151 WORD bank merger About business agreement airport appointment bank draft bank transfer business card business letter business trip circular letter complaint exhibition fair folder hotel lounge interactive whiteboard invoice memo minute overhead projector paperwork presentation report slide
152 APPENDIX British and American English Main grammatical differences There are various differences between American and British English, differences in lexis, pronunciation and writing all of which are shown in the dictionary. There are also grammatical differences. • In American English, the past simple is used in a lot of cases instead of British English. For example, it is used in place of the present perfect when there is no mention of the precise time and with adverbs like: just, already, yet, ever, never. BrE* AmE* ‘Have you seen Jane?’‘Yes, I’ve seen her.’ ‘Did you see Jane?’‘Yes, I saw her.’ Has he arrived yet? Did he arrive yet? I’ve never tried Thai food. I never tried Thai food. • The form have got / haven’t got is not really used that much in American English. Have is more common. BrE AmE Have you got a pen? Do you have a pen? I haven’t got many friends here. I don’t have many friends here. • Question tags are less used in American English. BrE AmE You’re sixteen, aren’t you? You’re sixteen, right? Don’t be late, will you? Don’t be late, OK? • The verb need is often used in British English as a semi-modal, while in American English, it is usually used as an ordinary verb. BrE AmE You needn’t wait for me. You don’t need to wait for me. • The modal shall isn’t much used in American English. Should is more usual. BrE AmE What shall we do tonight? What should we do tonight? Shall I go now? Should I go now? • Collective nouns like family, team, government, that could be considered singular or plural in British English, are always singular in American English. BrE AmE John’s family is / are leaving tomorrow. John’s family is leaving tomorrow. • The past participle of get (in the sense of become) is got in British English and gotten in American English. BrE AmE Your Spanish has got much better. Your Spanish has gotten much better. • In American English, we use the verb take rather than have in expressions like take a bath / a shower / a break… BrE AmE I have a shower every morning. I take a shower every morning. • Americans use the form go get, go see…, while English people use go and get, go and see… BrE AmE Go and get the newspaper, please. Go get the newspaper, please. • Some adverbs which end in -ly lose this ending in colloquial American English if there is an adjective which comes after. BrE AmE She’s really crazy. She’s real crazy. • The verb help is not followed by to in American English. BrE AmE Can you help me to do my homework? Can you help me do my homework? * BrE = British English * AmE = American English
153 b bad, tub Ù jam, fridge N song Z vision, measure k cat, kit, act h house p post, up t tree, suit Í chair, crunch j you r run, barrier T thin, bath d do, did l last, all s sit, rice, cross D this, with f fast, rough m must, room z zoo, rose, days v van, starve g get, pig n no, ten S sharp, cash w well Consonants The table lists the phonetic symbols for British English. I sit, cricket, biscuit, this O: floor, more, thought i: see, mean U foot, put e pen, spread, edge, said u: moon, suit, through & sad, add, adapt V bus, touch, tough, blood, upset A: father, car, glass, calm 3: girl, burn, work Q stop, golf, rock, continent @ adopt, number, actor, actress, bishop If the word has more than one syllable, the stressed syllable is shown by a short vertical line before it, for example: /In'telIdZ@nt/, /n@'ses@ti/, /f@'get/, /'hVNgri/, /'mA:v@l@s/. 1 Read the transcriptions and write the words. 1 /TIN/ ......................................... 5 /faInd/......................................... 9 /'faI@/ ......................................... 2 /TIn/ ......................................... 6 /faIn/ ......................................... 10 /fI@/ ......................................... 3 /si:n/ ......................................... 7 /pQt/ ......................................... 11 /bu:t/ ......................................... 4 /sIns/ ......................................... 8 /pO:t/ ......................................... 12 /bVt/ ......................................... 2 Read the transcriptions and write the sentences. 1 /wi A: In D@ gA:dn/ 7 W/Si: 'wUdnt laIk t@ kVm t@ D@ bi:tS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 2 /du: ju Vnd@'st&nd ?/ 8 /juv gQt @ naIs 'breIsl@t/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 /aI lVv 'ÍQk@l@t/ 9 /hi r&n t@ k&tS DE bVs/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 4 /ju k@n juz maI 'dIkS@n@ri/ 10 /It w@z k@Uld, dA:k @nd 'raInIN/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 5 /we@ Iz D@ dZ&m dZA: ?/ 11 /aIm SU@ DeI A: 'INglIS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 6 /DeI wQtSt 'telIvIZn f@ tu: 'aU@z/ 12 /T&Nks, Di:z TINs bIlQN t@ mi/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 Write the phonetic symbols for the first sounds in these words. 1 knife ............ 2 philosophy ............ 3 ice ............ 4 pseudonym ............ 5 thirsty ............ 6 these ............ 4 Write the phonetic symbols for the final sounds in these words. 1 lamb ............ 2 catch ............ 3 tooth ............ 4 judge ............ 5 rush ............ 6 path ............ eI take, rain, day aI fly, kite, right OI boy, boil e@ hair, where @U fold, show, though aU now, mouse, shower I@ near, here U@ sure, poor Vowels Diphthongs Stress International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
154 APPENDIX Punctuation marks . full stop / period (AmE) at the end of a sentence or paragraph: He arrived yesterday. , comma - separates the items in a list: He had ham, salad, apple pie and a cup of tea. - encloses dependent clauses and comments: My father, who works in Bristol, comes home at the weekend. - after introductory sentences and phrases: When it stops raining, I’ll go out to play. - in direct speech: ‘Come and see me’, said Pete, ‘I’ll show you my new flat.’ : colon - introduces an explanation, list or quote: For the trip you need: an anorak, walking boots, a rucksack and a cap. Martin Luther King started his famous speech with the words: ‘I have a dream…’ ; semicolon - is used between two main clauses linked by meaning: I don’t like eating in restaurants; I prefer cooking my own meals. - separates elements in a list if they are long or complex: The characters in the play include Dennis, a London teenager; Debbie, his girlfriend; Mr Johnson, Debbie’s step-father; and Ms Ross, Dennis’s mother. ? question mark - at the end of a direct question: How long will you be away? ! exclamation mark - to give emphasis: What a lovely day! ... dots - to show something is incomplete in a quotation, uncertainty or suspension of a thought: Let me see… I think I’ll have roast beef. – dash - to show the inclusion of an aside or remark or additional information: Spend a weekend in San Francisco – the liveliest city of the Bay Area! / slash / stroke - to give an alternative: Part time / Full time jobs as waiters / waitresses. Apply inside. - hyphen - in compound nouns and adjectives: My mother-in-law is a bit absent-minded. - after prefixes, when the word begins with the same vowel: Co-operation is essential to get good results. - to break a word in two when it ends a line. ( ) brackets / parentheses - to show an aside, especially when there is a cross reference: Study the verb forms (see page 43). “ ” inverted commas / quotation marks ‘ ‘ - (double or single): to show a quote or direct speech: ‘A witty portrait of literary life in New York’ Sunday Telegraph ‘ apostrophe - used in contracted forms and possessive cases: That isn’t James’s car. A capital letter In English, the following are always written with a capital letter: - names: Paul Smith, my dog Rex, the Statue of Liberty, Mount Etna, Lake Erie - titles and professions: Mr Bell, Ms Derrick, Professor Dawson, Queen Elizabeth II - the days of the week, months and festivals: Sunday, August, Easter - nationality adjectives and languages: Brazilians speak Portuguese. - family names when they are used as real names: Are you ready, Mum? Uncle Jim is waiting for us. - titles of books, films, newspapers… The Good Life by Jay McInerney is a moving novel. a small letter new line / new paragraph
155 base form check infinitive to check past participle checked gerund checking ACTIVE FORM present simple present continuous I / You / We / They check I am checking He / She / It checks You / We / They are checking He / She / It is checking past simple past continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They checked I / He / She / It was checking You / We / They were checking present perfect simple present perfect continuous I / You / We / They have checked I / You / We / They have been checking He / She / It has checked He / She / It has been checking past perfect simple past perfect continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They had checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checking future simple future continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They will check I / You / He / She / It / We / They will be checking future perfect simple future perfect continuous I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checking going to future going to past I’m going to check I / He / She / It was going to check You’re / We’re / They’re going to check You / We / They were going to check He’s / She’s / It’s going to check present conditional past conditional I / You / He / She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would check would have checked PASSIVE FORM present simple present continuous I am checked I am being checked You / We / They are checked You / We / They are being checked He / She / It is checked He / She / It is being checked past simple past continuous I / He / She / It was checked I / He / She / It was being checked You / We / They were checked You / We / They were being checked present perfect past perfect I / You / We / They have been checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checked He / She / It has been checked future future perfect I/You/He/She/It/We/They will be checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checked going to future going to past I’m going to be checked I / He / She / It was going to be checked You’re / We’re / They’re going to be checked You / We / They were going to be checked He’s / She’s / It’s going to be checked present conditional past conditional I / You / He/ She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would be checked would have been checked Conjugation of a regular verb
156 APPENDIX Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle be was, were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forecast forecast forecast foresee foresaw foreseen forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung, hanged hung, hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt
157APPENDIX | Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt / learned learnt / learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set (up) set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written
158 Index a / an 96 (be) about to 68D above 36D adjectives – formation 110 – in -ed and -ing 110 – nouns used as adjectives 110 B – qualifying 108 adverbs – frequency 34 – interrogative 130 (be) allowed to 82G always 34B American English 152 any of 14A article – definite article the 98 – indefinite article a / an 96 at – place 136B – time 134A away from 138C be – past simple 56 – present simple 10, 12 be able to 82G be allowed / permitted to 82G below 136D beneath 136D beyond 138 C British and American English 152 can / could – general characteristics 80 – usage and alternative verbs 82 cardinal numbers 124 compound nouns 102, 110B could – general characteristics 80 – usage and alternative verbs 82 dates 126C definite article the 98 demonstrative, adjectives and pronouns 116 did 60 do / does 32 enough 72B, 108 ever 34B every 34C fractions 126D frequency adverbs 34 from 138C future – going to 68 – present continuous 46E – will 88 gerund 74 going to – form and usage 68 gonna 68A have 24 have got 22, 24, 36E here is / are 14 how – in exclamations 128C – in questions 130 how about 130C how long 130C how many 130B how much 130B imperatives 70 in – place and position 136A – time 134B indefinite article a / an 96 infinitive, form and usage 72 -ing form – form and usage 74 – spelling changes 42B international phonetic alphabet 153 interrogatives – adjectives and pronouns 128 – adverbs 130 – used as subject 128A into 138B it’s – impersonal usage 16 – with adjective + infinitive 72 – with adjective + -ing form 74 irregular verbs 156-157 (a) little 108D (a) lot of 14A may / might 84C modals 80-90 must 84 never 34B nouns – compound 102 – gender 100 – irregular 102 – plurals 100 – used as adjectives 110 numbers – cardinal 124 – ordinal 126 object pronouns 112D off 138C often 34B on – place 134C – time 136C one / ones 118 onto 138B out of 138C over 136D own 114D past participle 12C, 22A, 24E, 72A, 74F, 84B, 110A past simple – be 56 – form, regular and irregular 58, 60 – irregular verbs 156-157 – usage 62 personal pronouns – object 112D – subject 112 (be) permitted to 82G plural of nouns see nouns possessive ’s 108C possessive – adjectives 108 C – adjectives and pronouns 114 – case 108 C prepositions – movement 138
159 index – place and position 136 – time 134 present continuous – form 42, 44 – future meaning 46E – usage 46 – vs. present simple 48 present participle 74 present simple – form 30, 32 – usage 34, 36 – vs. present continuous 48 pronunciation – past simple -ed 58C – plural -s 100C punctuation marks 154 qualifying adjectives 108 questions – Wh- questions 132B – Yes / No questions 132A question words see interrogatives quite 108D rarely 34B rather 108D regular verbs, conjugation 155 short answers – be 10, 56 – do, does, did 32, 60 – have 22 – can / could 80 – will / would 88 seldom 34B shall 86A should 86B some 14A sometimes 34B spelling changes 30B, 42B, 58B, 126B subject pronouns 112 time expressions – future 46E – past simple 62A – present continuous 46 – present simple 34C that 116 that’s impersonal use 16D the 98 there is / are 14 there was / were 56G these 116 this 116 those 116 to 138A too 72B, 108D under 136D underneath 136D usually 34B verbs – action 50 – conjugation 155 – irregular 156-157 – modal 80 – stative 50 very 108D wanna 90B want sb to do sth 90C want to 90 what – in exclamations 128C – in questions 128 when 130 where 130 which 128 who 128 whose 128 why 130 would 88 would like to 90 would prefer to 90 would rather 90