Self Learning Materials Class 7

lj1fg

#$=#= la?jfsf efux¿ rf“} lt;f“} lbg

tkfO{Fn] cfkm\ gf] 3/ tyf ljBfno j/k / ljleGg lsl;dsf km" n k'mNg] la?jfx¿
b] Vg'ePsf] 5 . k|s[ltdf w] / } lsl;dsf k"mn km'Ng] la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ . tnsf]
ljm| ofsnfk u/L la?jfsf efux¿ lrGg'xf] ;\ M

cfjZos ;fdu|L #$

la?jfnfO{ h/} b l] v pv] n] sf], kfgL, snd, /ª x¿

ljlw

• sg' } k"mn k'mns ] f] Pp6f la?jfnfO{ h/ b} l] v
pvN ] g'xf ;]  \ .

• la?jfsf cªx\ ¿ glaug| ] u/ L la:t f/} o;sf ]
hldgd'lg / xs ] f ] efunfO{ kfgLn ] kvfNg'xf] ;\  .

• hldgdl' g / hldgdfly /x ] sf la?jfsf
efux¿nfO{ /f d|/ L cjnf]s g ugx'{ f ;] \  .

• To;sf ] lrq cfkmg\ f ] sfkLdf agfO{ /ª egx'{ f ;]  \ .

oxfF bv ] fOPsf] h:t } ljleGg efusf] gfds/0 f
ugx{' f] ;\  .

;Demg'kg{] s'/f

k"mn km' Ng] la?jfsf dV' o bO' { efux¿ x'G5g\ . tL o;ks| f/ 5g\ M
• hldgdl' gsf] efu – h/f k0| ffnL (root system)

la?jfsf] hldgd'lgsf] efunfO{ h/f elgG5 . logLx¿ kf| oM ;t] f, v/} f / xNsf kx]nF f /ªsf
xG' 5g\ . h/fnfO{ uR' 5] h/f (fibrous root) / d"n h/f (tap root) u/L d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
• hldgdflysf] efu – 8fF7 k0| ffnL (shoot system)

hldgeGbf dflysf] la?jfsf] ;Dk0" f{ efunfO{ 8f7F (shoot) elgG5 . o; k0| ffnLcGtu{t la?jfsf]
sf08 (stem), kft (leaves), k"mn (flower) / kmn (fruits) k5g{ \ . sf08 / kft la?jfdf
e]lh6]l6e (vegetative) cª\u x'g\ . km" nx¿ la?jfsf] kh| gg cªu\ xg' \ .

ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 149
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cª\uh]| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
35.1. Direction to my school nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================

k“} lt;f“} lbg A. Look at the map below. Discuss with your sister/b rother.

#% Post office Hospital

You

Bank School

B. Use the following words and write directions to go to school
in the box.
turn left, turn right, pass the…. , go straight ahead on, between, across

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
6. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
7. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………
8. ………………………………………………………………………………………....………

150 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs k“} lt;f“} lbg

#%=@= xfd|f] nf]s ;:+ s l[ t

lbOPsf ] nfs ] ;:+ sl[ t ;DaGwL s'/ fx¿ k9/ ] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf; ] \ M

nf]s hLjgdf Jojxf/ df cfPsf] ;:+ s [lt g } nfs] ;:+ s[lt xf  ] . of ] ;dfhdf k/D k/ fb]l v Ps k':t faf6 #%
csf] { k': tfdf x: tfGt/ 0f xb“' } cfPsf ] x'G5 . nf s] ;+:s [ltdf ljleGg uLt, syf, snf, lzNk / b l} gs
hLjgsf Jojxf/x ¿ k5{g\ . o;df nf ]s hLjg;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg k|yf, k/ Dk/f , ljZjf;, wd{, ;:+ sf/
/ ljrf/ k5{g \ .

df}lvs ¿kdf nf]s hLjgdf kr| lnt uLtx¿ g} nf]s uLt xg' \ . :yfgLo
o:tf uLtdf bM' v;'v, rfnrng, Jojxf/, ljZjf; cflbsf] lrq0f ;d'bfodf
ul/Psf] xG' 5 . s7f/] xb[ onfO{ kufNg' nf]s uLtsf] ljz]iftf xf] . k/Dk/fb]lv k|rlnt
gT[ onfO{ nfs] gT[ o
elgG5 .

nf]s hLjgdf ljleGg nf]s
kr| lnt k/Dk/fut hLjgdf k|rlnt uLt,
afhfx¿nfO{ nf]s
;ª\uLt / gT[ odf
afhf elgG5 . ko| f] u x'g] k/Dk/ fut

w'gnfO{ nfs] wg'
elgG5 .

-s_ lbOPsf] nfs ] ;:+ s [ltx¿ k9] / ;g' fpgx' f ]; \ . sg' sg' ;:+ sl[ tcGtut{ kb5{ g\ < lbOPsf]
tflnsfdf / fv/] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf] ;\ M

dfun, r8' \lsnf, ehg, /T of }nL, hGdd[To;' u“ ;DalGwt, uLt, lth, uf/ } f, en } f] bp ] ;L, ‰ofp/ ], bp ] ;L
e} nf] , b] p8f, afng, ;l“ ugL, df?gL, sf} 8f, 3f6,' VofnL, ; ]nf ], ;fsn ] f, lemlemof, gjbu' f{ gfr, sflQs ]
gfr, af3e/} j gfr, nfdf gfr, wfg gfr, nfv] gfr, emf“u8 gfr, ;tf/ gfr, x'8\s] gfr, af/ df; ]
uLt, 3/ uLt, j;Gt, ;jfO,{ sf/ } f, df?gL, ;f/] 7L, b]p 8f, k~r} afhf, dfbn, ;f/ ª\uL, lagfof ], d'r{ª' \uf,
dfn>L, rfr“ /L , ;f ]/7 L, ah[ ef/

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 151
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs nf ]s afhf nf s] wg' nf s] gT[ o
nf ]s uLt

k“} lt;f“} lbg
-v_ tkfOF{sf ] ;db' fodf k|rlnt s'g } Pp6f nf] s uLt nv] ] / cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f ]; \ .

#%

-u_ tkfO{Fsf ] ;db' fodf ufpg] nf ]s uLt, ahfOg] nfs ] afhf, nf ]s w'g / gflrg] nf s]
g[Tox¿sf] ;"rL cleefjs;uF a;] / tof/ ug'{xf ];\ . s'g} Pp6f nf] s afhfsf ] lrq tof/
u/L To;sf ] ;DaGwdf n ]Vgx' f ]; \ .

152 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg k“} lt;f“} lbg

#%=#= kmn" sf efux¿ #%

-s_ k"mn la?jfsf ] k|hgg cª\u xf ]  . s'g} la?jfsf km" nx¿ Ps lnªu\ Lo x'G5g\ eg]
s'g} bO' { lnª\uLo cyf{t\ peo lnªu\ Lo x'G5g\ . k"mndf d'Vo rf/ efux¿ -kqbn,
ki' kbn, k'ªs\ z ] / / :q Ls] z/ _ xG' 5g \ . km" nsf rf/ efux¿ Pssf] leq csf] { ub{ }
rf/ cf6 ] f 3/ ] f df /x ] sf xG' 5g\ . sg' } Pp6f k'mn ]sf] km" n l6Kg'xf ];\ . To; km"nsf ] lrq
;kmf;uF cfÇgf ] sfkLdf sfg ] {'xf;]  \ . tnsf ] lbOPsf ] h: t} u/L kmn" sf ljleGg efux¿
lrGg'xf; ] \ / nV] gx' f] ;\ . cleefjsnfO{ klg bv ] fpgx' f;] \ .

-v_ tkfOF{n ] cjnf] sg u/] sf] km"nsf efux¿sf] sfd s ] xf ]nf < cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn
u/ L lbOPsf] tflnsf egx'{ f ];\ M

jm| =;+= km"nsf efux¿sf ] gfd km"nsf efux¿sf] sfd

! kqbn o;n] km" nsf] sf]l knf cj: yfdf leqL cª\ux¿nfO{ ;'/I ff
u5{ .

@ k'ikbn

# k'ª\s z] /

$ :q Lsz] /

ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 153
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#^=!= sljtf nv] g nfus ] f ] ;do M ==========================

5lQ;f} “ lbg -s_ ‘ cfdf’ zLifs{ / fv /] sljtf n V] gx' f ;]  \ . sljtf ult, olt / no xfn /] cleefjsnfO{
;'gfpg'xf; ] \ M

#^

-v_ tkfOnF{ fO{ dg kg]{ sg' } Pp6f uLt ufP/ cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f ];\ . pSt uLtsf
x/k mx¿ n] Vgx' f] ; \ . cfk} mFn ] uLt / rgf ug ]{ k|of; ugx{' f ];\ . cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfP/ ;'emfj
lng'xf; ]  \ .

154 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg 5lQ;f} “ lbg

#^=@= df8 ] n ] lgdf0{ f

hGt' tyf jg:k ltsf ] lgdf{0f cToGt} ;/ n / ;;fgf efux¿ ldnL ags] f] x'G5, h;nfO{
sf ]if elgG5  . sfi ] f cToGt } ;"Id PsfO xf  ] . To; n} ] sfi ] fnfO{ xg ] { dfOjm| f:] sf] ksf ]
;xfotf lngk' 5{ . sf ]ifaf6 g } hLjsf hLjg k|ljm| ofx¿ ;~rfng / z/L / lgdf{0f
xG' 5 . tnsf] ljm| ofsnfk u/ L jg:k lt sf i] fsf] af/d] f l;Sg'xf;] \ M

cfjZos ;fdu|L #^

sf8af] 8{ jf afs;, df6f, ] / ªu\ Lg wfuf ], /ª u\ Lg sfuh jf skf;, sfi] fsf] lrq, ud tyf ljleGg /ª x¿

ljlw

• cfotfsf/ sf8a{ f] 8{ lngx' f;] \ / To;nfO{ ;kmf ug{x' f;] \ .
• To;sf] ;txdf ;] tf] /ª nufpgx' f ;] \  .
• jg: klt sf i] fsf] ;kmf / 7'nf]

lrq sfg] x'{ f]; \  .
• df6f] sf] k|of] u u/ L sf ]if

leQf, Go'lSno;, Eofs'n,
Snf] / f] Knf:6 agfpg'xf ;]  \ .
• ljleGg / ªsf] wfufaf6
/ fOad] hf ]d / OG8fK ] nflHds
/l ] 6sn' d agfpgx' f] ;\  .
• uf ]lNuj8L / dfO6f ]sf ]lGb«of
/ ª\uLg sfuh jf skf;n ]
agfpgx' f;] \  .
• udsf] ;xfotfn] agfpg'ePsf ;a } sfi] fsf efux¿ 6f:F g 'xf;] \ .
• sf i] fsf ;a } efux¿sf] gfdfªs\ g ug{'xf] ; \ .

o:t } ljlw k|of u] u/ L hGt'sf] ifsf ] klg gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf; ]  \ .

;Demgk' g{] s'/f

• jg:klt sf]ifsf] ;aeG} bf aflx/ sf]if leQf / hGt' sf]ifsf] aflx/ sfi] f lemNnL x'G5 .
• hGt' sf]if / jg:klt sfi] fdf w]/} ;dfgtf Pjd\ sx] L leGgtf /x]sf xG' 5g\ . Knfl:68 jg:klt

sfi] fdf dfq x'G5 eg] ;]G6f« ;] f]d hGt' sf]ifdf dfq x'G5 .
• sfi] fdf zlSt pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ dfO6fs] fl] G8«ofn] ug{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ zlSt pTkfbg sG] b|

klg elgG5 .
• sf]ifsf] k|d'v efu Go'lSno; xf], h;n] sf]if ljefhgdf dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf v]N5 .

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 155
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

5lQ;f} “ lbg ul0ft

#^=#= j|mo d"No

lbOPsf kl| tzt ;dfj ]z ePsf gfkmf / gf] S;fg ;DaGwL pbfx/ 0f k9] / ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .
j|mo d"No kQf nufpg ] ;d: ofx¿ sfkLdf ;dfwfg u// ] cleefjsnfO{ ae' mfpg'xf;] \ M

#^ pbfx/ 0f
Pp6f k;n n] ] Pp6f 5ftf ?= 275 df aR] bf 20% gfS ] ;fg xG' 5 eg] sltdf lsg] sf /x ]5g \ <
oxfF, Pp6f 5ftfsf] la=d"= = ?= 275
gf S] ;fg = 20%
Pp6f 5ftfsf ] j|m=d=" = <

dfgf}F , Pp6f 5ftfsf] j|m=d"= = ?= x
ca, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,

laj|mo d"No = jm| o d"No – gf ]S;fg

cyjf, ?= 275 = x – x sf ] 20%
20
cyjf, ?= 275 = x – x 100
1
cyjf, ?= 275 = x–x 5
cyjf, ?= 275 = x5–x–x5x
cyjf, ?= 275 = 4x5
cyjf, ?= 275 =
5
cyjf, 4x = 5 × ?= 275
1375
cyjf, x = ?= 4

cyjf, x = ?= 343.75

∴Pp6f 5ftfsf ] j|mo d"No = ?= 343.75

1. la=d"= = ?= 300 / gfkmf k|ltzt = 20%
2. la=d"= = ?= 850 / gfS ] ;fg k|ltzt = 20%
3. la=d=" = ?= 1200 / gfkmf kl| tzt = 15%
4. la=d=" = ?= 1500 / gfS ] ;fg k|ltzt = 12%
5. Pp6f k;nn] ] xl/ nfO{ ?= 1400 df Pp6f kfOG6 a] Rbf 15% gfkmf x'G5 eg ] k;nn] ] pSt kfOG6

sltdf lsg] sf / x5 ] g \ < kQf nufpg'xf]; \ .

ljBfyLs{ f] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================

156 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cªu\ |h] L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
37.1. Relationship nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================

A. Talk to your parents or brother/s ister and identify “ };lt;f“} lbg
relationship.

(a) My grandfather is my grandmother ’s husband. i) uncle ii) grandfather
iii) husband iv) wife
ii) niece
(b) My father ’s sister is my … …… … … … .. i) uncle iv) aunt #&
iii) cousin

(c) My mother ’s brother is my … … … … …… .. i) uncle ii) niece
iii) cousin iv) aunt

(d) My uncle ’s daughter is my ......................... i) niece ii) cousin
iii) nephew iv) sister

(e) My brother is my grandfather ’s …… …… … i) grandson ii) husband
iii) cousin iv) nephew

(f) My sister ’s husband is my … … …… …… . . i) brother-in-law ii) grandfather
iii) brother iv) cousin

(g) My husband ’s sister is my … … …… … … i) sister-in-law ii) cousin
iii) aunt iv) grandmother

(h) My aunt’ s daughter is my mother ’s …… …… . i) niece ii) sister
iii) cousin iv) nephew

(i) My uncle’ s son is my father ’s … …… …… … .. i) niece ii) husband
iii) brother iv) nephew

(j) My daughter is my mother’ s …… … … … … … i) granddaughter ii) sister
iii) niece iv) mother

B. Discuss and list the place visited by your family members.

Family members Visited places
Father Pokhara, Gorkha, Dharan etc.

:jfWoog ;fduL| 157
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

“ };lt;f“} lbgul0ft

#&=@= hDdf d"No slt <

-s_ lbOPsf j:t s' f ] PsfO dN" osf cfwf/ df j: ts' f ] hDdf dN" o lgsfNg ] tl/s f xg ] x{' f ;]  \ .
3/ kl/ jf/d f ahf/ af6 vl/b u/L Nofpg ] j:t 'x¿sf] ;r" L sfkLdf agfpg'xf];  \ .
tL j: tx' ¿sf ] kl| t PsfO d"No ;f w] ] / vl/b u/] / NofPsf] hDdf d"No lx;fa u//]
cleefjnfO{ bv] fpg'xf] ;\ M

#& Pp6f la: s6' sf] dN" o ?= 10 k5{ eg ] 5 cf6] f la: s6' sf] dN" o slt k5{ <
oxf,F Pp6f la: s'6sf ] dN" o eGbf 5 cf ]6f la: s6' sf] dN" o w/] } k5{ jf a9L xG' 5, To;n} ] 5 cf]6 f
la:s '6sf] dN" o lgsfNgsf nflu 5 n ] ?= 10 nfO{ u'0fg ug{'k5{ . o;/L d"No w/ ] } k5{ jf a9L
x'G5 eg ] u0' fg ugk{' 5 { .
oxfF, Pp6f -1 cf]6 f_ la: s6' sf ] dN" o ?= 10 k5 { .
∴5 cf]6 f la: s'6sf ] dN" o 5 × ?=10 = ?= 50 k5{ .

-v_ tnsf cj: yfdf hDdf dN" o slt x'G5 < lgsfNg'xf] ; \ . o: t } sx] L ;d:o f cfkm} F klg
tof/ u/ ]/ xn ug'{xf] ;\ M
1. Pp6f sfkLsf ] d"No ?= 20 k5{ eg] 4 cf 6] f sfkLsf ] d"No slt k5{ <

2. Pp6f lsnf]u |fd lrgLsf ] dN" o ?= 85 k5{ eg ] 3 lsnf] u|fd lrgLsf ] dN" o slt k5{ <

3. Ps kfs] 6 rsn]6 sf] d"No ?= 125 k5{ eg] p: t} 5 kfs6 ] rsn ]6sf] d"No slt k5 { <

4. Ps af ]/ f l;dG] 6sf ] dN" o ?= 850 k5{ eg] 12 af/] f l;dG ] 6sf] dN" o slt k5 { <

5. Pp6f elnansf] dN" o ?= 1200 k5{ eg] p:t } 7 cf] 6f elnansf ] d"No slt k5{ <

158 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs “ };lt;f“} lbg

#&=#= xfd|f ;fdflhs ;d:o fx¿

lbOPsf] s'/f k9]/ cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf ;]  \ . tn k:| tt' ul/P sf] 36gf klg k9] /
;'gfpgx' f; ] \ M

;fdflhs ;d:of eGgfn] xfd|f] #&
;fdfhdf ljBdfg /xs] f] hfthfltx¿
lardf x'g] e]befj, wgL ul/a
lardf xg' ] eb] efj, ljleGg ;+:sf/
/ k/Dk/fsf] gfddf ul/g] afnlajfx,
afn>d tyf ;dfhdf vl] ng] hj' ftf;,
hf8F /S;L ;]jg, o;sf sf/0f xg' ]
3/n] ' lx;+ f, dfgj ar] ljvg, ofg} hGo
lx;+ f cflb s/' f xg' \ .

-s_ lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf ] pQ/ sfkLdf nV ] gx' f ;]  \ . 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ c¿ klg @ cf6 ] f
kZ| g tof/ u/ L To;sf ] pQ/ klg n]V gx' f ]; \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfP/ ;'emfj lng'xf ];\ M

-c_ lbOPsf ] 36gfsf dV' o d'Vo ;d: ofx¿ s ] s ] xg'  \ <

-cf_ ;d:o fsf sf/0 f s: tf s:t f kl/0 ffdx¿ cfPsf 5g \ <

-O_ oL ;d: ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ] pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g\ <

-O{_

-p_

x/gfdk/' ufpFdf Ps blnt kl/jf/ a:yf] . p;sf tLg cf6] f 5f/] L / bO' { cf]6f 5f]/fx¿
lyP . kl/jf/df sdfpg] sj] n pgsf a'af dfq lyP . ltgn] lbgel/ dhb/' L u/L NofPsf] k};fn]
kl/jf/sf] 5fs 6Yof]{ . a'af /fd]Zj/sf] pd/] ^% jif{ eO;s]sf] lyof] / logn] w]/} sfd ug{ ;d]t
;Sb}gy] . /fdZ] j/sf 5f]/Lx¿ jm| dzM @! jif{, !* jif{ / !% jif{sf lyP . /fdZ] j/n] cfk\mgf
;a} 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff h]gtg] kb| fg u/s] f lyP . Ps lbg /fd]Zj/ cfkm\ gf]
h7] f] 5f]/Lsf] ljjfxsf] s'/f lnP/ s]6fsf] kl/jf/df uP . To; kl/jf/n] ltd|f] 5f]/L;uF ljjfx
ug{] xf] eg] dnfO{ ? bO' { nfv gub / Pp6f df6] /;fOsn bfOhf] lbg'k5{ eGg] pQ/ kfP . /fd]Zj/
xfdf| ] k/Dk/f g} o:t} xf] egL kmlsP{ . 5f/] LnfO{ 7'nf] eOGhn] /fVof] eg] kl/jf/sf] abgfd x'G5  .
kl5 ljjfx ug{ klg sl7g x'G5 . pSt /sd / ;fdfg lbg /fdZ] j/sf] Ifdtf lyPg / ljjfx
xg' ;s]g . s]xL ;dokl5 /fd]Zj/sL dflxnL 5f/] L / Ps Ifq] Losf] 5f]/flarsf] dfofkd]| sf] s/' f
ufpFdf xNnf rNof] . To;sf] Ps xKtfkl5 ;ftcf7 hgf dflg;x¿ cfP/ /fd]Zj/nfO{ tF blnt
xfdL Ifq] Lox¿;uF ljjfx ug{] egL ufnL u/] / Ps dlxgfleq of] ufpF 5f8] ]/ hfg wDsL lbP .

:jfWoog ;fduL| 159
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs

“ };lt;f“} lbg -v_ tkfOF{ a;f ]af; ug {] ;db' fodf s: tf s: tf ;fdflhs ;d: ofx¿ cem } klg ljBdfg 5g \ <
lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf] ; \ . tL ;d:o fsf] ;dfwfg x'g g;Sgs' f ;DaGwdf
cleefjs;uF ;f] w ]/ wf/ 0ff n] Vgx' f ];\ M

jm| =;+ ;fdflhs ;d: of cleefjsf] wf/0 ff

#& !

@

#

$

%

ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================

160 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#*=!= syf lj:t f/ nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================

lbOPsf ] ‘;ftlbg ] ;ef’ kf7sf ] cgR' 5b ] sf ] cz+ k9g\ x' f ;]  \ . pSt cgR' 5 b] cfkm\ g } zn } Ldf k/" f c7lt;f} “ lbg
ug'{xf] ; \ . sIff & sf] gk ] fnL kf7o\ k:' tssf ] kf7df pSt cg'R5]b vfh] ] / tkfO{nF ] n]v s ] f ]
syf / To; kf7df ePsf] syf t'ngf u/]/ xg ] {'xf]; \ M

;ftlbg] ;ef #*

uªu\ fn ] em/ L kbf{ kfgLdf ?e] m/ lx8“ \g' x'b“ g } , Hj/ f ] cfp“5, la/f dL kl/G 5 egs ] f] ;'g] sL lyO{ .
PskN6 dfdf3/ hf“bf pm cfÇgL cfdf;“u 7'nf ] kfgLdf ?ems] L lyO { . To;an ] f p;nfO{ Hj/f ]
cfP/ sx ] L lbg ;T' gk' / ]sf ] lyof]  . dfdf3/ uP/ 3d' lkm/ ug{ klg kfPsL lyOg . p;sL
cfdfnfO{ klg la;Grf] ePsf ] lyof] .

============================================================================================================
============================================================================================================
============================================================================================================
============================================================================================================
============================================================================================================
============================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================

:jfWoog ;fduL| 161
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

c7lt;f} “ lbg ul0ft

#*=@= PsfO d"No

-s_ lbOPsf j: t'sf ] hDdf dN" osf cfwf/d f PsfO dN" o lgsfNg] pbfx/0 f cWoog
ug'{xf ];\ M

5 cf]6 f la: s'6sf ] dN" o ?= 50 k5{ eg ] Pp6f la: s'6sf] d"No slt k5{ <

#* oxf,F 5 cf 6] f la: s6' sf] d"No eGbf 1 cf]6 f la:s '6sf ] d"No yf] / } k5{ jf sd x'G5, To; }n] 1 cf6] f
la:s '6sf ] dN" o lgsfNgsf nflu 5 n ] ?= 50 nfO{ efu ug'{k5 { . o;/L d"No yf] / } k5{ jf sd
x'G5 eg] efu ugk{' 5{ .

oxf,F 5 cf] 6f la: s6' sf] dN" o ?= 50 k5{ .

∴1 cf6 ] f la: s6' sf] dN" o ?= 50 = ?=10 k5 { .
5

-v_ lbOOsf cj: yfdf PsfO d"No slt x'G5, lgsfNgx' f ];\ . 3/ kl/ jf/s f Psdi' 7 vl/b
ul/ g] jf laj|mL ul/g ] j:t s' f ] ;r" L agfP/ To;sf ] klg PsfO d"No lgsfn] / cleefjsnfO{
;'gfpgx' f] ;\ M

1. 4 cf ]6f sfkLsf ] d"No ?= 120 k5{ eg] Pp6f sfkLsf ] dN" o slt k5{ <

2. 5 lsnfu] f| d lrgLsf ] d"No ?= 425 k5{ eg] 1 lsnfu ] |fd lrgLsf ] d"No slt k5 { <

3. 3 kfs] 6 rsn6 ] sf ] d"No ?= 450 k5{ eg ] 1 kfs6 ] rsn ]6sf] d"No slt k5 { <

4. 6 af /] f l;dG] 6sf] d"No ?= 5100 k5{ eg] 1 af ]/f l;dG] 6sf ] d"No slt k5 { <

5. 2 cf]6 f elnansf] dN" o ?= 3400 k5{ eg ] 1 cf] 6f elnansf] dN" o slt k5{ <

162 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cªu\ ]h| L

38.3. Asking and giving permission

A. Practise the following dialogue with your brother or sister. c7lt;f} “ lbg

You feft cold and you want to close the window.
Boy 1: May I close the window?
Boy 2: Yes, you may.

B. Writeandpracticesimilardialoguesforthesituationsgivenbelow. #*

(a) You want to sit down.
• …… … … … …… … … …… …… … …… … …… …
• …… … … … … … …… … … … … … … … …… … …
(b) You want to use your friend ’s telephone.
• … …… … … … …… … …… … … …… … … …… …
• …… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … …… ……
(c) You want to use your friend ’s toilet.
• … …… … … … …… … … … …… … … … … … … …
• …… … …… …… … …… …… …… … … …… … …
(d) You want to taste the food.
• … … …… … … … …… … …… … … … … … … … …
• … …… … … … …… …… … … … …… … …… … …
(e) You want to look at your friend ’s photo album.
• … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… …

• …… … …… …… … …… … …… …… …… … … …

C. Read carefully the given agree and disagree statement.
Practice with your sister or brother.

Agree Disagree

You are right. I don't agree with that.
Exactly! I totally disagree.
Yes, I agree. That's not right.
I totally agree. Absolutely not.
Me too! No, it is not.
That's good idea. I don't think that's correct.

ljBfyL{sf ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fduL| 163
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#(=!=cg'nv ] g nfus ] f ] ;do M ==========================

pgGrfln; “ }f lbg lbOPsf ] lgaGwsf ] cz+ nfO{ sfkLdf n V] gx' f ;]  \ . km' ;b{ sf ] ;dodf tkfO;F{ uF ePsf lstfa,
kqklqsf cflbsf cgR' 5] baf6 ;kmf / / fd|f cIf/d f n]v g cEof; u/ L cleefjsnfO{
bv] fpgx' f] ;\ M

#( k|sl[ tsf] ;'Gb/ : yn M vKt8
gk] fnsf ] k|fs[lts agf ]6 ljlrqsf ] 5 . ;fgf] efu } fl ] ns Ifq] kmn ePsf ] gk] fndf lxdfn, kxf8
/ t/ fO{sf] cgf }7f ] ;ªu\ d /x ]s f ] 5  . pQ/ lbzfdf klZrdbl] v kj" {;Dd kml } nPsf kª\lSta4
lxdzª[ v\  nfx¿ 5g \ . ljZjsf ;jfR {] r b; cf 6] f lzv/ dWo ] ;u/ dfyfnufot cf7cf 6] f lxdrn' Lx¿
oxL“ /x s ] f 5g\ . lxdfnd'lg t/ n] L k/] sf xl/ of kxf8x¿ 5g \ . ltgsf d'lg leqL dw ]; /
pj{/ t/ fO{ 5 . k|s[ltsf ] Pp6f ;G' b/ l;hg{ f h:t f] nfUg ] of] d'n's ljZjs} ;G' b/ bz] x¿dWo]
Ps xf]  . o;leq k|fs[lts b[ZofjnLsf bl[ i6n] ;of“} cfsif{s / ;'Gb/ 7fpx“ ¿ 5g\ . tLdWo ]
;b' /" klZrdf~rnsf ] vKt8 ks| [lt, ;+: s[lt / hl} js ljljwtfsf b[li6n] dgdfx] s :y n xf ]  .
vKt8 n ]s xf]  . of ] ;'b"/ klZrdsf 8f6 ] L, c5fd, afh'/ f / aemfª lhNnfsf] ;ª\uddf / x s] f ] 5 .
o;sf ] klZrddf 8f ]6L, k"j{df afh/' f, pQ/d f aemfª / blIf0fdf c5fd lhNnf kb{5g \ . of] n s]
;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/ a !%)) b] lv ##)) ld6/ sf] prfOdf cjl: yt 5 . g]k fn ;/s f/ n] o;nfO{
lj= ;+= @)$@ df vKt8 / fli6«o lgs~' h 3f] if0ff u/ s] f] xf]  . of] dWo kxf8L If ]qsf] Ps dfq
/f li6«o lgs~' h xf ]  . o;sf ] If ]qkmn @@% ju{ lsnf l] d6/ 5 .

164 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

ul0ft pgGrfln; “ }f lbg

#(=@= Pl ] ss lgod

lbOPsf P] lss lgod ;DaGwL ;d:o f ;dfwfgsf pbfx/0 f cWoog ug'{xf;] \ . o;
;DaGwL lbOPsf ;d: ofx¿sf ] xn ug{'xf;]  \ . o:t } @ cf6] f gofF lx;fa tof/ u/L
;dfwfg ugx{' f; ]  \ . cleefjsnfO{ bv ] fP/ o; ;DaGwL pxfxF ¿sf ] ;d:o f klg ;G' gx' f; ] \ M

pbfx/0 f #(
5 cf 6] f la:s 6' sf] dN" o ?= 50 k5{ eg] 10 cf]6 f la: s6' sf ] dN" o slt k5 { <

oxf,F 5 cf]6 f la:s '6sf] d"No ?= 50 k5{ .
50
∴1 cf] 6f la: s6' sf] dN" o ?= 5 = ?=10 k5 { .

∴10 cf6 ] f la: s6' sf] dN" o ?=10 × 10 = ?=100 k5{ .

1. 3 cf] 6f l;;fsndsf ] dN" o ?= 30 k5{ eg] 7 cf6 ] f l;;fsndsf ] dN" o slt k5{ <

2. 5 lsnf ]u|fd d} bfsf ] dN" o ?= 250 k5{ eg ] 8 lsnfu ] |fd db} fsf] dN" o slt k5 { <

3. 3 kfs ]6 rsn 6] sf] dN" o ?= 450 k5{ eg] 5 kfs6 ] rsn] 6sf] dN" o slt k5{ <

4. 4 af ]/f l;d] G6sf ] d"No ?= 3400 k5{ eg] 3 af]/ f l;d]G 6sf] dN" o slt k5{ <

5. 2 cf6] f elnansf] d"No ?= 3400 k5{ eg] 4 cf 6] f elnansf ] d"No slt k5{ <

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 165
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cªu\ h]| L

39.3. Biography

pgGrfln; “ }f lbg A. Look at the example of biography given below.

Name Devaki Mahato

Place of birth Tandi, Chitwan

#( Date of birth 24 January, 1977
School attended Janata Secondary school
and
Lalitpur Nursing Campus

Job/ work Nurse at Patan Hospital

Childhood memories brought a wounded crow home and
got scolded by her parents. But
cared for it till it was able to fly.

What the person as a child wanted to join the medical field
wanted to be

Interest and hobbies bead jewellery collection

Advice for young people study what interests you

B. Prepare a biography of your father and share with him.

Name
Place of birth
Date of birth
School attended
Job/w ork
Childhood memories
What the person
wanted to be
Interest and hobbies
Advice for young people

ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================

166 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
$)=!= ;fdflhs ;d: ofsf h/ fx¿ nfu] sf ] ;do M ==========================

tkfOF{n ] o;cl3 tof/ uge{' Psf] ;fdflhs ;d:o fsf ] ;"rL / To;df cleefjssf] rfln;f} “ lbg
wf/ 0ff k'gM Psk6s k9\gx' f; ] \ . lbOPsf ] ;d: ofsf sf/0 fx¿sf] d"n h/f df kU' g ]
tl/s fsf ] pbfx/ 0f k9g\ 'xf ]; \ . bfFt bV' g ] ;d:o f lsg eof] t < eGb } vf] Hb} hfFbf cfPsf
sf/ 0fx¿ lgSnb} uP . o;/L Pp6f sf/ 0f yfxf x'g ] ljlQs } lsg To: tf] eof] t <
eGb } hfFbf csf] { sf/0 f klxrfg xG' 5 .

bft“ bV' g] ;d:of $)

bft“ sf] ls/fn]
;/;kmfO bft“ bf“t sdhf/]
/fd|f] geP/ vfgfn] ePsfn]

l bft“ sf] lsg To:tf] eof] t <
;kmf gugfn{ ]
kfgL / df6f]df
l cN5L eP/ k\mnfl] /g
geP/

l km\ nf/] fO8o'St cfxf/df
t'yk:] 6 k|ofu] k\mnf]l/g
gug]{ geP/

l ul/aL eP/

sf/0f eGgfn] To; ;d:ofnfO{ dnhn ug]{ lj|mofsnfk, afgL Jojxf/, k/Dk/f, ;:sf/, s;' :+ sf/
tyf lsDabGtLx¿ cflb x'g ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu bfFt b'Vg] ;d:of lsg eof] t < eGb}
vf]Hb} hfbF f cfPsf sf/0fx¿ lgSnb} uP . o;/L Pp6f sf/0f yfxf xg' ] ljlQs} lsg To:tf] eof]
t < eGb} hfbF f csf{] sf/0fx¿ klxrfg x'Fb} uP . o;/L g} ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿sf]
klg ljleGg sf/0fx¿ kQf nfupg ;lsG5 .

:jfWoog ;fduL| 167
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs

rfln;f} “ lbg -s_ tkfOFn{ ] o; cl3 tof/ ug'{ ePsf] s'g} Pp6f ;d:o fnfO{ sfkLdf nv ] /] bfFt b'Vg]
;d: ofsf ] ljZn]i f0f u/ ] h:t } ;d: ofsf] h/ f jf sf/ 0fx¿sf] lrqfTds ¿k tof/ ugx'{ f ]; \ .
tkfOF{n ] tof/ ug{' ePsf] s/' f cleeffjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f] ;\ .

-v_ lbOPsf] tflnsfdf tkfOF{n ] sfkLdf nV] ge' Psf ] ;d: ofx¿sf] sf/ 0f / ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ tof/ ugx{' f; ]  \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fP/ ;e' mfj ux| 0f ugx{' f; ]  \ . ;Dej eP lzIfssf ]
;e' mfj klg lng'xf] ;\ M

$) ;d:o f / ljs[lt sf/ 0fx¿ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
r t] gfdn" s cleofg ;~rfng ug{ ]
• ?l9jfbL k/D k/f

afnljjfx • ul/ aL /f h] uf/ dn" s sfo{kl| t ;an } fO{ cfslif{t

• wds{ f] gfddf ul/g ] cfslift{ ug] { sfg'gL kf| jwfgsf ] hfgsf/L lbg]
sk' |rf/ cflb

-u_ … ;fdlhs ;d: of / ljsl[ t xfdf| ] ;fdfhsf] ku| ltsf ] jfws xf ]Ú  . o;sf] kIf jf
ljkIfdf cfˆgf uxlsnf ts;{ lxt Pp6f ;fgf] nv ] tof/ ug'{xf ];\ . ljBfno v'nk ] l5
lzIfsnfO{ b]v fpgx' f] ;\  .

168 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg

$)=@= k[YjLsf ] agf ]6

lbOPsf ] ljm| ofsnfk u/ L k[YjLsf ] agf6] x] g{'xf];  \ . ;fy } cleefjssf] ;xofu ] lnO{ rfln;f} “ lbg
lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/ f ug'{xf ;] \ M

cfjZos ;fduL| $)

kfgL pdfNg] ef8F f], cG8f, rSs', sfkL, kl] G;n, k[YjLsf] leqL agf6 ] sf] rf6{, ydf]l{ d6/

ljlw

• Pp6f ef8F fd ] f kfgL lngx' f ];\ .
• kfgLdf cG8f / fvL pdfNg'xf]; \ .
• cG8f /f df| ;] Fu kfls;s k] l5 kfgLaf6 lgsfNg'xf;] \ .
• rSs'n] lj:t f/ } cG8fsf] kxF ]nf ] efu;Dd :k i6 b ]lvg] u/L sf6g\ x' f; ] \  .
• o;/ L sfl6;sk ] l5 k[YjLsf] leqL agf6 ] sf ] rf6n{ fO{ cufl8 / fvL cG8fsf ljleGg efux¿nfO{

To;;uF tn' gf ub} { x g] {x' f];  \ .

cjnf]s g

Air cell Shell
membrane
Yolk
Shell Egg
White

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 169
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg

cjnf ]sg clenv ] Ls/0 f M ljzi ] ftf

cG8fsf] efu Tffkj|md kY[ jLsf ] tx

rfln;f} “ lbg Afflx/ L afj ] m| f Sm| : 6

$) ;t] f] efu DofG6n
Smf/ ]
kx]F nf] efu

;Demg'kg]{ s/' f

• k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf aflx/L efu j|m:6 h'g ;a}eGbf kftnf] tx xf] . of] cG8fsf] aflx/L afj] m| f
h:t} xf] . cG8fsf] ;t] f] efu hg' k[YjLsf] DofG6n;Fu ldN5, hxfF kbfy{x¿ 7f;] cj:yfdf
xG' 5g\ t/ nlrnf] cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . olb ydfl{] d6/ 5 eg] o;sf] ;xfotfn] tfkj|md klg
gfkL x]g{x' f];,\ hg' aflx/L efueGbf w/] } xG' 5 . To:t} cG8fsf] kx]Fnf] efu h'g kYjLsf] leqL
efu sf/] ;uF ldN5 . ydf{l] d6/sf] dbtn] leqL efusf] tfkjm| d gfKgx' f];\ / gf6] ugx{' f];\ .

• dflysf] sfo{ ubf{ cG8f ;dfpg ;lsg] tftf] cj:yfd} rSss' f] ;xfotfn] sf6g\ ,] sf6b\ f aflx/ sf]
af]jm| fbl] v leqsf] kxnF] f] efu bl] vg] u/L sf6g\ ] / ydf{]ld6/sf] ko| fu] ubf{ Psbd ;ts{ x'g'kb5{ ,
tfls Psk6sdf Pp6f dfq efusf] tfkj|md gfKg ;lsof;] \ .

170 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

gk] fnL rfln;f} “ lbg

$)=#= k|Zg lgdf{0f

-s_ lbOPsf ] kf7sf ] cgR' 5b] nfO{ Wofg lbP/ k9g\ x' f;] \ . To;kl5 sf] , s] , sxf,F s'g,
slxn ], lsg, s;/L h: tf ZfAb k|of] u u/L kfFr kZ| g lgdf{0f ugx{' f; ] \ M

k|sl[ tsf] ;G' b/ : yn M vKt8 $)

lgs'~hsf ] pQ/ k"jL{ If] qdfvKk/ -vKt8_ bx 5 . of] bx afh'/f lhNnfdf k5 { . of ] o; Ifq ] s}
7'nf ] bx xf]  . o;sf] cfwf kfgL sfnf] / cfwf kfgL ;t ] f ] h:t f] bl] vG5 . o;sf lsgf/f df kl| ;4
l;4 k'?if vKk/ d:6 f] sf ] vKk/d f8f“ } -dlGb/ _ cjl:y t 5 . oxf“ efb| kl" 0f{dfsf lbg 7'nf] dn] f
nfU5 .

oxf“ 3f/ ] n , Ajf;“ f ], lrQn, s: t"/L du[ , lrt'jf, efn' h: tf : tgwf/ L ago } f hLjhGt' kfOG5g\ .
a'nan' , sf ]OnL, 8f“km, ] dg' fn, sflnh, lrn cflb kG5Lx¿ ljr/0 f u5{g\ . efh ] kq, ;Nnf,] w'kL,
u/' f“;, v;'|, lrdfn, r'yf| ] , lr/f Otf, ] lgufnf] cflb jg: klt kfOG5g\ . oxf“ w ]/ } h8La'6Lx¿sf]
klxrfg ePsf] 5  . o; Ifq ] df w ]/ } k|hfltsf /ª u\ Lrªu\ L km" nx¿ k'mN5g\  . To;u } / L w] /} vfn]
kt' nLx¿ / cg] sf}“ sL6ktªu\ n] o; Ifq ] nfO{ cfkm\ gf ] jf;:y fg agfPsf 5g \ . lqj0 ] fL / vKt8
bxdf aemfª ] kfxf / v;|] Eofu'tf b] Vg kfOG5 . o;/ L vKt8 If] q hl} js ljljwtfsf] e08f/
ag] sf ] 5  .

pbfx/ 0f M

vKt8 bx s'g lhNnfdf k5 { <

-c_

-cf_

-O_

-O_{

-p_

-v_ dflysf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ sfkLdf nv] /] cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f] ;\ .

ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 171
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cª\uh]| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
41.1. Our festivals nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================

Psrfln; “}f lbg A. Ask the following questions with your parents and write
in the box below.

1. When did we start to celebrate Dashain?
2. Why do we celebrate Dashain?

$! 3. What do we do in Dashain?

B. Discuss with your parents and list major festivals as following
in notebook.

Month Major Duration Reason to Major activities
Baisakh festival celebrate prayers and worship in
To mark the birth, the Buddhist shrines
Buddha One day, enlightenment burn butter lamps in the
Jayanti the full and death of lord monasteries
or Buddha moon of Buddha
Purnima Baisakh

Jestha

Ashadh
Shrawan
Bhadra
Aswin
Kartik

Mangshir

Poush
Magh

Falgun

Chaitra

172 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

ul0ft Psrfln; “}f lbg

$!=@= ;fwf/ 0f Aofh

-s_ lbOPsf ;fwf/ 0f Aofh ;DaGwL ljifoj: t' tyf ;d: of ;dfwfgsf pbfx/ 0f cWoog
ug{'xf;] \ M

kmn" dfofn] Pp6f aª} s\ df ?= 10,000 art vftfdf hDdf u/ s] f ] 1 jif{kl5 pgnfO{ a }ªs\ n] $!
?= 1000 yk/] ?= 11,000 lkmtf{ lbof]  . oxfF,

-c_ aª } s\ df hDdf u/ s] f ] / sdnfO{ ;fjfF (Principal - P) elgG5 . oxfF ?= 10,000 ;fjfF xf  ] .
-cf_ a ª} s\ n ] lkmtf{ u/s ] f ] Psdi' 7 /s dnfO{ ld>wg (Amount - A) elgG5 . oxfF ?= 11,000

ld>wg xf]   .
-O_ a }ª\sn] lbPsf] yk / sdnfO{ Aofh (Interest - I) elgG5 . oxfF ?= 1000 Aofh xf ]  .
-O_{ hg' ;s' } aª } s\ n ] Pp6f lglZrt b/d f Aofh lbg ] u5 { . oxfF art vftfdf hDdf u/ s] f ] /s d ?=

10,000 df a}ª s\ n] ?= 1000 Aofh lbof ]  .
-p_ Aofhb/ ;fdfGotof kl| tjif{ kl| tztdf lgwf/{ 0 f ul/P sf ] xG' 5 . Ps jifd{ f ?= 100 df lbg ]

AofhnfO{ Aofhb/ elgG5 .

To;n } ] , kl| tjif{sf] Aofh b/ (rate of interest) = 1000 × 100% = 10% xG' 5 .

10000

hlt ;dofjlwsf nflu a }ª\sdf k ;} f /f lvG5 To;nfO{ ;do (Time - T) elgG5 .

pbfx/0 f M
5ljnfnn ] Pp6f jfl0fHo aª } \saf6 10% k|ltjif{ Aofhsf b/n ] Pp6f ufO{ lsGgsf nflu
?= 50,000 C0f lnPsf / x5 ] g \ . pgn ] b'O{ jif{df a} ª\snfO{ slt Aofh ltgk{' 5{ xf]n f <

oxfF, 10% Aofhb/ n],

1 jifs{ f ] ?= 100 sf] Aofh = ?= 10

∴1 jif{sf ] ?= 1 sf ] Aofh = ?= 10
100

∴1 jifs{ f ] ?= 50,000 sf ] Aofh = ?= 10 × 50,000
100

∴2 jifs{ f ] ?= 50,000 sf] Aofh = ?= 10 × 50,000 × 2
100
= ?=10000

∴2 jif{sf ] Aofh = ?= 10,000

∴5ljnfnn] 2 jifd{ f ?= 10,000 Aofh ltg'k{ 5 { .

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 173
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

Psrfln; “}f lbgul0ft
-v_ dflysf] pbfx/ 0fdf h: t } u/L P]l ss lgodaf6 ;fwf/ 0f Aofh kQf nufpgx' f ];\ .
cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfpgx' f] ; \ . o: t} ;fwf/ 0f Aofh ;DaGwL 3/ kl/ jf/d f ePsf] art
/s dnfO{ as+ } jf ;xsf/L df /f Vbf kf| Kt ug{ ] Aofh / lnOPsf] C0fsf ] ltgk{' g {] Aofh;DaGwL
;d:o f lgdf{0f u/ L ;dfwfg ugx'{ f] ;\ M

1. ;fjfF = ?= 500, ;do = 2 jif{ / Aofhb/ = 5%

$!

2. ;fjfF = ?= 2500, ;do = 5 jif{ / Aofhb/ = 12%

3. u0f ]zn ] ?= 15,000 sg' } ;xsf/L df k|ltjif{ 18% sf b/ n ] 3 jif{;Dd /f Vbf slt Aofh
kfpF5g\ <

174 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg Psrfln; “}f lbg

$!=#= afbn aGg ] / kfgL kg {] k|ljm| of $!

tnsf] sfo{ u/ L afbn aGg ] / kfgL kg{] k|lj|mof yfxf kfpg'xf ];\ . of ] sfo{ ubf{
cleefjsnfO{ klg ;Fu } a:g / ;xfotf ug{ eGg'xf ];\ M

cfjZos ;fdu|L

s]6 \nL, kfgL, yfn, sk8f, lunf;, : 6fe ] jf rn' f]

ljlw

• Pp6f ;fgf ] ls6\nLdf cfwf hlt kfgL /f v/ ]
: 6fe ] jf r'nfd ] f ttfpg'xf;] \  .

• ls6n\ Lsf ] 6K' kfsf ] s ]xL dfly Pp6f yfndf lr;f ]
kfgL jf kfgLn] lehfPsf ] sk8f
/f Vgx' f; ] \  .

• ls6\nLsf] kfgL pDn /] s ] aGof,] cjnf s] g ugx{' f; ]  \ .
• kfgL pDn/ ] ags] f] kfgLsf ] afkm lr;f ] kfgL /f vs] f] yfnL;uF 7f] Ssfpgx' f ;]  \ .
• afkm lr;f ] xb'F f ags ] f] kfgLnfO{ lunf;df hDdf ug{'xf;] \ .
• o; k|ofu ] sf] cfwf/d f s ] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 < cleefjs;uF 5nkmn u/L n V] g'xf];  \ .

;Demgk' g{ ] s/' f

• kfgL / fvs ] f ] ls6n\ LnfO{ ttfpFbf kfgL pDn ]/
afkm aG5 / pSt afkmnfO{ lr;f] j:t 'sf ]
;Dksd{ f / fVg] xf ] eg ] lr;f ] eP/ kg' M kfgL
aGf /] tnlt/ em5 { .

• dflysf ] ko| fu] df eP h:t } u/ L afbn aGg] /
kfgL kg] { sfo{ x'G5 .

• ;o" a{ f6 cfPsf ] tfksf] sf/0 fn ] ubf{ vf]n f,
kf] v/L , tnfp, gbL, ;d'b|sf] kfgL tft/] afkm aG5 / ;f ] afkm xfjfeGbf xns' f xg' ] ePsfn]
dflylt/ hfG5 / afbn aG5 . ;fx ] L afbn lr;f ] ;Dks{df cfpbF f afbndf ePsf] kfgLsf ]
afkm lr;f ] eO{ kfgL aG5 / hldgdf kfgL k5{ .

ljBfyLs{ f] x:t fIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 175
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
$@=!= 36gf j0fg{ nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================

aofln;f“} lbg cfdfa'af;uF a: g'xf ]; \ . cfdf jf aa' fnfO{ pxfsF f] hGdbl ] v xfn;Ddsf d'Vo d'Vo
36gfx¿ eGg nufpgx' f ]; \ . pxfFnfO{ dV' o dV' o s/' f eGgsf nflu lbOPsf s/' f
elglbgx' f] ;\ . pxfxF ¿n ] eg ]sf s'/f sfkLdf l6kf6] ug'x{ f; ]  \ . To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
Pp6f zLifs{ ;lxt clGtd ¿k lbgx' f ];\ / cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ M

$@ hGdldlt hGd : yfg afNosfnsf ] gfd afNosfnsf clj:d / 0fLo
sfd cge' j 36gfx¿
ljjfx lzIff ck]I ff
?lr
3'dlkm/
;] jf

176 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

ul0ft aofln;f“} lbg

$@=@= ;fwf/0 f Aofh

-s_ lbOPsf ;fwf/ 0f Aofh ;DaGwL ;d: of ;dfwfgsf ] pbfx/ 0f cWoog ugx{' f] ;\ M

pbfx/ 0f $@
sdnfn ] / fd;Fu 15% kl| tjif{ Aofhsf b/ n ] Pp6f Nofk6k lsGgsf nflu ?= 70,000 C0f
lnPsf /x 5] g \ . pgn] gf} dlxgfdf / fdnfO{ slt Aofh ltg'k{ 5{, xf n] f <

oxfF, 15% Aofhb/n ,]
1 jifs{ f] ?= 100 sf ] Aofh = ?= 15

∴1 jif{sf ] ?= 1 sf] Aofh = ?= 15
100
15
∴ 12 dlxgfsf] ?= 1 sf] Aofh = ?= 100

∴ 1 dlxgfsf ] ?= 1 sf] Aofh = ?= 15
100 x 12
15 x9
∴ 9 dlxgfsf] ?= 1 sf ] Aofh = ?= 100 x 12

∴ 9 dlxgfsf] ?= 70,000 sf ] Aofh = ?= 15 x9 x 70000 = ?=7,875
100 x 12

∴ 9 dlxgfsf] Aofh = ?= 7,875

∴sdnfn ] 9 dlxgfdf ?= 7,875 Aofh ltg{'k5 { .

-v_ dflysf] pbfx/ 0fdf h:t } u/L Pl] ss lgodaf6 ;fwf/ 0f Aofh kQf nufpg'xf ];\ .
o: t} c¿ klg Jojxfl/ s lx;fa sfkLdf agfP/ ;dfwfg u/ L cleefjsnfO{ bv ] fpgx' f ];\ M

1. ;fjfF = ?= 5000, ;do = 6 dlxgf / Aofhb/ = 10%

2. ;fjfF = ?= 7500, ;do = 9 dlxgf / Aofhb/ = 12%

3. ;o" n{ ] ?= 25,000 sg' } ;xsf/L df kl| tjif{ 15% sf b/ n ] 3 dlxgf;Dd / fVbf slt Aofh
kfpF5g\ <

:jfWoog ;fduL| 177
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

aofln;f“} lbg ;fdflhs

$@=#= dfgj a] rlavg

lbOPsf ] 36gf 3/k l/j f/s f ;a } ;b:o nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf ];\ M

;lhgfsf] syf

$@ l;Gw'kfNrf] s lhNnfdf ^ hgfsf] Pp6f ul/a kl/ jf/ lyof ]  . To; kl/j f/d f cfdf, afa,'
! 5f ]/ f / # 5f /] L lyP  . c¿sf] >d u/ ]/ kl/j f/ kfNg'kg{ ] afWotf 5g\  . kl/j f/ df 7'nL
5f] / L ;lhgfn ] ^ sIffdf k9b\ fk9\b } ul/a Lsf ] sf/0 fn] ljBfno 5fl8g\ / sfd ug{ yflng\ .
afan' ] ufpF3/d f 3/ agfpg] sfd uy ]{ . !% jif{sL ;lhgf klg ToxL lu6L afS] g] , afnj' f
rfNg ] ulyg{  \ . Ps lbgsf ] s/' f xf] , pgn] lrlg/x sf ] Ps hgf JolSt cfP/ ltdL olt ufx|f ]
sfd u5f} { t/ k;} f rflxF yf ]/ } kfp5F o\ f,} ToxL klg ltdf| afaf cfdfn ] lnG5g\ . oxfF sfd u/ ]/
slxNo} ;'v kfpFlbgf }, olt / fdf| ] lhGbuL To; } v ]/ gkmfn . a? o: tf] ug{e' Gbf t ;x/ df sfd
u// ] ;lhn} k ;} f sdfpg, ] 3D' g], lkmg{, ] dfh ] kf ] ug] { t eGb} kmsfP . ;ljgfn] klg cfkm\gf bv'
;Dem ]/ ;v' sf] sNkgf ug{ nflug \ . s ]xL lbgkl5 Tof] dflg;;Fu a'6jndf hfg] eGb } ;ljgf
3/ af6 eflug \ . af6fd ] f pgL vfgf vfg cfl ] ng{  \ . vfgf vfO;sk ] l5 pgL d:t lgGbf| df kl/g  \ .
ef ]lnkN6 laxfg laplemF bf pgL jgjf;f eGg] ef/t sf] ;x/d f k'lu;ss] L lyOg \ . ;ljgfnfO{
d] /L kmk' ;" Fu a:b } u/ eg] / Tof] JolSt ufoj eof ]  . kmk' " eGgn ] ] oxfF s] ug{ xg' ] s] ug{ gxg' ]
eg /] ;ljgfnfO{ atfOg\ . tL km' kn" ] pgnfO{ ToxfaF f6 Ps lbg 6f9fsf ] ;x/d f lnP/ uOg \ .
clg pgsf] bM' vk"0f{ hLjg ;'? eof]  .

-s_ lbOsf kZ| gx¿ k9] / ;'gfpgx' f] ; \ . 5nkmn ub{} 5f6 ] f ] pQ/ n V] gx' f ];\ M

k|Zgx¿ pQ/
;lhgfn] lsg k9\bfk9\b} lar }df
k9fO 5f8g\ 'k¥of]  <
;lhgfnfO{ ;x/ hfg s] sf/ 0fn ]
dg nfUof]  <
;lhgfnfO{ ef/ tsf ] jgjf;f;Dd
lsg k¥' ofOof]  <
tkfOFs{ f ] ljrf/ df pgnfO{ s ] s: tf
bM' vx¿sf ;fdgf ug{ k¥of] , xfn] f <

olb tkfOF{ ;lhgfsf] 7fpFdf ePsf ]
eP s] ugx{' G' Yof ]  <

178 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs

-v_ lbOPsf ] s/' f k9 /] cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f ]; \ . dV' o dV' o s/' fnfO{ lrxg\ nufpgx' f ];\ M

a'emg\ 'kg ]{ s'/ fx¿ aofln;f“} lbg

• lszf]/ lszf ]/L tyf dlxnfx¿ dfq a ]rlavgdf gk/L o'jf tyf k?' ifx¿ klg a] rlavgdf kg{ $@
;S5g\ .

• ar ] lavg glrg ]sf ] dflg;n] dfq geO{ lrgs ] f] dflg;n] klg u5{g \ . lrgs] f] JolStaf6 cem
a9L ar ] lavg xg' ;Sg ] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

• a] rlavg ul/ a, k5fl8 kfl/P sf tyf cj;/ gkfPsf kl/j f/d f dfq } geO{ wgL kl/j f/s f ]
JolSt ;fy } cj;/ kfPsf tyf cj;/ lng ] jm| ddf klg x'g ;S5 .

• dfgj ar] lavg ofg } Joj;fosf nflu dfq} geO{ cGo ljleGg ko| f] hgx¿ h:t } nfu'kbfy{ tyf
xftxltof/ cf;] f/k ;f/ ug{, bf; jf aFw'jf dhb/' agfpg, 3/f o;L sfdbf/s f ¿kdf sfd
u/f pg, z/L / sf cª\u laj|mL ug]{ h: tf ljm| ofsnfksf nflu klg ul/G 5 .

• j} b ]lzs / f] huf/ Ldf hfg'k"j{ sg' } klg JolSt s'g b ]zdf j }bl ] zs /f h] uf/ Lsf] nflu hfbF } 5' ;f]
s'/f sf] Vofn u/L pSt b z] sf ] sfgg' L Joj: yf, /x g;xg, jftfj/0 f, ;+:s [lt cflbsf] hfgsf/L
lng'kb{5 .

• dfgj a] rlavgdf k/L kmlsP{ sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;dfhsf ;b: osf ] ¿kdf x] / L pgLx¿nfO{ ;a }n ]
;xofu ] ug{k' 5{ . dfgj a] rlavgdf kg{d' f ar] lavgdf k/ s] f JolStx¿sf ] bfi ] f gePsfn ]
pgLx¿nfO{ ;xofu ] ugk{' b{5 .

• cfk"m a;s ] f] 7fpFeGbf 6f9f uO{ sfd ubf{ hfg ] 7fpsF f af/d ] f w/ ] } eGbf w] /} hfgsf/ L lng] /
To; 7fpFsf] efiff, /x g;xg, ;+: sl[ tnufotsf ] hfgsf/L lnO{ uPdf ar] lavgdf kg{ ] ;Defjgf
sd xG' 5 .

-u_ … dfgj ar] lavg h3Go ck/ fw xf ]Ú eGg ] egfOnfO{ k'6\ofOF ub }{ !%) zAbsf] lgaGw
nV ] gx' f; ]  \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fP/ ;e' mfj lngx' f; ]  \ . ljBfno vn' k ] l5 ;fyLnfO{ bv ] fpgx' f; ] \ M

ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 179
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cª\uh]| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
43.1. School trip nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================

lqrfln; “}f lbg A. Read and practice the following conversation.

Which place? Of course, it is
This time we Mugu to visit
Rara lake?
have planned to

$# visit new place,
sir?

B. Read the following. Write plan of your school trip below.

I’ ll have black tea.
I like cream doughnut.
I don’ t like playing football.
I prefer volleyball.
I ’d rather have to live in a city.
to live in a village.
milk coffee.

A. … … … …… … …… … … … … … …… … … … … …… … … … … ..................… … …… … …. .

B. …… … … … … … … …… …… … … …… … … … … …… … …… … ..........................… … ….

C. … … … …… … … … …… … …… …… … … … … … …… … …… … ….................… … … …. .

D. … …… … … … … … … … … …… …… … … … …… … … … … …… … .........................…… .

E. … …… … … … … …… … … … … …… … … … … …… … … … … …… … .................… …… ..

F. … …… … … … …… …… … …… … … …… … …… …… … …… … …… .........................… .

180 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

ul0ft lqrfln; “}f lbg

$#=@= ;fwf/0 f Aofh

-s_ lbOPsf ;fwf/ 0f Aofh ;DaGwL ljifoj: t' tyf ;d: of ;dfwfgsf pbfx/ 0f cWoog
ug'x{ f; ] \ M

Pl ] ss lgodaf6 Aofh lgsfNg] ;"q

5ljnfnn ] Pp6f jfl0fHo a} ªs\ af6 10% kl| tjif{ Aofhsf b/n ] Pp6f ufO{ lsGgsf nflu ?= $#
50,000 C0f lnPsf / x]5 g \ . pgn] b'O{ jif{df a} ª\snfO{ slt Aofh ltg{'k5{ xf] nf <
oxf,F 10% Aofhb/n ] ,

1 jifs{ f] ?= 100 sf] Aofh = ?= 10

∴1 jif{sf] ?= 1 sf ] Aofh = ?= 10
100
∴1 jif{sf] ?= 50,000 sf] Aofh = ?= 50,000x10
100

∴2 jif{sf ] ?= 50,000 sf] Aofh = ?= 50,000x2x10 = ?=10,000

100

oxf,F 50,000 nfO{ ;fjfF P, 2 jifn{ fO{ ;do T / 10 nfO{ Aofhb/ R n] hgfpg ] xf] eg]

Aofh (I) = PxTxR xG' 5 . / ld>wg (A) = P + I = 50000 + 10000 = ?= 60000 x'G5 .
100

pbfx/ 0f M

?= 5,000 sf ] 2 jifd{ f 15% sf b/n ] x'g cfpg ] Aofh / ld>wg kQf nufpgx' f; ]  \ <

oxf,F ;fjfF (P) = ?= 5,000

;do (T) = 2 jif{

Aofhb/ (R) = 15%

Aofh (I) = ?

ld>wg (A) = ?

ca, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,

Aofh (I) = PxTxR = 50,000x2x10 = 150000 = ?=1500
100 100 100

km/] L, ld>wg (A) = P + I = ?=5000 + ?=1500 = ?=6500

∴Aofh (I) = ?=1500 / ld>wg (A) = ?=6500

-v_ dflysf ] pbfx/0 fdf h:t } u/ L ;"q k|of ]u u/ L ;fwf/ 0f Aofh / ld>wg kQf nufpg]
lx;fa sfkLdf ugx' f] ;\ M

1. ;fjfF = ?= 3500, ;do = 2 jif{ / Aofhb/ = 12%
2. ;fjfF = ?= 5500, ;do = 3 jif{ / Aofhb/ = 15%
3. lztnn ] ?= 50,000 s'g } ;xsf/L df k|ltjif{ 10% sf b/n ] 2 jif{;Dd /f Vbf Aofh /

ld>wg slt slt x'G5 <

:jfWoog ;fduL| 181
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lqrfln; “}f lbggk] fnL

$#=#= n] vg / zAblgdf0{ f

-s_ cleefjs;uF ;Fu} a;L 6]l nlehgsf] s'g } sfoj{ |md x] g'x{ f]; \ jf / ]l8of] sf ] sg' }
sfoj{ m| d ;'Ggx' f;] \ / To; sfoj{ m| dsf ] p2] Zo, ljifoj:t ', k|: tl' t, ;Gbz ] cflbsf af/d ] f
5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ / To;sf af/d] f tLg cgR' 5b] nV] g'xf; ] \ .

$#

-v_ lbOPsf ] tflnsfsf ] clGtd sf 7] fdf ePsf ] zAb k9g\ x' f ;]  \ . Tof ] zAbsf ] clGtd cIf/ af6
agfPsf ] zAb k9g\ 'xf] ; \ . o;/L gofFag] sf] zAbsf ] clGtd cIf/c g';f/ gofzF Ab sf7] fdf
nV] b} hfg'xf ];\ . tkfOn{F ] agfpg'ePsf zAbx¿ k9 ]/ ;g' fpgx' f] ;\ M

od/f h ;db' fo
t ]lQ;
nfn'kft ]
kf7zfnf

ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================

182 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
$$=!= åGå Joj:y fkg nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================

lbOPsf] tflnsfdf åGåsf af/ ] nl] vPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ k9/ ] ;'gfpg'xf;] \ M r }fjfln; “ }f lbg

kl/r o ;dfwfgsf pkfo $$

• åGå eg] sf] dflg; jf ;d"x jf • ;Ddfgkj" {s ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{
ljrf/s f lardf • c¿sf] s/' f Wofgk"js{ ;'Gg]
 dteb] xg' ,' dgd'6fj x'g' xf ]  . • cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVbf ;/n / :ki6
 ljjfbsf ] cj:y f cfpg' xf ]  .
efiffsf] ko| fu ug]{
• ;xL ;r" gf cfbfgkb| fg gx'bF f cfk;L • cfjZostf, rfxgf a'‰g]
dgd6' fj jf åGå xg' ] ub{5 . • ;dfg cj;/ / ;xeflutf ;l' glZrt

• unt ;dfrf/ k|;f/ 0fn] klg åGå ug]{
l;h{gf u5{ . • Pscfk;df ;d' w/' ;DaGw sfod ug]{
• kf/bzL{ Jojxf/ ug{]
• åGåsf ] cj: yf ;fdfGo jf lx+;fTds • åGå l;h{gf ePdf cfk;df 5nkmn
klg xg' ] u/ ]sf ] b l] vG5  .
u/L åGå x6fpg]
• ;sf/fTds ;~rf/ ug]{
• :ki6 a'lemg] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

hfgsf/L / ;"rgf k;| f/ ug{]

-s_ tkfOF{n] ef ]lu/x ] sf ;d: of jf åGåx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] sfkLdf ;"rL agfpgx' f ]; \ . To;dWo ]
d'Vo tLgcf6] f 5fGg'xf;] \ / tn lbOPsf] tflnsfcg';f/ åGåsf sf/0 f / ;Defljt
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n] Vg'xf] ;\ M

j|m=;+= ;d:o f jf åGå sf/ 0f ;dfwfgsf pkfo

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 183
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

r }fjfln; “ }f lbg;fdflhs
-v_ … zflGt g } ;dfh ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] Ú eGg] ljifodf jSt[Tjsnf sfoj{ |mddf k:| t't
ugs{ f nflu tkfOsF{ f uxlsnf ljrf/ x¿ n V] gx' f ;]  \ . cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fP/ ;e' mfj lngx' f ;]  \ .
ljBfno vn' ]kl5 cfbfgk|bfg ug{'xf ];\ .

$$

-u_ 3/ kl/ jf/ df x'g] ;fgfltgf dteb ] , em} emu8f, dgd6' fj sd ug ]{ !) cf ]6f pkfox¿
tof/ u/ ]/ cleefjsnfO{ cfbfgkb| fg ugx'{ f] ;\  . ;as} f ] ;xdlt u/f pg'xf] ;\ M
pbfx/ 0f M != Pscsfs{ f ] s/' f Wofg lbP/ ;G' g ]
@= s;n } ] 7'nf ] : j/ df af] n ]df c¿n] tTsfn } k|ltlj|mof gug] {

184 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

lj1fg

$$=@= df };dsf ] cj: yfsf] clenv ]

tkfOF{sf] 3/ j/ k/s f] laxfg, lbpF;f ] / a n] 'sLkvsf ] Ps xKtf;Ddsf] df; } dsf] cWoog r }fjfln; “ }f lbg
ug'x{ f; ]  \ . laxfg * ah] , lbpF;f ] @ ah] / an ] 'sL % ahs] f ] ;dodf bl] vg] df };dsf ]
cjnf s] g u/ L tn lbOPsf ] tflnsdf egx'{ f ;]  \ . tflnsfdf lbOPsf ] s/' fx¿sf ] cjnf s] g
u/ L / ]s8{ /f Vgx' f ;] \ M

-s_ 3fdsf ] cj: yf – -3fd gnfu] sf ], nfu ]sf] jf rsf{] 3fd nfu ]sf]_ $$
-v_ xfjfsf ] cj: yf – -xfjf gnfu ]sf,] xfjf nfus ] f] jf x/' L atf; rn ]sf ]_
-u_ jiffs{ f ] cj: yf – -kfgL gk/s] f], l;dl;d kfgL k/s ] f, ] d';nwf/ ] kfgL k/s ] f_] 185
-3_ afbnsf ] cj:y f – -afbn gnfus ] f ,] s x] L 9fss ] f, ] k/" f 9fs s] f ,] sfnf ,] ; t] f ,] kftnf ] jf afSnf] _

j|m=;= af/ df; } dL cj: yf laxfg * ah] lbpF;f ] @ ah] an ] 'sf % ah]

3fd

! cfOtaf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

@ ;f] daf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

# dª\unaf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

$ aw' af/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

% laxLaf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

^ z'j|maf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

3fd

& zlgaf/ jiff{
afbn

xfjf

:jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cª\u|h] L

44.3. Use of should

r }fjfln; “ }f lbg A. Read the text below with the help of your brother or sister.

We use 'should' to suggest people. Should means it is good to do the
action. Similarly, shouldn't mean it isn't good to do the action.

$$ a. We shouldn't fight with our friends. 
b. We should keep our surroundings clean. 
c. Hari, your nail is long. You should cut it. 
d. Sita, you have a fever, you shouldn't take cold drink. 
e. You shouldn't talk about the mobile phone during the class.
f. They should support the helpless.
g.  They shouldn't ignore their neighbours. 
h. We should live in unity in our family.
i. You shouldn't hurt others.
j. We should respect each other.

B. Read the text below. Discuss with your brother or sister or parents.
Use 'should' or shouldn't appropriately in the blanks below.

a. Parents…… … … …… . create a learning environment for children at home.
b. Students…… … …… … … obey the discipline of the schools.
c. The child is asking a question. You… …… … … … … . ignore him.
d. We…… … … … … …. work in peace to avoid conflict. 
e. My teacher gave me homework. I… …… … … … . forget to do it.
f. My mother works hard for me. I… …… …… … … support her.
g. My brother told me, that I am poor in English. I… … … …… study hard.
h. It is very hot today. You… … …… … … . take a bath.
i. It's getting dark. You…… … …… …. go home alone.
j. We… …… …… … … … . clean our classroom every day.
k. You are looking sick. You should see a doctor.
l. His house got robbed. We… …… … … … … . call the police.

m. The school has conducted extracurricular activities. You…… …… …p articipate.

ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================

186 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
$%=!= >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================

lbOPsf ] tflnsfsf >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAbx¿ k9g\ x' f ;]  \ . tL zAbx¿sf ] cy{ nV ] gx' f; ]  \ . “ }ktfln; “ }f lbg

>'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAbx¿ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAbsf cy{ $%
lbg M bLg
l;tf M ;Ltf lbg======================================
la;M ljif bLg=====================================
vfln M vfnL l;tf===================================
hflt M hftL ;Ltf======================================
gzf M g;f la;=====================================
lbzf M lb;f ljif====================================
ue{ M uj{ vfln====================================
vfnL====================================
hflt====================================
hftL====================================
gzf===================================
g;f===================================
lbzf==================================
lb;f=================================
ue{===================================
uj{==================================

lbj;, b'MvL, eftsf bfgf, dlxnfsf] gfd, 7fpF, cfrL, cª\s, hx/ , dfq, l/ Qf ] a'emfpg, ] c;n jf
bfgL, /u t aUg ] gnL, cDdn, aRrf afs ] s] f] k6] , 3d08

-s_ lbPsf ] jfSodf cy{ nfUg ] zAb 5fg] / / fVg'xf ];\ . o: t } c¿ bO' c{ f ]6f vfnL 7fpF eg{]
cEof; agfP/ cleefjsnfO{ b] vfpgx' f] ;\ M
-s_ ================zAb >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAb xg'  \ . -dfgf = kfly, ;v' = bM' v, lbg = bLg_
-v_ ==========================eftsf] bfgf xf]  . -l;tf, ;Ltf_
-u_ d g ]kfnL ePsfdf ================= nfU5 . -ue{, uj{, bM' v_
-3_ d/ ] f ] 3/ pQ/ ================df k5{ . -lbzf, lb;f_
-ª_ ;u/ dfyf ljZjsf] ;jf {]Rr ===================xf ]  . -lzv/, uug_

-v_ c¿ % cf 6] f >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAbx¿ vfh ] /] sfkLdf nV ] gx' f; ]  \ . ;a } zAbsf ] jfSo agfpgx' f ;]  \ .

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 187
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

“ }ktfln; “ }f lbg ul0ft

$%=@= ;fwf/0 f Aofh / ;do

-s_ lbOPsf] pbfx/0 f cWoog ug{x' f;] \ . ;fwf/0 f Aofhdf ;do kQf nufpg ] tl/ sf
cEof; ugx{' f; ]  \ .

pbfx/0 f

$% ?=5000 sf] slt jifd{ f 10% sf b/n ] Aofh ?=1500 xG' 5 <
oxfF, ;fjfF (P) = ?=5000
Aofhb/ (R) = 10%
Aofh (I) = ?=1500
;do (T) = ?

ca, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, 1500 x 100 = 1,50,000 = 3 jif{
;do (T) = I x 100 = 5000 x 10
50000
PxR

∴;do (T) = 3 jif{

-v_ dflysf ] pbfx/ 0fdf h:t } u/ L ;q" ko| fu ] u/L lbOPsf ;d:o fdf ;do kQf nufpgx' f; ] \ M
1. ;fjfF = ?= 2000, Aofh = ?= 360, Aofhb/ -kl| tjif_{ = 9% / ;do = ?

2. ;fjfF = ?= 25000, Aofh = ?= 10500, Aofhb/ -kl| tjif{_ = 14% / ;do = ?

3. dfwjn] Pp6f a }ªs\ af6 kl| tjif{ 18% sf b/ n] s] xL jifs{ f nflu ?= 45500 C0f lnFbf
Aofhafkt pgn] ?= 32760 lt/ ] eg ] pgn ] slt ;dosf nflu C0f lnPsf /x ] 5g\ <
kQf nufpg'xf ];\ .

188 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs “ }ktfln; “ }f lbg

$%=#= ljkba\ f6 aRg] pkfo

lbOPsf tflnsfx¿df ljkb\ ;DaGwL s'/f x¿ k9]/ cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf]; \ .
tkfOFn{ fO{ dxŒjk0" f{ nfus ] f s/' fx¿nfO{ lrx\g nufpgx' f;] \ M

dfgj hLjg sfndf ljleGg k|sf/ sf cfktl\ jkb\x¿ cfOkb5{ g\ . To:t f ] cfktljkbx\ ¿ cfÇgf ] $%
c;fjwfgL / nfk/ jfxLsf sf/ 0fn ] xg' klg ;S5 . k|sl[ tsf sf/0 fn ] klg xg' ;S5 . o: t}
b'j } sf/ 0fn] klg x'g ;S5g\ . dfgj hLjgdf cfOkg ]{ ljleGg 36gfx¿ h;sf sf/ 0f hLjg g}
;ª \s6df kb{5 eg ] To;nfO{ ;fdfGo efiffdf ljkb\ elgG5 . af9L, klx/f ,] lxdkft, Hjfnfd'vL,
v8] / L, cfFwL, ;g' fdL, 89n ] f ] h: tf k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] x¿af6 pTkGg ;ªs\ 6nfO{ k|fs[lts ljkb\
elgG5 . cfunfuL, b3' 6{ gf, dxfdf/L , h: tf ljkbx\ ¿ dfgjLo sf/ 0faf6 pTkGg xg' ] ljkbx\ ¿ xg'  \ .

ljkb\cl3

• df};dsf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;"rgf k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{]
• em6\k6\ emf]nfsf] tof/L / 3/df ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]
• df};d ;DaGwL eljiojf0fL / ;r" gfx¿ ;l' g/xg]
• df;} dsf] cj:yf x]/L klxn] g} ;/' lIft :yfgdf hfg]
• cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf ;/' lIft x'g] pkfox¿sf] k"jf{Eof; ug{]

ljkb\kl5

• l:ylt k/" f ;/' lIft geO{ 3/ gkmsg{ ]
• 3fOtn] fO{ ;/' lIft 7fpF jf lzlj/ jf c:ktfn nuL pkrf/ ug]{
• hyfefjL vfgf / kfgL ko| fu] gug{] / cfkmn" ] klg hyfefjL lb;flk;fa u//] kmfx] f/] gug{]
• x/fPsf JolStx¿sf] vfh] L ug{]
• /fxt / p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{]
• ;Defljt lx+;f, bJ' oj{ xf/ / n'6kf6 hfl] ug ;fjwfg /xg]
• p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{
• /l] xof]df ;dfrf/ ;G' g]

:jfWoog ;fduL| 189
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

;fdflhs“ }ktfln; “ }f lbg

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

• cflQP/ hyfefjL gbf}8g]
• em6k\ 6\ emfn] f lnP/ lg:sg]
• kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;fy} /xg]
• s]xL 56' o\ f] ls egL k'gM 3/df gkms{g]
• ;'/lIft 7fpF df a;]/ p4f/sf] k|ltIff ug]{ / PsfGtdf a;]sf] eP cfuf] afn]/ jf

$% 6r{nfO6n] p4f/stf{nfO{ ;ª\s]t lbP/ jf s/fP/ jf sk8f xNnfP/ ;ª\st] lbg]
• lahn' Lsf] tf/, km'6s] f l;;f, lsnf cflbaf6 hfl] ug]
• ;Dej ePdf glhsdf /x]sf ;ªs\ 6df k/s] f JolStx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{]
• /l] 8ofd] f ;"rgf ;'Gg]
• 3fOtn] fO{ tTsfn k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{

-s_ em6k6 emf ]nfdf / fVg ] ;fduL| sf] ;r" L tof/ ug'x{ f] ;\ . cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f] ;\ M

-v_ tkfOF{ a;s ] f ] eu" f ]ncg';f/ sg' s'g vfnsf ] ks| f] k / ljkb\sf] hf] lvd a9L 5 < To;sf]
;"rL agfO{ lbOPsf ] df };dL kfqf] hfl] vd x'g] dlxgfx¿df / ª ug{'xf ];\ . cleefjsnfO{
bv] fP/ ljkbk\ "js{ f] tof/ Lsf s/' f x¿ ugx{' f] ;\ M

k|sf] ksf ] gfd jz } fv h 7] c;f/ ;fpg ebf } c;fh] sflQs dª\l;/ k'; df3 kmfu'g rt }
e"sDk
af9L
klx/f ]
xfjfx'/L
r6\ofª

190 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

cªu\ |]hL “ }ktfln; “ }f lbg

45.4. Valley markets to reopen today

A. Based on the picture of newspaper, write answers of the
questions given below.

$%

a. Where is this article taken from?
…… … …… … … …… …… … … … …… … …… … …… … … … …… … … … …

b. When was the news article published?
…… …… …… … … … …… … …… … … … … … … … …… … …… … …… … …

c. What is the article about?
… … …… …… … … … … … …… … …… … …… … … … … …… … …… … … …

B. Discuss with your parents. Write 5 benefits of reading English
newspapers.

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

:jfWoog ;fdu|L 191
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

clGtd lj|mofsnfk

tf/ f / fvf} “

of] ;fduL| df ePsf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ uGtL ugx'{ f; ]  \ . k|Tos] ljm| ofsnfk ul/; s ]kl5 tkfO{FnfO{ dg k/ s] f ]
cfwf/d f tf/f x¿ agfpg'xf; ]  \ . o;/L tf/f x¿ agfpFbf tkfO{ clt g } dg k/ s] f ] eP ltg cf ]6f tf/f
agfpgx' f;]  \ . /f d|f ] nfu] sf ljm| ofsnfkdf bO' { cf6] f tf/f agfpg'xf; ]  \ . ;fdfGo nfud ] f ljm| ofsnfkdf
Pp6f dfq tf/f agfpgx' f; ]  \ . o:t f ] tf/f o; k:' t ssf] ;DalGwt ljm| ofsnfksf ] 5p ] df g } agfpgx' f;]  \ .
ljm| ofsnfkf k/" } ul/ ;sk ] l5 cleefjsnfO{ b]v fpg'xf;] \ . o;kl5 dfq cleeffjs ;dIf a;/ ] tf/ f
agfpg' xfn ] f  . o;/ L ;a} ljm| ofsnfk ul/; s] kl5 tkfO{Fn] agfPsf] tf/ fx¿nfO{ uGtL u// ] tnsf ]
tflnsfdf ;ªV\ of nV ] gx' f ]; \ . hDdf ljm| ofsnfk ;ª\Vof klg uGtL ugx'{ f; ] \ . To;s} f] cfwf/ df k|ltzt
lgsfNg'xf;]  \ . af/ uf| km / kfO rf6{ lrq agfP/ b]v fpg'xf; ]  \ . cleefjsnfO{ bv ] fpg'xf;]  \ . ;Dej
eP lzIfsnfO{ klg b v] fpgx' f] ; \ .

ljm| ofsnfkdf nufPsf tf/f x¿ hDdf lj|mofsnfk k|ltzt
tLg tf/ f nufPsf ] ;ªV\ of

bO' { tf/ f nufPsf ]

Ps tf/ f nufPsf]

hDdf ljm| ofsnfk

/ fd|f] ;Fu l;Sg' ePsfd ] f tkfO{nF fO{ wGojfb .

192 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_

Education Cluster Lead Agency:

Center for Education and Human Resource Development/
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

AASAMAN Nepal PABSON
Action Aid Nepal People in Need
ADRA Nepal Plan International
AIDE ET ACTIONS Planete Enfants & Development
CAIRN UK Rato Bangla Foundation
CARE International Restless Development
CMC-Nepal Samunnat Nepal
Community School Management CommiQee,
Federation of Nepal  Sarthak Shiksha
Educational Pages
Save the Children
Finn Church Aid Seto Gurans National Child Development
Services
German Nepalese Help Association – GNHA Street Child of Nepal
Global Action Nepal Sunrise Education
Good Neighbours International TPO Nepal
Innovation Forum for Community Development
(IFCD) UN WOMEN
Lutheran World Federation (LWF)
Mercy Corps UNESCO
National Campaign for Education UNICEF
National Society for Earthquake Technology United Mission to Nepal
(NSET)
Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) Voluntary Service Overseas
Confederation of Nepalese Teachers
Oxfam World Education
World Vision

gk ] fn ;/ sf/

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lzIff tyf dfgj ;f| t] ljsf; s G] b|

;fgf] l7dL, eStk'/