101 1 These are some of the roles that actors have to play in their films. Write these masculine and feminine nouns in the correct column. Then translate them into your own language. anchorman heir actor duchess stewardess duke heiress spokesman aunt barman bride actress widower spokeswoman widow uncle groom barmaid anchorwoman steward Masculine Feminine Translation actor, actress, 2 Write the plural of these nouns in the correct column. ticket actress concert gate beach anniversary party match advert cinema lady sandwich ceremony nightdress cashbox microphone -s -es -ies tickets 3 Write the plural of these nouns that end in -o. Add -s or -es. 1 video .............................. videos 5 photo .............................. 9 disco .............................. 2 cameo .............................. 6 zoo .............................. 10 piano .............................. 3 echo .............................. 7 radio .............................. 11 studio .............................. 4 hero .............................. 8 logo .............................. 12 potato .............................. 4 Write the plural of these nouns in the correct column, depending on how they are pronounced. book wish theatre piano time performance shop dance painting poet stage novel /s/ /z/ /Iz/ books 5 How would you translate this dialogue into your own language? A Who are those women over there? B They are three famous actresses who are in the comedy tonight. The photographer’s taking some photos of them for the local magazine. A Now I understand why there are two policemen! u nit 32 | Nouns: gender and plurals Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 148
102 unit 33 Irregular plurals; compound nouns There are ten nouns that end in -f or -fe that in the plural end in -ves. calf → calves loaf → loaves half → halves shelf → shelves knife → knives thief → thieves leaf → leaves wife → wives life → lives wolf → wolves Other nouns that end in -f or -fe form the plural normally, by adding -s. roofs, chiefs, cliffs, proofs Some nouns have irregular plurals. The most common are: man → men woman → women child → children tooth → teeth foot → feet goose → geese mouse → mice louse → lice ox → oxen person → people (also possible: persons, used formally in announcements) penny → pence (also possible pennies, to indicate individual coins) Two women are jogging in the park with their children. A lot of people turned up. BUT: The elevator may only carry four persons. Eighty-three pence, please. BUT: I’ve only got three pennies. Certain names of animals have the same form for both the singular and plural. deer (also possible: deers), fish (also possible: fishes), salmon, sheep, trout Some nouns that end in -s have the same form for the singular and plural. means, crossroads, species (one or more), series (one or more)… The bus is the most common means of transport among students in our school. (singular use) You can see lots of different species of animals in the Natural History Museum. (plural use) Various nouns of Greek or Latin origin form the plural following the rules of Latin or Greek. curriculum → curricula, medium → media, criterion → criteria, phenomenon → phenomena, stimulus → stimuli, antenna → antennae, crisis → crises, thesis → theses, basis → bases Others form the plural following the rules of English, i.e. -s or -es. gymnasium → gymnasiums, dogma → dogmas, genius → geniuses Some have both forms. fungus → fungi (also possible: funguses), formula → formulae (also possible: formulas) Compound nouns normally add -s to the last word. armchair → armchairs, teabag → teabags, weekend → weekends Nouns that consist of a noun and an adverb or preposition only add an -s to the noun. looker-on → lookers-on, passer-by → passers-by, brother-in-law → brothers-in-law A B C D E
103 2 Write the singular form or the irregular plural form of the following nouns. 1 ox ............................ oxen 4 men .............................. 7 goose .............................. 2 louse ............................ 5 mice .............................. 8 people .............................. 3 children ............................ 6 woman .............................. 9 tooth .............................. 3 Decide whether the underlined word is singular (S) or plural (P). 1 There are only three species of big cat in our city zoo. ............ P 2 The headquarters of that film studio are outside our town. ............ 3 Working in a café is a popular means of earning money for students. ............ 4 Are you going to watch the new cartoon series on TV? ............ 5 The actor had an accident at a dangerous crossroads. ............ 6 The media can deeply affect our lives! ............ 7 There is an economic crisis worldwide so people spend less money on free time activities. ............ 8 I’ve never met such incredible geniuses in my life. They can do those Maths problems in a second. ............ 9 I’ve sent my curriculum to Disneyland in Florida. I want to work there and have fun! ............ 4 Write the plural of these nouns in the correct column. Two of them can go in two columns. bacterium analysis stimulus genius crisis criterion formula fungus antenna -a -es -i -ae + -es / -s bacteria 5 Read the sentences and check if the compound nouns are correct (C) or not (NC). 1 I like sitting in the old armchair in the living room and reading novels. ............ C 2 My brother-in-laws and I are always pleased to see each other. ............ 3 I’m so surprised to see a lot of passers-by along the streets in New York. ............ 4 Two thousand looker-ons are watching the football match at the stadium. ............ 5 They have organized an amazing weekend in France. ............ 1 Complete the sentences with the plural of the nouns in the box. wife half life leaf shelf thief knife loaf u nit 33 | Irregular plurals; compound nouns 1 Strangely, all three of the actor’s former wives ........................ went to his fourth wedding. 2 In the first scene of the film there were trees with yellow ........................ . The title of the film was Autumn in New York. 3 These sharp ........................ were used by the conjurer during his performance! 4 Thousands of ........................ were at risk in the final episode, but the hero saved everyone. 5 How many ........................ of bread shall I buy for the party? 6 I don’t think I can reach the two top ........................ where I’ve put all my books. I need a ladder. 7 Cut the peaches into ........................ and fill them with crumbled macaroons. The dessert will be delicious! 8 I was relaxing in the park when I saw two ........................ stealing a car. Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 148
review 104 8 review | Units 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 Lexis upgrade | Noun Gender 1 Write the masculine or feminine of the following words. Masculine Feminine actor actress ............................................................................. policewoman ............................................................................. waitress nephew ............................................................................. steward ............................................................................. ............................................................................. granddaughter ............................................................................. daughter prince ............................................................................. 2 Now complete the sentences using the singular or plural of the words above. Careful! There is one extra word! 1 There were a lot of famous actors and ……………………………… at the Hollywood dinner. actresses 2 There were a lot of European princes and ……………………………… at the wedding. 3 There were a policewoman and two ……………………………………….. outside the building. 4 Two of my ……………………………………….. and a nephew came to visit me yesterday. 5 I got birthday cards from my ……………………………………….. and my daughter. 6 There were stewards and ……………………………………….. at the conference. 7 I want to buy some presents for my granddaughter and my ………………………………………… . Grammar upgrade 3 A / An? a 1 ……..… hippo 9 ……..… elephant 2 ……..… hour 10 ……..… white bear 3 ……..… university 11 ……..… unique experience 4 ……..… waiter 12 ……..… alligator 5 ……..… polluted town 13 ……..… egg 6 ……..… hundred 14 ……..… headache 7 ……..… thousand 15 ……..… horrible day 8 ……..… yellow leaf 16 ……..… jungle 4 Complete the paragraph with a / an or the. 1 ……..… large number of animal species are endangered due to A 2 ……..… changes that human beings have caused to their habitats. For example, 3 ……..… extinction of fish and other marine species is 4 ……..… result of human activities. Men destroy tropical rain forests and most of 5 ……..… species that live there are threatened. Another reason why some of 6 ……..… species may disappear is 7 ……..… lack of food. Let’s take 8 ……..… Iberian Lynx as 9 ……..… example. It mainly eats rabbits so when 10……..… number of rabbits decreases, lynxes die because they can’t find enough food.
105 5 Complete the paragraph with the article the where necessary. If no article is needed, write 0. It was on 1 ............ first of the 2............ September 2008 that I took my exam about 0 3............ endangered species and since that moment, my life has changed. I remember that I studied in 4............ school library every day and after 5............ school for two evenings a week. I did some research on the Internet about 6............ white lions and tigers. I found out that there was a white lion in 7 ............ zoo near 8............ my town so I decided to go there and observe it closely. I was so fascinated by 9 ............ animal that I studied hard about every kind of endangered animal. I also kept in touch with 10............ WWF and after some years of working together, I became one of 11............ leaders of the organization. 6 Complete the sentences with the correct words. oxen pyjamas penny lice sheep thieves media 1 Two ........................ were pulling the old cart in the first scene of the film. oxen 2 ‘I’ve got no money left – just one ........................ .’ Scrooge said to his nephews. 3 Unfortunately, two people in my class have got head ........................ . 4 There were about one hundred ........................ in the film Babe. 5 My brother is an artist who works in different ........................ . 6 You can play the role of the police officer and arrest ........................ . 7 There was a party and everyone had to wear ........................ . 7 Complete the sentences with the plural of these words. city life dish party kiss disco 1 There are too many ........................ to wash! dishes 2 They visited the Imperial ........................ when they went to Morocco. 3 There are three good ........................ in our town. 4 The ........................ of dead writers are fascinating. 5 The actress looked at the actor and gave him three sweet ........................ . 6 I haven’t been to many ........................ recently. 8 Each of these sentences contains a mistake. Underline it and correct it. 1 There’s only one specie of fish in this aquarium. .................... species 2 The bicycle is a popular mean of transport with students in this town. .................... 3 Are you watching the new cartoon serie? .................... 4 Look at those mans. What are they doing? .................... 5 She came to the party with her childrens. They are so nice! .................... 6 My two brother-in-laws are both doctors. .................... 7 There are lots of swans and gooses in the pond near my house. .................... 8 Why don’t we ask those passer-byes? They may know where “The White Goose” is. .................... 105review 8 | Units 30 • 31 • 32 • 33
exam practice 106 Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 6 | Topic for discussion 1 This is the topic you have chosen for your Trinity Examination Grade 6. Complete all six points with short notes as in the example. Then get ready to speak about them in any order. Threatened species 1 Species in danger of extinction in the world 2 Causes of extinction 3 .................................................................... 4 .................................................................... 5 .................................................................... 6 Threatened species in your area Cambridge English Preliminary | Listening Part 3 2 MP3 | 017 You will hear a woman talking on the radio about a National Park in England. For each question fill in the missing information in the numbered space. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 2 3 Your English friend would like to visit a national park near where you live but doesn't want to go alone. Write an email to your friend and: • offer to go with him • suggest a day to go • say where you will meet him Write 35-45 words. 8 Tip! In the Cambridge English Preliminary exam, there are usually 6 gaps rather than 9. The National Park of the Lake District Facts and figures Park area: • 1 ……………….. square kilometres • Established in 2………………. – it is one of a 3……………….. of fifteen parks in the UK • 4…………………. lake: Wastwater at 5………… metres • 6…………………. lake: Windermere (10.5 7 ……………) Number of visitors: • 16 million people 8….............. • 89% of visitors travel by 9 …………………
107 Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam pra cti ce 7 Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 2 4 Read the sentences about life on a farm. Choose the best word (A, B or C) for each space. 0 Life on .............. farm can be quite exciting. A A a B the C 0 1 .............. can be quite aggressive sometimes. A Gooses B Geese C Geeses Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 6 5 Read the descriptions. What is the word for each one? The first letter is already there. There is one space for each letter in the word. 1 A man who serves customers at their tables. w _ _ _ _ _ 2 A woman who delivers mail. p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 A man who takes care of passengers on an aircraft s _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 A woman who performs on the stage a _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 A woman who is admired by many for doing something good or brave. h _ _ _ _ _ _ Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 7 6 Complete this email. Write one word for each space. Dear Dora, I’m working on 1............. farm this summer. I’m very happy to be here. 2............. farm is near a village in 3............. countryside around York. I pick fruit and I look after animals. There is 4............. group of twenty ducks and I take them to 5............. pond almost every day. While they have 6............. swim I lie on 7 ............. grass and sunbathe. I’ve got 8............. great tan. Next week I’m learning how to milk 9............. cow. There are thirty cows in 10............. big stable. Write soon and tell me about your job at the swimming pool. Love, Charlotte 2 .............. are not always docile. A Sheepes B Sheeps C Sheep 3 .............. are patient reliable animals. A oxen B oxes C the ox 4 There are lots of different .............. of birds surrounding the farm. A speces B specie C species 5 There are a lot of .............. all over the place! A mices B mice C mouses
108 unit 34 Qualifying adjectives | a big red apple the book is new A B D C Adjectives are used to describe people and things. They have the same form for singular and plural, masculine and feminine nouns. a nice boy nice boys a nice girl nice girls Adjectives can be found: • before a noun (attributive position). Note that in English, adjectives always precede nouns. It’s a large town. (not: It’s a town large.) I like green apples. Laura is a clever girl. • after the verbs be, look, feel, get... (predicative position). Jack is new in this school. It’s getting dark. You look happy. I feel tired and hungry. In questions, the adjective is placed after the subject. Is Simon lazy? (not: Is lazy Simon?) Are the children ready? (not: Are ready the children?) Possessive adjectives (my, your…) and the possessive case (Mary’s) precede all other adjectives: my red and yellow T-shirt If there are two adjectives, the one indicating colour is usually placed next to the noun and, if there is more than one adjective referring to colour, white is usually placed last. big blue eyes a nice red skirt a black and white photo When several adjectives are placed before the noun, opinion adjectives, such as interesting, nice, beautiful…, come before fact adjectives, such as big, old, round... The order that adjectives are placed in is usually as follows, though it can be changed to give more emphasis to one of the aspects in particular: quantity – opinion – size – age – shape – colour – origin – material a beautiful big square wooden table two nice blue Turkish silk scarves Adjectives can be modified by adverbs of degree: too, very, rather / quite, a little. These adverbs are placed before an adjective, apart from enough, which is placed after the adjective. It was too cold. The room wasn’t warm enough. The test was rather difficult. / It was a rather difficult test.
109 1 Write sentences by placing the adjective in the right place. 1 Jane is a musical girl. (musical) Jane / is / a / girl ............................................................................................. 2 (good) Mike / is / a / guitarist ............................................................................................. 3 (tired) Are / the / band / ? ............................................................................................. 4 (nice) Has / she / got / a / voice / ? ............................................................................................. 5 (loud) The / instruments / are / very ............................................................................................. 6 (interesting) It / is / an / CD ............................................................................................. 7 (beautiful) Isn’t / Bach’s / music / ? ............................................................................................. 8 (old) How / is / that / violin / ? ............................................................................................. 2 Place the adjectives in the sentence. If necessary, use and to join them up. 1 (red / white) Jack White has got a ........................................................................ guitar. red and white 2 (fast / loud) The music they play is ........................................................................ . 3 (beautiful / old) He plays a ........................................................................ guitar. 4 (high / clear) She sings in a ........................................................................ voice. 5 (new / fresh) The songs they play are ........................................................................ . 6 (fast / accurate / exciting) Her piano playing is ........................................................................ 3 Put the adjectives in the right order. 1 yellow / big / plastic / oval The band’s interview was held around a ............................................................................... table. big oval yellow plastic 2 black / striped / silk The band’s members went to the Award ceremony wearing ............................................... suits. 3 Indian / red / long / traditional For their concerts, the band needed ................................................................................. clothes. 4 simple / cotton / white / new The pop star was wearing a .................................................................................................. dress. 5 old / African / valuable / ebony The singer received a ............................................................................. box from a group of fans. 6 Asian / young / tall / handsome The drum player is a .............................................................. man. His fans are crazy about him! 4 Indicate (↓) where the word needs to be placed in the sentence. 1 (too) It was↓cold. 4 (quite) The concert was boring. 2 (too) The disco was hot. 5 (enough) He wasn’t good to be in our band. 3 (a little) The music was loud. 6 (rather) It was a embarrassing situation. 5 Reorder the words and write the sentences. 1 walk / The / hard / was / quite ..................................................................................................................................... 2 too / easy / was / The / for / us / test ..................................................................................................................................... 3 It / was / situation / a / difficult / rather ..................................................................................................................................... 4 She / tall / enough / isn’t / be / in / to / team / the ..................................................................................................................................... 5 was / a / old / little / She / too / for / race / the. ..................................................................................................................................... unit 34 | Qualifying adjectives Lexis: Famous people in music | See Word Bank pages 148-149
110 unit 35 Adjective formation | Nouns used as adjectives | surprising, surprised a film star Many adjectives are present participles (-ing) or past participles (-ed) of regular verbs. satisfying satisfied → satisfy relaxing relaxed → relax exciting excited → excite tiring tired → tire I’ve had a tiring day so I’m very tired now. The film I saw last night was very exciting. I was so excited I couldn’t speak. Remember: -ing → active meaning, -ed → passive meaning Some adjectives are formed by adding the suffix -ed to nouns indicating parts of the body or of other objects. a red-haired woman a big-nosed man black-eyed peas leather-jacketed teenagers Note that nouns which function as an adjective don’t take -s in the plural form. a twelve-year-old boy (not: a twelve-years-old…) a ten-dollar bill (not: a ten-dollars…) In English, it is common to find two nouns placed together (noun + noun or compound nouns), where the first noun functions as an adjective that defines the second one. the city walls the computer keyboard a business partner This construction is used: • when establishing a relation between things or affiliation to a city (it doesn’t have anything to do with the possessive case, therefore there is no ’s) the kitchen table the church choir London Transport York Minster • with expressions of time or festivities. the winter holidays a weekend trip Christmas carols a birthday card • to indicate the use of clothing items, equipment, vehicles… football boots a tennis racket a pencil sharpener the school bus The use of the object is often indicated by the -ing form of a verb. a frying pan a washing machine a shopping bag a swimming pool • to indicate genres of literature, film, music, art… crime stories action films disco music performance art It is also common to find three or more nouns grouped together. the World Football Championship the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) A B
111 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Isn’t it surprised / surprising that she sang that song? 2 We want to have thousands of satisfying / satisfied fans. 3 People say that new age music makes you feel relaxing / relaxed. 4 The audience were embarrassing / embarrassed that the lead singer sang out of tune. 5 All the newspapers were full of the shocked / shocking news about the singer’s accident. 6 Bill was very excited / exciting when he saw his favourite artist, Rihanna, at his hotel. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective (-ed / -ing) formed from the verbs in brackets. 1 (bore) It is very ........................ to play the same music for 30 years. boring 2 (annoy) We were very ........................ when the band didn’t start the concert on time. 3 (interest) I’m sorry, but I’m really not ........................ in heavy metal music. 4 (entertain) He’s really ........................ when he sings and dances like that. 5 (confuse) The arrangements for the concert were very ........................ . 6 (excite) I was very ........................ when I met Eric Clapton last year. 3 Rewrite the expressions using nouns that function as adjectives. 1 the hall in the hotel ......................................................................................... 2 films about science fiction ......................................................................................... 3 shoes to play tennis in ......................................................................................... 4 the team from the school ......................................................................................... 5 a holiday in the summer ......................................................................................... 6 a shelf for CDs ......................................................................................... 7 a magazine about music ......................................................................................... 8 the carpet in the conference room ......................................................................................... 9 a machine that washes your car ......................................................................................... 10 a garden where vegetables are grown ......................................................................................... 11 vegetables from the garden ......................................................................................... 12 a glass for drinking wine ......................................................................................... 4 Form new adjectives by joining the words with a hyphen and adding the suffix -ed. The band’s members have the following features: 1 They all have blues eyes. They are .................................... . blue-eyed. 2 They have long hair. They’re .................................... . 3 Their mascot is a monkey with a short tail. It is a .................................... monkey. 4 The drummer’s eyes are crossed. He’s .................................... . unit 35 | Adjective formation, Nouns used as adjectives Lexis: Famous people in music | See Word Bank pages 148-149
112 unit 36 Personal pronouns | I, you, he… / me, you, him… Subject pronouns are placed before the verb in affirmative and negative sentences and after the auxiliary in interrogative sentences. I → is always written with a capital letter you → is used both with the second person singular and the second person plural he → substitutes the name of a male person she → substitutes the name of a female person it → substitutes the name of a thing or animal we → refers to the speaker and to one or more other people they → substitutes plural names, both of people and animals or things Subject pronouns are usually always expressed. They can be implied only in certain cases, for example in two-part sentences with and, but, or when the subject of the second part of the sentence is the same. They start work at 8 a.m. and (they) finish at 5 p.m. She loves cooking, but hates washing up. In the evenings, he listens to music or surfs the net. • You is also used as the subject of sentences that refer to everyone in general. You can visit a lot of castles in Scotland. You must respect the school rules. • For animals, we usually use the pronoun it, but for domestic animals and pets we can use he or she. For a baby, we use it (unless we know the gender). The panda is a lazy animal. It sleeps most of the time. I’ve got a German shepherd. He’s called Rusty. • It is also used in impersonal sentences: It’s + adjective + verb in the infinitive (see p.16). It’s nice to be here. It’s too good to be true. • She, other than for females, can also be used for ships and, sometimes, nations. The Queen Elizabeth is a big cruise ship. She carries thousands of passengers. Object pronouns are either found after a verb (direct object) or after a clause (indirect object). me → He loves me. Come with me. you → I love you. Can I talk to you? him → I love him. Go with him. her → I love her. Go with her. it → I like it. Can I use it? us → Send us an email. Is it for us? them → Take them away. Have you talked to them? A B D C
113 Lexis: Life around the world | See Word Bank page 149 1 Complete the sentences with the correct subject pronoun. 1 Get ready now, children, then ........................ can go to the party. you 2 Bob is in Greece. ........................ won’t be back until Monday. 3 My sister can’t find her Italian bag. I’m sure ........................ is on her bed, as usual. 4 My name is Irina. ........................ used to be in the Russian Ballet Company. 5 Those Americans look angry. ........................ have already complained once. 6 Which one is the Spanish lady? Is ........................ the one in the blue dress? 7 Did we tell you about our holiday? ........................ went to the U.S.A. 2 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 We have been invited but a can’t stand Chinese cooking. 2 Lily watches TV or b probably won’t be able to go. 3 The film starts at 8.30 and c reads books in her spare time. 4 Mike enjoys being with friends but d go swimming. 5 In my spare time I play tennis or e dislikes meeting strangers. 6 I adore Indian food but f ends at 11.00. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct subject pronoun. 1 My cat is called Toffee. ........................ loves drinking milk. She 2 The Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg. ........................ was a huge ship. 3 ........................ go to their offices by car or bike every morning. 4 The koala bear lives in Australia. ........................ eats eucalyptus leaves. 5 ........................ is a lovely day today. 6 ........................ must do as the teacher says, Robert! 7 Shall I take an umbrella? ........................ looks as if ........................ is going to rain. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct object pronoun. 1 Tim never lets anyone tell ........................ what to do. him 2 My boyfriend loves blues. If he sees a good CD, he always buys ........................ . 3 I really like Jessica. Do you think she’d go out with ........................? 4 We’re going to raise money for charity. Do you want to help ........................? 5 Sarah’s so bossy! I really don’t like ........................ . 6 What happened to my keys? Has anyone seen ........................? 7 You’re always so stupid! I don’t want to listen to ........................ . 5 CD | 018 Complete the dialogue with the correct personal pronouns. Then listen and check. Jackie Hi Barbara! I haven’t seen 1 ........................ for ages! you Barbara 2........................ was on holiday in Greece for three weeks. Jackie Lucky 3........................ ! Barbara What have 4........................ been doing? Jackie Nothing much. The kids are back into their routine. I drive 5........................ to school every morning. Bill is at the bank all day. I hardly ever see 6........................ . Barbara What happened to your job? Jackie 7 ........................ made 8........................ redundant a month ago. Didn’t 9 ........................ know? Barbara Oh dear! No, 10........................ didn’t know that. unit 36 | Personal pronouns
114 unit 37 Possessive adjectives and pronouns my, your… / mine, yours… Possessive adjectives have a single form for the masculine and feminine and singular and plural. my… your… his… her… its… our… their… Possessive adjectives are placed before the noun that they refer to. They are never preceded by an article, nor by an indefinite adjective or by other determiners. my friend (not: the my friend) my friends (not: the my friends) one of my friends (not: a my friend) (also possible: a friend of mine) some of my friends (not: some my friends) (also possible: some friends of mine) this friend of mine (not: this my friend) The possessive adjective of the third person singular refers to the possessor, not to the thing owned by the possessor. John’s book → his book Janet’s book → her book the dog’s kennel → its kennel Brian must be at home. That’s his car. Linda has cycled to work today. This is her bike. So you’ve got a hamster. Do you clean its cage? Watch out! Don’t confuse: it’s with its, which are pronounced in the same way; he’s with his, which are pronounced in a similar way. ‘Here’s your pen… but where’s its cap?’ ‘It’s here, under the chair.’ He’s a cool guy and his friends are cool, too. Possessive adjectives can be reinforced by the adjective own. I’ve got my own room. (all to myself, that I don’t share with others) They’ve made their own fortune. Possessive adjectives are usually used before personal objects (my watch, my diary…), parts of the body (my head, my hands…) and items of clothing (my sweater, my jeans…). My head is aching. Did you take your umbrella? Possessive pronouns are invariable. The pronoun that corresponds to the possessive adjective its is very rarely used. mine yours his hers ours theirs Like the possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns are not preceded by an article, nor by an indefinite adjective or by other determiners. ‘Whose bag is this?’ ‘It’s mine.’ This isn’t Lara’s bag. Hers is black. Note the difference between the use of possessive adjectives (always followed by a noun) and possessive pronouns (never followed by a noun). Is that your racket? Is that racket yours? A B C D E F
115 1 Complete the sentences with the correct possessive adjective. 1 Daddy! Jack won’t lend me ........................ blue crayon! his 2 Carol is a great violinist, and tonight ........................ performance was marvellous. 3 Can you pass me my book, please? The one with a tree on ........................ cover. 4 Why are you whispering? Is there a problem with ........................ voice? 5 My grandparents live in the French capital. ........................ flat is beautiful. 6 Michael has lost ........................ guide book of New York. 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Take the rabbit out of it’s / its cage – we need to clean it. 2 Where’s Robert? His / He’s mobile phone is ringing. 3 Listen! I can hear there / their car coming up the drive. 4 Simona is my Italian exchange student. I really envy her / hers stylish clothes. 5 Its / It’s a very good time of year to visit South Africa. 6 Here come the guests – they’re / their all from Norway. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct possessive pronoun. 1 I used my paints and Andrew used ........................ . his 2 My family and the family next door have both bought new cars this week. I like the one we bought, but I don’t like ........................ . 3 Lucy and I have similar skis; these are my skis and those are ........................ . 4 We’ve got the presents we were given and you’ve got ........................ . 5 Have you got your ticket? I’ve got ........................ . 6 They showed us their holiday photos, but we didn’t have time to show them ........................ . 4 Complete the text with possessive adjectives or pronouns. We visited some friends of 1 ........................ in Scotland last September. 2........................ house in the Highlands was very small but warm and comfortable. Andrew is a teacher in the village primary school. Most of 3........................ students are the children of farmers – called crofters in this region. 4........................ wife Fyfa doesn’t go to work. 5........................ main job is looking after 6........................ children. There are three of them, all under five and 7 ........................ chief occupation is running around 8........................ grandad’s croft. 9 ........................ grandma is a very good cook. 5 How would you translate these sentences into your own language? 1 Susan is my best friend. ………………………………………………………… 2 Are the Smiths your new neighbours? ………………………………………………………… 3 Lavinia is our Canadian cousin. ………………………………………………………… 4 Some of your colleagues are in the States on business. ………………………………………………………… 5 Tom is an old American uncle of theirs. ………………………………………………………… 6 Those old friends of his live in London. ………………………………………………………… 7 A classmate of hers is Spanish. ………………………………………………………… unit 37 | Possessive adjectives and pronouns Lexis: Life around the world | See Word Bank page 149
116 unit 38 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns this / these, that / those The demonstratives are: this these to indicate someone or something near the speaker that those to indicate someone or something far from the speaker They can be used as both adjectives (followed by a noun) and pronouns. This handbag is really nice! This is a good bargain! Look at these boots. Aren’t they funny? These are my boots. They’re not on sale. That boy at the bus stop is Sheila’s brother. That’s my car over there! What are those boys doing? Those aren’t my suitcases. Mine are smaller. Demonstratives have singular and plural forms, but are the same for all genders. singular plural this man these men this woman these women that actor those actors that actress those actresses • The demonstrative pronouns this and these are often used to introduce someone. This is Mr Durrell, our sales manager. These are Paul and Josh, our friends from Canada. • This can also be used to introduce yourself on the phone or to ask who’s speaking. Hello! This is Sheila Ross. (also possible: Hello! Sheila Ross speaking.) Is that you, John? • This, these, that and those are often matched with the pronouns one and ones (see p.118). Which is your bag? This one or that one? Which are your boots? These ones or those ones? • That is frequently used as the subject of impersonal sentences (see p.16), or as the object of a verb, with the meaning of ‘what was said or done’ or ‘the thing that is being spoken about’. That’s incredible! I can’t believe that! (what you said) I don’t like that. (what you did) Don’t do that! A B
117 1 Read the information and write orders using demonstratives. You are one of the two people sitting at the table. The table has a number of objects on it. At the other end of the room there are some shelves which have other objects on them. Tell your friend what to do with the objects. 1 Place: table Object: book (put on the shelf) Put this book on the shelf, please. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Place: table Objects: three glasses (take to the kitchen) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Place: shelves Objects: two vases (pass me over) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Place: shelves Object: small box (close) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Place: table Object: umbrella (put in the cupboard) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Place: shelves Objects: photographs (give me) ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Complete the sentences with this/that, these/those. 1 That ........................ is my new house over there! 2 What?! No, I’m afraid I don’t believe ........................ ! 3 ‘Good morning. ........................ is Peter Williams speaking.’ 4 ‘Can I introduce you? Mike, ........................ is Steve Hope from IBM.’ 5 Who are ........................ people there in the hall? Are they Arabian sheiks? 6 Which is your bike? This one or ........................ one? 7 Who is ........................ tall woman over there by the window? 8 ‘........................ boys are the German students who are here on an Erasmus project.’ ‘Pleased to meet you all.’ 9 ........................ is the book I was looking for; it was right here all the time! 10 I’m sorry, but I really don’t like ........................ song. 11 ........................ motorbikes in the shop over there are very cool. 12 Look! ........................ is a picture of me when I was a baby! 3 Complete the rule using these or those. Then choose the right option in the sentences below. We use the word 1 ........................ to talk about more than one object or person which is near us, while we use 2........................ to talk about things or people that are further away from us. 3 Those/These boys over there are playing cricket. 4 Can you see these/those men in the restaurant opposite us? They’re important politicians. 5 These/those jeans are made in Italy. Can you feel what good quality they are? 6 “Michael, those/these are my Belgian friends.” “Oh, nice to meet you.” unit 38 | Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns Lexis: Life around the world | See Word Bank page 149
118 unit 39 one / ones The pronouns one / ones are used instead of nouns that have already been used, to avoid repetition. One substitutes a singular noun; ones substitutes a plural noun. They are usually preceded by: • the definite article (the one / the ones) • demonstratives (this one / that one; these ones / those ones) • the expression the other (the other one / the other ones) • the interrogative which (which one? / which ones? ) One can be preceded by: • indefinite article + qualifying adjective (a red one) Ones can be preceded by: • indefinite adjective + qualifying adjective (some good ones) One and ones are used when there is a choice of one or more things. This T-shirt is quite nice, but I prefer the other one. These rooms are larger than the ones on the second floor. Look at these short dialogues and note the words in bold to understand the use of these pronouns. A I’d like a cake, please. B A big one or a small one? A Er… I think I’ll have a big one, please. The chocolate one. A Could I try this jacket on, please? B Which one do you mean? A This blue one here. A I’d like to see those trousers, please. B These ones? A No, the white ones on the left. A Which dress do you prefer? This one or that one? B The cheaper one! A Which is David’s girlfriend? B I think she’s the tall one with long black hair. A B
119 1 Match the questions to the answers. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 Can you pass me those books, Dad? a I want the one with pink icing. 2 I’m looking for size 5 black boots, please. b I’m sorry, I haven’t got one. 3 Could you lend me an umbrella, please? c The ones on the floor? 4 Which coat shall I put on, Mum? d It’s a dry, white one. 5 What sort of wine is that? e Try these high-heeled ones. 6 Which cake shall I give you, Suzie? f The thick, waterproof one. 2 Answer the questions using the words in brackets and one / ones. 1 What cheeses do you prefer? (French / Italian) I prefer Italian ones. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 What paper do you usually read? (a daily / a weekly) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 What clothes do you wear? (Italian / British) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Which football team do you support? (a British / an Italian) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 What dogs do you like? (small and sweet / large and fierce) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 What holidays do you choose? (active / relaxing) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 MP3 | 019 Complete the mini-dialogues using the words in the box. Add a / an where necessary. Then listen and check. my latest one another one new one which one French one blue one 1 A What did the critics say about your novels? B They all said they like ................................................ . my latest one 2 A My watch has stopped working. B Don’t worry. I’ll buy you a ................................................ . 3 A Do you know what kind of cheese this is? B I think it’s a ................................................ . 4 A ................................................ is your toothbrush? B I don’t know. They both look the same! 5 A Take another Vitamin C tablet, love. B I’m better now, Mum. I don’t need ................................................ . 6 A Would you like a blue balloon, Joanna? B No thanks. I’ve already got a ................................................ . 4 Choose the correct alternative. 1 (books) The one / The ones on the shelf are difficult to reach. 2 (sweets) The children all took one / ones each. 3 (rabbits) Which one / Which ones is your new rabbit? 4 (flower beds) The one / The ones next door have more flowers. 5 (yogurts) Don’t eat the other one / ones! It’s gone bad! 6 (shoes) Do you like these Italian one / ones or the English ones? unit 39 | one / ones Lexis: Life around the world | See Word Bank page 149
review 120 9 review | Units 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 Map it out! | Personal pronouns | Possessive adjectives and pronouns 1 Complete the table with adjectives and pronouns, as appropriate. Personal pronouns Subject Personal pronouns Object Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns I,..................................... ..................................... me, ..................................... ..................................... my, ..................................... ..................................... mine, ..................................... ..................................... Lexis upgrade | The World of Music WORD BANK pp. 148-149 2 Match the two parts of the expressions. Then write one sentence each. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............ 1 sports a dress 2 wedding b video 3 TV c hotel 4 home d kit 5 three-star e food 6 bass f show 7 seaside g guitar 8 fast h resort ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. Lexis upgrade | Life around the world WORD BANK p. 149 3 Complete the sentences with these nouns and adjectives. German Dutch (x2) Belgium French Canadians Latvian Thailand Finnish 1 My friend lives in Helsinki but she isn’t ……………… . She was born in Latvia from ………………….. Finnish parents. 2 Toronto is a very cosmopolitan city. You can see people who come from all over the world but they are all now real ……………………….., as if they were born in Canada. 3 Mr Sukarno is Thai. He was born and brought up in …………………… . 4 Daisy is in Austria. She is trying to learn ………………… there so she can communicate with her neighbours. 5 Brussels is the capital city of …………………….. . They speak ………………… and ………………… there. 6 Yes, they come from Holland. They’re ……………………….. .
121review 9 | Units 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 Grammar upgrade 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective (-ed / -ing) formed from the verbs in brackets. 1 (excite) It was an ........................ match and all the supporters felt very ........................ . exciting 2 (interest) It was an ........................ story and I was ........................ to hear more. 3 (frighten) It was a ........................ film, and I felt very ........................ by it. 4 (shock) The car racer had a ........................ accident, and everyone was ........................ . 5 (surprise) The book had a ........................ ending – I was ........................ by it. 6 (exhaust) I had an ........................ day rehearsing for the video clip – I’m completely ........................ . 5 Reorder the words and write sentences. 1 around / The / sat / a / big / table / wooden / band / kitchen / oval /. The band sat around a big oval wooden kitchen table. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 The / Turkish / was / blue / wearing / a / silk / singer / scarf / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 young / The / player / was / the / the / tall / left / thin / man / drum / on / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 The / recorders / expensive / had / digital / new / journalists / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 The / hall / packed / was / with / hotel / elegant / people / famous / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 outside / A / American / pink / limo / was / long / waiting / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 slim / The / driver / elegant / was / a / wearing / an / girl / white / Japanese / uniform / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Complete the text with the correct personal pronouns and possessive adjectives. Paul got up late yesterday morning because 1 ……………………….. had forgotten to set he 2……………………….. alarm clock to school time. Paul’s parents were eating 3……………………….. breakfast in the kitchen, and his mother shouted at 4……………………….. for being late. There was no time for 5……………………….. to eat breakfast, so he and 6……………………….. sister got on 7 ……………………….. bikes and got ready to cycle to school. ‘Don’t be late for 8……………………….. dinner tonight, 9 ……………………….. two!’ shouted 10……………………….. mother as 11……………………….. cycled down the drive. ‘I can’t stand mother shouting at 12………………………..!’ said Paul to 13……………………….. sister as 14……………………….. rode to school. Communication upgrade 7 MP3 | 020 In this conversation, reorder Mark's lines to match Sara's questions. Then listen and check. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 Sara Shall we take these books? a Mark On the top shelf. It’s the blue one. 2 Sara I’m not sure. This is a book b Mark It's not big enough. Let’s have a about Canadian history. look at the one on the table. 3 Sara Where is it? c Mark No, that’s too expensive. This one is 4 Sara What about that street map better. of Toronto? d Mark Yes, if they’re the right ones. 5 Sara It’s nice and detailed. Let’s buy it. e Mark But we need the one about geography. 6 Sara The one with the CD Rom? f Mark Yes, but let’s have a look at the guide too.
exam practice 122 Trinity Grade 6 | Topic for discussion 1 This is the topic you have chosen for your Trinity Examination Grade 6. Complete all the six points with short notes as in the example. Then get ready to speak about them in any order. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 2 2 Your English friend has invited you to a concert with your favourite band. Write an email to your friend and: • accept and thank him/her • ask about the meeting place and time • ask who else is coming Write 35-45 words. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 3 Your English teacher has asked you to write a story. Your story must begin with this sentence. It was a quiet cold night and a tall thin man was walking in the main street. Write about 100 words. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 4 Read part of a letter you received from an English friend: Now write a letter, answering your friend’s questions. Use about 100 words. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 A famous person I admire 1 Name, origin 2 Period in which s/he lived or 3 Age and place where s/he lives (if still living) 4 ........................................................................... 5 ........................................................................... 6 ........................................................................... Tip! Be ready to answer any questions the examiner may ask you. Imagine a list of possible questions on the topic and write it down. Find answers to the questions and practise speaking with a partner. Did I tell you I went to a concert last week? It was fantastic! The band played for two hours. We danced all the time!! I was with Susan. Did I tell you about her? Have you been to a concert recently? What kind of music do you like? Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice
123exam practice 9 Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 5 5 Read the email about a rock band. Choose the best word (A, B or C) for each space. Josh, Do you want to know more about 1 ........... favourite band? Read 2 ........... blog. It’s 3 ........... interesting. They update 4 ........... everyday and they upload lots of photos of their concerts. They are really great but the 5 ........... I prefer are the backstage photos and videos. Look at 6 ..........., for example. They all look as though they are having fun!! They are rehearsing around a swimming pool!! Can you see Mike? He’s the singer and he often wears long orange 7 ........... scarves - I don’t know why. I’ll post a query on the forum. Maybe they’ll answer 8 ...........! Bart Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 6 6 Read the descriptions of furniture and objects you can find in a house. What is the compound word for each one? The first letter is already there. There is one space for each letter in the word. 1 A piece of cloth used to dry plates t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 A small table near a bed b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 A machine for washing clothing w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 A machine for washing plates, cups, etc d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 A piece of cloth used to cover a table t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 7 7 Complete Marcia's email. Write one word in each space. Dear Sally, You asked me how I celebrated 1 …………….. birthday this year. Well, it was probably quite similar to 2 ……………... when you had that huge party last year. I had a party at 3 …………….. house with people from school. I had a big cake that 4 ……………. local baker made. All my friends wore 5 …………… best clothes and we danced and laughed a lot. I got a lot of presents - in fact when I looked at them I couldn’t believe they were all 6……………! I felt very lucky. I hope 7 …………… birthday is as good as 8 …………… this year! Hear from you soon, Marcia Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice 1 A yours B your C ours 2 A their B theirs C our 3 A quiet B quitely C quite 4 A them B it C its 5 A one B ones C one’s 6 A these B ones C it 7 A silky B silken C silk 8 A them B it C that
124 unit 40 Cardinal numbers The cardinal numbers are: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. The next seven numbers all end in -teen: thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen. The tens end in -ty: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety. To join units to the tens, a hyphen is used: 35 thirty-five 89 eighty-nine 100 a hundred / one hundred 200 two hundred … 1,000 a thousand / one thousand 2,000 two thousand … 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 a hundred thousand … 1,000,000 one million 2,000,000 two million … 1,000,000,000 one billion 2,000,000,000 two billion … Note that: • when a number is expressed in words, the hundreds are joined with the tens and the units with the conjunction and. 521 five hundred and twenty-one 305 three hundred and five 4,620 four thousand six hundred and twenty • when a number is expressed in figures, the thousands are separated by a comma, and not by a dot. 10,600 ten thousand six hundred 300,000 three hundred thousand 8,000,000 eight million • the dot is used for decimal numbers, to separate the tenths, hundredths, etc. from the units. Decimal figures are read out separately. 3.5 three point five 65.72 sixty-five point seven two • the hundreds and thousands preceded by a number do not add -s to the plural form. The -s is only added in indefinite expressions such as hundreds, thousands, millions. About two thousand people were at the concert. Thousands of people were cheering the rock star. 0 can be indicated in different ways: • for temperatures, we use zero. –12 °C = twelve degrees below zero • in mathematics, we use nought or zero (in American English). 0.65 = nought point six five • for telephone numbers, we say either zero or oh, pronunced /oU/ or /@U/. My phone number is three-four-seven six-double oh-five. • for sports results, we usually use nil. Arsenal’s in the lead, three goals to nil. • in tennis, we say love. The score in this game is thirty love (30-0). Look at the sentences with percentages and other expressions with numbers. three out of five / three in five 33% thirty-three per cent His score was ten out of ten, he got all the answers right. There was a 30-per-cent discount on every item. A B D C
125 Lexis: Information Technology: Figures | See Word Bank page 149 1 Write the numbers and symbols in full. 1 14 m people ................................................... 5 78 fourteen million people %.................................................................. 2 1000 km ......................................................... 6 tel: 5598026 ..................................................... 3 £ 52 ................................................................ 7 € 1,376 ............................................................. 4 39.5 ºC ........................................................... 8 $ 10,640 ........................................................... 2 Write how you would say 0 in the following cases. 1 In Oslo, it is –10ºC. ten degrees below ............................... zero . 2 It’s 30-0 to Federer. It’s thirty ............................... to Federer. 3 It’s 2-0 to Juventus. It’s two ............................... to Juventus. 4 James Bond, 007. James Bond, double ............................... seven. 5 You got 0/10 in the test. You got ............................... out of ten in the test. 6 The first answer in the quiz is 0.15. The first answer in the quiz is ............................... point one five. 7 Bono’s room number is 507. Bono’s room number is five ............................... seven. 8 The diameter of the circle is 0.87cm. The diameter of the circle is ............................... point eight seven centimetres. 3 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Shhh… I’m counting!… three hundred eleven / three hundred and eleven. 2 Nobody would dare to ask for a pay rise of several hundreds / several hundred pounds. 3 Fourty-four / Forty-four isn’t old for a man to have children. 4 Nearly two thousands / thousand people have bought iPads this week. 5 The highest score in the IT exam was only sixty-one on / out of a hundred. 6 Million / Millions of people have visited Apple stores around the world. 7 Only 40 per hundred / cent of the visitors were satisfied with the new location of the trade fair. 8 I paid four thousand and five hundred / four thousand five hundred pounds for this laptop. 4 Match the price tags to the correct words. 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 £ 30.99 a ninety-nine pounds fifty 2 £ 90.15 b thirty pounds ninety-nine 3 £ 16.12 c sixty pounds twenty 4 £ 0.65 d ninety pounds fifteen 5 £ 60.20 e sixteen pounds twelve 6 £ 99.50 f sixty-five pence 5 Complete the sentences with the expressions from the box. hundreds 30% thirty love three, nil two million 1 The home three, nil team won ..…………………. . 2 ……………..…… people watched the programme in streaming. 3 There is a ……………..…… discount on laptops in that computer shop. 4 ……………..…… of microchips were stolen from the storehouse. 5 Martina was winning ……………..…… in the tennis match this afternoon. unit 40 | Cardinal numbers
126 unit 41 Ordinal numbers and dates Ordinal numbers are used to indicate the order of sequence, for example a ranking. They can be written in full (second), abbreviated (2nd / 2nd) or expressed with a Roman numeral (II). She was third in the race. Today is the 4th of October. Queen Elizabeth I (the first) was Henry VIII’s (the eighth’s) daughter. They are formed by adding -th to the cardinal number. For example: four → 4th the fourth six → 6th the sixth seven → 7th the seventh eleven → 11th the eleventh hundred → 100th the hundredth There are, however, some exceptions. The first three ordinal numbers have their own forms: 1st the first 2nd the second 3rd the third And so do the first three of every ten, for example: 21st the twenty-first 22nd the twenty-second 23rd the twenty-third 31st the thirty-first… Watch out! The following add th: 11th eleventh 12th twelfth 13th thirteenth Note also the following spelling changes that occur when a cardinal number becomes an ordinal number. five → the fifth eight → the eighth nine → the ninth twelve → the twelfth twenty → the twentieth It is the same for all the tens: the thirtieth, the fortieth, the fiftieth… Ordinal numbers are used for dates and can be placed before or after the month. 10th March, 2009 → the tenth of March, two thousand and nine (also: 10.03.09, Br.) March 10th, 2009 → March the tenth, two thousand and nine (also: 03.10.09, Am.) The year can be expressed in various ways. 320 BC → three hundred and twenty before Christ 112 AD → one hundred and twelve Anno Domini 1900 → nineteen hundred 1904 → nineteen hundred and four / nineteen-oh-four 1999 → nineteen ninety-nine 2005 → two thousand and five / twenty-oh-five In a fraction, the numerator is expressed with a cardinal number and the denominator with an ordinal number, singular or plural. It is also possible to use the preposition over between the two numbers. 1/4 one fourth (or: one quarter) 2/3 two thirds 3/5 three fifths But: 1/2 one half A B C D Henry VIII (the eighth)
127 1 Complete the information you found on the internet using ordinal numbers in words. 1 Elizabeth II was born in 1926. Elizabeth ........................................ the second 2 We live in the 21st century. ........................................ century 3 You’re a teenager after your 13th birthday. ........................................ birthday 4 20th Century Fox is a famous film company. ........................................ Century Fox 5 Congratulations! You’re our 1,000,000th customer. ........................................ customer 6 One penny is a 100th of one pound. ........................................ of one pound 7 Barack Obama is the 44th President of the USA. ........................................ President of the USA 8 The 1st man on the Moon was Armstrong. ........................................ man on the Moon 9 The 4th king of Rome was Ancus Marcius. ........................................ king of Rome 10 This church dates back to the 11th century. ........................................ century 2 Write the dates in figures. 1 ten sixty-six Anno Domini 1066 A.D. ............................................................................................... 2 the twenty-fourth of March, 2008 ............................................................................................... 3 fifty-five before Christ ............................................................................................... 4 the eighteenth of December, 1834 ............................................................................................... 5 nineteen-oh-eight ............................................................................................... 6 two thousand and one ............................................................................................... 7 thirty-three before Christ ............................................................................................... 8 nineteen seventy-three ............................................................................................... 9 twenty ten ............................................................................................... 10 fifteen sixty-four ............................................................................................... 3 Write the fractions in figures. 1 one quarter = ¼ 6 three over a hundred = ............ 2 two ninths = ............ 7 seven fifteenths = ............ 3 four sevenths = ............ 8 three fifths = ............ 4 one half = ............ 9 two thirds = ............ 5 five eighths = ............ 4 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 1 Shakespeare Elizabeth the first lived during the reign of Elizabeth one. ………………………....................... 2 Today is the three of March. ………………………....................... 3 My parents were born in nineteen and sixty five. ………………………....................... 4 On the twelve day we came back. ………………………....................... 5 Our hotel room is on the ten floor. ………………………....................... 6 Michael won the silver medal. He was two in the competition. ………………………....................... 5 How would you translate these sentences into your own language? 1 Two thirds of mobile phone buyers are underage. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 John was the hundredth shop customer on the opening day and won an MP3 player. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 The digital version of Shakespeare’s “The Twelfth Night” is available from December. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 The Microsoft offices are on the fifteenth floor. ............................................................................................................................................................ unit 41 | Ordinal numbers and dates Lexis: Information Technology: Figures | See Word Bank page 149
128 unit 42 Interrogative adjectives and pronouns; Exclamations The main interrogative adjectives and pronouns are: to ask questions... who (pronoun only) relative to people what relative to things or occurrences which that imply a choice whose on possession or family relations • Interrogatives always take first place in a question. When they are accompanied by a preposition, the preposition is placed at the end of the question. Who are you waiting for? What was the weather like? What are you thinking about? • Note the difference between the sentences in which the interrogative pronoun functions as subject... Who talked to you? (who is the subject) What happened? (what is the subject) Which tennis player won? (which accompanies the subject) and those in which the pronoun is the object. Who did you talk to? (the subject is you and who is the object) What does he know about that? (the subject is he and what is the object) The first set of questions has the structure of a statement, whilst the second set has the structure of a true question, as they require the auxiliary do/does/did. • What can function as both an adjective and a pronoun. What are you doing? (pronoun) What flowers do you like? (adjective) • Which can also function as both an adjective and a pronoun. When it’s used as a pronoun, it’s usually followed by of + plural noun or by of + object pronoun (you / them…). Which of the stories in the book did you read? Which of you would like an ice-cream? • The difference between which and what, when used as adjectives, is the following: which is used when there is a limited selection of people or things to choose from, whilst what is used in a general sense. ‘Which cake do you prefer?’ ‘The one with fruit on top.’ (the choice is between a few cakes) ‘What cakes do you prefer?’ ‘Chocolate cakes.’ (in general, not between a few in particular) • What is usually accompanied by kind (genre / type). ‘What kind of films do you like?’ ‘Action films.’ • Whose can be used both as an adjective and a pronoun. Whose pen is this? (adjective) / Whose is this pen? (pronoun) • For exclamations, we use the following expressions: What + a / an + singular noun What + uncountable or plural noun How + adjective What a fine day! How kind of you! What nice people! What awful weather! A B C
129 Lexis: Communication | See Word Bank page 150 1 Read the answers and write suitable questions using who or whose. 1 Whose CD-ROMs are they? ..................................................................... They’re my father’s CD-ROMs. 2 ..................................................................... It’s my brother’s MP3 player. 3 ..................................................................... I was talking to Michael on Skype. 4 ..................................................................... I read about Napoleon on Wikipedia. 5 ..................................................................... I used Angela’s laptop. 6 ..................................................................... I heard Bill Gates’ lecture. 7 ..................................................................... It’s my mobile. You can use it if you need. 8 ..................................................................... I was chatting with my Australian keypal last night. 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 There are two iPods in the room. What / Which one is yours? 2 What / Which do you want to do tonight? 3 What / Which happened to you when you met him? 4 What / Which of these is your mobile phone? 5 What / Which of the films did you watch last night? 6 What / Which kind of films do you like watching? 7 What / Which was the wi-fi connection like at the hotel? 8 What / Which one is your sister? The girl speaking on the phone or the one on the left? 3 Rearrange the words to form questions. 1 What / about / is / this / e-book / ? .................................................................................................. What is this e-book about? 2 Whose / are / CDs / these / ? ............................................................................................................ 3 What / of / computer / is / that / kind / one / ? ................................................................................ 4 his / Which / is / memory / stick / ? ................................................................................................. 5 this / Whose / SatNav / is / ? ............................................................................................................ 6 cables / Which / ours / are / ? .......................................................................................................... 7 Whose / laptop / this / is / ? .............................................................................................................. 8 are / yours / Which / earphones / ? ................................................................................................. 9 time / What / it / is / ? ........................................................................................................................ 10 one / Which / is / camera / case / my / ? ......................................................................................... 4 Write exclamatory sentences using What (a/an)… and the information given. 1 She’s got a beautiful smartphone. .................................................................................................. What a beautiful smartphone she’s got! 2 They’re great entertainers. .............................................................................................................. 3 She’s a wonderful newscaster. ........................................................................................................ 4 Mr Smith’s an excellent journalist. .................................................................................................. 5 The Internet connection is very fast. ............................................................................................... 6 This mobile phone is really small. ................................................................................................... 7 That’s a brilliant video game. ........................................................................................................... unit 42 | Interrogative adjectives and pronouns; Exclamations
130 unit 43 Interrogative adverbs The main interrogative adverbs are: to ask questions… why on the motive of something when regarding time where regarding location how on the way something happened • These adverbs are always placed first in a question. How are you? When’s your birthday? Where are my keys? Why don’t you like it? • Where can be accompanied by a preposition (from, to…) that is placed at the end of the sentence. Where do you come from? • Why is used in questions and in indirect interrogatives, whilst in answers we use because. ‘Why are you late?’ ‘Because I missed the train.’ I asked him why he hadn’t come. • How can be followed by the adverbs of quantity much or many. How much and how many can be used both as adjectives and pronouns. ‘How much flour do we need?’ ‘One kilo.’ ‘How much did you pay?’ ‘Six euros twenty.’ ‘How many letters did you get?’ ‘A lot!’ • How can be followed by other adverbs and adjectives, for example: for information on… how fast speed how often frequency how old age how long duration how long / wide / deep dimension how tall / high height (of people or things) how big / large size ‘How fast can you go on this road?’ ‘Fifty miles per hour.’ ‘How often do you buy this magazine?’ ‘Every month.’ ‘How old is your sister?’ ‘She’s 12 years old.’ NB: in answers and questions on dimensions, the adjective is placed after the number. ‘How high is Mount Everest?’ ‘It’s 8,846m high.’ (not: It’s high 8,846m) ‘How long is the river Mekong?’ ‘It’s about 4,500 km long.’ • Note that the expressions How about…? / What about…? followed by a noun or by a verb + -ing are also used to make suggestions and offers. How about a cup of tea? What about joining us? A B C
131 1 Complete the questions with the correct interrogative: why, when, where or how. 1 ........................ did he write it by hand?’ ‘Because his computer wasn’t working.’ Why 2 ........................ are you going to stay? 3 ........................ will the interviewer get here? It’s late and his guest is about to leave. 4 ........................ did you get to Italy? By plane or did you drive? 5 ........................ is the person I came here to talk to? 6 ........................ is the connection so slow today? I can’t work from home! 7 ........................ do you like your tea? With milk or lemon? 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 How old / many is your CD player? 2 How many / much Internet domains have you bought? 3 How often / about do you use your computer during the week? 4 How large / high is that file that you have just downloaded? 5 How long / tall was the film you watched last night? 6 How much / many did that memory card cost? 7 How about / fast coming to play Action Attack 5? 8 How big / often is your new hard drive? 3 Complete the following questions with suitable adverbs or adjectives. 1 How ........................ is your Internet connection? fast 2 How ........................ is the memory on your laptop? Mine is almost empty! 3 ‘How ........................ is this computer?’ ‘I bought it six years ago.’ 4 How ........................ do you send emails to your friends? I send emails every day. 5 How ........................ is the River Thames at Tower Bridge? 6 How ........................ is a football pitch from one goal to the other? 7 How ........................ is Gran Sasso? 8 ‘How ........................ is Loch Ness?’ ‘It’s 230 metres at one point!’ 9 ‘How ........................ of your contacts are on Messenger tonight?’ ‘25!’ 10 How ........................ free time does he spend with his friends? 4 Complete the questions using What / How about and the –ing form of the verbs in the box. NB: there are two extra verbs! go take send watch download cook visit play 1 What about going ........................................................................ to Spain on holiday? 2 ........................................................................ your grandparents tomorrow? 3 ........................................................................ a DVD tonight? 4 ........................................................................ a computer game later? 5 ........................................................................ an email to our German friends? 6 ........................................................................ some music onto your iPod? unit 43 | Interrogative adverbs Lexis: Communication | See Word Bank page 150
132 unit 44 Structure of Yes / No questions and Wh- questions A B C There are two types of questions: Yes / No questions and Wh- questions. Yes / No questions: • begin with an auxiliary (be, have, do in the various tenses) or with a modal (can, could, shall, will…), followed by the subject and by the other elements of the sentence (main verb, objects…). • We usually answer them with a short answer, affirmative or negative, in which we reuse the subject pronoun and the auxiliary with which the question starts. ‘Is Janet here on holiday?’ ‘No, she isn’t. She lives here.’ ‘Does Peter go to your school?’ ‘Yes, he does.’ ‘Can you come with me?’ ‘No, I can’t. Sorry.’ ‘Have you ever been to Malta?’ ‘Yes, I have. Many times.’ In colloquial English, however, short answers aren’t always used: Yes and No can be one-word answers. Wh- questions: • begin with a pronoun, adjective or interrogative adverb (who, what, where…), which is then followed by an auxiliary or modal, the subject and other elements of the sentence. • We answer by giving the information asked for, often without repeating the subject and verb. ‘Where did she go last Sunday?’ ‘She went to Bath.’ ‘How long have you been waiting?’ ‘Ten minutes.’ ‘What gate shall I go to?’ ‘Gate 16.’ Interrogative sentences always have a rigid structure: the order of the words cannot be changed. The subject, even if it’s very long, always maintains the same position. What time does the train to Leeds leave? Where does the girl with blond hair who is in your class come from? Questions can also be formulated in a negative way. In this case, the negative form of an auxiliary or modal is used, usually in its short form (isn’t, wasn’t, don’t, doesn’t, wouldn’t…). Isn’t it late? Why didn’t you go? NB: Questions in which who, what or which function as subject maintain the structure of an affirmative sentence, i.e. subject + verb. Who went on the school trip? What comes next? Which came first, Morse code or the wireless telegraph? Also indirect questions have the structure of an affirmative sentence. Do you know what time it is? (not: …what time is it?) Could you tell me how I get to the bus station? (not: … how do I get…?)
133 1 Use the words to write Yes / No questions. Then write a short affirmative (+) or negative (–) answer. Pay attention to the verb tense! 1 Janet / be / at school / today / + …………………………………………………………………................................ ‘Is Janet at school today?’ ‘Yes, she is.’ 2 you / not want / to go / out / now / + ………………………………………………………………….......................... 3 she / feed / the dogs / this morning / – ............................................................................................ 4 you / go / to an Apple store / yesterday / – ........................................................................................ 5 can / she / surf the Internet / at home / + ...................................................................................... 6 your mother / use your PC / this afternoon / – ................................................................................ 7 the boys / play / videogames / now / + ............................................................................................. 8 you / would / not / like / to come / with us / – ………………………………………………………....................... 9 she / not be / on the trip / yesterday / + ………………………………………….…………………........................ 2 Rearrange the words to form Wh- questions. 1 my / Where / stick / put / you / memory / new / did / ? Where did you put my new memory stick? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 pictures / you / for / download / When / me / can / those / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 install / long / to / it / How / program / take / this / does / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 satellite / is / channels / decoder / the / the / for / Where / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 you / dial-up / Why / using / connection / that / are / still / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 how / Microsoft / Who / operate / knows / new / system / to / this / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Circle the pronouns or interrogative adjectives that function as subject and underline those that function as objects. Then match the questions to the answers. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 Who did you go on holiday with last summer? a Yes, I did. I left it on the train. 2 Who did you go to the beach with last summer? b My friend Alfred. He’s a good computer 3 Which player is your brother? engineer. 4 Who helped you fix your DVD player? c The one with the blue shirt. 5 What happened to your old mobile? Did you d I went on holiday with my girlfriend. lose it? e No, those aren’t mine. 6 Which video games do you like best? f I like this one. 7 Which earphones are yours? The ones on g My cousin and a couple of friends came the table? to the beach with me. It was great! unit 44 | Structure of Yes / N o questions and Wh- questions Lexis: Communication | See Word Bank page 150
134 unit 45 Prepositions of time The prepositions at, in and on are most often used with times. The annual conference is starting on Monday, May 15th at three o’clock in the afternoon. In particolare, la preposizione at viene usata con: • timetables. The last bus leaves at 11.30. The lessons start at 8.45. • certain times or parts of the day: at dawn / at sunrise, at sunset, at midday / at noon, at midnight, at night, at breakfast, at lunchtime / dinnertime / teatime. The view of the lake is wonderful at sunrise. Let’s meet at lunchtime tomorrow. • festive periods, such as at Christmas, at Easter, at the weekend (also: on the weekend) We sometimes go skiing at Christmas. What do you usually do at the weekend? The preposition in is used with: • other parts of the day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. I prefer studying in the evening. • months: The school year in Italy starts in September. • years: I was born in 1975. Shakespeare died in 1616. • centuries: in the 18th century, in the 21st century The preposition on is used: • with dates that are expressed with the day. I was born on 18th November. • with the days of the week, even when a noun referring to a part of the day follows. on Monday, on Friday evening, on weekdays I’m leaving for Manchester on Tuesday night. • when nouns referring to parts of the day are preceded by one or more adjectives. On a cold winter morning… On a dark rainy night… The days and parts of the day are expressed in the plural form when we want to indicate that something happens regularly on that certain day. I usually go out on Fridays / on Friday nights. Compare the expressions: • on time (on that set time) / in time (not late) • at the end of… (the month, the year…) / in the end (opposite of: at first) A B D C
135 Lexis: Business life | See Word Bank pages 150-151 1 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. Choose between at, on, in. 1 The manager arrived at the airport ............ ten o’clock last night. at 2 We went to a great party ............ Saturday. Lots of the conference delegates were there. 3 The first time I went to Wall Street was ............ 1989. 4 According to her CV, the candidate was born ............ November 1st ............ 1974. 5 Is the company’s meeting ............ January? 6 We arrived just ............ time to see the beginning of the conference. 7 The Chinese partners were still chatting with us ............ 3 o’clock ............ the morning. 8 We want to go to the exhibition ............ the end of August. 2 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 I always get up at a February on a business trip. 2 Peter never works in b Friday evenings. 3 I like to go abroad at c lunchtime in the canteen. 4 Jane often goes out on d the morning. He has a part-time job in the evening. 5 We always have pasta at e seven o’clock in the morning to go to the office. 6 I met him first in f Christmas for my annual leave. 3 Complete the text with the prepositions at, on, in. 1 At ............ five o’clock 2............ Tuesday morning I was woken up by a terrible noise outside. I had got back from a business trip 3............ midnight and had hoped for a proper night’s sleep. 4............ breakfast I asked my family what was going on. My brother said that 5............ Monday too they’d started working with a drill 6............ dawn, and that they were still drilling when he’d come back home late 7 ............ the afternoon. He thought it was in one of the neighbours’ houses. I went to the office and didn’t think about it any more. 8............ about eight o’clock 9 ............ the evening, a neighbour called to ask if we could stop drilling as he wanted some peace. We told him we weren’t drilling at all and he said that none of the other neighbours was. Only a few days later did we discover that developers had taken over the block of flats opposite 10............ the beginning of the month and contractors had been called in to do renovation work. 4 Choose the correct alternative. 1 We start work on the project at / on / in three o’clock sharp. 2 Please be in / on / at time for the start of the meeting. 3 We had a long discussion and at the end / in the end / on the end we agreed on the new plans. 4 I ran all the way and was just in / on / at time to clock in. 5 We’re going to Beijing at the end / on the end / in the end of March to do business with a Chinese company. 6 I don't like to go to work in / on / at a cold winter morning, if there is no heating in the office. 7 Our friends from Manchester came to stay with us for the weekend and they left on / in / at Sunday night. 8 The boys weren't back from their walk at / in / on sunset, so we decided to go out with torches and search the area around the building site and the lake. unit 45 | Prepositions of time
136 unit 46 Prepositions indicating place and position Prepositions indicating place and position express where a person or object is. They always follow verbs of state, e.g. be, stay, live, lie, stop, sit and stand. They are frequently used to describe places using there is / there are, there was / there were. The preposition in is used to indicate that something or someone is: • inside a confined area. They are still in the garden. • in a street/road or in a city. I live in Cliff Lane in Leeds. • in a specific geographical position. Milan is in the north of Italy. Sometimes the preposition in can be substituted by inside. There must be someone inside that old house. Remember the expressions: in bed, in hospital, in town, in the country(side), in the mountains, in the newspaper, in the rain, in the sun. The preposition at is used to indicate that something or someone is: • near a confined area, not necessarily inside (at the cinema, at the pub, at the park…) or in a non-confined area (at the bus stop, at the door, at the traffic lights…) There’s an old pub at the end of the road. Turn right at the traffic lights. • in a street / road and the street number is indicated. Leslie lives at 23, Milford Street. Remember the expressions: at work, at home, at the sea(side), at college, at university, at the top of…, at the bottom of… The preposition on is used to indicate that something: • is on top of something else (in contact) There are two bottles of water on the table. Ci sono due bottiglie d’acqua sul tavolo. • overlooks or faces onto... Orta is a little town on a picturesque lake. Remember the expressions: on the coast (BUT: by the sea), on the first/second… floor, on the right/left, on holiday, on a trip, on the way home, on a farm, on the radio, on TV, on Channel 5. The prepositions over / above (suspended, without contact) and under / below indicate that something is above or below something else. Remember the expressions: above / below average, above / below zero, over / under 18. Under can be substituted by underneath and below by beneath. There may be a nest underneath that bush. This behaviour is beneath your dignity! A B C D IN ON AT
137 1 Complete the sentences by writing the article the after the preposition in or write 0 if the article isn’t necessary. 1 Pamela works in .................. centre of London. the 2 Dave lives in .................. country, but he works in .................. town. He’s a commuter. 3 ‘Where did you read about the new job?’ ‘In .................. newspaper.’ 4 My mother works in .................. tourist office next to the park. 5 Some of my colleagues have been in .................. bed all week with terrible flu. 6 It is freezing cold! Is the heating off in .................. our office? 7 My brother runs a business in .................. Victoria Road. 8 We spent a lovely weekend in .................. mountains after a busy working week. 2 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 My father works at a work until five o’clock. 2 I can’t go out. I’ll stay at b the top of a skyscraper. 3 It must be scary to work at c the seaside. 4 Meet me at d the library. 5 She isn't at home yet. She’s at e home and do my report for tomorrow. 6 He’s not at the office. He’s at f the station at nine o’clock. I’ll take you to the job interview. 3 Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box. under over above below underneath beneath 1 Come ........................ my umbrella or you’ll arrive completely wet. under 2 The temperature fell three degrees ........................ zero last night. 3 Mr Johnson works in the office ........................ mine. It's on the top floor. 4 Do you think it’s ........................ you because it is a boring job? 5 The manager’s helicopter hovered ........................ the roof of the company’s building for some time before landing. 6 I found my passport. It was ........................ some papers on my office’s desk. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 Our sellers went .................. a business trip to India last month to present our new products. on 2 My son has been .................. college for six months now. He’s a student of Economics. 3 The sales department is in the third building .................. the right. 4 There weren’t many people .................. the conference hall last night. 5 Is there any empty space .................. the second floor of the firm? 6 They haven’t come back yet. They’re still .................. work. 7 The CEO’s interview you want to watch is .................. BBC2. 8 Danny worked .................. a farm before going to university. unit 46 | Prepositions indicating place and position Lexis: Business life | See Word Bank pages 150-151
138 unit 47 Prepositions indicating movement Prepositions of movement express a shift from or to something. They always follow verbs of movement, e.g. go, come, get, return, drive, take, be sent. • to is used to indicate movement towards something. We’re going to Edinburgh by train tomorrow. I met Susan on my way to school. The preposition to is never used with the word home. Let’s go home. (the speaker’s house) BUT: We’re going to Sam’s house for dinner. NB: Don’t mix up the preposition to (of movement) with in / at (of place and position). They went back to the USA last week. (not: in the USA) They are in the USA now. Remember the expressions: go to work / to school / to hospital, go to prison / jail, go to bed, welcome to…, a journey / trip to…, Have you ever been to…? • into indicates movement towards the inner part of a closed place. They went into the shop. Note the use of into with the verbs translate and change that imply the transformation of something. I translated this book from English into Italian. He wants to change euros into / to dollars. • onto (also written on to) indicates movement on something. The cat climbed onto the roof. • from indicates movement from something and origin. I got a letter from my Australian penfriend. The new student comes from Spain. • away from indicates breakaway. Why don’t we go away from here? It’s too crowded. • out of indicates movement from a closed place towards the outside. The rock star is just coming out of the hotel. • off indicates movement, often quick and sudden, from something. The boy fell off the tree / off his bike. • beyond is also used in a figurative way. Don’t go beyond that point! Look at the prepositions used to talk about getting on and off means of transport. get into / get out of a car, a taxi, a van get on / onto / get off a train, a bus, a boat, a plane, a motorbike A B C D TO INTO FROM OUT OF ONTO
139 1 Complete the sentences by writing the correct form of the verbs in the box before the preposition to. go come get return drive be sent take 1 Would you like to ........................ go to the office by underground or by bus? 2 Can you ........................ me to work in your car? I’m having mine repaired. 3 When David ........................ to the town where we had the first branch, it had all changed. 4 When my father was young, he ........................ to Africa for a year by his firm. 5 You have to take a lift to ...................... to the top of the company’s building. It’s fifteen floors high. 6 Patsy said she couldn’t ........................ to our presentation tonight because she was flying to Tokyo on business. 7 If you ........................ to the centre of town, you’ll find it difficult to park near the office. You’d better come by taxi. 2 Tick (3) the correct sentences and correct those with mistakes in them. 1 3 I’m just on my way to the office. ................................................................................................. 2 Daddy’s coming to home tomorrow. .......................................................................................... 3 It’s time for you to go to the counter. ......................................................................................... 4 Welcome to Hollywood! .............................................................................................................. 5 He’s staying to the Astoria Hotel for the meeting. .................................................................... 6 My father is going in Spain on business. ................................................................................... 7 We went at the seaside for the products’ display. .................................................................... 8 The reps have been to a business trip lately. ………………………………………………......................... 3 Into or onto? Choose the correct preposition to complete the sentences. 1 I put my laptop ............... my office desk. onto 2 It was such a nice day I decided to walk ............... town before going back home. 3 We went …………… the roof to welcome the chairman’s helicopter. 4 We got ............... the motorway just near Milan to go to the advertising launch of our products. 5 Get ............... the car quickly – we have to hurry to reach the conference venue. 6 Linda’s translating some business letters ............... English. 7 I was putting some folders on a high shelf, when they fell ............... my head. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 I received a present ........................ my manager at Christmas. from 2 I’d like to get away ........................ the city after a hard working week. 3 When we came out ........................ the meeting room we met the sellers. 4 I’ve asked you three times to get ........................ of my office! 5 You must get ........................ the intercity train in Mestre to go to your appointment in Venice. 6 He answered some emails ........................ the purchasing department. 7 We saw masked men getting ........................ a white van in front of the warehouse. unit 47 | Prepositions indicating movement Lexis: Business life | See Word Bank pages 150-151
review 140 10 review | Units 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 Lexis upgrade | Information technology WORD BANK pp. 149-150 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Internet key web laptop web designer files password multiplex netbooks social networks virus 1 My .................................... isn’t very good. The connection is very slow. Internet key 2 All the .................................... are saved in a folder called “Do not enter”. 3 You need to know my nickname and .................................... to enter my profile on Facebook. 4 I think .................................... have changed our way of communicating. 5 I’m afraid that a .................................... has damaged your PC. 6 Do you know that www stands for “world wide ....................................”? 7 Who is the .................................... who has done the company’s homepage? 8 In some modern schools students have no books; they study on their .................................... . 9 It’s very convenient to have a .................................... . It’s light and handy and you can take it everywhere! 10 The new cinema is a .................................... . People enjoy watching 3D films there and listening to high quality sounds. Grammar upgrade 2 Match the words with the numbers. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............ 1 forty-seventh a 3rd 2 third b 80th 3 twenty-eighth c 99th 4 ninety-ninth d 47th 5 eighteenth e 100th 6 eightieth f 88th 7 eighty-eighth g 28th 8 one hundredth h 18th 3 Write the numbers in full. 1 21 . twenty-one ................................................................................. .................................................................................. 2 357 .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 3 17.4 .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 4 8,926 .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 5 0.34 ............................................................................................................................................ 6 425,000 ............................................................................................................................................ 7 50,000 ............................................................................................................................................ 8 10,873 ............................................................................................................................................ Burj Khalifa has got 163 floors.
141 4 Complete the questions with these question words. how what when which whose why where who 1 ........................ do you upload this new program? How 2 ........................ wants to buy a cheap iPod? 3 ........................ of these digital cameras is the best? 4 ........................ are you going to do with your old monitor? 5 ........................ don’t you buy a wide-screen TV? 6 ........................ are these headphones? 7 ........................ did you go to buy your new laptop? 8 ........................ have you got time to show me that website? 5 Use the words to write Yes / No questions. Then write short answers. Use the correct verb tense. 1 you / book / your holiday / on the Internet / ? Are you booking your holiday on the Internet? Yes, I am . .................................................................................................................... (+) ................................ . 2 she / play / video games / every / night / ? .................................................................................................................... (+) ................................ . 3 he / be / the boy / you / meet / on chat? .................................................................................................................... (–) ................................ . 4 they / visit / the Forum / last / week / ? .................................................................................................................... (+) ................................ . 5 you / go / to / an Internet café / last night / ? .................................................................................................................... (–) ................................ . 6 you / go / to / the cinema / tomorrow? .................................................................................................................... (+) ................................ . 7 he / can / download / songs / from the web / ? .................................................................................................................... (–) ................................ . 6 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1 at In the holidays I sometimes get up ............ midday but when I am working I wake up at dawn. 2 I don’t usually go out ............ the evening on working days. 3 The business meeting is ............ 3rd May ............ 4 pm. 4 My dad gets up early ............ weekdays. 5 The firm filed for bankruptcy ............ 1999. 6 I have to listen to the Stock Exchange’s news ............ night. It’s part of my job. 7 Patrick’s going back to Ireland ............ Friday. 8 I was very annoyed when the meeting didn’t start ............ time! 9 Sarah’s going to Rome ............ the end of the month to meet the Italian clients. 10 I want to get there ............ time to hear Donald’s presentation. 7 Choose the correct alternative. 1 We’re going to stay in / on / to a little hotel near the airport for the two-day conference. 2 They’ll spend some of their time off in / at / on the seaside. 3 They decided to have their lunch break in / at / on the park. 4 Montreux is a nice place to organize business events – it’s in / at / on Lake Geneva. 5 The office is only ten minutes to / from / off my children’s school. 6 The new shopping centre is below / away from / above the town centre. 7 There is a big garden at / to / below the back of the hotel. 8 We must send the invoice to / at / from Mr Kroll, the manager. review 10 | Units 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47
exam practice 142 10 Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 6 | Topic for discussion: New Media 1 This is the topic you have chosen for your Trinity Examination Grade 6. Complete the list of notes you need to talk about it. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 2 Read part of a letter you received from an English friend. Now write a letter, answering your friend’s questions. Write about 100 words. .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... Media you use to get information in today’s world 1 Advantages of each one: 2 3 4 The media I use most is: 5 My grandparents gave me some money for Christmas and I’m not sure what I want to spend it on. I’d like to buy a tablet but some friends say a notebook is better if you need to write a lot. Have you got a tablet or a notebook? What do you use it for? Which one do you think is better? Tip! Before writing your letter, create your own ‘bank’ of ideas and vocabulary. Write down three main ideas and make sure they answer your friend’s questions. Make a list of useful words and phrases that you can use, then start writing. When you finish, check for common mistakes, such as: • agreements - singular/ plural, masculine /feminine • word orderin statements or questions • spelling of basic words
143 Key, Preliminary and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 3 3 Complete the five conversations. 1 How fast is your Internet connection? A 50 miles per hour B 10 MB per second C 100 metres per minute 2 How often do you use a computer for your homework? A Once a week. B I don’t like it. C In the afternoon. 3 How long does it take from here to the computer shop? A About one mile. B About 200 metres long. C Ten minutes. 4 How about playing a war game on my computer this evening? A I can’t stand video games. B I’ll play it! C Before 7 p.m. 5 Are you reading an online magazine? A No way. B I didn’t download it. C No, I’m watching a video. Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 6 4 Read the description of some IT objects. What is the word for each one? The first letter is already there. There is one space for each other letter in the word. 1 the set of keys for operating a computer k _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 the flat surface at the front of a computer, s _ _ _ _ _ on which you see pictures or information 3 a device that connects one computer system to m _ _ _ _ another using a telephone line 4 a machine for printing text on paper p _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 the machinery and electronic parts of a computer h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cambridge English Key | Reading and Writing Part 7 5 Complete this email. Write ONE word for each space. exa m p ractice 10 Dear Jack, Look at the attachment. It is a photo of my room. I know it is untidy but I like it as it is! Can you see the desk? There’s the screen and the keyboard of my computer 1................ it. The hard disk is under the desk. You can’t see it 2................ the photo. I use my computer to do my homework 3................ the afternoon and I chat with my friends 4................ night. There are lots of posters 5................ the wall behind my bed. They are of my favourite singers and actors. There’s a carpet 6................ the floor but you can’t see it very well: there are books and clothes 7 ................ it. My mum rarely gets 8................ my room; she can’t stand all this mess. I often lie 9................ my bed till late 10................ the weekend but I don’t sleep; I read a book or a magazine. Why don’t you send me a photo of your favourite room? Write to me soon, Arianna
144 WORD Bank Units 1–4 PEOPLE man – men woman – women child – children girl boy teenager person – people friend Adjectives engaged married FAMILY parents father – dad mother – mum husband wife son daughter children brother sister twins aunt uncle cousin nephew niece grandparents grandfather grandmother granddaughter grandson grandchildren relatives mother-in-law father-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law Adjectives Feelings angry annoyed happy hungry sad thirsty tired upset worried Personality bad-tempered cheerful easy-going relaxed sociable Units 5–6 HUMAN BODY arms face head legs neck shoulders Adjectives broad (shoulders) muscular (arms) plump (legs) skinny (legs) tall / short FACE nose big / small (nose – mouth – eyes – ears) eyes green – grey – brown – azzurro hair colour: black, brown, blonde, white, grey, red, dyed (hair) hairstyle: spiky, wavy, straight, curly length: long, short, medium length mouth chin ears Adjectives beautiful good-looking handsome lovely nice CLOTHES blouse coat dress fur coat jacket jeans jumper mini-skirt shirt skirt sweater sweatshirt trousers T-shirt Adjectives elegant, smart / casual, scruffy fashionable / old-fashioned new / old Materials cotton leather silk wool ACCESSORIES bag belt boots handbag high-heeled shoes shoes (a pair of) trainers (a pair of) Units 7–10 ROUTINES brush one’s teeth chat on-line check emails comb one’s hair cycle to school do homework do the gardening drive to school eat out get dressed get up go out with friends go to sleep go to the cinema, the restaurant have a lie-in have a rest
145 WORD bank have a snack have a wash, a bath, a shower have breakfast, lunch, dinner leave home phone friends play computer games, video games send emails, text messages stay up late study surf the Internet wait for / take a bus, a train, the underground wake up walk to work write emails, text messages Adverbs Frequency always usually occasionally sometimes rarely Time late early Units 11–15 HOBBIES carve wood collect objects cook dance do ballet do puzzles / crossword puzzles fish fly kites go birdwatching go climbing go mountain biking juggle listen to music look at castles look at the moon / the stars through a telescope make model planes make pottery paint play chess read thrillers / adventure stories / love stories rollerblade sail a dinghy skateboard take photos trace one’s family history travel write one’s blog Units 16–19 Holidays accommodation airline airplane airport beach bed and breakfast boat brochure cruise customs customs official delay departure lounge destination evening entertainment excursion fare ferry flight full board guided tour half board hotel hotel room jet-ski journey luggage, baggage package deal passenger passport refund sea shore sightseeing tour suitcase sun umbrella tour guide tourist travel agent trip voyage wave weather Verbs check in crash drive drop off enjoy land leave pack pick up put somebody up set off take off travel unpack whizz Adjectives amazing bad beautiful cheap comfortable expensive interesting lovely rough well-equipped Units 20-23 Jobs architect cook doctor dog minder engineer gardener manager manageress plumber receptionist secretary solicitor teacher applicant application form boss career Christmas bonus colleague company contract curriculum vitae
146 WORD Bank day off employee employer employment full-time job job centre job interview office office staff part-time job permanent position promotion qualifications salary strike summer job temporary work unemployment vacancies wage Verbs apply for employ fill-in find fire look for lose make redundant retire run work Shopping and Money Nouns advertising space announcement atm machine bank account bank manager bargain bill catalogue cctv camera changing room check-out cheque book client coin crowd customer deposit account discount display window escalator foreign currency funding inflation item leaflet lift loan mail order manager money payment personal shopper pin number pocket money price price tag purse queue receipt refund right/wrong size sale assistant sales savings account shares shop assistant shop window shoplifter shoplifting shopping bag size supermarket coupon trolley wallet wealth weighing machine window display Verbs afford ask for a refund be broke buy cost decrease do the shopping earn exchange…for give money go shopping increase lose money open an account order pay by cheque pay by credit card pay in cash pay the bill queue up raise money for charity save money sell serve shop online spend money on take the lift try on walk out of the shop waste money wrap up write a cheque Units 24–29 Celebrations Nouns anniversary awards ceremony ball barbecue beach party birthday cake birthday party bunch of flowers candle carnival float ceremony commemoration dance decorations end-of-school party engagement party fancy dress ball festival festivity firework display fireworks flower garden party gift graduation party guest informal dress national holiday opening ceremony parade
147 WORD bank party present retirement party school party smart dress speech surprise party town festival venue wedding anniversary wedding dress Christmas Day Independence Day New Year’s Eve Thanksgiving Day Verbs be dressed appropriately be dressed unappropriately blow up the candles celebrate fall on (day) give a present invite organise plan a party put up the Christmas tree Rules and regulations Nouns aircraft airplane bicycle bridge car hand luggage handlebar headlights helmet life jacket motorbike overhead compartment oxygen mask police officer road roadworks rush hour seat seat belt security guard steering wheel street traffic jam traffic lights upright position zebra crossing Verbs adjust cross drive fasten fill up inflate leave park place put on switch off switch on travel walk Chores clean the cage cook do the ironing do the washing up feed a pet tidy the room walk the dog water the flowers The weather avalanche climate cloud flood fog hurricane ice lightning rain snow storm / thunderstorm sun thunder tornado weather forecast wind Adjectives hot warm cool cold freezing favourable foggy frosty icy muggy slippery sunny unfavourable wet windy Verbs defrost melt pour rain shovel snow Clothes and accessories cotton / linen clothes gloves raincoat scarf (-ves) umbrella woollen coat INVITING and OFFERING Places to go / Things to do art exhibition banqueting hall beach party catering service concert ethnic restaurant firework display football match go skiing have dinner hen party leaving party stag party theatre wedding ceremony welcome party Food chips coffee fish ham hamburger hot chocolate lemonade meal
148 WORD Bank meat pineapple milkshake Units 30-33 The environment and geography Animals amphibians ant birds chameleon dolphin elephant endangered species fish fly frog habitat hippo hyena insects lion lynx mammals mosquito ostrich penguin peregrine falcon rabbit reptiles rhyno salamander species tadpole tiger toad worker ant Plants cotton forest jungle leaf oak palm tree plantation rain forest tree walnut tree The natural world canal countryside earth island lake landscape moon mountain ocean pole river sea, seaside sky star sun Leisure Time art gallery ballet beach book cafeteria cashbox ceremony cinema concert dinner disco entertainment festival match microphone package holiday party performance photo pub restaurant stadium gate stadium stage theatre ticket video voluntary work zoo People actor - actress anchorman - anchorwoman barman - barmaid guest spokesman - spokeswoman Verbs celebrate dance paint perform Units 34-39 Music band bassist choir drummer guitarist lead singer / frontman musician orchestra orchestra conductor song voice drums flute guitar instrument piano saxophone trumpet violin album preview box office concert music magazine musical recording studio seat show singing career tour Adjectives accurate amazing beautiful clear entertaining exciting fast high interesting loud musical out of tune talented Verbs attend
149 WORD bank dance hear listen to play rehearse sing Famous people actor artist car racer champion comedian fan film director footballer pop star privilege showbiz Adjectives famous funny influential popular rich Life around the world Nouns airport capital city clothes’ shop coach country customs Erasmus project exchange student free room guide holiday London national anthem neighbourhood place region school trip ship single room tourist town traditions train Venice Verbs be back be camping be invited be on strike complain get up early go for a walk go to have a snack meet strangers spend time travel on business travel Countries Nationalities Australia Australian Brazil Brasilian Canada Canadian China Chinese Denmark Danish Finland Finnish France French Germany German Great Britain British Greece Greek Holland Dutch Hungary Hungarian Ireland Irish Mexico Mexican New Zealand New Zealander Norway Norwegian Poland Polish Russia Russian Scotland Scottish South Africa South African Spain Spanish Sweden Swedish Thailand Thai USA American Wales Welsh Units 40-47 Information technology: figures Nouns centimetre century circle degree diameter double hundred pence per cent pound room number score thousand first second third fourth eleventh one quarter ninths sevenths half fifths fifteenths Prepositions before below out of over Information Technology Nouns auction bar code chat rooms computer game computer shop device e-book founder icon IT class IT field programmer resource screen telephone line toolbar videocall videophone Verbs connect cover damage eliminate fix look for save share information
150 WORD Bank sort out switch off switch on transfer COMMUNICATION Means of communication cable cd/dvd player earphones/headphones e-book internet connection laptop mobile phone mp3 player rewritable cd satellite decoder wi-fi connection Verbs call click on download enter a profile install a program meet send emails speak on the phone surf the Internet talk on tell the truth upload visit write Types of channels conference lecture website People entertainer interviewee interviewer journalist keypal newscaster technician web designer webmaster Nouns background music camera case folder memory stick netbook nickname profile wide-screen tv Business life People accountant agent applicant assistant bookkeeper businessman businesswoman buyer candidate CEO (Chief Executive Officer) chairman chairwoman clerk colleague commuter contractor dealer delegate departmental chief interpreter owner participant partner personnel manager property developer provider purchasing manager representative sales manager seller staff tycoon typist Verbs agree on arrange a meeting be fired be hired be in business be on sick leave clock in/out commute complain deal with do business with find a job fire go bankrupt go to the office hire hold a meeting leave the office operate pospone a meeting put off a meeting run a business withdraw money work In a company account department advertising campaign advertising launch annual leave bankruptcy branch carreer company company’s meeting conference day off department depot discussion duty headquarter lost property office marketing division meeting room office hours office office’s desk product production project renovation works sales department security rules stock exchange trend warehouse works canteen Types of company agency factory fashion company firm