Type 3: why / he / invite / her / out / if / he / not like her / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Type 0: what / his mum / say / when / he / go paragliding / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Type 1: if / Bob / want / new hiking boots / he / have to pay / with his own money ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Offer advice for each situation. Use If I were… and the suggestions in brackets. 1 Paul told me he had a stomach ache. (see the doctor) If I were him, I would see the doctor. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Jane said that she’s going to dive for three hours a day. (not dive for so long) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 The Smiths said their racing car keeps breaking down. (take it to the mechanic) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 My wife and I are very short of money. (ask the bank for a loan) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 It looks like rain and the kids are going on a hike. (their mother / not let them go) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 My boss, John, is getting very stressed out. (take a break) ............................................................................................................................................................ Communication upgrade 8 MP3 | 012 Listen to the mini-dialogues and indicate whether they express: 1 certainty, general truth improbable condition realistic possibility impossible condition advice unrealistic wish 9 Fill in the blanks in the sentences. Write one word for each space. 1 If there hadn’t been so many people, we would ........................................ skated on the ice. have 2 I ........................................... go on the expedition to the Highlands if the group leaves in June. 3 We ........................................... we could learn to paraglide! 4 They want to go on that scuba diving course ................................. that John is their instructor. 5 It usually snows ......................................... the wind comes from the north. 6 If they ........................................ told us they were going kayaking, we would have gone with them. 7 If it …………………… to snow, they should go back to the hut as soon as possible.
exam practice 102 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Reading Part 5 2 Read the text and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. If I wanted to have a good holiday 1 ............ go to Italy. You can find everything A 2............ want if you go there. If you wanted, you 3............ go to the seaside or take a sightseeing tour. But if I 4............ you, I would go to the mountains. If you go to the Alps, for example, you 5............ do both downhill skiing and cross-country skiing in winter. There are miles of wonderful runs and trails! If you go in the summer, you can go hiking or climbing. If you’d come with me last summer, you 6............ to the top of Mount Rosa. You really 7 ............ there! It was awesome! All the lower peaks beneath us looked like rocks in a blue sea. And then the changing colours at sunset! We slept in the highest hut. Accommodation was basic, of course, but the atmosphere was so warm and friendly that I 8............ there much longer if I 9 ............ enough time off work. How about the Apennines? If I 10............ talking about the resorts there, I would never finish! I guess you don’t know that you can learn to ski not far from Rome, on the slopes of Gran Sasso. And 11............ you believe me if I told you that you can ski in the South of Italy? The Sila Massif in Calabria offers 2 downhill runs and 35 km of cross-country trails. If you 12............ your holiday now, you can see for yourself. 10 1 A I’d B I C I’ve D I’ll 2 A they’re B you’ve C you D they 3 A should B could C would D can Trinity Grade 8 | Topic for discussion | Extreme sports 1 Above is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 8. Remember you have to show that you can use the third conditional and reported speech at this level. Prepare some notes on extreme sports following the guidelines below and use your notes to rehearse your speech. Work with a partner or record your voice to get feedback on your presentation. • Kinds of extreme sports which are popular • Talk about people you know who do these sports: – say why they took them up – if they have ever been in a really dangerous situation The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like the ones below: • What would you do if your best friend decided to start pot holing and asked you to go with him/her? Imagine being asked other questions and be ready to answer them. Also, prepare some other questions to ask the examiner about his/her favourite outdoor activities. 4 A be B am C was D were 5 A can B would C will D – 6 A had climbed B could climb C could have climbed D climbed 7 A should be B would be C had been D should have been 8 A could have stayed B had stayed C would stay D could stay 9 A had B had had C have had D have 10 A started B start C would start D will start 11 A do B would have C will D would 12 A booking B book C would book D will book
103 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exam pra cti ce 10 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 4 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 He won’t go waterskiing with you if you don’t ask nicely. UNLESS He won’t go waterskiing with you .................................................................. nicely. unless you ask 2 Take these sandwiches just in case you get hungry during the trek. SHOULD Take these sandwiches .................................................................. during the trek. 3 If Tom didn’t get up so late, he’d manage to go snowboarding with us on Sundays. EARLIER If Tom .................................................................., he’d manage to go snowboarding with us on Sundays. 4 If Liz didn’t ski so fast, she wouldn’t have so many accidents. MORE If Liz .................................................................., she wouldn’t have so many accidents. 5 If you hadn't helped me, I would never have tried white water rafting. BUT .................................................................., I would never have tried white water rafting. 6 We could go glacier walking in New Zealand but we don’t have enough money for the flight. PROVIDED We could go glacier walking in New Zealand .............................................................. enough money for the flight. 7 If it should snow, the cross-country skiing race would be cancelled. WERE If .................................................................. , the cross-country skiing race would be cancelled. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Writing Part 2 4 Write an answer to this question in 120-180 words. Use an appropriate style. You have been doing a class project on the growing popularity of extreme sports among young people. Your teacher has asked you to write an essay with this title: Is the adrenaline rush worth the injuries and dangers caused by doing an extreme sport? Write your essay.
104 unit 28 Connectors and linkers (1): coordinating, concessive To join elements within a sentence or sentences within a text, we use conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs or adverbial expressions called ‘connectors’ or ‘linkers’. The main function of a connector is to give cohesion to a text, by indicating a logical and chronological order. The following list shows the most common connectors. • and / both… and… join two or more elements of a sentence. And is also used at the end of a list, after other terms separated by commas. I play the piano and I sing in the choir. My mother can both speak and write in Arabic. In my room there’s a bed, a wardrobe, a desk and a chair. • or / either… or… propose an alternative. You can have a cake or a sandwich. Either you do it now or you’ll never do it. • neither… nor… excludes both elements. Neither Helen nor Simon can go. For the use of both, either and neither, (see Pre-Intermediate p.114). • but contradicts two sentences or two elements of a sentence. I like her hat but it doesn’t go with her dress. I had no choice but to accept their offer. • on the other hand… balances two different ideas. It can be preceded by on the one hand... I would like to get a degree, but on the other hand I don’t feel like studying for so many years. • however / though (informal use) are adverbs. Though is placed at the end of a sentence. However can be placed either at the beginning or end of a sentence. He looks like a tough guy. He’s quite shy though. The film was good. A bit too long however. His story is true. However, I wouldn’t trust him. • although / though introduce a clause that makes the statement in the main clause seem surprising or unexpected. Although / Though he’s a very young writer, he’s already won an important award. • even though refers to a real fact, as opposed to even if that is used to make a hypothesis. I went to the beach even though it was raining. We’ll go to the beach, even if it rains. • despite / in spite of (+ noun or verb in -ing form, often preceded by a possessive adjective). I’m going to buy that house in spite of its price. I couldn’t eat any of the food despite (my) being very hungry. (also: …even though I was very hungry) • however (+ adjective or adverb). However hard you may try, the boss will never be satisfied with your work. A B C D
105 Lexis: Food and drink | See Word Bank page 137 1 Join the two sentences using both… and, either…or, neither… nor. 1 I eat both meat and fish. I eat meat. I eat fish. …………………………………………………………………………………………………................. 2 The beer I drank was German. Or perhaps Dutch. .......................................................................... The beer I drank was either German or Dutch. 3 She cooked on Saturday. She cooked on Sunday. .......................................................................... 4 The oranges I bought were not cheap. They were not good either. ............................................... 5 You can have carrot soup. Or perhaps tomato soup. ..................................................................... 6 He had lunch at home. He had dinner at home. ............................................................................. 7 Paul’s eaten enough. Jane’s eaten enough. ................................................................................... 8 The service in the restaurant was not good. It wasn’t fast either. ............................................... 2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. but on the other hand however (x2) even though but 1 but I liked most of the food, ................... I was disappointed with the dessert. 2 It’s an expensive restaurant, ............................................, they say the service isn’t very good. 3 I’d love to celebrate my birthday with oysters and champagne, ............................................. they’re so expensive. 4 Paul took the last slice of the chocolate cake, ............................................ he knew that I wanted it. 5 This is a difficult dish to cook. ................................................, I’d like to try to do it. 6 On the one hand, the restaurant has a good menu, but ................................................ it will take us an hour to get there. 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 He’s a great chef a however hard you try. 2 We couldn’t find the wine bar b in spite of having a lot of whipped cream. 3 You’ll never manage to make a Black c even though he started as a kitchen porter. Forest gateau without chocolate d despite being nervous about the exam. 4 It’s a very light dessert e I would never eat haggis. 5 I managed to eat breakfast f even though we had a map of the city. 6 However nice it may taste, 4 Complete the paragraph with the appropriate connectors. I always have breakfast in the morning. On weekdays I have milk 1 ........................ cereal, toast with 2........................ jam, 3........................ I have a cup of tea. It's quite a big breakfast, 4........................ you should see what I eat on Saturdays 5........................ Sundays. I always have either bacon 6........................ sausages and eggs. I have fruit juice and tea and I eat some fruit as well. I hardly ever have lunch, 7 ........................ . 5 How would you translate the sentences into your own language? 1 We always eat meat or fish for lunch, although nutritionists say it’s better to have carbohydrates at midday. 2 Both James and his wife love inviting friends to dinner at their house. They are great cooks! 3 The waiter was very efficient but the food wasn’t that good. 4 Even though Susan was tired, she cooked us a great dinner. unit 28 | Connectors and linkers (1): coordinating, concessive
106 unit 29 Connectors and linkers (2): reason, result and purpose Reason • because explains the motive, the cause. He didn’t go out because he was very busy. • as / since (conjunctions that explain the circumstances or reasons for an action). As he couldn’t find a job, he enrolled on a web design course. Since we had spent all our money, we couldn’t even buy a little souvenir. Result, consequence • so explains what the result is, the consequence. We woke up late so we missed our bus. • therefore, as a result / consequently, for this reason are more formal ways to express a result. He’s broken his leg, therefore he won’t be able to play in the next match. The bus drivers are on strike today. As a result, the traffic in the city has doubled. • so… + adjective / adverb + that… The pudding was so nice that everyone asked for a second helping. • so as to… / not to... They spoke quietly so as not to disturb them. • such a + adjective + noun + that… The politician spoke for such a long time that, by the end, noone was listening. For the use of such, Pre-intermediate p.132. Purpose, aim • to / in order to (+ base form of verb) expresses the purpose or the aim of an action. In order to… has a more formal use. He’s studying to become an accountant. (not: …for become an accountant.) He has taken a course in business administration in order to get ahead in his career. • so that introduces a clause that usually contains a modal: will / would or can / could. I’ll use a microphone so that everybody can hear. I went to see my ex boyfriend so that I could explain everything to him. A B C
107 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 We couldn’t go to the cafeteria because / since / so it had closed at four o’clock. 2 Mick didn’t come to the Thai restaurant with us since / because / therefore he had a bad cold. 3 So as / In order that / Since the weather is so awful, we will have lunch in the canteen and not in the park. 4 So that / So / As you’re obviously not interested in the cookery course, I’ll go by myself. 5 She repeated the problem so that / because / since it would be clear to him. 6 So that / Since / Therefore you’re such a good cook, you can cook for everybody from now on. 2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. so so as to so as not to so good that such a good so often that 1 He ate too much at the party .................................... he went home early as he didn't feel well. so 2 She cooks chicken .................................... I’m fed up eating it! 3 Mum always gets up early .................................... get breakfast ready for us. 4 The food at The Three Bells is .................................... we go there once a week. 5 He did the washing up after dinner .................................... leave any mess for the morning. 6 He’s .................................... chef that a lot of restaurants want to employ him. 3 Match the sentences to the consequences. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 4 Complete the sentences using so that, to or in order to. 1 He took a course .................................. improve his cooking. to 2 She’s taking these tablets .................................. lose weight. 3 He bought all the ingredients .................................. he could make a pizza. 4 We wanted a table in the garden .................................. we could sit in the sun. 5 He washed dishes in a restaurant last summer .................................. buy a new motorbike. 5 Complete the text with the correct connectors or linkers in the box. so since for this reason therefore because in order not to I would like to lose weight, 1 ........................ I have decided to become a vegetarian. I won’t eat meat so anymore, 2........................ I’ll buy more vegetables and cereals. I’ll drink more milk and eat more cheese 3........................ lose calcium. 4........................ I will have to reduce my sugar intake, I won’t have toast and marmalade for breakfast. I’ll only drink water 5........................ soft drinks contain too many sugars. But most of all, I’ll have to do some sport - 6........................ I’ll be in the gym every day so it might be difficult to contact me! unit 29 | Connectors and linkers (2): reason, result and purpose 1 He had lost his wallet, 2 He has been eating ice cream 3 He was feeling very hungry 4 The meal was more expensive than he expected 5 I want to take part in the food competition 6 There were lots of people at the festival a so he made some sandwiches. b so he had to pay by credit card. c so he couldn’t pay the bill. d so I have to practise my cooking. e so we had to queue up for over an hour to buy fish and chips. f so he will have a stomach ache tonight. Lexis: Food and drink | See Word Bank page 137
108 unit I had a strange day yesterday! First, I met an alien outside my front door. Next, an alien princess gave me some magic stones. Then, he zapped me with a laser gun! Later, I found myself on Earth again, near my house. After that, I was taken to his flying saucer. In the end, I told everyobdy! 30 Connectors and linkers (3): time linkers and sequencers • when indicates the moment in which something took place. NB. The verb that follows never uses the future tense with will. This is the same for all time conjunctions. When you have finished this exercise, do the next one. (not: When you will have finished…) When I was on holiday, I used to get up late. • whenever Come whenever you like. • while indicates two actions which are happening at the same time. It is usually used with the present continuous or past continuous. While I was skiing last Sunday, I fell and hurt my leg. • as long as indicates the duration of an action. I will love you as long as I live. (not: …as long as I will live.) • until indicates the end point of an action. I waited until they were all gone. • as soon as… indicates the immediacy of an action. It is followed by a verb in the present simple, the present perfect or the past perfect. I’ll tell him about the prize as soon as I see him. (not: …as soon as I will see him.) • before indicates that an action precedes another action. It is followed by a verb in the -ing form or by: subject + verb in the present or past simple. Before going / Before he goes to school, he delivers the newspapers. • after (+ verb in –ing form or subject + verb in the present or past simple) indicates that an action follows another action. After delivering / After he has delivered the newspapers, he goes to school. Another type of time connector are sequencers. Sequencers are used to indicate the chronological succession of a series of events, in particular when: • giving instructions: Here’s some advice for you when doing grammar exercises. First, put everything you need on your desk: your book, a pencil and an eraser. Then, read the instructions of the activity carefully... • presenting a series of points, for example, in a written report: firstly, secondly, in addition, another point is, finally / lastly / in conclusion, last but not least. • telling a story: (at) first, then, after that, next, later, finally / eventually / in the end, at last. A B
109 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. when whenever while as long as until as soon as 1 I like to spend a lot of time cooking ........................ I am on holiday. I find it relaxing. when 2 The cake should stay in the oven ........................ half past ten. 3 She was peeling the apples ........................ I was making the dough. 4 ........................ I cook spaghetti, I invite my friends for dinner. 5 Switch off the oven ........................ the cake is ready. 6 I can help you with the Christmas dinner for ........................ you need me. 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Before / After / Until going out, remember to lock all the doors. 2 You’re always late! You must get to the restaurant before / after / while it closes. 3 Can you help me clear up as long as / before / after the party has finished? 4 Before / After / Whenever the baby had gone to sleep, I started to cook dinner. 5 As soon as / As long as / Before we entered the room, we were offered something to drink. 6 We got to the pizzeria too early – long after / long before / until everyone else did. 3 Complete the recipe with the words in the box. first finally after that then until next Do you want to make proper custard? Just follow these instructions. 1 First ........................ , bring 1 pint of milk and 2 fl. oz. of cream to simmering point. 2........................ , whisk 4 yolks with 1 oz. of sugar and two spoonfuls of cornflour. 3........................ , pour the hot milk and cream onto the eggs and sugar, whisking all the time. 4........................ , return to the pan and add ½ a teaspoon of vanilla extract. Keep stirring with a wooden spatula 5........................ thickened. 6........................ , pour the custard into a jug and serve at once. 4 Complete the text with the connectors in the box. last but not least Since before Firstly Another point because In addition Secondly 1 .............................. a lot of people are now interested in eating healthily, we are planning a Since few evening classes on this topic. 2.............................. , we need to find an expert on healthy eating. 3.............................. , we need at least two chefs who can show us how to cook healthily. 4.............................. , we should also find a place with a big kitchen 5.............................. our premises are too small. 6.............................. is the fee. We should discuss how much the course should cost 7 .............................. advertising it. And, 8.............................. , we have to decide whether to advertise it only in the local newspaper or on the radio as well. 5 How would you translate these sentences into your own language? 1 Before deciding what food to make for the party, the girls had read lots of recipes. 2 While Rose was peeling the apples, Kate was whipping the cream. 3 I couldn’t go out until the cake was ready. It took almost an hour, so I missed the bus. 4 Clean the kitchen then you can go. If you want to be real cooks, you need to follow the rules. 5 We’ll switch the oven on as soon as the guests arrive. unit 30 | Connectors and linkers (3): time linkers and sequencers Lexis: Food and drink | See Word Bank page 137
110 unit 31 Other connectors and linkers (4) • Moreover / furthermore are used formally, above all in written language what’s more is more informal and used to intensify a discussion by adding further information or ideas. He was sentenced to six months. Moreover, he had to pay a big fine. The house is large and comfortable and, what’s more, it has a nice garden. • also / besides (that) / in addition (to that); besides / in addition to + verb in -ing form. I don’t want to spend too much on a dress; besides I don't know if I'll be able to go to the party at all!! You should discuss the matter with a solicitor and, in addition, you should keep all the relevant documentation. (also: and you should also keep) Besides being clever, he’s also generous. Comparative function • as… as…, followed by adjectives or adverbs, expresses a similarity (see Pre-Intermediate p.96, p.100) It wasn’t as easy as I thought it would be. You can’t jump as high as I can! • as... / like… (colloquial use), followed by subject + verb. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Do as you like, I don’t mind. We danced like we’d never danced before. • than…, following adjectives or adverbs, expresses a comparison (see Pre-Intermediate p.96, p.100) The place is better than we expected. When the verb in the comparative clause is the same as the verb in the main clause, it is often not expressed. It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday. I can run faster than you (can). Conditional function • if, in case, provided / providing, unless I’ll drive provided you don't shout at me! • as if / as though… He was pale, as if he had seen a ghost. Explanatory function • that is the conjunction used most for explanations, for example, in reported speech after the verbs say and tell (see p.80, p. 84), after the verbs hope, promise, know and many others. This conjunction, however, is very often implied: He said (that) he hadn’t heard about the accident. I know (that) she’s a Tottenham fan. • that is (to say), abbreviated as i.e. in written language, is used to clarify the meaning of something. Admittance is free for senior citizens, that is to say people over 65. A B C D
111 2 Complete the sentences using than, as or as… as. 1 They ate .................. though they had never eaten before. as 2 The food in the cafeteria was much better .................. I expected. 3 There are .................. many ethnic shops in this street .................. in my entire neighbourhood. 4 When you go abroad, eat .................. the local people do. 5 The canteen is offering a much wider choice of food .................. before. 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 I can’t help you make the biscuits a in case the sponge cake 2 You can go to the Chinese doesn’t turn out well. restaurant with your friends b if you don’t like raw fish. 3 Let’s also make an apple tart c as though he was the restaurant owner! 4 Don’t eat sushi d as if she were a professional pastry chef. 5 She decorated the cake beautifully e unless you show me the recipe. 6 He behaved f provided you’re home by midnight. 4 Complete the sentences using that, than or if. 1 Paul said .................. he was going to become a wine waiter. that 2 Janet wanted to know .................. her meal was ready. 3 Dad grills steaks much better .................. I do. 4 I promise .................. we will celebrate your birthday in a nice restaurant. 5 Don’t eat too much at lunch .................. you want to play tennis this afternoon. 6 Grilled vegetables are much tastier .................. boiled vegetables. 5 Complete the dialogue with the correct connector or linker. A You shouldn’t eat so much and 1 ............................. you should do some sport. what’s more B I know, but it won’t be 2............................. easy 3............................. it sounds. A I’ll help you 4............................. you work with me. B Will you let me have something sweet once a week? A I will, but only 5............................. you lose half a kilo per week. B And what will you do 6............................. I don’t lose weight? A You can have some delicious steamed vegetables instead! 1 Choose the correct alternative. unit 31 | Other connectors and linkers (4) 1 He’s always eating. ......... he eats B unhealthy food! A Unless B What’s more C Also 2 That restaurant is very expensive and, ........., the service is very slow. A in addition B although C that 3 ......... being very nice fruit, kiwis are also rich in vitamins. A Moreover B Besides that C Besides 4 He talks a lot of rubbish about cooking. ......... people listen to him! A Moreover B As though C Providing 5 They are lovely vegetables and ......... they’re organic. A than B besides C that is to say 6 We’ll come with you ......... we get back before dinner. A besides B that C provided 7 You look ......... you are going to explode!! A as if B besides C in case 8 The food in this restaurant is ......... the Ritz, and the service is better. A as if B as though C as good as Lexis: Food and drink | See Word Bank page 137
review 112 11 Lexis upgrade | Food and drink WORD BANK p. 137 1 Complete the menu with the words in the box. soup of the day beer pie sparkling bread salad onion fries Main Courses prawn roast cake apple fish salmon Grammar upgrade 2 Complete the sentences with the connectors in the box. and both either neither although despite 1 My father ........................ my mother went to a French restaurant last night. and 2 The waiter said they could sit ..................... inside or on the terrace. 3 ..................... it was a warm evening, my mother wanted to sit inside. 4 They had ..................... frog legs nor snails on the menu. 5 ..................... my mother and my father ordered French onion soup. 6 ..................... us waiting for a long time, the food wasn’t good and it was badly served. 3 Choose the correct alternative. 1 She didn’t eat at the restaurant because / although / therefore she was short of money. 2 He has been sick all week because / so / in order to he won’t be able to have dinner with us. 3 He is the owner of the pub because / so as not / therefore he can order anything he wants. 4 Sue set her alarm clock consequently / because / so as not to be late for her breakfast with Tom. 5 He is moving to New York because / in order to / so that run a new Italian pizzeria. 6 They will get there early so that / although / because they can sit together at the wedding table. review | Units 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 starters • 1 ............................. soup of the day • King 2........................ cocktail • Roast tomatoes and basil soup Served with sliced crusty 3........................ 4................................................ • Cod Fillet Served with potatoes and spinach • Fried 5........................ and chips • 6........................ beef Served with grilled vegetables • Smoked 7 ........................ Served with butter and tartar sauce • Shepherd’s 8........................ Made with lamb, onions, carrots and peas side dishes • French 9 ........................ • 10........................ rings • Steamed vegetables medley desserts • Chocolate 11........................ • Traditional 12........................ pie • Fruit 13........................ with cream With apples, apricots, bananas and strawberries drinks • 14........................ water • Still water • Coke • 20 different kinds of beer: 15........................ or lager Enjoy our Menu!
113 4 Complete the sentences with the connectors in the box. as soon as before whenever after until as long as 1 I always feel happy ................................................ we go to a Japanese restaurant. whenever 2 I didn’t have dinner with my family ................................................ the day after Christmas. 3 He left the restaurant quickly ................................................ paying the bill. 4 I will continue coming here ................................................ you want me to. 5 Don’t leave the office ................................................ you book a table for tonight. 6 Telephone me ................................................ you hear anything about our invitation to dinner. Communication upgrade 5 MP3 | 013 Complete the following dialogue. Then listen and check. Lisa Hi, Dan. What did you do last night? Dan Oh, we went to the pub but it was too crowded, 1 ........................ we decided to try the so Japanese restaurant. Lisa Did you like it? I went with some friends of mine 2........................ they opened it. I think it’s good 3........................ there’s a variety of dishes and if you don’t like raw fish you can have 4........................ you want. Dan Actually, I don’t like 5........................ sushi 6........................ sashimi, but Mark suggested that I should have noodles with prawns, eggs and vegetables. Lisa And did you like it? Dan Yes, I did. Lisa Have you tried their chocolate cake? 7 ........................ the main course, I asked for the menu again 8........................ that I could choose the dessert. The waitress told me that their chocolate cake with wasabi sauce was delicious. 9 ........................ I was a bit doubtful, I ordered it and it was great. Dan I didn’t have a dessert last night. Why don’t we go to the restaurant again on Saturday night 10........................ I can try some other dishes? Lisa OK. 6 Complete the following texts with the correct linkers or connectors in the box. Then translate them into your language. finally either since moreover to or then first 1 Last night we wanted to go out for dinner: 1 First ...................................., we tried to book at a Chinese restaurant, but they said there were no tables. 2...................................., we went to the Brazilian restaurant but it was closed. 3...................................., we decided to go back home and order a take-away. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 2 4........................ I’m not a good cook, I have decided to go to a cookery course 5.............................. amaze my husband with some really delicious cooking. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 3 I don’t drink 6.................................... beer 7 .................................... wine. When I go out with friends I’m the only one drinking coke or orange juice. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 4 I don’t like sweets; 8.................................... I don’t like drinking coffee so when I go to a café I never know what to order. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 113review 11 | Units 28 • 29 • 30 • 31
exam practice 114 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Reading Part 5 2 Read the text and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. A Last night my brother 1 ............ my sister went out to a fancy dress party. 2............ my brother nor my sister knew what to wear, 3............ I made a few helpful suggestions and so they 4............ went dressed as vampires. 5............, when they got to the party they found that everybody else had had the same idea! This was probably 6............ they had all seen the same film as me the night before. It didn’t matter, 7 ............, because it was the night before Halloween 8............ people usually wear scary costumes, 9 ............, there were a lot of biscuits in the shape of little skulls and bones with a ghastly-looking reddish drink, which were quite good 10............ . There was also spooky music and a party game where people had to solve a murder mystery. 11............ prizes were given out. 11 1 A and B both C either D neither 2 A Either B Or C Neither D And 3 A or B either C nor D but Trinity Grade 8 | Conversation 1 In the conversation part of the exam, the examiner may choose two topics from the following: • society and lifestyle • supernatural phenomena • personal values and ideals • environmental problems • the world of work • celebrities If they choose lifestyle as a topic, these could be possible questions: • Good food and good wine have become a must in the life of a lot of well-off people. How do you feel about this? • Satellite channels are full of cookery programmes. Do you ever watch them? Why? Why not? • Does the greater attention given to food and drink represent an improvement in our lifestyle? • Healthy food: just another kind of business? Practise with a partner and be ready to ask questions as well, for example: • Where do you buy your food? • Do you ever buy organic food? • Do you like eating out in good restaurants? 4 A both B and C either D or 5 A Despite B Though C However D Even though 6 A so B such a C therefore D because 7 A though B despite C so D but 8 A while B when C as soon as D unless 9 A whenever B while C and D despite 10 A though B but C in spite of everything D neither 11 A In spite B Afterwards C Before D However Tip! While putting forward your arguments, use connectors such as: despite, in spite of, unless, although; in other words, so to continue, for example.
115 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice exam pra cti ce 11 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 2 3 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Midday TV, 1 ........................ satellite channel specialising a 2........................ gourmet food programmes, has started a new cookery series starring a famous chef and a sommelier. Together they tour Europe looking 3........................ hidden or forgotten delicacies to show to a worldwide audience. 4........................, they discover the traditional dishes of a country and turn them into modern international recipes, 5........................ retaining their own distinctive qualities. 6........................ this sounds very hard to achieve, the two of them have already managed to create some great dishes. We are not allowed to reveal any of them 7 ........................ that will spoil the first part of the show. Fil Rouge is not just one of your usual wine-and-food shows. The top quality of the food and wines makes it outstanding family viewing. In 8........................, the two presenters explore the areas 9 ........................ the food and wine is produced and describe the historical background of every recipe. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Writing Part 1 4 You have been asked to give a talk at a local club because of your knowledge of some kinds of local food. Read the letter from the secretary of the club, together with the notes, which you have made on the letter. Then, using the information in your notes, write your answer to the secretary of the club. Write your reply in 120-180 words. Tip! In the exam there are 12 blanks to fill in. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. We’re currently organising a series of talks for our next autumn-winter season after the successful series we held last year. As the main topic this year is local produce and we know you have an extensive knowledge of every kind of local cheese, we would be pleased if you could give us a talk on the topic of cheese and wine tasting. If you accept, would you be able to give us a title for your talk fairly soon, so that we can print it in our programme? Also, could you let us know if the date of 16th October is suitable? We would like to know if you could suggest the name of a skilled sommelier for the wine tasting and if you need any special equipment. If you cannot manage the date we have suggested, could you please suggest another date, provided it is not later than January 25th? We look forward to hearing from you, Stanley Well done!! Very good idea! When and what time? Remember to think of a title!!! Laptop and projector Dave Stevenson, good friend of mine Better November 25th – check dates with sommelier
116 unit 32 Word formation (1): Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters that, when placed at the beginning of a word, changes the meaning and forms a new word. The following list shows the most common prefixes with examples. Negative prefixes that form words of the opposite meaning dis- dishonest, disadvantage, disagree, disappear il- illegal, illiberal, illicit, illiterate im- impossible, imperfect, immodest, impatient in- inaccessible, incorrect, inadequate, incalculable ir- irresponsible, irregular, irrational, irrelevant un- unhappy, unfriendly, unfair, unbelievable Prefix that indicates repetition re- rearm, rebirth, rebuild, rewrite Prefix that indicates cooperation co- cooperation, co-exist, collaborate, coordinate Prefix that indicates reduction, deprivation de- deforestation, defrost, dehydrate, deregulate Prefixes that indicate that something is badly done or incorrect ill- ill-bred, ill-judged, ill-informed, ill-treated mis- misunderstanding, misbehaviour, mistrust, misfortune Prefix that indicates that something is in excess over- overpopulation, overweight, oversleep, overestimate, work overtime Prefix that indicates that something is lacking, isn’t sufficient under- underweight, undernourished, undercooked, underestimate Prefix that indicates prediction, anticipation fore- foretell, foresee, forecast, forethought Prefixes that indicate quantity mono- monolingual, monochrome, monorail, monotheistic bi- bilingual, bimonthly, bicentenary, bicameral tri- trilingual, triangle, tripod, trimester poly- polytheistic, polysyllabic, polyphony, polyethylene multi- multi-millionaire, multi-storey car park, multipurpose, multinational
117 1 Complete the words using the negative prefixes in the box. dis- in- im- un- ir- il1 I’m sorry, but I completely ............agree with what you said. dis 2 None of them can read or write. They’re all ............literate. 3 That is totally ............relevant to what we’re talking about. 4 The supplies they have sent are ............adequate for our needs. 5 It was ............believable how aggressive he became! 6 I got very ............patient with the children by the end of the day. 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 He has become obese. He overeats / undereats at every meal. 2 I can’t eat this meat – it’s raw! You overcooked / undercooked it again. 3 It’s too hot in here. Why do they always overheat / underheat the room? 4 He’s not very good. I overestimated / underestimated his ability. 5 She’s failed again! Why does she always overachieve / underachieve in exams? 6 Fifty pounds? It’s far too much! They’ve overcharged / undercharged you! 3 Match the words to the definitions. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 monolingual a It’s a shape with four sides. 2 multipurpose b It’s got two wheels. 3 bicycle c A person who can speak a lot of languages. 4 polyglot d A camera stand with three legs. 5 tripod e It’s only written in one language. 6 quadrilateral f It can be used in many ways. 4 Add prefixes to the words in the box and complete the sentences. NB: there are two extra words! operate forestation building mix exist fortunes regulate arm 1 They are .................................... the old house at the end of our street. rebuilding 2 Two opposite economic policies cannot .................................... in our organisation. 3 The .................................... of the Amazon is one of the world’s major problems. 4 He suffered a number of .................................... after his wife died. 5 The DJ wants to .................................... that old Beatles record for his next show. 6 The police asked us to .................................... with them in their enquiries. 5 Complete the sentences with the missing words. Use the word given in brackets to form the suitable word. 1 Good .................................... between our two companies would help. (operation) cooperation 2 He’s a very .................................... person- he always gets annoyed when he has to wait. (patient) 3 Don’t .................................... the importance of good collaboration between politicians. It’s very important. (estimate) 4 Bill is .................................... . He should eat less and do more sport. (weigh) 5 I quarrelled with my brother because of a .................................... . I feel sorry about it now! (understand) 6 Jack got to work late because he .................................... . (sleep) unit 32 | Word formation (1): Prefixes
118 unit 33 Word formation (2): Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters that, when placed at the end of a word, changes the meaning and forms a new word. This often involves a change in grammatical function, for example from noun to adjective: beauty → beautiful. The following list shows the most common suffixes: Abstract nouns -ness happiness, darkness, illness, sweetness -ship friendship, relationship, partnership -hood childhood, brotherhood, motherhood -ment development, disappointment, involvement -ance / -ence performance, independence, preference -y / -ity / -iety jealousy, urgency, immunity, variety -ation / -tion education, explanation, connection -dom kingdom, martyrdom, boredom Nouns that indicate professions or functions of objects -er / -or employer, actor, cooker, calculator -ee employee, interviewee, trainee -ist artist, novelist, scientist -ian historian, politician, electrician -ant / -ent servant, assistant, superintendent Adjectives that indicate a quality or a characteristic -able / -ible reasonable, reliable, responsible, convertible, (im)possible -ive attractive, creative, explosive -ous spacious, dangerous, ambitious Adjectives that indicate a nationality -an Italian, American, Indian, Austrian -ish English, Spanish, Swedish, Finnish -ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese Adjective that indicates a quality -y noisy, angry, pretty, tiny, healthy Adjective with a reductive meaning and often a negative connotation -ish childish, greyish, yellowish, boyish Adjectives that indicate the presence or lack of something -ful hopeful, powerful, useful, careful -less hopeless, meaningless, useless Adjectives of scientific, technical or cultural language -al cultural, national, natural -ar circular, nuclear, molecular -ic / -ical atomic, romantic, panoramic, historical Verbs that indicate ‘to make’, ‘to become’ -ize, -ise modernize, commercialize, legalise -ify purify, justify, clarify, testify -en thicken, shorten, soften Adverb, especially of manner -ly easily, mainly, carefully
119 1 Complete the abstract nouns using the suffixes in the box. -ness -ship -hood - ment -ance –y -ation –ness 1 He had a serious ill.................... when he was a child. ness 2 He always had a good explan.................... for everything he did. 3 He was always ready to help when the family was facing hard.................... . 4 The doctors all say that mother..................... is important for young women. 5 His involve..................... in the project has been very disappointing. 6 There’s going to be a perform..................... in the school hall on Saturday afternoon. 7 I like dark..................... . I feel protected. 8 There’s a whole new variet..................... of fruits this year. 2 Complete the adjectives and the verbs with a suitable suffix. 1 He was always a care................... man who did everything correctly. ful 2 The report was completely use................... . Nobody ever read it. 3 We watched all of the new histor................... series on TV. 4 The town council has decided to modern................... the building next year. 5 I hope he will be able to testi................... in the court case. 6 You need to short................... the visiting hours at the hospital. 7 We should wid................... the discussion to include the present economic problems. 8 The cultur……… level of this country has decreased drastically over the past few years. 3 Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Japanese nice careful childhood fashionable careless romantic sentimental tiny powerful childish 1 Simon is a .............................. child. He keeps losing things and his notebooks are a real mess. careless 2 You can trust Peter. He’s always very .............................. when he has to look after his brother. 3 When I think of my .............................. lots of .............................. memories come to my mind. It was the best period of my life. 4 I don’t like that movie. It’s too .............................. and .............................. . 5 Their room was so .............................. they could hardly walk around the bed. 6 .............................. restaurants are very .............................. these days. 7 Our boss is a very .............................. person. He sits on the Board of Directors. 8 He is very .............................. and immature. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. Use words with a suffix. 1 They have no hope. They are .............................. . hopeless 2 He has a lot of power. He’s very .............................. . 3 This telephone doesn't have any cord. It’s .............................. . 4 He plays football very well. He’s a good .............................. . 5 There’s a lot of noise here. It’s a .............................. place. 6 Beer has got alcohol in it. It’s an .............................. drink. 7 Make the sauce thicker. .............................. the sauce. 8 These shoes are in fashion. They are .............................. shoes. unit 33 | Word formation (2): Suffixes
120 unit 34 Prepositional verbs • agree with sb about sth / about doing sth I agree with you about the film. It was awful! I agree with you about reorganising the office. • apologise to sb for sth / for doing sth I apologised for my mistake. I apologised to the teacher / for being late. • apply to sb for sth She applied to the job centre for a new job. • approve / disapprove of sth I don’t approve of your decisions. (formal) • ask sb about sth He asked me about my exam. • ask for sth Ask her for £10. • believe in sb / sth I believe in friendship. • belong to sb The old cottage belongs to Mrs Dell. • borrow sth from sb He borrowed a lot of money from his sister. • call at sb’s / a place Call at my house tomorrow. • care about sb / sth Everybody should care about the environment. • charge sb for sth The hotel charged me £10 for the car park. • complain to sb about sth She complained to the manager about her room. • congratulate sb on sth I congratulated Jim on his success. • deal in sth He deals in furniture. • deal with sb / sth Which firm are you dealing with? This novel deals with the diamond wars. • depend on sb / sth It all depends on you. • dream about / of sb / sth I dreamt of you last night. • fill with sth Fill the bottle with water. • hear from sb I haven’t heard from you for a long time. • keep to sth You should keep to the rules when playing cards. • laugh at sb / sth Are you laughing at me or at my joke? • leave for a place I’m leaving for Pisa tomorrow. • listen to sb / sth Please listen to me! • look after sb / sth The babysitter is looking after the children tonight. • look at sb / sth Look at that star! • look for sb / sth She’s looking for her keys. • look into sth The police promised to look into the matter. • pay for sth Let me pay for the meal. • succeed in sth / in doing sth He has succeeded in everything! He succeeded in publishing his first novel. • thank sb for sth You must thank Sarah for her hospitality. • think of / about sb / sth I’m always thinking of you. • wait for sb / sth Lots of people are waiting for the cable car. The verbs listed below are usually followed by prepositions. They therefore take indirect objects. In some cases, another verb (in the -ing form) can follow the preposition.
121 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. ask apply agree apologise thank approve dream ask 1 I ......................................... the teacher about the arrangements for the exam. asked 2 I hope you ......................................... of the new furniture in the office. 3 I would like to ......................................... to you for what I said yesterday. 4 We would call you for an interview if you ......................................... for this position. 5 I ......................................... for a pay-rise when I see the boss tomorrow. 6 I didn’t ......................................... with Michael about the causes of the problem. 7 I ......................................... about being lost in the tube when the alarm woke me up. 8 Did you ......................................... Auntie Sarah for the beautiful present? 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 I think we all agree in / to / about the importance of organic food. 2 Do you belong at / to / of any dining clubs or associations? 3 I borrowed these recipe books of / from / out of my father last week. 4 I’m going to call in / to / at the Indian takeaway on the way home. 5 I don’t think Ron cares of / about / with anything except eating. 6 They charged me a lot of money with / for / from this tin of caviar. 7 Everybody working in this restaurant must keep at / in / to the safety rules. 8 They finally succeeded at / in / about achieving their dream: a meal at the Savoy Hotel. 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 We complained a in international finance. 2 I congratulated him b doing what they do best! 3 Amanda’s firm deals c from the director yet. 4 I haven’t heard d about the conditions we worked in. 5 They should keep to e at her – she’s never done this before. 6 You mustn’t laugh f on his promotion. 4 Which prepositional verbs formed with look can replace the verbs in purple in the following sentences? look round look at look for look after look into look up 1 We’re going to visit an old castle this afternoon. ......................................... look round 2 We have to care for next door’s dog while they’re away. ......................................... 3 I must find the meaning of serendipity in the dictionary. ......................................... 4 The local police said they are investigating the problem. ......................................... 5 We examined the paintings for a long time. ......................................... 6 We searched for her lost ring everywhere. ......................................... 5 Complete the paragraphs using the appropriate form of the verbs on the previous page. The prepositions have already been inserted. 1 We 1 ........................ to the restaurant manager because they complained 2........................ us for a bottle of champagne we hadn’t drunk. They also wanted us 3........................ for parking our car in their courtyard! 2 If he’s 4........................ of becoming a great chef, he should be ready to 5........................ for a city like Paris, where he could 6........................ for a job in a renowned restaurant. I strongly 7 ........................ in his skills and I would be the first one to 8........................ him on his success. unit 34 | Prepositional verbs
122 unit 35 Adjectives followed by prepositions The adjectives below are usually followed by prepositions. In some cases, another verb (in the -ing form) can follow the preposition. • afraid of sb / sth He’s afraid of spiders. • angry about sth He was angry about the situation. • angry with sb for sth Mum was angry with Matthew for getting another bad report. • ashamed of sb / sth I’m ashamed of your behaviour. • bored with sth The boys were bored with studying. • born of sb He was born of Italian parents. • busy with sb / sth The manager is busy with the budget. • critical of sb / sth Professor Hall was critical of his students. • crowded with sb The stadium was crowded with hundreds of people. • different from sb / sth This town is very different from the place where I live. • disappointed with sb / sth I was really disappointed with my exam results. • engaged in sth He’s engaged in a profitable business. • engaged to sb Paul is engaged to Louise. • fed up with sth I’m fed up with listening to this story! • fond of sb / sth She’s very fond of me. He’s fond of trains. • frightened of sb / sth He is frightened of thunder. • good at sth I’m quite good at maths. • hopeless at sth I’m hopeless at skiing, I’ll never learn. • important to sb Her family is more important to her than her career. • interested in sth We’re interested in the flat on the top floor. • keen on sth My husband is keen on science fiction films. • married to sb Is Brad still married to Angie? • nervous about sth Are you nervous about your driving test? • popular with sb Jack is very popular with his colleagues. • satisfied / dissatisfied with sth We’re really satisfied with this hotel. • sorry about sb / sth I’m sorry about Peter. He didn’t deserve to be sacked. • surprised at sth He was surprised at the news. • tired of sth I’m tired of my job. • worried about sb / sth I’m worried about the kids. Where are they?
123unit 35 | Adjectives followed by prepositions 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb be and with the adjectives in the box. afraid angry ashamed bored disappointed born busy 1 When he was a boy he ......................................................... of the dark. was afraid 2 I ......................................................... with these physics lessons – they’re so theoretical! 3 I ......................................................... of myself when I saw the poor results I got in the test. 4 Diego ......................................................... of Spanish and French parents. 5 I’m afraid he can’t see you now. He ......................................................... with another client. 6 The coach ................................................. with the 1-1 draw, even though the team had played really well. 7 The students ......................................................... about the changes to their timetable. 2 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 Paul was angry a at drawing. 2 The students were very critical b in a difficult situation. 3 The bus was so crowded c from her elder sister. 4 Janice is very different d of the new government. 5 The students were involved e with his mother for ruining his jeans. 6 I’m very good f with people I could hardly get on. 3 Choose the correct preposition. 1 I was very disappointed with / of / about the show. 2 Did you know that Gill got engaged at / with / to Simon? 3 You can tell Dave is very fond of / in / with good food and drink. 4 I’m absolutely hopeless for / at / with Physics. 5 She’s very interested in / at / from local history. 6 She’s nervous for / on / about cooking for so many people. 7 Hamburgers and chips are very popular with / for / to teenagers. 8 My sister is hopeless with / at / in decorating, but her husband is quite good at / in / for it. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 Jane’s been married ........................ him for twenty years. to 2 John is very keen ........................ motor racing. 3 Her grandfather is very important ........................ her. 4 The circus isn’t very popular ........................ children nowadays. 5 She has always been frightened ........................ snakes. 6 Aren’t you fed up ........................ playing that video game? 7 My parents aren’t that familiar ........................ the Internet, so I help them. 5 Complete the sentences with the appropriate adjective. Choose from the ones on the previous page. 1 I’m not coming to the swimming pool with you. I’m really …………………… at swimming. I’ll never learn. hopeless 2 What are you …………………… about? Is it tomorrow’s test? 3 Marion has always been …………………… of dogs and now she’s got a new job at a vet’s surgery! 4 ‘Aren’t you …………………… of travelling the world?’ ‘Not in the least. I still enjoy it!’ 5 ‘Are you …………………… with your life?’ 'Yes, I wouldn't change anything about it!!'
124 unit 36 Phrasal verbs (1) Phrasal verbs are very common in spoken English. They consist of a verb and one or more adverbial particles or prepositions that modify the meaning of the verb. In some cases, we can work out the meaning of a phrasal verb by knowing the meaning of its parts. However, in many other cases, the verb adopts a meaning that isn’t obvious to someone whose mother tongue isn’t English. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb + adverbial particle can be: • intransitive, when they aren’t followed by a direct object. Why don’t you sit down? Stand up, please. • transitive, when they are followed by a direct object. – If the direct object is a noun, the noun can be placed either before or after the adverbial particle. Switch on the light. / Switch the light on. Cut out the pictures. / Cut the pictures out. – If the direct object is a pronoun, the pronoun always precedes the adverbial particle. Switch it on. (not: Switch on it.) Cut them out. Phrasal verbs consisting of verb + adverbial particle + preposition are followed by an indirect object: I can’t put up with his shouting. The table below shows a few of the most common phrasal verbs, in alphabetical order. be off I’m off now. (I’m going away.) on What’s on at the cinema? (What film is showing?) over The lesson is over. (The lesson is finished.) up to What are you up to? (What are you doing?) break down His car broke down on the way to work. (His car stopped on the way to work.) She broke down when she heard the bad news. (She started crying when she heard the bad news.) out The Great Fire of London broke out in a baker’s shop. (The Great Fire of London started in a baker’s shop.) up Mandy and Bob have broken up. (Mandy and Bob have finished their relationship.) bring about What has brought about this misunderstanding? (How has this problem between us happened?) back Bring the newspaper back! (Return the newspaper!) round We managed to bring the principal round to our point of view. (We convinced the principal to agree with our point of view.) This medicine should bring her round. (This medicine should wake her up.) up One of my cousins has brought up eight children. (One of my cousins has looked after eight children.) We decided to bring up the matter at the next meeting. (We decided to discuss the matter at the next meeting.) call in Helen called in to see me the other day. (Helen came to visit me the other day.) off The match was called off. (The match was cancelled.) catch up with You were absent for some time, so you have to catch up with the work we’ve been doing. (You were absent for some time, so you have to get up to speed with the work we’ve been doing.) carry on Carry on like that, and you’ll pass your exam. (Continue like that and you’ll pass your exam.) out Why didn’t you carry out the experiment? (Why didn’t you do the experiment?)
125unit 36 | Phrasal verbs (1) 1 Complete the second sentence with a verb from the box so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. be off be on be on be over be up to (x2) 1 What’s showing at the theatre next week? What ................................................... at the theatre next week? ’s on 2 What did you do at the seaside last Saturday? What ................................................... at the seaside last Saturday? 3 I think John’s going to leave in a moment. I think John ................................................... in a moment. 4 You fell asleep! The film finished an hour ago! You fell asleep! The film ................................................... for an hour! 5 That man was behaving in a suspicious way. He was definitely doing something illegal. The man was behaving in a suspicious way. He .............................. definitely ............................... something illegal. 6 They are showing a good documentary film this afternoon. A good documentary film ................................................... this afternoon. 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Do you know what has brought about / along his depression? 2 Bring on / back free bus passes for students! 3 She’s fainted, but these smelling salts will bring her up / round. 4 We brought up / in the issue of payment with our boss. 5 When he heard about the accident he broke up / down in tears. 6 It was some time after the fire broke in / out that the fire engine arrived. 7 I was sad when I heard that Andy and Liz had broken up / down. 8 Both my parents were brought up / about in the country. 3 Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box. call call catch carry (x2) 1 call I’m going to ........................ in at my mother’s on the way home. 2 He ran so fast that I couldn’t ........................ up with him. 3 The soldiers didn’t ........................ out the mission as they could have done. 4 Sally decided to ........................ her wedding off the week before. 5 I had to take a rest – I was just too tired to ........................ on. 4 Complete the sentences with a suitable phrasal verb from the previous page. Pay attention to the verb tense! 1 The Industrial Revolution in England during the 18th and 19th centuries ................................... brought about huge changes. 2 We ....................................... our father ....................................... to buying a house by the sea and not in the mountains. 3 Why don’t you ....................................... tomorrow morning? We can have a drink together. 4 Mandy was ....................................... by her grandparents because her parents worked abroad. 5 The meeting with the general manager has been ....................................... as he is ill. It’s a shame because I wanted to ....................................... the lunch break problem. 6 World War I ....................................... in Sarajevo in 1914. 7 Summer ....................................... and we have to pack up all the garden furniture. 8 I can’t ....................................... writing – I’m too tired.
126 unit 37 Phrasal verbs (2) come back Come back home by six o’clock. (Return home by six o’clock.) in Why don’t you come in? (Why don’t you enter?) up up with Something strange came up in my office yesterday. (Something strange was discussed in my office yesterday.) Did you come up with any good ideas? (Did you have any good ideas?) cut down You should cut down your personal expenses. (You should reduce your personal expenses.) off The electricity was suddenly cut off last night. (The electricity was stopped last night for a time.) out David is cutting out pictures from a newspaper. (David is taking pictures out of a newspaper with a pair of scissors.) do away with In 1865, slavery was done away with all over the USA. (In 1895, slavery was discontinued all over the USA.) without She couldn’t do without her morning coffee. (She couldn’t function without her morning coffee.) drop in at (place) in on (person) Drop in at our house / on us when you next come to London. (Come and see us at our house/ on us when you next come to London.) out of One of the runners twisted his foot and had to drop out of the race. (One of the runners twisted his foot and had to exit the race.) fill in Fill in this form, please. (Complete this form, please.) get across Did you get your message across? (Did you convey your message?) away away with The robbers got away. (The robbers escaped.) They cheated during the test, but didn’t get away with it. (They cheated during the test, but didn’t succeed in their plan.) back When did you get back? (When did you come home?) by by with It’s hard to get by. (It’s hard to survive.) We get by with just one PC. (We manage with just one PC.) on with How are you getting on with your French? (How are you progressing with your French?) I get on very well with my brother. (I have a good relationship with my brother.) up What time did you get up? (What time did you get out of bed?) give in I gave into their demands. (I capitulated to their demands.) out Who can help me give the photocopies out? (Who can help me distribute the photocopies?) up I gave up smoking 13 years ago. (I stopped smoking 13 years ago.) go down with A few boys went down with flu last month. (A few boys suffered from flu last month.) off The lights went off. (The lights stopped working.) Luckily the bomb didn’t go off. (Luckily the bomb didn’t explode.) out When the fire went out, the room got terribly cold. (When the fire finished, the room got terribly cold.)
127unit 37 | Phrasal verbs (2) 1 Add a particle after the verb so that the second sentences has a similar meaning to the first one. 1 They said they’d return next year. They said they’d come .................. here next year. back 2 I’ll be late home tonight. Something’s happened at work. I’ll be late home tonight. Something’s come .................. at work. 3 When I asked if we could enter, they said we could. When I asked if we could come .................. , they said we could. 4 I couldn’t think of anywhere to go for the weekend. I couldn’t come .................. with anywhere to go for the weekend. 5 The line went dead last night while I was making a phone call. I was cut .................. in the middle of a phone call last night. 6 If you can’t stop smoking, at least try to smoke less. If you can’t give it .................. at least try to cut .................. on your smoking. 2 Complete the sentences using the verbs do, drop or fill. 1 I’m going to ............................ in on my aunt and uncle when I’m in Devon. drop 2 They’ll have to ............................ away with the trees when they build the new road. 3 When we got to the customs office they made us ............................ in a form. 4 It was rather inconvenient to have them ............................ in on us at such short notice. 5 The manager is so busy. He can’t ............................ without an assistant. 6 Tamara promised her parents she wouldn’t ............................ out of school. 3 Choose the correct alternative. 1 I have been trying to get my meaning in / across all morning! 2 What time did you manage to get over / away from work last night? 3 Annie got back / out from the party very late last night. 4 We’ve so little money these days I don’t know how we’ll get over / by. 5 Eddy’s OK, but we don’t really get on / off very well. 6 What time do you usually get up / down on Sunday morning? 7 They nearly got away with / out of stealing all our money. 4 Without changing the meaning, substitute the words in purple with give + particle. 1 I admitted defeat when I realised how strong he was. I ............................ when I realised how strong he was. gave in 2 When did you stop eating chocolate? When did you ............................ eating chocolate? 3 Could you distribute the food to the children, please? Could you ............................ the food to the children, please? 4 He agreed to stop guessing because the quiz was too difficult. He ............................ because the quiz was too difficult. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct particle after the verb go. 1 The TV programmes usually go ............................ at midnight on this channel. off 2 The bomb went ............................ in the hotel across the street. 3 It’s so windy that the matches go ............................ when you light them. 4 After his trip to Africa, Paul went ............................ with a nasty tropical disease. 5 The fish will go ............................ very quickly in this heat.
128 unit 38 Phrasal verbs (3) hand in Hand in your projects by next week. (Give in your projects by next week.) keep off Keep off the grass. ( Don’t go on the grass.) on Keep on with your great work. (Continue with your great work.) up with I can’t keep up with you. You’re walking too fast. (I can’t sustain the pace. You’re walking too fast.) look forward to We’re looking forward to meeting you. (We will enjoy meeting you.) up When you don’t know a word, look it up in a dictionary. (When you don’t know a word, consult a dictionary.) make out There are two people at the door, but I can’t make out who they are. (There are two people at the door, but I can’t see who they are.) They were making out in the back seat of the car. (They were kissing and cuddling in the back seat of the car.) up He made up an unbelievable story. (He invented an unbelievable story.) Make up a nice parcel and send the present by post. (Prepare a nice parcel and send the present by post.) pick up Pick up that piece of paper. (Get that piece of paper off the floor.) Can you pick me up at the station, please? (Can you come and get me at the station, please?) put off The meeting has been put off. ( The meeting has been postponed.) on Put your jumper on. It’s cold. (Wear your jumper. It’s cold.) out The firefighters put out the fire quickly. (The firefighters extinguished the fire.) up I could put you up for a couple of nights. (You can stay at my house for a couple of nights.) up with I just can’t put up with your smoking in the car. (I just can’t stand your smoking in the car.) run out of We’ve run out of milk. Can you go and buy some? (We’ve finished all the milk. Can you go and buy some?) set off We set off early in the morning so as to avoid the traffic. (We started out early in the morning so as to avoid the traffic.) take off The plane is due to take off in half an hour. (The plane is due to leave the ground in half an hour.) He took his hat off. (He removed his hat.) up The kids have taken up tennis this year. (The kids have started tennis this year.) turn on Turn on the lights, please. (Switch on the lights, please.) off Turn off the tap. (Close the tap.) up Turn up the heating. (Increase the level of the heating.) down Turn down the TV. It’s too loud. (Decrease the volume of the TV. It’s too loud.)
129 30unit 38 | Phrasal verbs (3) 1 Match the following verbs followed by off to their definitions. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 put off a to begin a journey 2 set off b to go up into the air in a plane 3 take off c to close something such as a tap, or to flick a switch 4 turn off d to stay away from 5 keep off e to postpone an action until later 2 Choose the correct particle after make. 1 I looked at the map, but I still couldn’t make up / out where we were. 2 He hadn’t done his homework, so he made up / out a reason why. 3 Jane and Steve started making up / out on the sofa at Lucy’s party. 4 Have you made out / up a list of all the people you are going to invite? 3 Complete the sentences using the particles in the box. up out up with up with out of down in 1 He’s so rude! I really can’t put ..................... him at the moment! up with 2 My father’s coming to pick me ..................... after the party. 3 We put ..................... the pan fire by covering it with a towel. 4 He ran ..................... petrol a long way from a petrol station. 5 Could you turn the radio ..................... please… it’s too loud! 6 We have to hand ..................... our homework at nine o’clock tomorrow. 7 He’s got so many new computer add-ons, I can’t keep ..................... them. 4 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verbs on the previous page. 1 You have to ............................. your tests at 10.30. hand in 2 ‘Do you know Mr Jackson’s phone number?’ ‘No, but I can ............................. it ............................. in the telephone directory.’ 3 Can you ............................. who those people on that balcony are? 4 John, remember to ............................. the children from school at 4. 5 The international conference was ............................. because riots had broken out in the country. 6 ‘What time is your plane ............................. ?’ ‘At 3.30, if there are no delays.’ 7 It’s very hot in here. Can’t you ............................. the heating and set it to a better temperature? 8 Don’t try to ............................. an excuse. You forgot our appointment. That’s the truth. 5 Complete the sentences with the missing word. Write one word only in each space. 1 Keep ............................. the grass. off 2 ............................. up the TV. I can’t hear the news. 3 Why don’t you take your jacket .............................? It isn’t cold in here. 4 Who made ............................. this story? There’s nothing true in it. 5 I ............................. up playing chess when I was eight years old. 6 I’m ............................. forward to leaving for the States! 7 We have ............................. out of tea. Let’s go out and buy some. 8 We have to put ............................. Sue and Mike. We’re too busy to see them at the weekend.
review 130 Lexis upgrade | Word formation 1 Fill the table with the missing terms. Not all the spaces can be completed. Noun Adjectives Adverb Verb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 happiness ................................... ................................... friendship ................................... disappointment ................................... ................................... ................................... hope ................................... happy ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... sweet ................................... creative ................................... ................................... happily ................................... luckily ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... jealously ................................... ................................... ................................... / ................................... ................................... to annoy ................................... to attract ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... to care 2 Add the suffixes in the box to the words given to form abstract nouns. If necessary, make spelling changes. -ness -ship -hood -ment -ation -ance -ility 1 sweet ....................................................... sweetness 8 liberate ....................................................... 2 educate ....................................................... 9 possible ....................................................... 3 enjoy ....................................................... 10 kind ....................................................... 4 hard ....................................................... 11 endure ....................................................... 5 perform ....................................................... 12 friend ....................................................... 6 sister ....................................................... 13 credible ....................................................... 7 establish ....................................................... 14 leader ....................................................... 3 Choose the correct alternative. 1 He’s an extremely unhonest / dishonest person. 2 What he said was completely unbelievable / disbelievable. 3 His behaviour is increasingly unrational / irrational. 4 There are a number of illiterate / disliterate people who can’t even spell their names. 5 All the results of this study seem to be uncorrect / incorrect. 6 She speaks three languages. She is bilingual / trilingual. 7 She looked so dishappy / unhappy when I saw her yesterday. 8 It’s such an uninteresting / disinteresting talk! Let’s go out and have a chat! 4 Rearrange the words to form sentences. 1 forward / party / We / Christmas / to / look / our / always We always look forward to our Christmas party. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Internet / train / looked / the / the / on / up / She / times ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 up / nights / week / Could / for / next / two / you / me / put / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 golf / Alison / retired / took / last / when / up / year / she ............................................................................................................................................................ review | Units 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 12
131 5 Complete the letter with the correct prepositions. 30 6 Replace the verbs in italics with a suitable phrasal verb. 1 put off I think we should postpone the annual conference until after Christmas. ………………………….… 2 Did they tell you that tomorrow’s meeting has been cancelled? ………………………….… 3 Please continue working! I don’t want to interrupt you. ………………………….… 4 Mr Basset will return from New York next week. ………………………….… 5 Shouldn’t you stop smoking? You have a terrible cough. ………………………….… 6 A few young people were distributing leaflets to explain why ………………………….… they were demonstrating. 7 The lesson is finished. See you tomorrow at the same time. ………………………….… 8 We should visit our aunt more often. She’s so lonely. ………………………….… 9 The fire fighters took hours to extinguish the fire in the old factory. ………………………….… 10 Wear a warm jacket. It’s really cold today. ………………………….… Communication upgrade 7 Complete the dialogues with the missing words. Write one word only in each space. 1 A I’m very sorry 1 ………… Tom. I didn’t think he was interested for 2 ………… that job. B Come on! Everybody knows that he’s keen 3 ………… videogames and wants to become a Wii-designer. 2 A I’m very disappointed 4 ………… your behaviour. B I’m sorry, I’ve been busy 5 ………… my project. Don’t be angry 6 ………… me, please. I’ll do more from now on. I promise! 3 A Can’t we 7 ………… off tomorrow’s meeting? B Yes, of course. We could even 8 ………… it off completely. It’s not that important. 131revie w 12 | Units 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 Dear Ms White, Thank you 1 ........................... the information and may we congratulate you for 2 ........................... how you dealt 3 ........................... this matter. We agree 4 ........................... you that our new office in Singapore does need an experienced secretary and we apologise 5 ........................... being late in advertising this post. Mr Dell is leaving 6 ........................... Singapore next week and will interview all people who have applied 7 ........................... the job. Please make sure that they all fill out the application forms 8 ........................... the required data. Could you also please book a room for Mr Dell for four nights and tell the hotel to charge us 9 ........................... bed and breakfast accommodation? I look forward to hearing 10........................... you soon. Regards, Robert Stratford
exam practice 132 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) | Writing Part 1 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use no more than three words. 1 The teachers’ meeting has been postponed. The teachers’ meeting has …………………………………………………… . been put off 2 I can’t stand people smoking while they are driving. I can’t …………………………………………………… people smoking while driving. 3 Tell your dog to stay away from my flower beds! Tell your dog …………………………………………………… my flower beds! 4 Sorry, we haven't got any more milk. Sorry, we …………………………………………………… of milk. 5 If you want to join the club, you have to complete this form first. If you want to join the club, you have …………………………………………………… this form first. 6 When did you stop eating meat? When did you …………………………………………………… meat? 7 Why don’t you call in to see me when you are in town tomorrow? Why don’t you …………………………………………………… when you are in town tomorrow? 8 I didn’t see them leaving the room after the conference. I didn’t see them …………………………………………………… the room after the conference. Trinity Grade 8 | Interactive part 1 In this part, you have to demonstrate you can use functions, such as reporting, expressing feelings and emotions, expressing possibility and impossibility. Once the examiner has set up the situation, you have to guide the interaction by asking questions and commenting on the examiner’s responses. Remember you may ask the examiner to repeat the initial oral prompt if necessary. The examiner will introduce the interactive part by saying: ‘For the next part, I’ll tell you something. Then, you have to ask me questions to find out more information and make comments. You need to keep the conversation going. After four minutes, I’ll end the conversation. Are you ready?’ Here are a few possible interactive prompts: • While I was waiting for the bus this morning, I met an old friend of mine. He told me such a strange story that it made me wonder if he had made it all up. • Although I love America, I’m not sure I‘d want to live there. Why do you think that is? • One of my colleagues overheard a strange conversation in the canteen the other day. • I’d like to take up a new hobby. Somebody told me painting would be the right thing for me, but I’m not too sure. • If I had followed my best friend’s advice, I would now be living in a cottage in the Scottish Highlands. However beautiful it is, I’m not sure that I could manage to live in such an isolated place. Practise with a partner. 12
133 Preliminary, First and Trinity Practice ex am p r actice 12 Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 2 3 Read the text below and think of the word or short form which best fits each space. Use only one in each space. lot A 1 ........................ of students in Europe spend some time picking fruit 2 ....................................... farms in the summer. 3 .......................................... being a healthy open-air activity, it is 4 .......................................... an excuse to go 5 .......................................... for a while and have a holiday with other young people. 6 .......................................... they spend all the time in a big group, and learn to put 7 .......................................... with one another and become more tolerant. Most of them don’t complain about trivial things, such 8 .......................................... queuing up for a shower or sleeping in uncomfortable bunk beds. However, a few can’t do 9 .......................................... their comforts and give 10 .......................................... after a few days. 11 .......................................... fruit picking is hard work, about half of the students decide to go 12 .......................................... to the same farm the following year! Cambridge English First (FCE) | Use of English Part 3 4 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word. disagreements It is quite normal that there are 1 .................................................... in families and that there are regular 2 .................................................... , because everyone has their own ideas about what should happen when and how. In fact, it’s almost 3 .................................................... that most families actually manage to live together relatively happily. It is normal for teenagers to fight for their 4 .................................................... and for parents to feel very 5 .................................................... towards them. Each family deals with the situation in a 6 .................................................... way. Cambridge English First (FCE) | Writing Part 1 5 You ordered a waterproof jacket you chose from an on-line catalogue. You were not happy with it when it arrived for a number of reasons. Below is part of the catalogue on which you have written some notes. Write a letter of complaint to the online site of between 120 and 150 words. AGREE UNDERSTAND BELIEVE DEPEND PROTECT DIFFER CLIMBING EQUIPMENT | HOME | NEWS | STORE | catalogue | CONTACTS Waterproof jackets for men and for women Choose from a wide range of sizes and colours. From Small to Extra large in the following colours: red - yellow - orange - dark green - dark blue - brown No shipment fees if you order before November 30th. Orders may take up to three weeks to arrive. Satisfaction guaranteed. s - m - l - XL s - m - l - XL s - m - l - XL s - m - l - XL date of order: Nov 25th but had to pay for shipment five weeks Say what they should do to compensate. Ordered M, got XL got a yellow one
134 WORD Bank Units 1-3 SPORT Do aerobics boxing gymnastics judo karate kick boxing Play badminton baseball basketball cricket football golf hockey netball rugby snooker tennis volleyball Go climbing diving fishing hiking horse riding rollerblading sailing scuba diving skateboarding skiing swimming Other verbs blow the final whistle exercise keep fit play practise score a goal watch wear win work out Equipment diving board football boots tennis racket Places athletics track badminton court basketball court football pitch football stadium gym ice rink swimming pool weight-training room People champion coach goal-keeper player ref / referee supporter trainer umpire Units 4-5 Education college nursery school primary school secondary school university classroom essay exam homework lesson library night school school bag school exchange teachers’ room test timetable School Subjects Art Cookery Drawing Geography History History of art ICT Maths Music Painting PE Physics Pottery Science Units 6-8 School (also see Education) chief librarian headmaster headteacher librarian professor pupil secretary student teacher tutor Verbs enrol graduate hand in learn mark pass read revise study teach write Unit 9 Health Nouns anaesthetic appointment aspirin chemist clinic cut dentist doctor hospital injection nurse operating theatre operation optician patient
135 WORD bank physiotherapy session pill plaster recover shift surgeon surgery tablet therapy x-ray Body ankle hand joints knee leg muscles stitches wrist Verbs be sick cut do the rounds feel better feel dizzy have the plaster off hurt operate put in plaster recover remove the plaster see the doctor see the nurse suffer from talk to the doctor treat visit someone in hospital Units 10-12 ARTS and CRAFTS Music – concertS album band drummer keyboard player music anthology singer single song stadium the drums ticket tour track Verbs announce hold perform play produce release sell sell out COOKING cake cream egg ingredients milk onion parsley potato recipe sell-by date spices vegetables whipped cream Kitchen tools blender cooker dish microwave saucepan Verbs add bake boil chop cook fry grate heat melt mix peel pour roast sprinkle steam whip PAINTING and SCULPTURE art gallery artist brush colours crayon ink painter painting sculptor sculpture statue watercolours Adjectives brilliant creative important interesting valuable Places to go / Things to do concert wedding Units 13-14 WHERE WE LIVE apple / pear tree bathroom bedroom flower beds fruit garden hedge house lawn plants vacuum cleaner MARKET baker busker clown fair greengrocer hot dog stand kiosk market trader pancakes rollercoaster
136 WORD Bank stall / stand Verbs bake clean clear (the table) cut decorate dry dry-clean dust extend grow install iron lay (the table) make up move mow (the lawn) pick repair sweep tidy trim (the hedge) vacuum wash (the car) water weed Senses feel hear listen to see smell taste Units 15-17 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Nouns buttons chat rooms connection computer game computer shop database device network programmer resource scanner screen Verbs connect cover damage eliminate fix look for save share information switch off switch on transfer Units 18-19 COMMUNICATION Nouns computer programmer laptop folder nickname profile web designer webmaster Verbs call click on download enter a profile install a program meet send emails speak on the phone surf the Internet talk on tell the truth upload visit write Units 20-23 OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES avalanche boat trip camper campsite countryside excursion free climbing hiker hiking hill local guide mountain climbing mountain road natural park off-piste skiing path ranger riding instructor safari seaside snowboarding water park white water rafting wilderness Equipment binoculars board boots caravan compass crampons deck shoes dinghy fins goggles helmet ice picks mask microlight scuba cylinder skis sleeping bag snorkel sun cream / lotion sunglasses suntan tent waterproof jacket wet suit Verbs climb drive feed fly go backpacking go canoeing go paragliding go riding go snorkelling go windsurfing
137 WORD bank jump leave sail scuba ski skydive Units 24-27 EXTREMES Sports bungee jumping cheerleading cliff jumping cross-country running free climbing free running / parkour in-line skating kayaking mountain biking off-piste skiing parachuting paragliding pot-holing tree climbing waterskiing wave surfing Other nouns bat board cave harness mountain hut mountain path peak rock rope c run safety equipment snake strength trail white shark Adjectives brave exciting experienced fit frightened poisonous steep worried Verbs camp crash dive get in trouble get injured go mountaineering go on an expedition ice skate keep in good shape keep warm survive take up warn Units 28-31 FOOD AND DRINK Meals breakfast lunch dinner supper Eating out canteen pub restaurant service wide choice wine bar cheap expensive organic slow be hungry be thirsty book / reserve drink eat prepare serve starve Cooking cookery course flour pastry recipe sugar wine waiter yolk add bake boil decorate fry grill melt mix peel pour roast simmer slice steam stir thicken whisk Kitchen tools (a) spoonful (of) bowl frying pan jug mixer tablespoon teaspoon whisk
138 APPENDIX British and American English Main grammatical differences There are various differences between American and British English, differences in lexis, pronunciation and writing all of which are shown in the dictionary. There are also grammatical differences. • In American English, the past simple is used in a lot of cases instead of British English. For example, it is used in place of the present perfect when there is no mention of the precise time and with adverbs like: just, already, yet, ever, never. BrE* AmE* ‘Have you seen Jane?’ ‘Yes, I’ve seen her.’ ‘Did you see Jane?’ ‘Yes, I saw her.’ Has he arrived yet? Did he arrive yet? I’ve never tried Thai food. I never tried Thai food. • The form have got / haven’t got is not really used that much in American English. Have is more common. BrE AmE Have you got a pen? Do you have a pen? I haven’t got many friends here. I don’t have many friends here. • Question tags are less used in American English. BrE AmE You’re sixteen, aren’t you? You’re sixteen, right? Don’t be late, will you? Don’t be late, OK? • The verb need is often used in British English as a semi-modal, while in American English, it is usually used as an ordinary verb. BrE AmE You needn’t wait for me. You don’t need to wait for me. • The modal shall isn’t much used in American English. Should is more usual. BrE AmE What shall we do tonight? What should we do tonight? Shall I go now? Should I go now? • Collective nouns like family, team, government, that could be considered singular or plural in British English, are always singular in American English. BrE AmE John’s family is / are leaving tomorrow. John’s family is leaving tomorrow. • The past participle of get (in the sense of become) is got in British English and gotten in American English. BrE AmE Your Spanish has got much better. Your Spanish has gotten much better. • In American English, we use the verb take rather than have in expressions like take a bath / a shower / a break… BrE AmE I have a shower every morning. I take a shower every morning. • Americans use the form go get, go see…, while English people use go and get, go and see… BrE AmE Go and get the newspaper, please. Go get the newspaper, please. • Some adverbs which end in -ly lose this ending in colloquial American English if there is an adjective which comes after. BrE AmE She’s really crazy. She’s real crazy. • The verb help is not followed by to in American English. BrE AmE Can you help me to do my homework? Can you help me do my homework? * BrE = British English * AmE = American English
139 b bad, tub Ù jam, fridge N song Z vision, measure k cat, kit, act h house p post, up t tree, suit Í chair, crunch j you r run, barrier T thin, bath d do, did l last, all s sit, rice, cross D this, with f fast, rough m must, room z zoo, rose, days v van, starve g get, pig n no, ten S sharp, cash w well Consonants The table lists the phonetic symbols for British English. I sit, cricket, biscuit, this O: floor, more, thought i: see, mean U foot, put e pen, spread, edge, said u: moon, suit, through & sad, add, adapt V bus, touch, tough, blood, upset A: father, car, glass, calm 3: girl, burn, work Q stop, golf, rock, continent @ adopt, number, actor, actress, bishop If the word has more than one syllable, the stressed syllable is shown by a short vertical line before it, for example: /In'telIdZ@nt/, /n@'ses@ti/, /f@'get/, /'hVNgri/, /'mA:v@l@s/. 1 Read the transcriptions and write the words. 1 /TIN/ ......................................... 5 /faInd/......................................... 9 /'faI@/ ......................................... 2 /TIn/ ......................................... 6 /faIn/ ......................................... 10 /fI@/ ......................................... 3 /si:n/ ......................................... 7 /pQt/ ......................................... 11 /bu:t/ ......................................... 4 /sIns/ ......................................... 8 /pO:t/ ......................................... 12 /bVt/ ......................................... 2 Read the transcriptions and write the sentences. 1 /wi A: In D@ gA:dn/ 7 W/Si: 'wUdnt laIk t@ kVm t@ D@ bi:tS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 2 /du: ju Vnd@'st&nd ?/ 8 /juv gQt @ naIs 'breIsl@t/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 /aI lVv 'ÍQk@l@t/ 9 /hi r&n t@ k&tS DE bVs/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 4 /ju k@n juz maI 'dIkS@n@ri/ 10 /It w@z k@Uld, dA:k @nd 'raInIN/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 5 /we@ Iz D@ dZ&m dZA: ?/ 11 /aIm SU@ DeI A: 'INglIS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 6 /DeI wQtSt 'telIvIZn f@ tu: 'aU@z/ 12 /T&Nks, Di:z TINs bIlQN t@ mi/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 Write the phonetic symbols for the first sounds in these words. 1 knife ............ 2 philosophy ............ 3 ice ............ 4 pseudonym ............ 5 thirsty ............ 6 these ............ 4 Write the phonetic symbols for the final sounds in these words. 1 lamb ............ 2 catch ............ 3 tooth ............ 4 judge ............ 5 rush ............ 6 path ............ eI take, rain, day aI fly, kite, right OI boy, boil e@ hair, where @U fold, show, though aU now, mouse, shower I@ near, here U@ sure, poor Vowels Diphthongs Stress International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
140 APPENDIX Punctuation marks . full stop / period (AmE) at the end of a sentence or paragraph: He arrived yesterday. , comma - separates the items in a list: He had ham, salad, apple pie and a cup of tea. - encloses dependent clauses and comments: My father, who works in Bristol, comes home at the weekend. - after introductory sentences and phrases: When it stops raining, I’ll go out to play. - in direct speech: ‘Come and see me’, said Pete, ‘I’ll show you my new flat.’ : colon - introduces an explanation, list or quote: For the trip you need: an anorak, walking boots, a rucksack and a cap. Martin Luther King started his famous speech with the words: ‘I have a dream…’ ; semicolon - is used between two main clauses linked by meaning: I don’t like eating in restaurants; I prefer cooking my own meals. - separates elements in a list if they are long or complex: The characters in the play include Dennis, a London teenager; Debbie, his girlfriend; Mr Johnson, Debbie’s step-father; and Ms Ross, Dennis’s mother. ? question mark - at the end of a direct question: How long will you be away? ! exclamation mark - to give emphasis: What a lovely day! ... dots - to show something is incomplete in a quotation, uncertainty or suspension of a thought: Let me see… I think I’ll have roast beef. – dash - to show the inclusion of an aside or remark or additional information: Spend a weekend in San Francisco – the liveliest city of the Bay Area! / slash / stroke - to give an alternative: Part time / Full time jobs as waiters / waitresses. Apply inside. - hyphen - in compound nouns and adjectives: My mother-in-law is a bit absent-minded. - after prefixes, when the word begins with the same vowel: Co-operation is essential to get good results. - to break a word in two when it ends a line. ( ) brackets / parentheses - to show an aside, especially when there is a cross reference: Study the verb forms (see page 43). “ ” inverted commas / quotation marks ‘ ‘ - (double or single): to show a quote or direct speech: ‘A witty portrait of literary life in New York’ Sunday Telegraph ‘ apostrophe - used in contracted forms and possessive cases: That isn’t James’s car. A capital letter In English, the following are always written with a capital letter: - names: Paul Smith, my dog Rex, the Statue of Liberty, Mount Etna, Lake Erie - titles and professions: Mr Bell, Ms Derrick, Professor Dawson, Queen Elizabeth II - the days of the week, months and festivals: Sunday, August, Easter - nationality adjectives and languages: Brazilians speak Portuguese. - family names when they are used as real names: Are you ready, Mum? Uncle Jim is waiting for us. - titles of books, films, newspapers… The Good Life by Jay McInerney is a moving novel. a small letter new line / new paragraph
141 obligation or necessity absence of necessity prohibition We must study hard. We have to study hard. We’ve got to study hard. We need to study hard. We had to study hard last year. We’ll have to study hard next year. We don’t have to study hard. We don’t need to study hard. We needn’t study hard. We didn’t have to study hard last year. We won’t have to study hard next year. You mustn’t talk in the library. You can’t talk in the library. Don’t talk in the library. No talking in the library. advising supposing asking for instructions You should study hard. You ought to study hard. You had better study hard. You shouldn’t worry about the exam. It must be late. It can’t be late. It should be easy. It ought to be easy. What shall I do? What should I do? What can we do? Shall we turn right or left? offering help ability possibility Shall I help you? Can I help you? Could I help you? I’d like to help you. Do you want me to help you? Let me help you! I’ll help you! I can ski. I could ski when I was young. I can’t ride a horse. I couldn’t ride a horse last year. I wasn’t able to break his record. I’m afraid I won’t be able to break his record. I can go out tonight. (there’s no problem) I may go out tonight. (it’s possible) I might go out tonight. (I’m not sure) I’m likely to go out tonight. (it’s probable) The odds are that I’m going out tonight. (colloquial) allowing asking for things asking others to do things Can I go now? Could I go now? May I go now? You can go now. You may go now. I wasn’t allowed to go. They didn’t let me go. I’m sure I will be allowed to go. I’m sure they will let me go. Can I have a coke, please? Could I have a coke, please? I’d like (to have) a coke. I want a coke. Will you come here, please? Can you come here? Could you come here? Do you mind coming here? Would you mind coming here? I’d like you to come here. I want you to come here right now! offering proposing wishes and preferences Will you have a coke? Would you have a coke? Would you like a coke? Do you want a coke? How / What about a coke? Have a coke! Shall we go to the park? Should we go to the park? Let’s go to the park. How / What about going to the park? Why don’t we go to the park? I want to go home. I’d like to go home. I wish I could go home. If only I could go home. I’d prefer to go home. I’d rather go home (than stay here). Modals and other verbs related to communicative functions
142 APPENDIX Modal verbs – tenses can, could, be able to Present simple can / can’t am / is / are able to ’m not / isn’t / aren’t able to Past simple could / couldn’t was / were able to wasn’t / weren’t able to Future will be able to won’t be able to Present perfect have / has been able to haven’t / hasn’t been able to Past perfect had been able to hadn’t been able to Future perfect will have been able to won’t have been able to Conditional could / couldn’t would / wouldn’t be able to Past conditional could have / couldn’t have would have / wouldn’t have been able to may, might, be allowed to Present simple may / may not am / is / are allowed to ’m not / isn’t / aren’t allowed to Past simple was / were allowed to wasn’t / weren’t allowed to Future will be allowed to won’t be allowed to Present perfect have / has been allowed to haven’t / hasn’t been allowed to Past perfect had been allowed to hadn’t been allowed to Future perfect will have been allowed to won’t have been allowed to Conditional might / might not would / wouldn’t be allowed to Past conditional might have / might not have would have been / wouldn’t have been allowed to must, have (got) to, need, be obliged to, should Present simple must / mustn’t need / needn’t don’t / doesn’t need to have / has (got) to haven’t / hasn’t got to don’t / doesn’t have to Past simple had to didn’t have to didn’t need to was / were obliged to wasn’t / weren’t obliged to Future will have to won’t have to will be obliged to won’t be obliged to Present perfect have / has been obliged to haven’t / hasn’t been obliged to Past perfect had been obliged to hadn’t been obliged to Future perfect will have had to won’t have had to will have been obliged to won’t have been obliged to Conditional should / shouldn’t would have to wouldn’t have to Past conditional should have / shouldn’t have would have had to wouldn’t have had to
143 If clauses – Type 2 Dependent clause Main clause If I could… If I were able to… I could… I would be able to… I might… If I wanted to… If you would… I would like to… If I were to… If I should… If I had to… I should… I ought to… I would have to… If I could find a better paid job, I would be able to pay off my mortgage earlier. If I should win, I would have to thank the coach for his help. If I had to work at the weekend, I would have to ask someone to come and look after the kids. If you wanted to start a new business, we might be able to give you some financial backing. If he were to arrive earlier, could you please meet him at the airport? If clauses – Type 3 Dependent clause Main clause If I could have… If I had been able to… I could have… I would have been able to… I might have… If I had wanted to… I would have liked to… If I should have… If I had had to… I should have… I ought to have… I would have had to… If I had had to pay a higher rent, I would have had to find a smaller flat. If I had been able to ski, I would have liked to spend a holiday in the Swiss Alps. If I had had to wait for you any longer in the street, I might have frozen! If I had really wanted to reach the top, I could have done! Use of modal verbs in if clauses
144 APPENDIX Comparing quantities large quantities with countable plural nouns and uncountable nouns in positive sentences a lot of Annie got a lot of presents / money. We had a lot of guests last summer. more Simon got more presents / money than her. We had more guests than usual. the most Jessica got the most presents / money of all. Last year we had the most guests ever. large quantities with countable plural nouns in negative sentences and questions many I didn’t have many friends then. Did you have many problems at customs? more I don’t have more friends than you. Did you have more problems than last year? the most Which student had the most problems of all? When did you have the most problems? large quantities with uncountable nouns in negative sentences and questions much Pete didn’t have much time to train. Did they have much money? more Sam didn’t have more time than Pete. Did they have more money than you? the most Which player had the most time of all? Who had the most money? small quantities with countable plural nouns few / a few There were few seats available. There are only a few biscuits left. fewer There will be fewer seats tomorrow night. And there are even fewer sandwiches. the fewest This stadium has got the fewest seats of all. Who ate the fewest sandwiches? small quantities with uncountable nouns little Arlene has little patience with the children. We’ll have little time to go shopping. less I have got less patience than Arlene. You should spend less time watching TV. the least Charlie has got the least patience of all. This is the least of my worries.
145 base form check infinitive to check past participle checked gerund checking ACTIVE FORM present simple present continuous I / You / We / They check I am checking He / She / It checks You / We / They are checking He / She / It is checking past simple past continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They checked I / He / She / It was checking You / We / They were checking present perfect simple present perfect continuous I / You / We / They have checked I / You / We / They have been checking He / She / It has checked He / She / It has been checking past perfect simple past perfect continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They had checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checking future simple future continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They will check I / You / He / She / It / We / They will be checking future perfect simple future perfect continuous I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checking going to future going to past I’m going to check I / He / She / It was going to check You’re / We’re / They’re going to check You / We / They were going to check He’s / She’s / It’s going to check present conditional past conditional I / You / He / She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would check would have checked PASSIVE FORM present simple present continuous I am checked I am being checked You / We / They are checked You / We / They are being checked He / She / It is checked He / She / It is being checked past simple past continuous I / He / She / It was checked I / He / She / It was being checked You / We / They were checked You / We / They were being checked present perfect past perfect I / You / We / They have been checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checked He / She / It has been checked future future perfect I/You/He/She/It/We/They will be checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checked going to future going to past I’m going to be checked I / He / She / It was going to be checked You’re / We’re / They’re going to be checked You / We / They were going to be checked He’s / She’s / It’s going to be checked present conditional past conditional I / You / He/ She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would be checked would have been checked Conjugation of a regular verb
146 APPENDIX Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle be was, were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forecast forecast forecast foresee foresaw foreseen forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung, hanged hung, hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt
147APPENDIX | Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt / learned learnt / learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set (up) set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written
148 adverbs - relative 66 - in reported speech 84 after 108A after that 108B agreeing 74 all that 66D allow sb to do sth 54A (be) allowed to 141, 142 already 28, 30 also 110A although 104D American English 138 and 104A as 106, 110B (not) as… as 110B as a result 106 as if 110C as long as 108A as soon as 108A as though 110C at first 108B at last 108B be – passive 44, 46, 48 – were in if clauses 94B, 98B be able to 142 because 106 before 108A besides 110A both… and 104A British and American English 138 but 104C but for 98A by 44B can/could 142 (be) compelled to 142 comparing quantities 144 conditional – clauses 94, 96, 98 – forms 92 – future in the past 92 conjugation of regular verb 145 connectors and linkers 104, 106, 108, 110 consequently 106 could 92, 94, 142, 143 could have 96, 142, 143 countable nouns 144 despite 104D disagreeing 74 double object, in the passive 48 either… or 104B even though 104D eventually 108B ever 30D (a) few 144 fewer / the fewest 144 finally 108B first, firstly 108B for 22, 30B force sb to sth 54 from future – continuous 38 – in the past 92 – perfect 38, 44 – perfect continuous 142, 145 get sb to do sth 54A get sth done 54B going to in the passive 44 have sth done 54B hear sb do / doing sth 56 hear sth being done 56 how long 22, 30 however 104 if 110C if clauses 94, 96 if only 96C in case 110C in order to 106 in spite of 104D indirect questions see reported questions international phonetic alphabet (IPA) 139 irregular verbs 146–147 just in case 98A (at) last, lastly 108B later 108B (the) least 144 less 144 let sb do sth 54 like 110B linkers see connectors little 144 (a) lot of 144 make sb do sth 54A many 144 may 92 may have 92 might 94, 96, 98, might have 92, 94, 96 modals – communicative functions 141 – tenses 142 – use in if clauses 143 more 144 moreover 110A (the) most 144 much 144 must 46, 142 must have something done 54B need 142 need to have sth done 54B neither… nor 104B neither do I 74 next 108B nor do I 74 (be) obliged to 142 or 54A passive 44, 46, 48 past conditional 46D, 92 past continuous 12, 44 past simple vs past continuous 14 past perfect continuous 32 past perfect simple 28, 30, 98 phrasal verbs 124, 126, 128 prefixes 116 prepositional verbs 120 present conditional 46D, 92 present perfect continuous 20, 22 provided / providing (that) 110C punctuation marks 140 quantities 144 question tags 72 really 72D (to) recommend 82 relative – adverbs 66 – pronouns in defining clauses 62 – pronouns in nondefining clauses 64 reported speech – orders, statements 82, 84 – pronouns, time and place 84 – questions 86 – verbs used to introduce 82D, 86E say 80 secondly 108B see sb do / doing sth 56 see sth being done 56 sequencers 108 short questions 72 should 92, 94 should have 92, 96 since106 so 106 so as to 106 so do I 74 so that 106 such a 106 suffixes 118 suggest 86E tell 80 than 110B that relative pronoun 62 then 108B therefore 106 though 104 uncountable nouns 144 unless 110C until 108A used to 10 verbs – conjugation 145 – irregular 146-147 – modals 142-143 – phrasal 124, 126, 128 – prepositional 120 want to have sth done 54B what relative pronoun 66D when – in if clauses 98 – linker 108B – relative adverb 66 whenever 86C where relative adverb 66A whether 86C which relative pronoun 62, 64, 66D while 108A who relative pronoun 62, 64 whom relative pronoun 62, 64 whose relative pronoun 62, 64 why relative adverb 66C will – future 145 – modal 141 wish 96B word formation 116, 118 would – conditional 92 – habits in the past 10 – if clauses 94, 96 would have 96 would like to 141 would prefer to 141 would rather 141 Index
149Student’s Book Answer Key Unit 1 1 3 Sophia and I used to enjoy watching baseball. 4 √ 5 You didn’t use to watch cricket, but you do now. 6 Henry used to play more team sports than he does now. 7 √ 8 Their dad would win every boxing match. 9 Did Suzie use to go to kick boxing classes? 10 √ 2 2 would 3 used to go 4 Did you use to 5 would 3 2 used to do 3 used to go skiing 4 used to go climbing 5 used to ride 6 Did you use to do 001 Tapescript Zack Where did you spend your holidays when you were a teenager, Uncle Leo? Leo I used to go to St. Moritz, in Switzerland. My grandmother had a house there. Zack Oh, in the Eastern Alps. What did you do all day? Leo Well, I used to do a lot of sports. Zack Did you go skiing? Leo Yes, I used to go skiing in winter. And in the summer, I used to go climbing. I also liked horse riding, so I used to ride horses in a farm nearby. I even enjoyed brushing their backs and feeding them. Zack Wow, I would like to do that. How about hiking? Did you use to do that as well? Leo No, not often. My friends didn’t go and I didn’t want to go on my own! 4 2 to be 3 use 4 used 5 to be 6 used 7 use 8 use Unit 2 1 2 were waiting 3 weren’t listening 4 were getting 5 wasn’t enjoying 6 wasn’t running 7 wasn’t paying 8 was wearing 9 were shouting 10 were wearing 2 Were you playing, I was 3 Were they waiting, they were 4 Was Harry going, he wasn’t 5 Were the girls playing, they were 6 Was Sally looking for, she wasn’t 7 Were you all supporting, we were 3 2 was playing 3 Was, watching 4 wasn’t 5 was working 6 Were, supporting 7 were 8 were shouting 9 weren’t making 10 was playing 002 Tapescript Jude What were you doing yesterday afternoon? Matt I was playing in a school football match. Jude Was your mum watching you? Matt No, she wasn’t. She was working. Jude Were your friends from school supporting you? Matt Yes, they were. They were shouting like crazy! The kids from the other school weren’t making any noise at all! Jude Did your team win? Matt Yes, we won. The team was playing well yesterday. 4 1 I was looking for a new table tennis racket. 2 We were going to the stadium at this time yesterday. 3 Were you watching the marathon on TV? 4 Wasn’t he wearing a helmet? 5 We were all waiting for the match to start. Unit 3 1 2 was always shouting 3 was working out 4 Did you enjoy 5 turned up 6 stopped 7 was listening 8 Were you doing 2 2 while 3 when 4 while 5 when 6 while 7 while/when 3 2 was running 3 rang 4 were, doing 5 were painting 6 broke 7 scored 8 was getting/got 4 2 dad was getting dad got 3 Were you play Were you playing 4 I was to jogging I was jogging 5 didn’t playing wasn’t playing 6 exercising were exercising 7 was diving were diving 8 We watched We were watching Review 1 Units 1 • 2 • 3 1 play basketball, volleyball, football, hockey; go dancing, swimming, rollerblading, skiing; do karate, gymnastics, aerobics, judo 2 Possible answers: Some students were playing tennis and some were playing volleyball. The football trainer was talking to his team. Some parents were watching Student’s Book Answer Key
150 Student’s Book Answer Key the sports events. Some students were jumping. Some students were having a drink of water. Some students were running in a race. Some parents were shouting and cheering their children on. Some students were eating oranges. 3 2 were having 3 was showing 4 watched 5 asked 6 was getting 7 started 8 didn’t get 4 2 was doing 3 was staring 4 was lifting 5 didn’t see 6 went 7 was putting on 8 thought 9 made 10 went back 11 walked 12 kissed 13 was recovering 14 started 15 introduced 5 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 A 6 1 was writing 2 rang, watching 3 met, was buying 4 were running, was checking 5 cheered, shot Exam Practice 1 1 Students’ own answers. 2 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 C 11 C 12 A 13 D 14 B 15 B 3 2 didn’t 3 were 4 was 5 was 6 not 7 did 8 diving 9 were 10 when 11 did 12 were 13 while 14 when 15 didn’t 4 Students’ own answers. Unit 4 1 2 have been trying 3 haven’t been looking at 4 haven’t been waiting 5 have been playing 6 has been going on 7 has been choosing 8 haven’t been studying 9 has been thinking 10 have been painting 2 2 Has the headteacher been preparing the new timetable? No, he/she hasn’t. 3 Has your English teacher been marking the exams? Yes, he/she has. 4 Has Simon been having a PE lesson? No, he hasn’t. 5 Has your mum been going to pottery classes at night school? Yes, she has. 6 Have the students been writing on the board? No, they haven’t. 3 2 They’ve been listening to CDs for a French course. 3 She’s been reading essays by the students in her class. 4 He’s been learning to drive for a very long time. 5 They’ve been playing in a rock band since they were at college. 6 They’ve been having swimming lessons all morning. 4 2 has been doing 3 have been running 4 ‘have you been learning, ’ve been learning 5 ’ve been waiting 6 ’ve been working 7 has been talking Unit 5 1 2 has been reading 3 finished 4 been trying 5 been marking 6 gone 7 been playing 8 been doing 2 2 has left 3 has been studying 4 Has, been doing 5 haven’t been going to 6 have, been taking 7 haven’t decided 8 Has, marked 3 2 Mal and Trevor have been working on the computer. They have learnt how to send e-mails. 3 My friends have been sitting at their desks. They have written an essay. 4 The students have been reading their history books. They have revised things for their exams. 5 My mum has been talking to a night-school tutor. She has agreed to enrol for IT classes. 6 I have been thinking about English grammar. I have done this exercise. 4 2 ’ve been trying 3 Have you finished 4 ’ve known 5 ’ve always wanted 6 have been demonstrating Review 2 Units 4 • 5 1 2 PE 3 Geography 4 History 5 Music 6 Science 7 ICT Students’ own answers. 2 1 has been 2 have been 3 doing 4 have been waiting 5 Hasn’t 6 hasn’t closed 7 has played 8 haven’t 3 2 have been thinking 3 Have, seen 4 haven’t graduated 5 Have, passed 6 have been revising 7 has, handed in 8 Has, been learning 4 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 A 8 B 9 A 10 C 5 2 has been writing 3 haven’t seen 4 has been working 5 met Bruce ten years ago. 6 has Jack had 6 2 have been studying 3 Have, been 4 have, told 5 have been thinking 003 Tapescript Jessie Hi, Karl. What have you been doing this afternoon? Karl Nothing interesting, Jessie. I have