gk] fnL gjf“ } lbg
-v_ tkfOs{F f ] 3/k l/ jf/ df dgfpg ] sg' } Pp6f rf8kjs{ f] af/ d] f ;;fgf lrqx¿ ;lxt !%)
zAbdf g36g\ ] u/ L tLg c'gR5b] nV] gx' f ];\ M
(
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 49
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
(=@= an / o;sf ks| f/
gjf“ } lbg sIff & df k9\g ] b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿ dfof / lszf/ ] larsf ] ;j+ fbnfO{ tn k|: t't ul/ Psf ]
5 . pSt ;j+ fb k9g\ x' f]; \ . ;+jfbaf6 s ] l;Sg'eof ] < cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf ];\ M
dfof M lszf ]/ . stf hfg nfu] sf ] <
( lszf ]/ M d t af/ Ldf hfg nfu ]sf ] . ltdL stf lxF8\of } <
dfof M d klg afvf| nfO{ :o fpnf NofpF ls eg/] lxF8s] f] . hfcfF } g t ;uF } . ;fFRr,} ltdL lxhf ]
lsg : s'n gcfPsf ] <
lszf] / M dnfO{ lxhf ] a]: ;/L 6fpsf ] bv' ]sf] lyof ], To;} n ] .
dfof M ld;n] klg ;f] Wge' Psf] lyof] . lszf/ ] lsg gcfPsf ] eg/] . dnfO{ yfxf ePg eg ] F .
lszf] / M xf] / < dn} ] t 6fpsf ] b'v s] f ] va/ :s n' df k¥' ofpg ;lsg . ;fRF r} lj1fg tyf jftfj/ 0f
ljifodf lxhf] s ] k9fO eof ], dfof <
dfof M lj1fg tyf jftfj/0 f ljifodf xfdLn ] lxhf ] an eg s] f] s] xf ] < of] slt ks| f/ sf] xG' 5
eg/] k9o\ f }F . clg u[xsfo{ klg lbge' Psf] 5 . d ltdLnfO{ l6kfp5F ' x } <
lszf /] M P xf ] / < xj; \ . an eg ]sf] s ] / x] 5 t dfof <
dfof M an egs ] f] l:y / cj: yfdf / xs ] f ] j: tn' fO{ rfndf / rfndf / xs] f ] j: tn' fO{ l: y/ cj: yfdf
Nofpg] jf Nofpg cfjZos k|of;sf] efl} ts kl/d f0f /x ]5 lg .
lszf] / M cem } : ki6 a'lemPg, pbfx/ 0f;lxt atfpm g .
dfof M h: t } / f]l s/f vs ] f ] uf8LnfO{ rnfpg an rflxG5 . a; ]sf ] dflg;nfO{ lxF8\g an rflxG5 .
rln/ x s] f] ;fOsn / f]l sg klg an rflxG5 egs ] f] .
lszf]/ M P al' emof ] ca t .
dfof M an ljleGg sf/ 0fn ] pTkGg
x'g ] /x ] 5 . To;sf/ 0f an
klg ljleGg ks| f/ sf xbF' f
/ x 5] g \ .
lszf ]/ M eg g t o;sf ks| f/x ¿ .
slt / x5 ] g\ <
dfof M an ljleGg ks| f/ sf xg' ]
/x 5] g \ . h:t } M sG ] bf| ledv' L
an, u?' Tjfsif0{ f an, 3if0{ f
50 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg gjf“ } lbg
an, r'DasLo an, ljB'tLo an cflb . (
tL ansf k|sf/ dWo] s'g} lglZrt laGbn' fO{
s ]Gb| dfgL 3'ld/ xg] j: t'df Pp6f ann ]
j: t'nfO{ sG] b|lt/ tflg/ x ]sf] xg' ] /x ] 5 h;nfO{
sG] b|fledv' L an cyjf ;l ] G6«k ]6n an elgFbf]
/x 5] eg ] o;sf ] ljk/L t annfO{ ;]l G6k« m' un
an elgbF f] / x] 5 .
lszf/ ] M xfdLn ] sg' } ljGb' 3D' bf / l;wf af6fd ] f lx8F \bf
km/ s vfnsf ] an pTkGg x'g] /x 5] , x} <
dfof M xf ] lg lszf] / . xfdLn] ?vaf6 kmn em/ ]sf]
b]V 5f }F . cfsfzlt/ kmflnPsf] j:t ' tnlt/ em/ ]sf] b V] 5f F} . k[YjLsf ] u'?Tjansf] sf/ 0fn]
sg' } klg j:t ' k[YjLsf] sG] b|lt/ cfpg] / x 5] / o:t f ] annfO{ u'?Tjan eGg ] / x5 ] .
lszf]/ M P=======xf] / < ?vaf6 kmn tn emg] { t kY[ jLsf] u'?Tjansf] sf/ 0fn ] kf ] / x] 5 t .
dfof M xf ] / x 5] lszf /] . ltdLn ] r'Das b] vs ] f] 5f}“ <
lszf/ ] M bv ] s ] f ] 5' . lsg / <
dfof M lxhf] xfdLn ] : s'ndf 5nkmn u/ ]sf] .
rD' asdf pQ/ L / blIf0fL u/L bO' c{ f6] f
w'j| x¿ x'g] / x] 5g\ . o;sf] ;dfg w'jd| f
cyft{ \ pQ/ L pQ/ L jf blIf0fL blIf0fL wj|' df
ljsif{0f / c;dfg cyf{t\ pQ/L / blIf0fL
wj' d| f cfsif0{ f xbF' f ] / x 5] . oxL rD' asaf6
pTkGg xg' ] annfO{ rD' asLo an elgg]
/ x5 ] .
lszf/ ] M ljsif0{ f eg ]sf] b'O{ ;dfg wj'| x¿ glhs NofpbF f 6f9f hfGf vfH] g] u'0f xfn ] f xfO ] g <
dfof M xf ] lg . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . rD' asnfO{ : jtGq em'G8\ofpbF f pQ/ / blIf0f wj' k| l66\
kmlsP{ / a:5 .
lszf/] M xf] / <
dfof M xf] lg . of] klg r'DasLo
ansf] sf/0 fn] xf] /] . To:t }
u/ L kbfy{x¿lardf 3if{0f
k} bf eO{ klg an pTkGg
xg' ] / x5 ] To;nfO{ 3if{0f an
elgG5 .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 51
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gjf“ } lbg lj1fg
lszf/ ] M xfdLn] slxn s] fxLF bO' { cf6 ] f 9'ªu\ f 3f6] b\ f
cfuf] lg: s s] f ] b v] s ] f lyof F } . clg s] Tof]
3if{0f an xf ] t <
dfof M xf ] lg lszf ]/ . of] 3if{0f ansf ] sf/ 0fn]
/ x ]5 lg . clg cwft'¿kL j: t'x¿af6
pTkGg ljB't\ rfhn{ fO{ l: y/ ljB'tLo an
elgg ] /x ]5 .
( lszf ]/ M s ] r6o\ fª kbf{ pTkGg xg' ] an klg
3if0{ faf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] t <
dfof M xf] t . cfsfzdf afbnx¿ Pscfk;df
3if0{ f xb'F f tfk pTkGg x'g] / x]5 . r6o\ fª
klg ;f] xL 3if{0f anaf6 pTkGg xg' ] /x ]5 .
lszf ]/ M ltdL;Fu e6] eP/ sIffdf g} l;s] h:t f ] eof] . w /] } w] / } wGojfb ltdLnfO{ . ux[ sfo{ ug{
t ;xof ]u u5f}{ lg <
dfof M xG' 5 lszf]/ .
lszf/] M xG' 5 dfof . d] / f] af/ Ldf hfg] af6f] klg cfof] . ca 5'6g\ ' k5{ x} <
dfof M xG' 5 lszf ]/ . e/ ] e6 ] fF n} f .
lszf/] M xG' 5 .
52 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft gjf“ } lbg
(=#= ;dfgfGt/ rte' h'{ sf ;Dd'v sf0] fx¿sf ] k/ LIf0f
lbOPsf ] ;dfgfGt/ rte' {'hsf ;Dd'v sf] 0fx¿sf ] ljifoj: t' k9g\ x' f;] \ . ;dfgfGt/
rte' {h' sf ;Ddv' sf 0] fx¿ gfk/ ] lgisif{ n] Vg'xf ];\ M
;Dd'v e'hfx¿ ;dfgfGt/ ePsf] rt'e'{hnfO{ (
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h (Parallelogram) elgG5 .
lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf,] h;sf]
;Ddv' eh' fx¿ AB / CD tyf AD / BC cfk;df
;dfgfGt/ 5g \ .
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf u0' f cyjf ljz]i ftfx¿
!= ;a } ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'h{ sf ;Ddv' sf0] fx¿ a/ fa/ xG' 5g \ .
@= ;a} ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf ;Ddv' e'hfx¿ a/ fa/ x'G5g\ .
#= ;a} ;dfgfGt/ rte' h{' sf ljs0f{x¿ k/ : k/ ;dlåefhg xG' 5g\ .
-s_ tnsf k|To] s ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'h{ ABCD sf ;Ddv' sf ]0fx¿ gfKgx' f ];\ / tn lbOPsf ]
tflnsfdf egx{' f ;] \ . o: t } ;dfgfGt/ rte' h{' sfkLdf tof/ u/ /] To;sf ] klg gfk lngx' f ;] \ M
lrq ;Dd'v sf] 0fx¿sf ] gfk ;Dd'v sf ]0fx¿sf ] gfk kl/ 0ffd
∠ABC ∠ADC ∠BAD ∠BCD
1.
2.
lgisif{ M =======================================================================================================
ljBfyLs{ f] x: tfIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 53
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
:jf:Yo ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
!)=!= sf /] f ]gf eO/; lj?4 n8\g ] ko| f; nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
bzf“ } lbg sf]/ f g] f efO/ ;sf ] ;ªj\ m| d0fsf ;DaGwdf ;TotYo hfgsf/ L lngsf nflu lbOPsf]
gDa/ df kmfg ] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ k9 ]/ cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ . cgfjZos
xNnfsf] k5fl8 gnfUg 3/k l/ jf/s f ;b:o x¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf ];\ M
!)
-s_ sf/ ] f g ] f efO/; sf d'Vo nIf0fx¿ lbOsf] lrq x]/ L nV ] gx' f] ;\ M
54 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
:jf:Yo bzf“ } lbg
-v_ sf ]/ fgf efO/ ;af6 aRgsf nflu ug'k{ g] { s'/ fx¿sf] ;"rL cleefjs;uF a; /] tof/
ug{x' f ];\ M
!)
-u_ ;fa'gkfgLn ] xft wg' ] tl/ sf r/ 0f;lxt kb| zg{ u/] / b v] fpg'xf ]; \ . ;fy } 3/k l/j f/s f
;b: ox¿nfO{ xft w'g ] tl/ sfdf cEo: y u/ fpgx' f ];\ M
-3_ tkfO{Fsf] ufp,F 6f]n df dxfdf/L h:t } u/L sf /] f ]g f efO/ ;sf ] ;ªj\ |md0f km }lnPdf s;n ]
s] s ] ugk'{ nf { < kl/ jf/ df 5nkmn ugx'{ f] ; \ . lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf nV ] g'xf ];\ M
tkfOFn{ ] kl/ jf/ n ] ljBfnon ] ;d'bfon ]
:jfWoog ;fduL| 55
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
bzf“ } lbg ul0ft
!)=@= ;dfgfGt/ rte' 'h{ sf ;Dd'v e'hfx¿sf] k/ LIf0f
tnsf kT| o] s ;dfgfGt/ rte' {'h ABCD sf ;Dd'v e'hfx¿ gfKg'xf; ] \ . lbOPsf ]
tflnsfdf eg'x{ f;] \ / lgisif{ sfkLdf nV ] gx' f ];\ M
!)
lrq ;Ddv' eh' fx¿sf ] gfk ;Ddv' e'hfx¿sf] gfk kl/0 ffd
AD BC AB DC
1.
2.
lgisif{ M ======================================================================================================
;dfgfGt/ rt'eh{' sf ljs0f{sf efux¿sf] k/L If0f
tnsf k|Tos] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf ljs0f{x¿sf efux¿ gfKgx' f ];\ / tn lbOPsf ]
tflnsfdf eg'x{ f ];\ / lgisif{ sfkLdf n] Vg'xf] ;\ M
lrq ljs0f{ AC sf efux¿sf] gfk ljs0f{ BD sf efux¿sf ] gfk kl/ 0ffd
AO OC BO OD
1.
2.
lgisif{ M=========================================================================================================
56 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL bzf“ } lbg
!)=#= ;j{gfdsf] klxrfg / ko| f] u
lbOPsf ] jfSo k9g\ x' f; ] \ . uf9f cIf/s f zAbx¿ ;jg{ fd xg' \ . tL ;jg{ fd zAbx¿nfO{
sfkLdf n] Vgx' f ;] \ M
-c_ d sIff & df k9\5 ' . !)
-cf_ ltdL / d ;uF ;Fu} syf k9f }F .
-O_ xfdLn ] Pscsfn{ fO{ ;xofu ] ug'{k5 { .
-O_{ pgLx¿ s;/ L sfd ul/ / x] sf 5g \ <
-p_ hf ] n ]vk9 u5{, pm hfGg ] xG' 5 .
-pm_ xh'/ sxfF a:g 'xG' 5 <
-s_ lbOPsf ] dfdfnfO{ ;w' fg] { efGhf ] syfsf ] Ps cg'R5 ]b k9\g'xf] ;\ . pSt cg'R5 ]bdf
ePsf ;jg{ fd zAbx¿nfO{ lrxg\ 'xf ];\ . tL zAbx¿nfO{ / fv/ ] jfSodf k|of] u ug'x{ f ];\ /
cleefjsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf] ;\ M
dfdfnfO{ ;w' fg] { efGhf]
pm lrRofpg yfNof, ] æd ca slxNo} 7lUbg, efGhf aflx/ lgsflnb] pm .Æ efGhfn] eGof ], ædnfO{
dfq g7Ug ] xfO ] g, s;} nfO{ klg 7Ug' xb'F g } . tkfO{nF ] 7us ] f ] bv] / ] d}n ] tkfOFn{ fO{ ;'wfg{ o:t f] sfo{
u/ ]sf ] xf ] .Æ 7u dfdfnfO{ c¿nfO{ 7Ug] h:t f ] unt sfo{ u/ ]sfn ] ;hfo kfPsf] s/' fsf ] dx;;'
aNn eof] . dfdfn] cabl ] v 7u sfd ulbg{ eg] / jfrf u¥of ] . To;kl5 efGhfn] p;nfO{ gbLaf6
aflx/ lgsflnlbof ] . o;kl5 dfdf efGhf cfcfkmg\ f 3/ lt/ nfu] .
;j{gfd jfSodf k|ofu]
:jfWoog ;fduL| 57
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
bzf“ } lbg g]kfnL
-v_ lbOPsf ;jg{ fd zAbx¿ ko| f] u u/ /] tkfO{sF f ] 3/k l/ jf/ sf] af/ ]df j0f{g ug'{xf ];\ /
k9/] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f ];\ M
d, xfdL, tkfO,{F pgL, of, ] pm, hg' , sf, ] cfkm"
!)
ljBfyL{sf ] x:t fIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
58 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ ]|hL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
11.1. Unity is Strength nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
A. Read the story below. Share with your parents. P3f/ f} “ lbg
A man had three !!
sons. They were
always quarreling
with one another.
The man felt
disappointed
seeing them
quarreling. One
day he gave them
a bundle of sticks
and asked them
to break it. Each
of them tried to
break it but could not. Then the man untied the bundle of sticks and gave a
stick to each of them to break. They broke it easily. Then the man told them
that unity is strength. His sons realized their mistake and promised not to
quarrel again.
B. Make a sentence using given words from the story below.
For example:
Q…u …arr… el …: I …ne… ve… r q… ua… rre… l w …ith… m …y …frie …nd… s. …… .....
Bundle: …… … … … …… … … …… … … … … … … … .....…… … …… …
Break: … …… … …… …… … … …… …… … …… … …… …… … … …… .
Unity: …… … … …… …… …… …… … …… … … … … … … … …… … … .
Strength: …… … …… … … … … … …… … … …… … … … …… … … … …. .
Mistake: … … … … …… …… …… …… … …… … …… … …… … …… … …
Promised: …… … … … … …… … …… … … …… …… …… …… … …… … …
:jfWoog ;fduL| 59
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
P3f/ f} “ lbgul0ft
!!=@= cfotsf ljs0fx{ ¿ k/ LIf0f
lbOPsf] cfotsf ljs0fx{ ¿sf] ljifoj:t ' k9\g'xf;] \ . cfotsf ] ljs0f{x¿ gfk/ ] lgisif{
n] Vg'xf; ] \ . cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfpg'xf]; \ M
Pp6f sf0 ] f (90°) ePsf ] ;dfgfGt/ rte' h{' nfO{ cfot
!! (Rectangle) elgG5 . lrqdf EFGH Pp6f cfot
xf ], h;sf] ;Dd'v e'hfx¿ EH / FG tyf EF / HG
cfk;df ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ / k|To ]s sf ]0f 90° sf 5g \ .
cfotsf u0' f jf ljz ]iftfx¿
!= ;a} cfotsf ;Dd'v sf 0] fx¿ a/f a/ x'G5g\ .
@= ;a } cfotsf ;Ddv' e'hfx¿ a/ fa/ xG' 5g \ .
#= ;a} cfotsf ljs0f{x¿ k/: k / ;dlåefhg xG' 5g\ .
$= cfotsf ljs0fx{ ¿ cfk;df a/f a/ xG' 5g \ .
%= cfotsf ] kT| os ] sf ]0f 90° x'G5 .
-s_ tnsf kT| os ] cfot EFGH sf ljs0fx{ ¿ EG / FH gfKgx' f; ] \ . tn lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf
eg{'xf ];\ . o:t } km/ s cfsf/ sf cfot / ljs0fx{ ¿ sfkLdf klg tof/ ugx{' f] ;\ M
lrq ljs0f{x¿sf] gfk kl/ 0ffd
EG FH
1.
2.
lgisif{ M ======================================================================================================
60 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg P3f/ f} “ lbg
!!=#= b}l gs hLjgdf ansf] k|ofu]
xfd|f ] b} lgs hLjgdf k|ofu ] ul/g ] anx¿ s] s ] xfn] fg \ < cfÇgf] 3/ j/ k/ xg ] x{' f ]; \ .
dfof / lszf ]/l arsf ] ;j+ fbnfO{ km] / L Psrf l] 6 /f df| ];Fu k9g\ x' f;] \ . cleefjsnfO{ klg
;f] Wg'xf] ;\ . tnsf ] tflnsfdf pbfx/0 f lbP/ n V] g'xf] ;\ M
ansf] ks| f/ pbfx/ 0f !!
ljB't\ an kª\Vff rnfpg, vfgf agfpg, 6l ] nlehg rnfpg, cfO/g ug{ cflb .
lbOPsf zAbx¿ dWo] af6 pkoS' t zAb 5gf] 6 u/L vfnL 7fpF k/" f ugx'{ f] ;\ M
ljB't\, 3if0{ f, ;l ] G6ªkmu' n, ;]l G6«k6 ] n an, u?' Tjan
!= s'g} lglZrt ljGbn' fO{ s G] b| dfgL 3l' d/x g ] j: td' f Pp6f ann] j:t n' fO{ sG] b|lt/ tflg/ xs] f ] xG' 5,
h;nfO{ ================================ elgG5 .
@= ?vaf6 kmnx¿ tnlt/ emg'{ =============================ansf] sf/0 f ePsf] xf ] .
#= u'l8/ x] sf] uf8Ldf r9] sf] dflg;x¿ s]G ba| flx/ wlslng' ==================ansf] pbfx/ 0f xf ] .
$= bO' { j: t'x¿ /u 8\bf ==================an pTkGg xG' 5 .
%= ;'rfns tf/ df OnS ] 6f ]gx¿sf] lg/ Gt/ kj| fxaf6 ==============an pTkGg xG' 5 .
ljBfyLs{ f] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 61
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cª\u]h| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
12.1. Identify me and describe nfu] sf] ;do M ==========================
afx|f} “ lbg A. Look at these pictures given below. Discuss with your
brother or sister, identify them and write description under
each picture. Few examples are given below.
dog, girl, reading, cat, teaching, sitting, dancing, swimming, playing
!@
The girl running is The woman riding a The boy crying loudly is
my sister bicycle is my aunt. my brother.
................................... ................................... ...................................
ABC
................................... ................................... ...................................
................................... ................................... ...................................
62 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
!@=@= ;/ n oGqsf ] ks| f/ / sfo{ afx|f} “ lbg
tkfOsF{ f] 3/ tyf ;d'bfodf sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] , l56f] / sd ann] ;DkGg ug{ sg' sg' !@
pks/ 0fx¿sf] ko| f u] ul/ Psf] 5 < To: tf pks/ 0fsf ] ;r" L agfpgx' f] ;\ . -To: tf ;/ n
agfj6 ePsf pks/ 0fx¿cGtut{ xlF ;of, vk' f{, rn' ; ] L, aGr/ f ,] s'6f] tyf sfb] fnf,] rSs',
lrD6f, ;/ f t} f ], ;fan] , rvf,{ l3gL,{ 58s\ ] kmNofs, k ]rs;, sr }F L, t/ fh,' l9sL, jf 9ª' \uf
kN6fpg k|of] u u/ s] f] un, sfutL lgrf ]g{ ] pks/ 0f, e¥ofª, kr ] lsnf, Hofs kr] , sf7df
58 ] g\ ] kmnfdsf ] adf{ (driller) cflb xg' ;S5g \ . oL pks/ 0fafx s] c¿ pks/ 0fx¿ tkfOsF{ f]
3/ df jf j/k / sf] l5ds ] Lsf ] 3/d f x'g ;S5g\ ._ oL pks/0 fx¿nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf
pNn] v u/]c g;' f/s f] ;/ n oGqsf] k|sf/ df 5'6o\ fO{ cleefjssf] ;xof u] df k|To s] ;/n
oGqsf ] Pp6f Pp6f ko| f u] ;d]t nV ] gx' f] ;\ M
;/n oGqsf] k|sf/ ;/n oGqsf] k|of] u
pbfx/0 f
!= pQfn] s (Lever)
@= l3gL{ (Pulley) s }FrL sfuh sf6g\ , nu' f sf6g\ , sk8f sf6g
#= kfª\u|f / laF8 (Wheel and Axle)
$= 58s\ ] ;tx (Inclined plane)
%= kr ] (Screw)
^= km] ;f] (Wedge)
;Demg'kg{] s/' f
• s'g} klg sfdnfO{ ;lhnf], l56f] / sd ann] ;DkGg ug{ dbt ug{] ;/n agfj6 ePsf
pks/0fx¿nfO{ ;/n oGq elgG5 .
• sg' } lglZrt 7fpFdf cf8 lnP/ :jtGqkjs" { 3Dg' ;Sg] nfDrf] j:tnfO{ pQf]ns elgG5 .
• uf]nfsf/ kfªu\ |f jf rSsfsf] kl/lwdf agfOPsf] vfN8fdf 8f]/L nufO{ nf]8nfO{ tndfly ;fg{
;lsg] u/L agfOPsf] pks/0fnfO{ l3gL{ elgG5 .
• k[YjLsf] ;dtn ;tx;uF sf]0f agfP/ hfg] ;txnfO{ 58\s] ;tx elgG5, h:t} M psfnf]
af6f], e¥ofª cflb .
• jl/kl/ 3d' fp/f] ug' f sfl6Psf] kmnfdsf] lsnfnfO{ kr] elgG5 .
• b'O{cf]6f km/s Jof; ePsf kfªu\ |fx¿ Ps};fy /xL sfo{ ub5{ g\ eg] ltgnfO{ kfªu\ |f / la8F
elgG5 .
• Psftkm{ wfl/nf] jf ltvf] ;tx ePsf] / csft{] k{m km/flsnf] ;tx ePsf pks/0fnfO{ km] ;f]
(wedge) elgG5 .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 63
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
afx|f} “ lbg;fdflhs
!@=#= ;fdflhsLs/0 f
lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf ePsf] ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf ] cy{ / ljz ]iftf k9 ]/ 3/ kl/ jf/ sf
;b: ox¿nfO{ ;g' fpgx' f] ; \ . sfkLdf ;fdflhsLs/0 fsf ] cy{ / ljz] iftf n V] g'xf;] \ M
;dfhdf /x s] f dN" o
!@ dfGotf, rfnrng, gLlt
lgod ae' m\ g], a'emfpg] ,
l;Sg] , l;sfpg ] kl| jm| of g }
;fdflhsLs/0 f xf ] . o:t }
JolStn] cgs' / 0f, ;Nnfx
;'emfj / efiffsf dfWodaf6
;d"xsf] d"NodfGotf,
Jojxf/, hLjgz} nL,
k/ Dk/f , ljrf/ tyf
;fdflhs Jojxf/ l;Sg ]
k|lj|mof ;fdflhsLs/ 0f xf] .
;fdflhsL/ 0fsf ljzi ] ftfx¿
• ;fdflhsLs/ 0f JolStnfO{ c;n / Jofjxfl/s agfpg hLjge/ rNg ] k|lj|mof xf] .
• k|lj|mof / : yfgcg;' f/ ;fdflhsLs/0 f km/ s km/ s tl/s fsf] x'G5 .
• ;fdflhsLs/ 0f ;f:+ s [lts x:t fGt/0 f tyf ;f+: sl[ ts cfTd;ft\ ug{ ] kl| jm| of xf ] .
• ;fdflhsLs/ 0f ;fdflhs ;b: o agfpg ] / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg ] kl| jm| of xf ] .
-s_ b] vfOPsf ] tflnsfdf tkfO{sF f ] gfd / cfhsf ] ldlt n ]Vgx' f ]; \ . tkfO{sF f c;n afgL
Jojxf/ / l;kx¿ a'bF f @ df / flvPsf] pbfx/ 0f h:t } c¿ klg a'Fbfx¿ n] Vg'xf] ; \ . o;u } /L
tkfOF{ : jod\n] ;'wf/ ug'{kg ]{ s/' f a'bF f # df n ]Vg'xf] ; \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfP/ pxfFx¿n ]
lbg'ePsf] ;e' mfj ab'F f $ df nV] g'xf] ; \ . o:t } tflnsf ;fbf kfgfdf tof/ u/ L ;do ;dodf
nV ] b } hfg'xf] ;\ . tkfO{Fsf] sf7 ] fdf 6f;F ] / ;do ;dodf cBfjlws ub }{ hfgx' f] ;\ M
64 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
@= tkfOs“{ f ] c;n afgL != tkfO{s“ f] gfd / ldlt #= tkfO“{ cfk}m “nfO{ nfus] f ] afx|f} “ lbg
Jojxf/ / l;kx¿ gfd M ============================= ;w' f/ ugk'{ g] { afgL Jojxf/
tof/ u/]s f] ldlt M ========== !@
• ;fgfnfO{ dfof, 7n' fnfO{ / l;kx¿
cfbf/ ug {] $= tkfO{“sf] afgL • 3/ fo;L sfddf ;xof] u
Jojxf/n fO{ ;w' f/ ug{
• c¿af6 kf| Kt ;'emfj ug{k' g]{
• ux[ sfo{ ;dodf g } k"/ f •
ug{ ] .
•
-v_ tkfOnF{ ] ;w' f/ ug'k{ g] { dV' o # cf6] f s/' f x¿ 5gf] 6 ug{x' f; ] \ . lbOPsf ] gd'gf x] // ] casf ]
tLg dlxgfdf ;'wf/ ug] { sfo{of] hgf agfP/ cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf] ;\ M
jm| =;+ yk ljsf; ug'k{ g]{ slxn ];Dddf < s;/L ljsf; ug{ ] < ;xof u]
l;k / Jojxf/
wug{k' g{ ] @ dlxgf leqdf cfkmg\ f ] ux[ sfo{ ;dod} ;Sg,] bl } gs ;do cleefjssf ]
tflnsf lgdf0{ f ug,{ ] 3/s f ] sfdaf/ ] kl/j f/d f
;fW ] g ] / Ifdtfcg;' f/s f ] lhDdj ] f/L lng, ] ======
!
@
#
-u_ tkfOsF{ f ] 3/k l/j f/s f clnlvt lgodx¿ lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf cleefjs;uF a;/ ] tof/
ugx{' f] ;\ . o;}u / L tkfOFs{ f ] ;db' fosf] rfnrng klg cleefjs;uF ;f]w /] tof/ ug{'xf] ; \ .
oL ;a } s'/f n] ;fdflhsLs/ 0fdf s;/ L ;xofu ] k'U5 < 5nkmn klg ugx'{ f ];\ M
xfd|f ] 3/k l/j f/ sf ] gLltlgod xfdf| ] ;db' fosf ] rfnrng
• Pscsf{sf] sfddf ;xof] u ug] { • hGd, ljjfxdf ef h] et/] ug] {
• cleefjsn ] eg] sf] dfGg] • rf8kj{df z'esfdgf lbg]
•
ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 65
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
!#=!= syf k7g / n v] g nfu s] f] ;do M ==========================
]tx|f} “ lbg lbOPsf ] ‘;g' pu] Ng] efn ]’ syfsf] cz+ ult, olt / xfpefp;lxt k9g\ x' f;] \ . sl7g
zAbx¿nfO{ lrxg\ nufpgx' f ;] \ . ltgLx¿sf] cy{ cleefjsnfO{ ;fw ] / ] jf cGo s'g}
;fduL| af6 vfh] ]/ sfkLdf nV] g'xf;] \ M
!# ;g' puN ] g] efn]
Ps lbg laxfg / fhf efn] nfO{ k?] ª\uf ]af6 aflx/ lgsfNb} lyP . k]? ªu\ fa ] f6 aflx/ glgsfnL
efn n] ] ;g' pu] Nbg} Yof ] . To;}n ] /f hf cfk“m} To;nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNb } lyP . o;/ L lgsfNg nfUbf
yl' gPsf] r/ f g xf], Tof ] t e'/{ p8 /] hªu\ nlt/ efUof ] . / fhfn] x8a8fp“b} tTsfn} To;nfO{
;dfpg bz] sf ;f/ f ;] gf kl/r fng u/ ] . efn n] fO{ k5o\ fpb“ } ;g ] fklt hª\un;Dd k'u] t/ s;s } f]
s]x L nfug ] . hªu\ nsf] kTs/d } Tof] efn ] x/f of] . efn] x/f Psfn] / fhf w/] } lrlGtt eP .
ef ]lnkN6 pgn ] ;a} ef/b f/n fO{ af] nfP . pgn] ;'g pu ]Ng] Tof ] efn] s;/ L e ]6\g ;lsPnf egL
;fw] ] . ef/ bf/ x¿n ] / fhfnfO{ cgs ] ;Nnfx lbP t/ / fhfsf] lrQ a'emg] .
/ fhf cfk} “mn ] Pp6f h'lSt ;f]r ] . pgn ] ;al} t/ pbL{ u/] , æx/f Psf ] efn ] vf] h ]/ ;ft lbgleq
Nofpg] nfO{ b ]zsf] ;g ] fklt agfOg ] 5 .Æ / fhfsf ] pbL{ t?' Gt } b]z el/ kml } nof ] . efn] vf] h ]/ NofO{
bz ] sf ] ; ]gfklt aGg ] /x / n] tLg hgf dflg; /f hfsf] ;fd' pkl:y t eP . tLg hgfdWo ] Pp6fnfO{
af n] fP/ /f hfn] ;f] w], æ;g' pu] Ng] efn] vfH ] g ltdL stf hfG5f } <Æ To; JolStn ] hafkm lbof],
æd dfª\vfn'ª -dsfn_' lxdfnlt/ hfG5' . Tof ] efn ] lxdfnsf] sg' } g s'g } kf6fd] f ns' / ] a; s] f]
xg' k' 5{ . d To;nfO{ kj|m/] cjZo Nofp5“ ' .Æ
-s_ dflysf ] syfsf] c+z k9L syfsf] ;?' / cGTo s;/L ePsf ] xfn] f cgd' fg ug'x{ f ];\ /
n V] gx' f ]; \ . n v] ] sf] syf cleefjsnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpgx' f ];\ M
syfsf] ;?' syfsf] cGTo
66 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL
-v_ lbOPsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/ df Pp6f 5f ]6f ] syf n] Vgx' f] ;\ / cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f ];\ M
Ps hgf ;7] x'g=' == ; ]7;“u w ]/ } ;g' x'g'=== cem ;'g a9fpg] rfxgf xg' ' === Ps lbg Pp6f dflg;sf ] ]tx|f} “ lbg
3/ df ;] 7 k'Ug=' == To; dflg;n] ;] 7nfO{ cfkm\ gf] v t] df ;'g kmN5 eGg'=== ;'gsf] lap ;g' g } rflxG5
eGg'=== lap w /] } gePsfn ] b'O{ u/f df dfq ;'g / f k] s] f] s/' f ug{'=== ; 7] n] w] / } ;g' lbP/ vt ] lsGg vfH ] g'=== !#
To; dflg;n] vt] ga] Rg' === lap lbP pAh s] f] ;g' cfwf cfwf lbg vt] Ljfn tof/ x'g' === ;7] n ] kf“r
tf ]nf ;g' lap lbg'=== v ]tLjfnn] 5 dlxgfkl5 !) tf ]nf ;g' lbg=' == ;] 7n] cfk"m;u“ sf ] ;a} !)) tf]n f
;'g lap lbg'=== 5 dlxgfkl5 v ]tLjfn ?b“ } ;7 ] sxf“ cfpg=' == p;n] ;'Svf nfu/] ;'gsf] lap gpd |s] f ]
/ ;a} ;'g gi6 ePsf ] atfpg'=== ;7] lhlNng'=== nfe] n] nfe, nfen] ljnfk x'G5 eGg] lzIff kfpg' .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 67
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
!#=@= rfksf] pTklQ
]tx|f} “ lbg xfdLn] sg' } j:td' f an ko| fu] ubf{ an k|of]u ul/Psf] Ifq] kmn w/] } ePdf To;sf]
c;/ sd k5{ / Ifq] kmn sd ePdf w]/} c;/ kb{5 . o;/L sg' } lglZrt Ifq] kmndf
nfus] f] annfO{ rfk elgG5 . s'g} lglZrt 7fpFdf an k|ofu] ubf{ pTkGg x'g] rfk
xfdLn] nufPsf] an;uF e/ k5{ . an a9L ePdf rfk klg a95\ .
!# s'g} 7fpdF f nufPsf] an = F annfO{ Go6' g (N) /
To; 7fpFsf] Ifq] kmn = A If]qkmnnfO{ ju{ld6/ (m2)
F
rfk = P eP, P= A xG' 5 .
cyjf kf:s n (pa) PsfOdf gflkG5 . PsfOdf gflkG5 . To;}n]
rfksf] PsfO Go'6g k|ltjul{ d6/
xfdf| ] b }lgs hLjgdf rfksf ] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /x G5 . (N/m2) xG' 5 . o;nfO{ kf:sn
ls;fgx¿n ] v] t hf ]Tg xnfsf] 6'Kkf ] -kmfnL_ ltvf] (pa) klg elgG5 .
kmnfdsf ] agfp5F g\, h;n] ubf{ sd ann] klg w] /} ! kf:sn=! Go6' g÷ju{ld6/
x'G5 .
rfk pTkGg eO{ vt] hf]T g ;lhnf] xG' 5 . o; u} / L v ]t
vGg ] sf ]bfnf] klg wfl/ nf] agfOPsf ] x'G5 . bfp/f tyf sf7
sf6g\ sf nflu xlF ;of vk' fn{ fO{ wfl/n f ] agfOPsf] xG' 5 .
slxns ] fxLF a9L rfk xbF' f sfd ug{ sl7gfO k5 { . To: tf ] cj: yfdf rfknfO{ sd agfpgk' g{ ] xG' 5, h:t } M v t] hfT ] g ]
6o\ fS6/ hldgdf gu8f;] \ eg ]/ 6o\ fS6/s f ] k5fl8sf] kfª\u|f 7'nf] agfOG5 . o;}u /L w] / } ef/ L af ]Sg]
6«sx¿df k5fl8 w/ ] } cf 6] f kfª\uf| x¿ / flvG5 h;n ] ubf{ rfk sd kg{ uO{ ;lhn } w ]/ } ;fdfg 9j' fgL
ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfly lbOPsf hfgsf/ Lsf] cfwf/ sf an / rfksf] leGgtf tnsf] tflnsfdf nV] g'xf] ;\ M
an rfk
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=
%= %=
68 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft ]tx|f} “ lbg
!#=#= jus{ f ljs0fx{ ¿sf] k/ LIf0f !#
jus{ f ljs0fx{ ¿sf ] efux¿larsf ] ;DaGw / ljs0fx{ ¿larsf ] sf0 ] fx¿sf ] k/L If0f ljifoj:t '
cWoog ugx{' f; ] \ . jus{ f ljs0fs{ f efux¿ / ljs0fx{ ¿larsf ] sf 0] f gfk /] tflnsfdf
egx'{ f; ] \ . kf| Kt kl/0 ffdsf cfwf/ df lgisif{ sfkLdf n v] /] cleefjsnfO{ b v] fpgx' f] ;\ M
cf;Gg e'hfx¿ a/f a/ ePsf ] cfotnfO{ ju{
(Square) elgG5 . lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ju{
xf] , h;sf e'hfx¿ cfk;df a/f a/ 5g\ /
k|To s] sf0] f 90° sf 5g \ .
ju{sf u0' f jf ljz] iftfx¿
-s_ jus{ f ;Dd'v e'hfx¿ a/f a/ xG' 5g\ .
-v_ ju{sf b'j} ljs0fx{ ¿ cfk;df a/f a/ x'G5g\ .
-u_ ju{sf ljs0f{x¿ k/: k/ ;dsf0 ] f x'g] u/L ;dlåefhg xG' 5g\ .
-3_ jus{ f kT| os ] ljs0fn{ ] zLif{sf ]0fnfO{ cfwf u5{ .
ju{sf ljs0f{x¿sf ] efux¿larsf ] ;DaGw / ljs0fx{ ¿larsf ] sf]0 fx¿sf ] k/L If0f
tnsf kT| o ]s ju{ ABCD sf ljs0fx{ ¿ AC / BD sf efux¿ / ljs0fx{ ¿larsf sf ]0fx¿
gfKg'xf] ;\ / tn lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf egx{' f ];\ M
lrq ljs0f{ AC / BD sf efux¿sf] gfk ljs0f{x¿n] agfPsf sf ]0fx¿sf ] gfk kl/0 ffd
AO OC BO OD ∠AOB ∠BOC ∠COD ∠DOA
1.
2.
lgisif{ M =======================================================================================================
ljBfyL{sf] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 69
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ ]|hL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
14.1. Describe the pictures nfus ] f ] ;do M ==========================
rf }wf} “ lbg A. Look at the pictures below. Discuss with your parents
and describe what is happening.
!$ 3
1
4
2
34
Picture 1: There are 8 people: 5 males, 3 females, an old man and a boy.
One leader is leading discussion. Two men and women are talking each
other. Other members are listening to their discussion.
Picture 2: … … … … …… …… … … …… … … …… …… … … …… …… … … … ..…
…… …… … … …… …… … …… … … … …… …… … … … … … …… …… …… … …
…… … …… … … … …… … … …… … …… … …… … … … … …… … … … …… ……
Picture 3: … … …… …… … … … …… … … …… … … … … … … …… … … … … ….
… …… … … …… … … …… … … … … … …… … … …… … …… … … …… …… … …
… … … … … … …… … … … …… … … … … … … … … … …… …… … … …… … … …
Picture 4: …… … … … … …… … … …… … … …… …… … … …… …… …… … …
… …… … …… … …… … … … … … …… … … … … …… …… … …… …… … …… …
…… … …… … … … … … … … … …… …… … …… … … … … …… … … … … … … …
70 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg rf }wf} “ lbg
!$=@= Rffksf] dfkg
rfk dfkg ug ]{ ;q" ko| fu] u/L / pbfx/0 f x ]/L lbOPsf] ;d:o f ;dfwfg ug{x' f;] \ M
pbfx/0f !$
1500N tf}n ePsf] ds}sf] af/] fn] 2m2 Ifq] kmn cfu] 6\5 eg] To;n] hldgdf slt rfk
lbG5 < lx;fa u/L nV] g'xf];\ .
oxfF, j:ts' f] tf}n cyf{t\ an (F) = 1500 N
afs;sf] Ifq] kmn (A) = 2 m2 xb'F f,
rfk (P) = F
A
= 1500 N = 750 N/m2 = 750pa x'G5 .
2mZ
-s_ s'g} Pp6f afs;sf ] tf} n 500 N / lkwF sf ] If ]qkmn 20 m2 eP To;n ] hldgdf lbg]
rfk slt xf ]nf < (25 N/ m2)
-v_ Pp6f dflg;sf] tfn } 400N 5 . p;sf ] b'j } v'6\6fn] hldgdf 6S ] bf 4000 N/m 2 rfk
lbP5 eg ] b'j } v'66\ fn] hldgdf 6s ] ]s f ] Ifq] kmn slt xf ]nf < (1/1 0 m2)
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 71
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
rf }wf} “ lbgzf/Ll/s
!$=#= of]u
-s_ ofu] f;gsf af/ ]df k9\g'xf; ] \ . s'g cf;g ubf{ s ] s] kmfObf xg' ] /x ] 5 < k9 ]/
;'gfpg'xf; ] \ . lbOPsf cf;gx¿ b} lgs ¿kdf cEof; ug{x' f] ; \ . 3/k l/j f/s f cGo
;b: ox¿nfO{ klg of ]uf;g ug{ l;sfpgx' f] ;\ . of u] f;g ub{} hfbF f cfk"mnfO{ ePsf
kmfObfx¿ sfkLdf nV] b} hfg'xf; ] \ M
!$ of u] eg] sf ] cf;g xf ] . cf;g eg]s f] a: g ] tl/s f xf ] . ofu ] f;gdf noa4 tl/ sfn ] z/ L/ nfO{ b ]a| ]
/ bflxg] , cufl8 / k5fl8 df]8 g\ / l;wf ugk{' 5{ . ;fdfGo vyd{ f o;nfO{ zf/L l/s Jofofd klg
eGg ;lsG5 . b l} gs ¿kdf of ]uf;g ugfn{ ] ; G] 6n« gj;{ l;: 6d ;Gtl' nt / xG5 . z/ L/ sf ] ;d: t
cfGtl/ s sfok{ |0ffnL ;'rf? ¿kdf rG5 . o;sf ;fy} sfo{Ifdtf, /f u] d'lSt tyf cfTdzlStdf
jl[ 4 u5{ . of] uf;g ugfn{ ] z/ L/ sf :g fox' ¿ nlrnf eO ;ljm| o eP/ sfd u5{g \ . ofu] ug{'
eg] sf ] s'g} /f u ] lgd{'n agfpg xf] Og . a? z/ L/ nfO{ /f ] u kl| t/ f ]wL agfpg' xf ] . /f ]u nfUg ]
glbg xf] . To;n } ] afNosfnbl] v g} ofu ] cEof; ug'{ eg ]sf ] xfd|f ] : jf:Y onfO{ ;an agfpg' xf] .
uf ]d'vf;g
uf]d 'vf;g a;/] ul/ g] cf;g xf ] . 38'F f cfk;df df8] /] a: bf
ufOs{ f ] d'v h:t } b l] vg] ePsfn] o;dfnO uf ]dv' f;g elgPsf ]
xf] . of] cf;g ubf{ 9f8 bv' s] f] lgsf ] x'G5 . of] cf;gsf nflu
38'F f df8 /] lrqdf h: t } a:g 'k5 { . bfofF xftnfO{ sfFwaf6 / afofF
xftnfO{ lkl7plF t/a f6 nu/ ] ;dfTgk' 5{ . 9f8 l;wf / fvL 5ftL
k'mn ]sf ] / k 6] ba]s f ] cj: yfdf a;L nfdf ] ;f; lng'k5 { . o;/ L g} afoftF km{ klg cEof; ug{'k5{ .
eh' ª\uf;g
e'hªu\ egs ] f ] ;k{ xf ] . of] cf;gnfO{ ;kf;{ g klg elgG5 .
;i' f'Dgf bv' s ] f / slAhot ePsfsf nflu of ] cf;gn] w] /}
kmfObf u5{ . of ] cf;g ubf{ 3f ]K6f ] k/ L ;T' g'k5{ . b'j } 3'F8f /
s's'{rf cfk;df hf8\g' k5{ . b'j } xftn] 6s] ]/ lj:t f/ } 6fpsf]
/ 5ftLnfO{ dfly p7fpgk' 5{ . nfdf] ;f; km/ ] ]/ Psl5g ToxL
cf;gdf a:g k' 5 { .
-v_ sIff ^ df cEof; u/]s f kb\df;g, a|hf;g, wg/' f ;g, dG8'sf;g, zjf;g klg bl} gs
cEof; ugx'{ f ]; \ . o:t } k':t sdf x ]/ ]/ Jofofd / cGo of ]uf;gx¿ bl } gs ¿kdf ugx{' f] ;\ .
3/ kl/ jfsf ;b: ox¿nfO{ klg l;sfpgx' f] ;\ .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
72 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/= M ==============================================
!%=!= cgs' /0 ffTds zAb nfu] sf ] ;do M ==========================
lbOPsf cg's/ 0ffTds zAbx¿ k9g\ x' f ];\ . sfkLdf ;kmf / /f df| cIf/d f nV] gx' f] ;\ . kG |wf} “ lbg
cleefjsnfO{ ;d] t bv] fpgx' f]; \ M
yrSs – a: g' edSs– ;fFem kg{' emgSs – l/ ;fpg' !%
s'k'Ss – vfg' ‰jfDd – xfd kmfNg' 8ª' 8\ 'ªt\ L – uGxfpg'
snsn – kfgL vfg' uhwDd – a: g' emNofF:; – lapeF mg'
e';S' s – la;{g' d';S' s – xf:F g' lkl6Ss – efFlrg'
9sdSs – k'mNg' l;/ l;/ – xfjf rNg' h'?Ss – p7\g'
k\mofQ – k\mofSF g' em' nS' s – em' lNsg' 6Kk – l6Kg'
lr6lr6 – kl;gf cfpg' eSesL – pDng' et' 'Ss – xg' '
w'?w'? – ?g' n6/ Dd – kmNg' lkRr – y'Sg'
v?' v'? – lx8F \g' km6fkm6 – hfg,' ug{' xQ' – ÇofSg'
8d8d – aHg' vnvn – kl;gf aUg' Kof6\6 – lk6\g'
uhSs – kg'{ ;'nS' s – lgNg' s'6's6' ' – vfg'
wkSs – aNg' ;/f ;/ – lx8F \g' ;FS' s;SF' s– ?g'
-s_ dflysf cgs' /0 ffTds zAbsf ] cy{ ;;fgf sfuhsf ] 6j' m| fdf nV ] gx' f; ] \ . tL 6j' m| fx¿nfO{
eFO' df lkmFhfP/ /f Vgx' f ];\ . efOalxgL;Fu a;/ ] kfnk } fnf] Pp6f Pp6f zAbsf] cy{ e'OF af6
l6Kb } To;sf] cgs' / 0ffTds zAb eGg'xf ];\ .
-v_ lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] cgs' / 0ffTds zAbx¿ n ]Vg'xf] ;\ M
-c_ ux[ sfo{ gu/ s] fn ] cfh Zofdn ] w] / } ufnL vfof ] . To;n} ] pm ============= / f] of ] .
-cf_ xfd|f ] 3/s f ] lnrLsf ] af6] df ===================lnRrLx¿ kmn] sf 5g\ .
-O_ dª\l;/ sf] dlxgfdf vt ] df ==============wfgsf afnfx¿ em'n] sf x'G5g\ .
-O{_ dflg;x¿sf] le8n ] 3/ sf ] cfFug ================9fs ]sf ] lyof ] .
-p_ ax ] n' L eO{ ================k//] a:g ] ;dLIffsf] ;kgf k"/f eof ] .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 73
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
kG |wf} “ lbggk] fnL
-u_ lbOPsf h: t } c¿ klg cg's/ 0ffTds zAbx¿ / fv ]/ tkfO{Fsf ] 3/ jl/ kl/ sf ]
jftfj/0 fsf af/ d] f tLg cgR' 5] bdf j0fg{ ug{x' f] ;\ M
/d emd, x/x /, snsn, nxnx, l;/ l;/, ;n;n, emndn
!%
hfgL /f vf“}
sg' } cfjfh, b[Zo jf ljm| ofsf ] tl/ sfnfO{ ;xh lsl;dn] gSsn ug{ ] zAbnfO{ cg's/0 ffTds zAb
elgG5 . gk] fnL efiffsf] cfkm\g} df l} ns ljzi ] ftfnfO{ emNsfpg ] o: tf cgs' /0 ffTds zAbx¿ lj|mof
ljzi] f0fcGtut{ kb5{ g\ .
74 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft kG |wf} “ lbg
!%=@= jus{ f ] ljefhg u/L ag] sf sf]0 fx¿larsf] k/ LIf0f
jus{ f zLifs{ f 0] f / ljs0fx{ ¿n ] zLifs{ f 0] fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ag ]sf sf 0] fx¿larsf ] ;DaGw
k/ LIf0f ug'{xf ]; \ . o;sf nflu k|Tos] ju{ ABCD sf k|To] s zLif{sf]0 fx¿ / ljs0fn{ ]
tL zLifs{ f] 0fx¿nfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ag]s f sf0 ] fx¿ gfKg'xf;] \ . tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf
eg{'xf ;] \ . lgisif{ n v] ] / ;'gfpg'xf;] \ M
!%
klxnf] lrqsf nflu ljs0f{x¿n ] zLif{sf0] fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ags ] f kl/0 ffd
kl/ 0ffd
zLif{sf] 0fsf] gfk sf ]0fx¿
∠BAD = …… … ∠BAO = … …… ∠OAD = … ……
∠ABC = … … …
∠BCD = …… … ∠ABO = … … … ∠OBC = … ……
∠ADC = … … …
∠BCO = … …… ∠OCD = … … …
∠ADO = …… … ∠ODC = … ……
bf ];f| ] lrqsf nflu ljs0fx{ ¿n] zLifs{ f0] fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ags ] f
zLif{sf0 ] fsf ] gfk sf0 ] fx¿
∠BAD = … … … ∠BAO = …… … ∠OAD = …… …
∠ABC = … … …
∠BCD = … … … ∠ABO = …… … ∠OBC = …… …
∠ADC = …… …
∠BCO = … …… ∠OCD = … … …
∠ADO = …… … ∠ODC = … ……
lgisif{ M ====================================================================================================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 75
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
kG |wf} “ lbglj1fg
!%=#= Wjlg zlSt
-s_ Pp6f yfnL lngx' f;] \ . yfnLnfO{ lj:t f/ } rDrfn] lxsf{pgx' f ]; \ . yfnLaf6 cfjfh
cfof ] ls cfPg < ;'Ggx' f ]; \ . ca yfnLnfO{ lj: tf/ } 5'g'xf;] \ . s ] sDkgsf] cg'ej
ug{'eof ] < ca km ]l/ yfnLnfO{ ;dfTg'xf;] \ . s ] o;/L 5b'F f yfnLaf6 pTkGg sDkg
aGb eof ] < / Wjlg klg aGb eof] < oL ljm| ofsnfkaf6 s ] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsPnf <
cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn u/ L lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \ . o:t } u/L cfÇgf ] 3/d f ePsf
!% ljleGg cGo pks/ 0fx¿ -srf} / f, dfbn, lutf/, afF;'/ L, xfdf] l{ god, tanf jf cGo
pks/ 0fx¿_ df sDkg pTkGg u/f O{ Wjlg lgsfNgx' f ]; \ .
;Demg'kg {] s/' f
j:t 'sf] sDkgaf6 Wjlg pTkGg xG' 5 . o;/ L pTkGg xg' ] zlStnfO{ g } Wjlg zlSt elgG5 .
-v_ b'O{cf ]6f Knfl:6 ssf] skx¿, nfdf] wfuf, l;of] , srF } L cflb ;fduL| sf ] k|of u] u/] /
tnsf sfox{ ¿ ug{'xf ];\ .
• Pp6f Knfl: 6ssf ] sk lngx' f] ; \ . To;df l;of] sf]
;xfotfn ] dl;gf ] Kjfn agfpg'xf] ;\ / To;df wfuf]
l5/ fpgx' f] ; \ .
• wfuf ]sf ] csf{ ] 5 ]p klxnf h: t } Kjfn agfOPsf ]
csf {] Knfl: 6ssf] skdf hf]8 \gx' f] ;\ .
• ca tkfOF+s{ f] kl/ jf/s f ] ;b:o nfO{ Pp6f sk lnP/ ;s; ] Dd 6f9f uP/ pSt skdf afN] g
nufpg'xf]; \ .
• tkfO{F eg ] Pp6f sknfO{ sfgdf /f v /] ;'Ggx' f;] \ . oxL k|lj|mofnfO{ #÷$ k6s bf] xf¥ ] ofpg'xf;] \ .
• ca wfuf] nfO{ lardf sf6\gx' f ];\ / k ]ml/ 3/s f ] ;b:o nfO{ afN] g nufpg'xf]; \ .
• s] cem } klg kl/ jf/ sf ] ;b:o sf] cfjfh Tof ] skaf6 ;'Gg ;lsG5, dx;'; ugx{' f ];\ .
lgisif{ M wfuf] 7f]; j: t' ePsf sf/ 0fn] ubf{ kl/j f/s f] ;b:o sf] cfjfh ;G' g ;lsG5 . t/ ha
wfuf] sfl6G5, Tof] dfWod ghf ]l8Psf sf/ 0fn] ubf{ ca pxfFx¿sf] cfjfh ;'Gg ;lsGg .
;Demg'kg{] s'/fx¿
• afx\o ;f| t] sf sf/0f j:t'df cfpg] sDkgsf] k;| f/0fsf] sf/0f Wjlg k|;f/0f x'G5 .
• sknfO{ ;dfTbf Wofgkj" s{ gsl' Rrg] u/L ;dfTgk' b5{ / afN] bf cln k/lt/ uP/ cGo JolStsf]
cfjfh kT| oIf g;G' g] u/L ;:' t/L af]Ng'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================
76 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cª\u|h] L ldlt M =============================================
af/= M ==============================================
16.1. Tag questions nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
A. Read the following passage carefully. ;f ]x|f“} lbg
Tag questions are short questions that we put at the end of a statement. !^
We use tag questions when we want someone to confirm or agree with
something that we think is true.
In tag questions with the verb, "to be, "in the simple present, we use:
is/are/am/ + subject?
In the simple past, we use was/were+ subject. The apple was good.
Wasn't it?
When a statement is positive (+), its tag question is negative (-)
E.g. You're a teacher. Aren't you?
B. Read the given dialogue with your brother or sister.
It's a beautiful day. Isn't it? It is! I love cool
weather.
Let's get some apples. They are good Yes, they are!
apples. Aren't they?
And we tried that kind over there last Yes. Let's get
year too. that kind. too!
Yes, I am!
They were delicious. Weren't they? Yes, it was!
You are an excellent cook. Aren't you?
The meal was delicious. Wasn't it?
C. Read the statement below and write tag question in the blank.
They were at the party. …… …… …… … … …… … …… … . .......….
She was a teacher. …… … … … …… …… … …… …. .......…… .
He is a famous musician. … …… …… … …… … … … …… … … .
They are good friends. … … … …… … …… … … … …. .......…… … .
They are playing. …… … …… … … … …… … …… … ..................… .
It is raining outside. ................…… … … … …… … …… … … …… … .
I am late …… …… … …… … … … …… ...........................…… … .
:jfWoog ;fduL| 77
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;f ]x|f“} lbg ul0ft
!^=@= ;dafx' rt'eh{' sf ljs0fx{ ¿sf ] efux¿larsf] ;DaGw /
ljs0fx{ ¿larsf ] sf] 0fx¿sf] k/ LIf0f
-s_ lbOPcg';f/ ;dafx' rt'e'{hsf ljs0f{x¿sf] efux¿larsf] ;DaGw /
ljs0f{x¿larsf ] sf]0 fx¿sf] ljifoj:t ' k9g\ x' f; ] \ M
!^ cf;Gg e'hfx¿ a/ fa/ ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hnfO{ ;dafx'
rte' '{h (Rhombus) elgG5 . lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;dafx'
rte' h{' xf,] h;sf ;Dd'v eh' fx¿ ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ / e'hfx¿
cfk;df a/ fa/ 5g\ .
;dafx' rte' '{hsf u0' f jf ljz ]iftfx¿
1. ;dafx' rte' h{' sf ;Ddv' eh' fx¿ a/ fa/ xG' 5g \ .
2. ;dafx' rte' h'{ sf ;Dd'v sf0 ] fx¿ a/ fa/ x'G5g\ .
3. ;dafx' rte' 'h{ sf ljs0fx{ ¿ k/ :k / ;dsf0] f xg' ] u/L
;dlåefhg x'G5g\ .
4. ;dafx' rte' h{' sf kT| os ] ljs0fn{ ] zLifs{ f0 ] fnfO{ cfwf u5 { .
-v_ ;dafx' rte' {h' sf ljs0fx{ ¿sf ] efux¿larsf ] ;DaGw / ljs0f{x¿larsf] sf]0 fx¿sf ]
k/L If0f tnsf kT| o] s ;dafx' rt'e'h{ ABCD sf ljs0fx{ ¿ AC / BD sf efux¿ /
ljs0f{x¿larsf sf ]0fx¿ gfKgx' f] ;\ / tn lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf eg'x{ f ];\ . o;sf ] lgisif{ klg
nV ] g'xf] ;\ M
lrq ljs0f{ AC / BD sf efux¿sf ] gfk ljs0f{x¿n] agfPsf sf ]0fx¿sf] gfk kl/ 0ffd
AO OC BO OD ∠AOB ∠BOC ∠COD ∠DOA
1.
2.
lgisif{ M ======================================================================================================
78 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ;f ]x|f“} lbg
!^=#= lr7L
lbOPsf ] lr7L k9 /] ;g' fpgx' f ;] \ . lr7Ldf ePsf sl7g zAbx¿nfO{ lrxg\ nufpgx' f ]; \ .
To;sf ] cy{ cleefjs;Fu ;f]w / ] jf zAbsf ]zdf x /] ]/ sfkLdf nV ] g'xf; ] \ M
;fyLnfO{ lr7L
ldlt M @)&& ;fn h] 7 !% ut] !^
Kof/L ;fyL cg'kdf,
;'dw'/ ;Demgf .
ltdf| ] lr7L gcfPsf] klg w ]/ } ;do eO;s ]5 . otf d }n] klg lr7L gk7fPsf ] w/] } eof] . sIff
^ sf] hf8f] labfdf xfdL zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf uPsf lyof F} . ljBfnon] xfdLnfO{ nl' DagL nus ] f]
lyof ] . cfh d ltdLnfO{ n'lDagLdf ePsf] czf s] :t Desf ] af/d ] f j0fg{ ub{ } of ] lr7L nV ] b} 5 ' .
ltdLnfO{ yfx } 5, xfd|f ] b] z g ]kfndf y'k|} dxfg\ JolStx¿ hGd ]sf 5g \ . ljZjdf zflGtsf] ;Gbz ]
km} nfpg] dxfdfgj uft} d a4' xfd|} b] zdf hGds ] f lyP . pgL gk ] fnsf ] n'lDagLdf hGds ] f x'g \ .
uft } d a'4sf ] hGdynf ] n'lDagLnfO{ og' ]: s fn ] ] ljZjsf ] ;femf ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf ;r" Ldf /f v] sf] 5 .
o;} 7fpdF f Pp6f cl4tLo ;Dkbf 5 . o; ;Dkbfsf] gfd xf ] czfs ] :t De . Oltxf;sfcg;' f/
cfheGbf w /] } jifc{ l3 duw b z] sf / fhf nl' DagLdf tLyo{ fqf ug{ cfPsf lyP . pgL eujfg\ uf t} d
a4' sf cg'ofoL lyP . pg }n] oxfF uft } d a4' hGds ] f ] 7fpdF f ;Demgf :j ¿k Pp6f lznf:t De
: yfkgf ug{ nufP . o;n } fO{ czfs ] : tDe elgPsf] xf ] . o;sf] sn' prfO #) km6' !) OGr
5 . hg' Pp6} lznfaf6 ag] sf ] / x ]5 . of ] uf]n f ] cfsf/ sf ] :t Desf ] dflyNnf] efudf rdsbf/
kfln; nufPsf] 5 . dnfO{ of ] w]/ } g} / fdf| ] nfUof ] . oxL :t Dedf kf| rLg sfnsf] a|fxd\ L lnlkn]
kfnL efiffdf clen] v klg sF'lbPsf ] 5 . h;df zfSodl' g uft } d a4' hlGdPsf] 7fpF oxL xf]
egL nl ] vPsf ] 5 . To; n} ] xfdf| ] bz ] df / xs] f o:t f w]/ } ;Dkbfx¿sf ] xfdLn ] ;+/I f0f ugk'{ 5{ .
ko{6sLo Ifq] sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/ L b z] sf ] cfly{s pGglt ug{tkm{ nfUg'k5 { .
xfdL ;an } ] of] : tDesf] af/ d] f hfgsf/L lnPkl5 ToxfF ePsf cGo ;Dkbfx¿sf ] klg ed| 0f ug{
nfUof F } . xfdLn ] Ps lbgsf] ed| 0fdf n'lDagLsf] af/ ]df w /] } s'/ fx¿ hfGg ] cj;/ kfofF } . cGo
;Dkbfsf] af/] df d ltdLnfO{ csf] { kqdf n]V g] 5' . ;a} s'/ f n V] g vf ]Hof ] eg] lr7L w/] } nfdf]
x'G5 . To;n} ] lk|o ;fyL, ltdL klg ;do ldN5 eg] kl/ jf/ jf ;fyLx¿;Fu sf] /f g] fsf] ;d: of
;dfwfg ePkl5 of] 7fpdF f 3D' g hfpm . ltdLnfO{ cem : ki6 x'G5 .
ltdLn ] klg s'g } 7fpF 3'd ]sf ] 5f } eg] dnfO{ lr7L nv ] . d klg hfGg rfxG5' . clxnn ] fO{ d
labf dfUg rfxG5 ' . cfhnfO{ olQ g } . afFsL csf] { kqdf nV ] g ] 5' .
ltd|L ;fyL
sfd ] n zdf{
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 79
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL
-s_ ;fbf kfgfdf vfdsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ L tnsf] ljj/0 f nV] g'xf ];\ M
;f ]x|f“} lbg
!^ kfpg] M
cg'kdf zfSo
k7fpg] M kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf
sf]dn zdf{ sf:sL lhNnf
ledkm]bL ufpkF flnsf
dsjfgk'/ lhNnf
-v_ sf] /f g] fsf sf/ 0f ljBfno aGb ePsf ] cj:y fdf tkfO{nF ] 3/d f s ] s] uge{' of ] < ;a}
s'/ f vn' fP/ tkfOs{F f] ldNg ] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L sfkLsf ] kfgfdf nV] gx' f ]; \ . n] vs] f ] pSt
lr7LnfO{ k9/ ] cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f; ] \ . ;fbf kfgfdf vfd tof/ u/L lr7LnfO{ vfdaGb
u/ ]/ / fVgx' f ];\ . ljBfno vn' ] kl5 ;DalGwt ;fyLnfO{ tkfOnF{ ] n] vs ] f] lr7L lbg'xf] ;\ .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
80 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
!&=!= ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf dfWod nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================
lbOPsf ] s'/f cWoog ug'{xf; ] \ . o: t} lrq sfkLdf agfP/ n ]Vg'xf ];\ . cleefjsnfO{ ;qf“ } lbg
klg b ]vfpgx' f]; \ / ;g' fpg'xf; ] \ M
ljjfx, xf6, kl/jf/ / JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs x'g !&
kj,{ d]nf ;fyL ;dx" ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Jojxf/,
rfnrng / sfon{ fO{
k|fylds ;fdflhsLs/0fsf
kf| ylds dfWod elgG5 .
dfWod
JolStnfO{ cgfk} rfl/s
l5ds] L / ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f
gftb] f/ ;d"x x'g ;xofu] k'¥ofpg]
;fwg jf dfWod g}
;fdflhsLs/0fsf
k|fylds dfWod x'g\ .
JolStnfO{ cfk} rfl/s wflds{ Pjd\ z}lIfs ;fdflhs
¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f xg' ;f+:sl[ ts ;:+ yf ;ª\3;:+ yf
;xofu] k'¥ofpg] dfWod g} ;+:yfx¿ /fhgLlts
;fdflhsLs/0fsf låtLo låtLo
dfWod xg' \ . cfly{s dfWod ;:+ yf
;+:yf
Jofj;flos
;dx"
:jfWoog ;fduL| 81
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
-s_ tkfO{Fn ] 3/k l/ jf/ / ;fyLx¿af6 l;ss ] f ] Jojxf/, rfnrngx¿ lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf
ab'F fut ¿kdf n] Vgx' f ];\ . cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfP/ ;e' mfj lngx' f] ;\ M
;qf“ } lbg 3/kl/jf/af6 l;s]sf s/' fx¿ 3/kl/jf/af6 l;s]sf s/' fx¿
!&
kl/jf/ /
;fyL ;dx"
-v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿ k9] / ;'gfpg'xf] ;\ . ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf ] dfWod sg' xf] < ;DalGwt
dxndf n]V g'xf ]; \ . tkfOF{sf] 7fpFdf ePsf c¿ klg yKg'xf] ; \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fP/
;'emfj dfUgx' f] ; \ .
-kl/ jf/, ;fyL ;dx" , l5ds ] L, gft b] f/ , ljjfx, xf6, kj,{ dn ] f, ljBfno, cfdf ;dx" ,
6f n] ;w' f/ ;dx" , Snax¿, ljleGg kf6Lx{ ¿, Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug {] ;dx" x¿, aª } s\ , ;xsf/L ,
d7dlGb/ , uD' af, ljxf/ , dl:h b, dfªlvd, rr{_
k|fylds dfWod låtLo dfWod
82 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg ;qf“ } lbg
!&=@= lsg tfts ] f] xf] nf <
tn tLg cf6] f leGgfleGg } ljm| ofsnfkx¿ lbOPsf ] 5 . oL lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;DaGwdf
cleefjs jf ;db' fosf cGo JolStx¿;uF ;f W] gx' f ;] \ . bO' { j: tx' ¿ Pscfk;df /u 8 \bf
tfk pTkGg x'g] sf/0 f kQf nufpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ b'Oc{ f]6f xft Psl5g /u8\g'xf];\ . s] -v_ kmnfdsf] 6j' m| fnfO{ 9ª' \uf jf l;d] G6df !&
cge' j uge{' of] < xft lsg tfTof] < Psl5g /u8g\ 'xf];\ . /u8] sf] 7fpdF f xft
/fVg'xf];\ . s] tftf] 5 < lsg o:tf] ePsf]
xf]nf <
-u_ ;nfOs{ f] sfF6Ln] ;nfO{sf] a6\6fsf] aflx/k6l\ 6 ;fO8df /u8\g'xf;] \ . o;/L /u8b\ f s]
;nfOsf] sfF6L aNof] < lsg aNof] xf]nf < ljrf/ ug{x' f];\ .
;Demg'kg]{ s'/f
;a} kbfy{x¿ ;fgf c0f'x¿ ldnL ag]sf xG' 5g\ . bO' { j:t'lar 3if{0f xFb' f tL c0fx' ¿ rfndf
cfp5F g\ . t;y{ 3if0{ fn] ubf{ j:td' f tfk xG' 5 . o;/L c0fx' ¿sf] rfnaf6 pTkGg xg' ] zlStnfO{
g} tfk elgG5 . t;y{ dflysf] k|ofu] df 3if{0fn] ubf{ ;nfOsf] sf6F L ans] f] xf] eGg] lgisif{
lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
:jfWoog ;fduL| 83
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;qf“ } lbg cªu\ ]h| L
17.3. Prepositions
A. Read the texts given in the box. Ask your sister or brother
for any help.
• Preposition is a word that shows the relationship
between a noun or a pronoun and some other word
!& or element in rest of the sentence.
• Prepositions are used to connect nouns,
pronouns, and phrases within a sentence.
84 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ h|] L ;qf“ } lbg
B. Look at the picture. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
prepositions.
!&
a). …… … … … …… the pictures, I can see Ms Rasmita. (In, On, At)
b). She is sitting …… …… … … …. a table. (by, on, beside)
c). She is sitting …… … … … … …. a chair. (on, in, at)
d). Her feet are… …… … … … … the table. (under, on, over)
e). She is holding a cup… … … … … … . her hand. (in, on, with)
f). … …… . the table you can see a laptop, paper, a calculator, and a
diary. (Over, Above, On)
g). She is looking …… … … … …. her laptop. (to, at, in)
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 85
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
!*=!= ljz i] f0fsf] klxrfg / k|of] u nfu] sf ] ;do M ==========================
c7f/ f} “ lbg lbOPsf jfSodf /] vfªs\ g ul/P sf ul' nof,] Ps, Tof], 7n' f ] / Hofb} zAbx¿ ljzi ] f0f
x'g\ . tflnsfdf ePsf ljzi] f0fsf ks| f/x ¿ a‰' gx' f ;] \ . tn lbOPsf] cEof; u/L
cfk\ mgf cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ lrgL u'lnof ] xG' 5 .
!* -v_ dnfO{ Ps lunf; kfgL b] pm .
-u_ Tof] ?v 7'nf] 5 .
-3_ pm Hofb} srsr] 5 .
ljz]i f0fsf ks| f/
;fjg{ flds ;ª\Vofaf]w s kl/ df0faf]w s u0' faf] ws
of], Tof] , oL, tL, hf ], Ps, bO' ,{ ;o, klxnf ,] w]/ ,} yf ]/ ,} clnslt, 7n' f], ;fgf], / ftf,] ;t ] f] ,
hg' cflb bf;] f| ], bf]A a/, cg ]sf}F hDd} , k/" }, Hofb} cflb c;n, v/f a, lttf] ,
cflb cldnf] cflb
-s_ lbOPsf] ;flxTosf/ emds kf7sf ] c+z ult, olt / xfpefp;lxt k9g\ x' f;] \ . To;df
ePsf ljz ]if0f zAbx¿nfO{ uf] nf] nufpgx' f ];\ / tnsf ] tflnsfdf nV] g'xf] ;\ M
;flxTosf/ emds
‘h Ljg sf8“ f ls km" n ’ pgsf ] cfTdhLjgLk/ s lgaGw ;ªu\ x| xf ] . o;df pgn ] si6k0" f{ afNohLjg
/ cIf/ lrGg tyf n ]Vg u/ s] f ] ;ª3\ ifs{ f ] lrq ptf/ ]sL 5g \ . cfÇgf ] hLjgsf lt; jif;{ Ddsf
cg'e"ltx¿sf ] j0f{g u/]s L 5g\ . gk] fnL ;fdflhs ;+:s f/ / ltgsf v/f a kIfx¿sf] kbf{kmf;
u/ s] L 5g \ . ;fdflhs ljsl[ t lj;ªu\ ltdfly s8f kx| f/ / ;w' f/ sf ] zªv\ 3f ]if u/s ] L 5g \ . cfÇgf]
afNohLjgsf ] s?0f sxfgL n]v s] L 5g \ . of ] sl[ t k9\bf h;sf klg cf“vf /; fp“5g\ . lzIffnodf
slxNo} kfOnf ] gxfn]s L emdsn ] nv] s] f ] of ] k':t s w ]/} : t/ Lo / af }l4s lrGtgoS' t 5 . lj=;=+
@)^& df of] sl[ t k|sflzt ePkl5 pgL /f li6«o : t/d f g} rlr{t eOg \ . pgn] ljleGg k'/: sf/
k|fKt ul/ g\ . sb/k q tyf gful/s clegGbgåf/f ;dt] ;Ddflgt eOg\ . tLdWo ] nfoG; Sna
ckm xfn ] L l;6L, l;4fy{ gu/ e} / xjfsf] cfofh ] gfdf ;DkGg lj=;=+ @)^* sf] gful/s clegGbg
ct'ngLo 5 .
86 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ;ªV\ ofaf] ws kl/d f0faf]w s u'0fafw] s
;fjg{ flds
c7f/ f} “ lbg
!*
-v_ ljz i] f0fsf af/d ] f lbOPsf ] yk ;fduL| k9g\ x' f ;] ,\ ae' mg\ x' f ;] \ / ;kmf;uF sfkLdf n V] gx' f ;] \ M
sg' } klg j:t s' f af/ ]df u'0f, bf] if, ;ªV\ of, cfsf/ cflb ljzi ] ftf atfpg] zAbnfO{ ljzi ] f0f zAb
elgG5 . h: t} M /f tf] , / fd|f, ] u'lnof] , cUnf,] 6f9f, w]/ ,} ;lhnf ] cflb ljz ]if0f xg' \ .
ljzi] f0f dV' otof rf/ k|sf/ sf 5g\ M
!= u'0faf] ws ljz] if0f M gfdsf] jf s'g } j: t'sf ] / ª, ¿k, u'0f, bfi ] f cflb ljz] iftf cflb atfpg]
ljzi ] f0fnfO{ u0' faf w] s ljz i] f0f elgG5 . h:t M } wgL, xl/o f ,] c;n, ;fgf, ] df 6] f ,] ltvf ,] cldnf ,]
lk/ f ] OToflb .
@= kl/ df0faf ]ws ljz] if0f M s'g} j:t s' f ] dfqf jf kl/ df0f atfpg ] ljz] if0fnfO{ kl/d f0fafw ] s
ljzi ] f0f elgG5 . h: t } M w/] }, yf]/ } , clnslt, k|z:t , oy ]i6, sd, olt, Hofbf, plt, cfwf,
el/ , 6Gg OToflb .
#= ;ª\Vofaf ]ws ljz ]if0f M gfd jf sg' } j: ts' f ] ;ªV\ of, j|md, cfj[lQ cflb atfpg ] zAbnfO{
;ªV\ ofaf w] s ljz ]if0f elgG5 . h:t } M Ps, b'O{ kfrF , klRr;, ;ofF ,} xhf/f F, } nfvf,F} s/ f ]8f }F,
bfA] a/ , tA] a/ OToflb .
$= ;fj{gflds ljz] if0f M ljz] if0fsf ] ¿kdf ko| fu] xg' ] ;j{gfdnfO{ ;fj{gflds ljzi] f0f elgG5 .
h: t} M of] , Tof, ] oL, tL, sfx ] L, h'g OToflb .
:jfWoog ;fduL| 87
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ftc7f/ f} “ lbg
!*=@= ;dafx' rte' h{' sf zLif{sf0] f / ljs0fx{ ¿n ] zLifs{ f0 ] fnfO{
ljefhg ubf{ ags ] f] sf ]0fx¿larsf ] ;DaGwsf] k/L If0f
;dafx' rt'e'{hsf zLif{sf] 0f / ljs0f{x¿n] zLif{sf] 0fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ag] sf
sf 0] fx¿larsf ] ;DaGwsf ] k/ LIf0f ugx{' f ]; \ . o;sf nflu tnsf kT| o ]s ;dafx' rte' h{'
ABCD sf kT| os ] zLif{sf ]0fx¿ / ljs0f{n] tL zLif{sf ]0fx¿nfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ags ] f
sf 0] fx¿ gfKgx' f] ;\ / tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf eg{x' f]; \ . ;fy } lgisif{;d] t n ]Vg'xf;] \ M
!*
klxnf] lrqsf nflu ljs0fx{ ¿n] zLifs{ f ]0fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ kl/0 ffd
ag] sf sf0] fx¿ kl/ 0ffd
zLifs{ f]0 fsf] gfk
∠BAO = …… … ∠OAD = … … …
∠BAD = … … …
∠ABC = … …… ∠ABO = …… … ∠OBC = … ……
∠BCD = …… …
∠ADC = … …… ∠BCO = …… … ∠OCD = …… …
∠ADO = …… … ∠ODC = … … …
bf] ;f| ] lrqsf nflu ljs0f{x¿n] zLifs{ f ]0fnfO{ ljefhg ubf{
ags] f sf ]0fx¿
zLif{sf0 ] fsf] gfk
∠BAO = … …… ∠OAD = …… …
∠BAD = …… …
∠ABC = …… … ∠ABO = …… … ∠OBC = …… …
∠BCD = … … …
∠ADC = …… … ∠BCO = … … … ∠OCD = …… …
∠ADO = … …… ∠ODC = …… …
lgisif{ M =====================================================================================================
88 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg c7f/ f} “ lbg
!*=# tfk ;~rfng
lbOPsf ] sfo{ u/L tfk s;/ L ;bf] { / x 5] x] gx{' f; ] \ . cleefjsnfO{ klg b v] fpg'xf; ] \ .
of] sfo{ ubf{ cfÇgf ] cleefjssf ] ;xfotf klg lng ;Sg'xG' 5 .
cfjZos ;fdfu|L !*
tfKs], kfgL, kmnfdaf6 ags] f] j:t' -lrD6f, 8G8L jf cGo pknAw
j:t'_, sf7sf] n7\7L
tl/sf
• Pp6f tfKs]df cfwfhlt kfgL /fv/] ttfpg'xf;] \ .
• pSt kfgLdf 5'g] u/L Pp6f kmnfdaf6 ag]sf] j:t'
-lrD6f, 8G8L jf cGo pknAw j:t_' / sf7sf] n77\ L /fVgx' f;] \ .
• Psl5g kfgLdf g} /fVgx' f;] \ .
• sx] L ;dokl5 kmnfdaf6 ags] f] j:t' / sf7 5g' 'xf;] \ .
• s] cge' j ug{e' of] < s] sf7 / kmnfdsf] 8G8L jf lrD6fdf tftfk] gf Pp6} 5 jf
km/s < lsg o;f] ePsf] xf]nf < cleefj;Fu 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
;Demgk' g{] s/' f
7f; ] j:t d' f tfk k;| f/0 f xFb' f c0fx' ¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f ;/ s] f xb'F g} g\ . c0f'x¿ cfkm\ g}
:y fgdf sDkg eO/x s] f x'G5\g \ . wfts' f ] kftfnfO{ ttfpFbf 5 ]psf] c0f' tfltPkl5 To;n] ;uF } sf]
c0f'nfO{ tfk lbG5 . Tof] klg tftk ] l5 km] l/ ;Fus } f csf{ ] c0f'nfO{ tfk lbG5 . o;/L g} tfk Ps
5 p] af6 csf] { 5p ] ;Dd k'U5 . o;/ L tfk ;g{ ] lj|mofnfO{ ;~rfng (conduction) elgG5 . tfk
;g ]{ j: tn' fO{ tfksf] ;r' fns (good conductor) / tfk g;g{] j:t 'nfO{ tfksf] sr' fns (Non
conductor) elgG5 .
dflysf] ko| fu] df kmnfdaf6 ags] f ] lrD6f jf 8G8L ;'rfns ePsfn ] tfk ;/ s] f ] xf] / tftf]
ePsf ] xf ] . To:t } sf7sf] n77\ L sr' fns ePsfn ] tfk g;/ ]sf] xg' fn] tftf]k g dx;'; gePsf ]
xf ] . t;y{ wfta' f6 ag] sf j: td' f tfk ;5{ / s'rfns j: t'x¿ / a/, sf7 cflbdf tfk ;b }{g
eGg ] s/' f lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 89
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ |]hL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
19.1. My Room nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================
pGgfO; “}f lbg A. Look at the picture. Discuss with your brother or sister.
Write the correct preposition below.
!(
a). There is a doll……………................. the sofa.
b). There is a ball……………................. the table.
c). There is a cat…………… ................. the armchair.
d). There is an apple…………................ the table.
e). There is a dog……………................. the table.
f). There is an umbrella………............... the sofa.
g). There is the picture………................ the wall.
h). There is a robot …………................. the floor.
i). There is a car…………….................... the armchair.
B. Write 5 words with preposition (on, in, under) from the book.
Words after 'on' Words after 'in' Words after 'under'
on land in hot under the shade
90 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft pGgfO; “}f lbg
!(=@= cfsl[ tsf ] kl/ ldlt
-s_ cfotfsf/, jufs{ f/ tyf lqe'hfsf/ j: tx' ¿sf ;txx¿sf] jl/k l/s f] 3]/ f sf ]
gfk lng] tl/s f xg ] x'{ f ];\ / k9 ]/ ;'gfpg'xf; ] \ M
kl/l dlt eg]s f] jl/k l/ sf] 3/ ] f sf ] nDafO xf ] . !(
h: t, } lrqdf cfot EFGH sf] jl/ kl/s f] 3 /] f 2 sf ]
nDafOnfO{ cfot EFGH sf] kl/l dlt elgG5 .
cfotsf ] kl/l dlt (P) = 2(l + b) PsfO
jus{ f] kl/ ldlt (P) = 4l PsfO
lqeh' sf ] kl/ ldlt (P) = tLg cf 6] } eh' fsf ] nDafOsf ] gfksf]
hf8] = (a + b + c) PsfO
-v_ tkfO{;F Fu ePsf jf 3/ jl/ kl/ ePsf tflnsfdf lbOP h: t } cfotfsf/ , juf{sf/
tyf lqeh' fsf/ j:t x' ¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f] ;\ . tL j:t 'x¿nfO{ Ps Ps ub} { ;txsf] jl/ kl/ sf
lsgf/ fsf nDafOsf ] gfk : sn ] sf ] ko| fu ] u/ L lngx' f; ] \ . tL j: tx' ¿sf ] kl/ ldlt kQf nufP/
cleefjsnfO{ b v] fpgx' f ];\ M
j|m=;= j: tx' ¿ s'g} Pp6f ;txsf kl/ ldlt
e'hfx¿sf] nDafO
!= ul0ft lstfa
@= sfkL
#= 6] an
$= lksf{
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
:jfWoog ;fduL| 91
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
!(=#= d / d/ ] f ljZjfl;nf dflg;x¿
pGgfO; “}f lbg lrqdf b ]vfOPsf ] h: t} ;fgf] j[Q tkfO{Fsf ] sfkLdf
agfpg'xf] ;\ . To;df tkfO{Fsf] gfd / 7] ufgf
n] Vg'xf] ;\ . Tof] j[Q aflx/ clns 7'nf] j[Q
agfO{ To;df xfd|f ] kl/ jf/ sf ;b: ox¿
n ]Vg'xf ]; \ . To;df tkfO{Fsf ] 3/ kl/ jf/ df
!( x'g'ePsf JolStx¿sf ] gfd n] Vg'xf] ;\ .
To;aflx/ csf] { jQ[ agfpg'xf;] \ . To;df
gft b] f/ x¿sf gfd n V] gx' f; ] \ . To;aflx/ csf{ ]
j[Q agfP/ To;df tkfO{sF f] ;fyLx¿sf ] gfd
gfd n]V g'xf] ; \ . csf ]{ j[Q yk] / To;df tkfO{Fsf]
;d'bfosf c;n JolStTj ePsf dflg;x¿sf] gfd
n V] g'xf]; \ . cleefjsnfO{ b v] fpg'xf;] \ .
-v_ tkfO{nF ] jQ[ df n] Vg'ePsf JolStx¿dWo] tkfOF{;uF glhs ePsf, tkfOFn{ ] ljZjf; ug] ,{
tkfOF{nfO{ cK7o\ f/ f ] kbf{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg ] dflg;x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf] ;\ . pxfFx¿dWo ] kfrF
hgfsf ] gfd 5fGgx' f ;] \ . tkfOsF{ f ] xftsf ] kfrF cfn F} fnfO{ sfkLdf / fv /] xftsf ] k~hfsf ] cfsl[ t
tof/ kfgx'{ f ]; \ . tL kfFr hgfsf ] gfd, ;Dks{ gDa/ / l;ss ] f s'/ f Pp6f c;n s/' f klg
nV] gx' f ]; \ . tkfOF{n] sfkLdf nv] sf ] s/' f tnsf ] tflnsfdf klg n ]Vg'xf] ; \ .
ljZjfl;nf ] JolStsf] gfd kmf] g ;Dks{ gDa/ pxfFx¿af6 l;s] sf dV' o dV' o
s/' f x¿
ljBfyL{sf] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================
92 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
@)=!= ks| fzsf] k/ fjt{g nfu] sf ] ;do M ==========================
lbOPsf ljlwx¿sf ] k|of ]u u/ L k|sfzsf] k/f jt{g xG' 5 eGg ] s/' f k|dfl0ft ug'x{ f; ] \ . la;f }“ lbg
cfjZos ;fdu|L M B
A
sf8a{ f8 ] {, ;] tf] sfuh, lkg, :s n] , kl] G;n, @)
k|f]6 o\ fS6/, ;dtn Pg ] f
ljlw R R’
• Pp6f 6] andf ; t] f] sfuh 6f:F g 'xf]; \ / To;sf] Q P N P’ Q’
lardf Pp6f ;/n / ]vf AB lvRg'xf; ] \ . A s
• /] vf AB sf ] lardf M laGb' nufpgx' f; ] \ / laGb'
M af6 30o, 45o, 60o / 90o sf ] sf ]0f aGg ] u/ L
PM, QM, RM, NM /]v fx¿ lvRgx' f ;] \ .
• ca / v] f AB df ldNg u] /L ;dtn ;txsf ] P g] f /f Vg'xf] ;\ .
• / v] f PM df kg{ ] u/ L b'O{ cf ]6f lkgx¿ uf8g\ x' f; ] \ / Pg ] fdf k|ltlaDa x/] ]/ csf{ ] bO' {cf]6 f lkgx¿
uf8\gx' f ;] \ / ToxfF ;/ n /v ] f lvRg'xf ];\ . hg' k/f jltt{ ls/ 0f xf ] . / To; / v] f;Fu gdn{ n] agfpg]
sf ]0f k/ fjltt{ sf 0] f xf ] .
• ca cfkltt sf0 ] f 45o, 60o / 90o df /f v/ ] k/f jltt{ sf ]0fx¿ slt slt aG5, cjnf] sg ug{'xf; ] \ .
cjnfs ] g
jm| =;= cfkltt sf0] f k/ fjlt{t sf0] f sf] 0fx¿larsf] ;DaGw
!= ∠PMN=30°
@= ∠QMN=45° ∠P'MN=…… ..
#= ∠RMN=60° ∠Q'MN=…… ..
$= ∠AMN=90° ∠R'MN = … …. .
∠BMN = … ….
;Demg'kg]{ s/' f
• cfkltt sf0] f (angle of incidence) / k/fjltt{ sf]0f (angle of reflection) cfk;df
a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf cfkltt sf0] f / k/fjltt{ sf]0f a/fa/ ePsf] kfOG5 . To;u} /L
cfkltt ls/0f, k/fjltt{ ls/0f / gdn{ Pp6} ;dtn ;txsf] Pp6} laGbd' f kb5{ g\ .
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfk ubf{ ;dtn P]gf ;/n /]vfsf] l7s dfly g} kg{] u/L /fVg,] laGb' M
af6 sf0] f lvRbf ;a} /]vfx¿ l;wf agfpg,] P]gfdf k|ltlaDa aGg] /v] fdf lkgx¿ uf8b\ f
Psn] csf]{nfO{ 5]lsg] ul/ /fVg'k5{ .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 93
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
la;f }“ lbg ul0ft
@)=@= kvfn{ sf] nDafO dfkg
tkfOF{ a;] sf] 3/s f ] leQfsf] @
ld6/ k/a f6 jl/k l/ kvfn{ n]
3]b f{ slt nfdf ] kvf{n nufpg'kg{ ]
/ x] 5 cleefjs;Fu ldn /] gfk
ug{'xf ]; \ . o;sf nflu OGrL 6k] jf
@) lkmtf lng'xf] ;\ . ;f ] geP :s ] nsf]
;xfotfn ] Ps ld6/ nDafOsf ]
n6\7L tof/ ug'{xf ];\ . o;sf
nflu cleefjssf] klg ;xofu ]
lngx' f;] \ .
s'g} Ps 7fpaF f6 gfk ;'? ug'{xf] ; \ . gfk u/ ]sf ] k|Tos ] efusf ] gfk sfkLdf n ]Vb} hfgx' f ];\ .
kvf{nsf ] nDafO gflk;s ]kl5 rf8 } fOsf] klg gfk lng'xf]; \ . tkfO{nF ] gfk ug'{ePsf] ljj/ 0f
tn ;lrq tof/ u/ L kvf{nsf ] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf ]; \ . cleefjsnfO{ b] vfpgx' f ];\ M
94 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL la;f }“ lbg
@)=#= bl} gsL n v] g
tkfOFn{ ] cfh lbgel/ s] s ] uge'{ of, ] d'Vo dV' o sfdx¿ ;d] 6] / !%) zAbdf g36\g]
u/] / nV] gx' f;] \ / cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf ]; \ . c¿ lbg klg km';b{ df b }lgsL n] vgsf ]
cEof; ug'{xf ;] \ M
d /] f ] cfhsf ] b} lgsL @)
ldlt @)&& . ============== . =================
ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 95
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ h|] L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
21.1. Used to nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================
PSsfO; “}f lbg A. Read aloud the passage given below.
• "Used to" phrase is used to describe something we did in the past
but do not do in present.
@! • "used to" in an affirmative sentence Subject + used to + verb.
Eg. I used to play football.
• "used to" in a negative sentence? Subject + didn't+ use to + verb.
Eg. They didn't use to study.
• "used to" in an interrogative sentence? Did +subject + use to +
verb. Eg. Did she use to be vegetarian?
Before Now
She used to have a motorbike But now she has a cycle
ABC
Hari used to be a teacher Now he is a professor
...........… …… … … … … … …… … …… … … …… … … … … … …… … … … … … … …
96 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ |h] L
PSsfO; “}f lbg
… … …… … … … …… … … …… … … …… … ......… … … … … … … …… … … …… … … … @!
B. Fill in the gaps with used to and the verb from the brackets.
I used to read comics but now I don ’t.
(a) I …… … … … … … . (write) with a pencil when I was young. Now, I write
with a pen.
(b) In the past, most people … …… … …. . (live) in mud houses. Today,
most people live in brick houses.
(c) My father … …… …… . (smoke) but now he doesn ’t.
(d) My grandfather … … …… …… … (visit) different places in Nepal. He is
too old to travel now.
(e) Women … … … … … … . (stay) at home and do household work but
these days they also work in offices.
(f) There …… … … …. (be) a king in Nepal. But there is not now.
:jfWoog ;fduL| 97
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
PSsfO; “}f lbgul0ft
@!=@= Ifq ] kmn
cfotsf/ / jufs{ f/ ;txsf] If] qkmn lgsfNg] tl/ sf;DaGwL ljifoj:t ' k9 ]/
;g' fpgx' f ;] \ M
@! ;dtndf j:t 'n ] lnPsf ] 7fpFnfO{ To; j: ts' f ]
Ifq] kmn elgG5 . Ifq ] kmnnfO{ ju{ PsfOdf
gflkG5 . lrqdf lbOPsf] cfotdf1,1 cm2 sf
juf{sf/ sf]7 f slt 5g\ < hDdf ju{ sf 7] f ;ª\Vof
12 cf6 ] f 5g\ . To;n } ] of ] cfotsf] If q] kmn 12 ju{
;=] ld=(12 cm2) x'G5 .
cfotsf ] Ifq] kmn (Area of a Rectangle)
lrqdf nDafO 4cm / rf} 8fO 3cm ePsf] Pp6f
cfot lbOPsf] 5 . o;df 1 cm2 sf slt cf] 6f
ju{x¿ aG5g\ < sf ]7fx¿ agfpgx' f ]; \ .
t]; f{ ]df slt cf ]6f sf ]7f ag] < 4 cf] 6f -nDafOlt/ _
7f8f ]df slt cf ]6f sf7 ] f ag ] < 3 cf ]6f -rf}8 fOlt/ _
To;}n ], Ifq ] kmn = nDafO × rf} 8fO
= 4cm × 3cm = 12cm2
cfot tyf jus{ f] If ]qkmn lgsfNg ] ;"q,
cfotsf ] Ifq] kmn (A) = nDafO (l) × rf 8} fO (b) x'G5 .
ju{ cfs[ltsf ] Ifq] kmn lgsfNbf nDafO/ rf }8fO a/ fa/
xG' 5g \ . To;n} ] nDafO (l) = rf 8} fO (b) = l xbF' f
jus{ f] Ifq] kmn (A) = l×l = l2
To; }n ] jus{ f ] If ]qkmn (A) = l2 = -e'hf_2 xG' 5 .
98 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
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Self Learning Materials Class 7
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