ul0ft
-s_ tkfO{F;Fu ePsf jf 3/ jl/ kl/ ePsf tflnsfdf lbOP h: t} cfotfsf/ , jufs{ f/ PSsfO; “}f lbg
j:t x' ¿sf] gfd n]V gx' f ;] \ . tL j:t x' ¿nfO{ Ps Ps ub {} ;txsf ] nDafO / rf 8} fOsf ] gfk :s n ] sf]
ko| fu ] u/ L lngx' f; ] \ . tL j:t x' ¿sf] If] qkmn kQf nufP/ cleefjsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf] ;\ M
j|m=;= j:t x' ¿ s'g } Pp6f ;txsf s'g } Pp6f ;txsf If] qkmn
eh' fx¿sf ] nDafO eh' fx¿sf ] rf }8fO
!= ul0ft lstfa
@= sfkL @!
#= 6 a] n
$= lksf{
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
-v_ Pp6f 6 ]k jf lkmQf lngx' f ];\ . ;f] geP : s]n n ] gfk/] n67\ Ldf gfk;lxt xg] { ldNg] : s ]n
agfpgx' f ;] \ . sfkL / snd lnO{ cleefjs;uF 3/ aflx/ lg:s gx' f ;] \ . tkfOxF{ ¿ a;s ] f ] 3/ sf ]
nDafOsf ] gfk lng'xf ];\ . o;/L g} rf8} fOsf] gfk klg lng'xf;] \ . 3/n ] hUufdf cf] u6s ] f]
efusf] cfsf/ sf ] v] ;f| lrq sfkLdf agfpg'xf] ;\ . kT| o] s efusf ] gfk lnP/ pSt v; ] f|
lrqdf l6kf6] ugx{' f ];\ . ca If ]qkmn kQf nufpg ] ;q" ko| fu ] u/ ]/ 3/ n] cfu ] 6s] f] Ifq ] kmn
lgsfNgx' f; ] \ . 3/ n ] cf u] 6s ] f ] Ifq ] kmn kQf nufpg sl7g eP efG;fsf 7] f, ;T' gs ] f 7] f cflbsf ]
eO' Fs{ f] gfk u/ L If ]qkmn kQf nufpgx' f ]; \ . 3/ n] cfu] 6 ]sf ] lrq / gfk lzIfsnfO{ ;Dej
eP ;'gfpgx' f] ; \ . tkfOn{F ] lgsfn ]sf] Ifq] kmnsf ] hfrF ul/ lbg eGgx' f] ;\ .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 99
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhsPSsfO; “}f lbg
@!=#= xfdf| ] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt
lbOPsf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf ] ;+/ rgf x] g'x{ f;] \ . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf ] kl/r o,
u7g / sfdx¿ k9/ ] 3/k l/j f/s f ;b:o x¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf;] \ . tkfOF{ cfk"m a;fa ] f;
ug] { lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf sf ] sf] xg' 'xFb' f ] / x 5] < lzIfs;uF ;f] Wgx' f ;] \ M
k|dv'
@!
pkk|d'v
dlxnf ;b:o – blnt jf cGo –
# hgf cNk;ª\Vo – # hgf
! hgf
kl/ ro
gk] fnsf ] ;+ljwfgn ] : yfgLo txdf ufpkF flnsf, gu/ kflnsf tyf lhNnf ;efsf ] Joj: yf u/s ] f ] 5 .
ufpFkflnsf / gu/ kflnsflar ;dGjo ug{ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:y f ul/P sf ] 5 . lhNnf
;efn] ug{] ;a } sfdx¿ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn ] ub5{ . ;+ljwfgsf ] efu !& / !* df :y fgLo
;/s f/ ;DaGwL Joj:y f u/ s] f ] 5 .
lhNnf ;ef
gk ] fndf xfn && lhNnfx¿ 5g\ . && cf6 ] } lhNnfdf lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt 5 .
lhNnf ;efdf lhNnf leqsf ufpF sfok{ flnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/ sfok{ flnsfsf kd| v' /
pkkd| v' x¿ ;b:o xG' 5g \ . ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf ] lgjfr{ gsf ] clGtd kl/d f0f cfPsf ] #) lbgleq
lhNnf ;efsf ] klxnf] a7 } s a: g'k5{ . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf a9Ldf gf } hgf ;b:o x'G5g \ .
lhNnf ;efsf ] sfo{
• lhNnfleqsf ] ufpFkflnsf / gu/ kflnsfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{]
• ljsf; lgdf0{ f ;DaGwL sfod{ f ;Gtn' g sfod ug] { / cg'udg ug{]
• k|b z] sfgg' cg';f/ sfo{ ug] {
• ;ª\3 tyf kb| ]zsf ;/s f/ L sfofn{ ox¿ / ufpF tyf gu/k flnsflar ;dGjo ug{]
100 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
-s_ lbOPsf] kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ sfkLdf nV ] g'xf] ;\ . o: t } Pp6f yk kZ| g tkfOF{ cfkm }nF ] agfP/
nV] g'xf] ; \ . 3/ kl/ jf/s f ;b: ox¿nfO{ k|Zgcg;' f/ n]v s] f] pQ/ ;'gfpg'xf ];\ M
-c_ lhNnf ;efsf sfd s] s ] x'g \ < PSsfO; “}f lbg
-cf_ lhNnf ;efsf ] u7g k|ljm| of s;/ L x'G5 <
-O_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf dlxnf, blnt, cNk;ª\Vos ;db' foaf6 @!
hgk|ltlglwTj ug'{sf ] sf/0 f s ] xf ] <
-O{_ ================================================================================================
-v_ tkfO{sF f ] 3/k l/j f/s f] ;b:o x¿;uF a:g x' f] ; \ . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7gsf ] k|ljm| of
/ kl| tlglwTjsf ] Joj:y f k9 /] ;g' fpgx' f] ;\ . tkfO{sF f ] 3/k l/j f/ sf ;b:o / ;fyLx¿sf]
gfd ;d ]t / fv ]/ lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfNklgs ;/+ r gf tof/
ug'{xf] ;\ . ;Dej eP lzIfsnfO{ klg cfbfgkb| fg ug'x{ f ];\ .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 101
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/= M ==============================================
@@=!= kof{ojfrL / ljk/L tfyL{ zAb nfu] sf] ;do M ==========================
afO;f} “ lbg -s_ lbOPsf ] tflnsfsf zAbx¿ k9\gx' f;] \ . Pp6 } cy{ cfpg] zAb vf] h ]/ nV] g'xf; ] \ .
o:t } zAbx¿ c¿ klg tof/ u/L cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f; ] \ M
kof{ojfrL zAb kof{ojfrL zAb
;;+ f/
a|Dxf08 9fs] f
O{Zj/
@@ uj{ lzv/
bg] k|d]
e"ld kf7zfnf
j0fg{ dfdf3/
ed| 0f lj;h{ g
uug
ljBfno, dfof, cfsfz, eujfg, dfjn, 3'dfO, hld g, ofu ] bfg, aofg, kxf8sf ] 6fs/' f, 3d08,
;+;f/, b n} f ]
-v_ lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf zAbx¿ k9g\ 'xf ];\ . gdg' fdf lbP h: t} ljk/ LtfyL{ zAbx¿
n] v /] cleefjsnfO{ b]v fpgx' f ];\ .
j }/L M ldq
j/ } L, dT[ o', xif{, bofn', dfy, c: t, pbo, kfp, lgb{oL, zfs] , hGd, ldq, sd;n, ;lhnf, ] ;tx, 8'Ag',
v's'nf], sl;nf,] lkFw, pqg,' cK7 ]/f ] , lgul{ tnf,] : j: Yo, zfsfxf/L , cfjfxg, ldng, ljut, df+;fxf/ L,
jt{dfgcj:y f, lj;hg{ , la5f8 ] , kj" ,{ ljbz ] , tfhf, cfGtl/s , : jb] z, afx\o, klZrd, af;L, k|an,
k|yd, czSt, k/' : sf/, ckfªu\ , cfnfr ] gf, zlStzfnL, b08, ba' n{ , clGtd, ;/ fxgf, ;anfª\u
102 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL afO;f} “ lbg
-u_ lbOPsf kof{ojfrL / ljk/ LtfyL{ zAbx¿ / fv ]/ sg' } Pp6f 36gfsf ] af/ ]df bO' {
cgR' 5b ] n V] g'xf ;] \ . tL zAbx¿nfO{ uf] nf ] 3/ ] f klg nufpgx' f] ; \ . tkfOnF{ ] nv] s] f ] 36gf
cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f] ;\ M
@@
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 103
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
afO;f} “ lbg lj1fg
@@=@= d ]/f ] skfndf ljB't\
lbOPsf ] sfo{ u/L l:y / ljB'ts\ f ] af/d ] f hfgsf/L k|fKt ugx'{ f; ] \ . tkfOF{sf ] skndf
ljBt' \ 5 ls 5} g kQf nufpg'xf ;] \ M
cfjZos ;fdu|L
@@ Knfl: 6ssf ] sfFluof] jf snd, sfuh
ljlw
• Pp6f Knfl: 6ssf] sfFluof ] jf snd lngx' f; ] \ .
• tkfO{Fn ] lnge' Psf ] sfuhnfO{ ;fgf] ;fgf] 6'j|mf kfg{x' f;] \ .
• To;nfO{ ;'Svf skfndf / u8\g'xf]; \ .
• pSt sfFluofn ] fO{ dl;gf sfuhsf] 6j' m| f glhs nUgx' f ]; \ .
• s] sfFluof]n ] sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ tfGof ] < o: tf] lsg ePsf] xfn ] f < cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn u/ ]/
lgisif{ n] Vgx' f; ] \ .
;Demgk' g{] s'/f
• dflysf] ko| f]udf sflF uofnfO{ skfndf /u8\bf skfnsf k/df0fx' ¿df ePsf On]S6«fg] x¿
sfFluof]df ;5g{ \ . o;n] ubf{ sfFluof] C0f rfh{oS' t x'G5 eg] skfn wg rfh{o'St aG5 .
• klxn] sfuhsf 6'j|mfdf rfh{ ePsf] x'Fb}g . ha C0f rfh{ ePsf] sfFluof] sfuhsf
6j' |mfx¿sf] glhs nluG5 ta sfuhsf 6'jm| fx¿df gofF rfh{ pTkGg x'G5 . sflF uofdf
ePsf] C0f rfhs{ f] k|efjn] To;sf] glhs /x]sf] sfuhsf] Psfk6\l6 wg rfh{ hDdf
xG' 5 eg] ljk/Lt 5p] df C0f rfh{ hDdf xG' 5 . ljk/Lt rfhl{ ardf cfsif0{ f / ;dfg
rfh{x¿lar ljsif0{ f xG' 5 . To;}n] ubf{ sfuhsf 6j' m| fx¿ cfslift{ xG' 5g\ .
• Knfl:6s, pmg, gfOng, kf]ln:6/ cflb ljleGg cwft' tyf sr' fns kbfy{x¿df 3if{0f
xF'bf rfh{ pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] gfOng, kf]ln:6/, Pj]m| lns, pmg cflbaf6 ag]sf nu' fx¿
nufpFbf z/L/;uF 3if0{ f eO{ rfh{x¿ aG5g\ . o:tf nu'fx¿ km'sfNbf rfh{x¿ ;5g{\ /
l6sl6s cfjfh cfpF5 . ;fy} cFWof/fdf cfufsf] lemNsf h:tf] bv] f k5{ . o;/L Knfl:6s,
/a/, pmg, kf]ln:6/ h:tf cwftx¿' df 3if0f{ af6 ljBt' \ rfh{ pTkGg xG5' . h;nfO{ l:y/
ljBt' \ elgG5 .
104 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft afO;f} “ lbg
@@=#= cfotg @@
-s_ lbOPsf ] 5 cf6] } ;tx ePsf cfotfsf/ j:t s' f] gfk ug{] tl/s f;DaGwL ljifoj:t '
k9 /] ;'gfpgx' f; ] \ M
5 cf] 6} ;tx cfotfsf/ ePsf] 7f]; j: tn' fO{ cfotfsf/ 7f;]
j: t'÷if8dv' f elgG5 .
s'g} klg j:t n' ] cf] u6 s] f] 7fpFnfO{ To; j: ts' f] cfotg elgG5 .
;fgf ] Anssf ] nDafO = 1 ;=] ld=, rf 8} fO = 1 ;= ] ld= / prfO =
1 ;= ] ld= / ;fgf ] Anssf ] cfotg = 1 3g ;] =ld= xG' 5 .
7'nf] Ansdf 12 cf6 ] f ;fgf Ansx¿ x'G5g \ . To; }n] 7n' f ]
Anssf ] cfotg = 12 3g ;] =ld= x'G5 .
ca 7'nf ] Anssf ] nDafO, rf8 } fO / prfO gfKgx' f;] \ .
7'nf] Anssf ] nDafO = 3 ;=] ld=, rf8 } fO = 2 ;] =ld= / prfO
= 2 ;] =ld= / xs] f] 5 .
To;n} , ] if8\dv' fsf] cfotg = nDafO × rf }8fO × prfO
= 3 ; =] ld= × 2 ; ]=ld= × 2 ;]= ld=
= 12 3g ;=] ld=
∴ if8d\ 'vfsf] cfotg = nDafO × rf} 8fO × prfO xG' 5 .
3gsf] nDafO, rf8 } fO / prfO a/f a/ xG' 5 .
∴ 3gsf] cfotg = nDafO × rf8 } fO ×prfO = n= × n= × n=
= -nDafO_3
= l3
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 105
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
afO;f} “ lbg ul0ft
-v_ tkfOF{sf] 3/ df ePsf tnsf h: tf j:t x' ¿sf ] gfd ;r" Ldf yKgx' f ]; \ . tL j: tx' ¿nfO{
Ps Ps ub} { cleefjssf] ;xof ]udf nDafO, rf8 } fO / prfOsf] gfk lng'xf ]; \ . gfk lnFbf
; l] G6ld6/l t/ af6 gfKgx' f ];\ . o;/L gfknfO{ tnsf ] tflnsfdf nv ] ] / cfotg lgsfNgx' f] ; \ .
cleefjsnfO{ ae' mfpgx' f] ;\ M
jm| =;= j: t'sf] gfd nDafO Rff }8fO prfO cfotg
!= afs;
@@ @= b/f h
#= / ]l8of ]
$= Dff a] fOn
%= Ufl0ft lstfa
^= OF6f
&= ;nfO{sf ] a66\ f
*=
(=
!)=
ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x:t fIf/ M ==========================================================
106 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cª\uh]| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
23.1. Combining sentences nfu] sf ] ;do M ==========================
A. Look at the pictures and make sentences as like given in ]tO;f} “ lbg
example. Ask help from your sister or brother.
@#
For example:
A man is holding a book. He is my friend.
• … …… …… … …… … … …… … … … … …… … …… …… … …… … … …… …
• …… … … …… … … … …… … … … …… … … …… … … …… …… … … … … …
• … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… … … … … … … …… … …… …
• … … … … …… … …… … … …… …… … … …… …… … … … … … …… … … …
• …… …… …… … … …… … …… … … …… …… …… …… … …… … … … … …
• … … … …… … … …… … … …… … … … … …… …… … … … … … …… …… …
• … … … …… …… … … …… …… …… … … …… … … … …… … … … … …… …
:jfWoog ;fduL| 107
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
]tO;f} “ lbgcªu\ ]|hL
B. Look at the following examples:
a) The man is reading the paper. The man is my brother.
The man reading the paper is my brother.
b) The mobile is mine. The mobile has touch screen.
The mobile with touch screen is mine.
@#
In the examples above, two sentences are combined into one. Combine
the following sentences as like in the examples:
The class is near the office. The class is ours.
… …… … …… … …… … …… … … … … …… … …… …… …… … … …… …… … ..
The book is mine. The book has a hard cover.
… … …… … … …… … …… … …… … … … …… … … …… … …… … … …… … …. .
The boy is wearing a blue shirt. The boy is my cousin.
… … …… … … … … …… … …… … …… …… …… …… … …… … … … … … … … ..
The painter is a deaf person. The painter is using sign language.
…… … … … … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… … … …… …… …… … … … … ..
The woman is a nurse. The woman is in a red sari.
… …… … …… … … … … …… … … …… … … …… … …… …… …… … …… … … ..
108 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft
@#=@= kl| tzt / leGg
lbOPsf ljifoj: t' k9 ]/ ;g' fpg'xf; ] \ . pbfx/ 0f x ]/] / cEof; ugx{' f] ;\ M ]tO;f} “ lbg
k|ltzt eg s] f ] kl| t ;odf lx;fa ug'{ xf] . ctM @#
x/ df 100 ePsf ] leGg g} k|ltzt xf] . h: t} M
15% egs ] f ] 100 df 15 cyft{ \ xG' 5 . 65% eg s] f]
100 df 65 cyf{t\ x'G5 .
To:t ,} = × 100% = 20%
= × 100% = 20%
leGgnfO{ kl| tztdf abNbf 100 n ] u'0fg u/ L % 15 = 15%
lrxg\ /f Vg'k5 { . k|ltztnfO{ leGgdf abNbf 100 100
n ] efu u/ L % nfO{ x6fpgk' 5 { .
-s_ k|ltztnfO{ leGgdf abNg] pbfx/ 0f x/] L lbOPsf lx;fax¿ ug{x' f ]; \ . o: t } kfrF cf6 ] f
lx;fasf] k|Zg sfkLdf cfkm}F agfP/ xn ug{'xf ];\ M
pbfx/ 0f M 1. 12% =
2. 33% =
35% = 35 = 7 3. 62% =
100 20 4. 75% =
5. 80% =
-v_ leGgnfO{ k|ltztdf abNg] pbfx/ 0f x/] L lbOPsf lx;fax¿ ugx{' f] ; \ . o: t } kfrF cf6 ] f
lx;fasf ] kZ| g sfkLdf cfkm} F agfP/ xn ug'{xf] ;\ M
pbfx/0 f M
1 = 1x 50 = 50 = 50%
2 2 x 50 100
cyjf = 1 x 100% = 50%
2
1. 1 = 2. 2 = 3. 1 = 4. 12 = 5. 33 =
2 5 10 25 50
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 109
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
]tO;f} “ lbg lj1fg
@#=#= ld>0f 56' o\ fpg ] ljlw
plNnlvt sfo{ u/ L gg' kfgLsf ] ld>0faf6 gg' 56' \ofpg'xf ];\ M
cfjZos ;fduL|
@# ;fgf ] 8S] rL -efF8f _] , gg' , kfgL,
: 6f e] -rn' f] , Uof;F _, ;nfO{
ljlw
• ;fgf] 8] SrL -ef8F f_ ] lng'xf ];\ .
• To;df gg' / kfgLsf ] 3f n] agfpgx' f ;] \ .
• pSt g'gkfgLsf] 3fn ] ePsf] efF8fn ] fO{
: 6f e] df jf cf ]bfgdf /f v] / ttfpg'xf;] \ . -:6 fe ] jf r'nf] afNgsf ] nflu cleefjsnfO{ eGg
;Sg'xG' 5 ._
• lj:t f/ } t/n kbfy{ afkmdf kl/ 0ft xG' 5 .
• kfgL ;a} afkmdf kl/ 0ft eO;sk] l5 ttfpg 5f ]8g\ 'xf; ] \ .
cjnf s] g
Gfg' kfgLsf ] 3fn ] nfO{ ttfpbF f t/ n kbfy{ lj:t f/} afkmdf kl/0 ft eP/ p8] / hfG5 / s x] L a] / kl5 ;a}
kfgL afkmdf kl/0 ft eO;s] kl5 pSt ef8F f] df g'gsf s0fx¿ afsF L xG' 5g\ . o; kl| jm| ofnfO{ lrq;lxt
cfkmg\ f] sfkLdf ;kmf;uF nV ] gx' f ]; \ . cleefjsnfO{ klg bv] fpg'xf; ] \ .
;Demgk' g]{ s'/f
• 7f]; / t/n kbfys{ f] ;dfg ld>0fnfO{ ttfpbF f t/n kbfy{ afkm eP/ p85\ / ef8F f]df 7f;]
j:td' fq ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
• gg' / kfgLsf] 3f]naf6 g'gnfO{ jfikLs/0f ljlwåf/f 56' \ofpg ;lsG5 . dflysf] k|of]udf h:t}
lrgL kfgLsf] 3fn] af6 lrgL 56' \ofpg ;lsG5 .
• dfly plNnlvt sfo{sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ xf;] k¥' ofP/ tyf Wofg lbP/ ug'{kb5{ cGoyf afkmn]
xft kf]Ng ;Sb5 / 3fn] nfO{ ttfO;s]kl5 kmnfd jf cGo j:t'af6 ags] f] ef8F fn] fO{ gfª\uf]
xftn] 5'g' x'bF }g .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
110 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
@$=!= cfk\mgf] lhNnfsf ] lrgf/ L nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf : yfgLo txx¿ s ] s ] /x 5] g\ k9g\ x' f ;] \ . hDdf ;ªV\ of ofb ugx{' f ;] \ . rf }la;f“} lbg
tkfO{Fsf] lhNnfdf sg' s'g : yfgLo tx slt 5g\ < 3/k l/ jf/ sf ;b:o / lzIfs;Fu
;f] w] / ;ªV\ of nV ] g'xf ]; \ . tL :y fgLo txx¿sf ] gfd klg tflnsfdf nV ] g'xf; ] \ . o;df
gc6fP cnUu } kfgfdf tflnsf agfP/ nV ] gx' f; ] \ . To;nfO{ tkfOsF{ f ] sf7 ] fdf 6f:F g x' f; ] \ M
hDdf ;ª\Vof @$
j|m=; :y fgLo tx g ]kfndf tkfO{Fsf] lhNnfdf ePsf kflnsfsf gfdx¿
lhNnfdf
! ufpkF flnsf
@ gu/k flnsf $^)
# pkdxfgu/k flnsf
$ dxfgu/k flnsf @&^
hDdf !!
% j8fx¿
^ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt (
&%#
^&$#
&&
-s_ g ]kfnsf ] gS;f x] g'{xf] ; \ . pSt gS;fdf tkfOFs{ f] cfˆgf ] lhNnf, ufpF jf gu/ kflnsf
sxfF k5 { < cg'dfg u/ L ;fgf ] yf ]Knf] - • _ lrxg\ nufpg'xf] ; \ . gS;fsf ] tn / flvPsf]
vfnL 7fpFdf tkfOF{ a;] sf ] lhNnf, kflnsfsf] gfd nV ] gx' f] ; \ . j8f gDa/ / ufpF cyjf
6fn ] sf] gfd klg n] Vg'xf ];\ M
lhNnfM ===================== ufkf⁄gkfM =========================== j8fM === ufpFM ===================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 111
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
rf }la;f“} lbg -v_ tkfOF{sf ] cfˆgf ] lhNnfsf ] af/ d] f tnsf s/' fx¿ ;d ]6 ]/ Pp6f ljj/0 f sfkLdf tof/
ugx'{ f ]; \ . o;sf nflu 3/ kl/ jf/s f ;b: o / lzIfssf] ;xof ]u klg lng ;Sg'xG' 5 . o;/ L
tof/ ul/ ;s k] l5 k9]/ klg ;'gfpgx' f ];\ M
-c_ lhNnfdf ePsf d'Vo hfthflt -cf_ lhNnfdf ePsf Pl ] txfl;s / wfld{s : ynx¿
-O_ ko6{ sLo :y nx¿ -O{_ ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfox{ ¿ M
@$ -p_ ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ M
-O{_ tkfOF{ a: g ] kflnsfsf ] kd| v' , pkk|d'v / tkfO{sF f j8fsf kl| tlglwx¿ ;a }sf ] ljj/0 f
j|m=;+ gfd y/ kb kmfg] gDa/
-u_ lbOPsf] tflnsfdf tkfO{F a: g] lhNnfsf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf kbflwsf/ Lx¿sf]
gfdfjnL;lxt ljj/ 0f eg{'xf] ; \ . o;sf nflu cfjZos eP lzIfs;uF ;xof ]u lngx' f ];\ M
jm| =;+ gfd y/ kb 7]u fgf kmf] g gDa/
112 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg rf }la;f“} lbg
@$=@= k l] /o fl] 8s 6 a] ndf ePsf tŒjx¿
lbOPsf] k]l/ofl] 8s 6a] n (periodic table) /fdf| ];uF cjnfs] g ug{'xf;] \ . o;df ePsf
! bl] v @) gDa/;Ddsf tŒjx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ M
@$
;Demg'kg{ ] s'/f
xfdf| ] jl/k l/ ljleGg kbfy{x¿ kfOG5g\ . tL kbfyx{ ¿dWo] s ]xL kbfyx{ ¿ sg' } klg kl| jm| ofåf/f
cGo ;/n kbfy{x¿df kl/j t{g ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:t f kbfy{x¿nfO{ tŒj elgG5, h: t } M
xfO8«f]h g Pp6f tŒj xf ] . xfn;Dd ks| l[ tdf (@ ks| f/s f tŒjx¿ kfOG5g\ . cGo @^ cf6 ] f
tŒjx¿ j1 } flgsx¿n] agfPsf 5g \ . o;/L ;;+ f/ df k|fsl[ ts / sl[ qd u/L xfn;Dd hDdf
!!* cf6] f tŒjx¿ kQf nfus] f 5g \ . tŒjx¿sf ] gfd nV] bf, afN ] bf / Jojxf/ ubf{ ;lhnf ] xf]; \
eGg ] p2 Z] on ] tŒjx¿sf] gfdsf ] klxnf ] cIf/n ] To; tŒjnfO{ hgfpg] rng 5 . o; n} fO{ ;ªs\ t ]
elgG5 . sg' } tŒjnfO{ To;sf ] Nofl6g efiffsf ] gfdsf ] cl3Nnf ] cIf/n ] hgfpg ] klg ul/G 5 . s'g }
b'O{ tŒjx¿sf] gfd Pp6} cIf/ af6 ;'? ePdf klxnf] / ;fydf csf{ ] cIf/ nV] g ] rng klg 5 .
:jfWoog ;fduL| 113
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ |]hL
24.3. My place
rf }la;f“} lbg A. Read the paragraph given below.
Kathmandu is the capital city of
Nepal. It is located in the central
development region. All the major
@$ government offices are in this city.
The three districts Kathmandu,
Lalitpur and Bhaktapur are in
the Kathmandu Valley. It is very
congested and densely populated.
More than three million people live here. We can find people from all over
the country in Kathmandu. Most of the people come to Kathmandu for
jobs, education and other opportunities. The original inhabitants of the
Kathmandu Valley are the Newars. Previously, there were three states in
the valley: Kantipur, Patan, and Bhadgaon.
Now, collect the information about your village or city and write a paragraph.
Name Location Population Ethnic Major Major
communities occupations attractions of
the place
B. Write about your village/c ity here.
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x :t fIf/ M ==========================================================
114 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
@%=!= cg'R5 ]b k7g / nv ] g nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
ckfª\utf ePsf JolStsf] af/ ]df k9\g'xf ];\ . km/ s km/ s ckfª\utfdf uf ]nf ] klRr;f} “ lbg
nufpg'xf ]; \ . dofl{ bt zAb ko| fu ] ug{ / Jojxf/ ug{ c¿nfO{ klg cg/' f ]w ug{x' f;] \ M
d ]/f ] ;fyL l/ ofh cxdb sfg ;'Gb }gg \ . pgL c¿n] afn ] ] sf ] klg ;G' bg } g\ t/ xftsf ] O;f/ fn] @%
atfpbF f a'emb\ 5g\ . pgL sfg ;'Gg] afxs ] ;a } sfd ug{ / k9\g klg ;Sb5g \ . pgL km'6an
/ fdf| ] vN] b5g \ .
kf;fª z ]kf{ cfFvf gbV] g] ;fyL x'g \ . pgnfO{ lx8F 8\ 'n ug{ lgs} sl7gfO x'G5 . ;t ] f] nf/ } f ]
lnP/ lx8F \5g\ . o;} n] ubf{ cufl8 a9\g ;lhnf ] xG' 5 . lx8F 8\ n' ug{ pgnfO{ s;s} ;n } ] ;xof] u
klg u5{g\ .
lrqsnf ofbj w] /} k9g\ dg ug{ ] ;fyL x'g\ . pgL xfdL;uF k9\g v] Ng dg k/ fplF 5g \ . pgsf ]
Pp6f v6' 6\ f 5f6] f ] 5 t/ pgL c¿;Fu;uF } lxF8g\ ] ub{l5g \ .
uLtf k/f hn' L xfdf| ] ufpsF f ;fyL x'g\ . pgL k9g\ nV ] g Tolt ;lSbgg\ t/ pgn] xfdL;uF lx8F \ bf
8N' bf w ]/} s/' f hfg]s L 5g \ . pgnfO{ ;a} n ] dfof / ;xof] u ug'k{ 5{ .
;g' d zfSo eGg ] ;fyL sfg ;'Gb} gg \ . cfvF f klg b] Vb} gg \ . pgL 5fd/ ] dfq s'g } dfG5 ] / s'g }
j: t' lrGg] ub5{ g \ . o: tf ;fyLnfO{ ;xofu ] ug'k{ 5 { .
dlgsf /f gf xfdf| ] sIffdf k9\g] ;fyL xf ] . pgL ;a} sfd ug,]{ k9g\ , ] n ]Vg] ul5{g\ t/ afN] bf
cln ese\ s\ ul5g{ \ . of] pgsf ] bf i] f xf ]Og . pgsf ] hGdsf ] :j efj To:t } xf ] . pgsf] lhaf| d] f
s x] L sl7gfO 5 . xfdL ;a }n] pgnfO{ dfof ug{'k5 { .
-s_ lbOPsf] tflnsfsf zAb / zAbfjnL k9g\ 'xf] ; \ . ckfª\utf ePsf JolStnfO{ ko| f ]u
ug{'kg ]{ ;xL zAbfjnLx¿nfO{ af/ Daf/ ko| fu] u/ L ofb ugx{' f] ;\ M
ko| f]u ug{ gxg' ] zAb, zAbfjnL k|of ]u ugk'{ g{ ] zAb, zAbfjnL
ckfª\u ckfª\utf
ljsnfª\u, ckfªu\ JolSt, ljz] if Ifdtf ePsf] ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt
JolSt, leGg Ifdtf ePsf] JolSt, km/s Ifdtf
ePsf] JolSt
alx/ f] , nf6f,] nf6L alx/ f JolSt, ;:' t >j0f ePsf] JolSt, ;'gfO /
afn ] fO ;DaGwL ckfªu\ tf ePsf] JolSt
b[li6ljxLg, cGwf,] sfgf ] Go"g bl[ i6oS' t JolSt
;/ ] ] an| kN;L -dl:t is kIf3ft_ dl: tis kIff3ft ePsf ] JolSt
ckfªu\ , vf /] G 8f ,] 88F' f, ] l9lsRofp,F nªu\ 8f ,] zf/ Ll/ s zf/ Ll/ s ckfªu\ tf ePsf ] JolSt, kf l] ndfOnfOl6;
ckfªu\ jf zf/L l/s ¿kdf rg' ft } LoS' t JolSt ePsf] JolSt
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 115
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL
cl6Hd jf cl6l: 6sklRr;f} “ lbg cl6Hd ePsf ] JolSt
uf]h ª] u\ |f, ] n7a] |f, ] ;': t dgl: ylt af} l4s ckfª\utf ePsf] JolSt
8F8' f ], 88F' L PDKo6' L ePsf] JolSt, zf/L l/s ckfª\utf ePsf ]
JolSt, xft jf v'66\ f gePsf] JolSt
x] dfl] kmlns x d] f l] kmlnofo'St JolSt
af}n fxf, kfnu, cwk{ fun, ;fOsf ] dgf; ] fdflhs ckfªu\ tf ePsf] JolSt
s'i7/f u ] L si' 7 k|efljt JolSt
eses ] ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt
@% afvf] afn] fO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf ] JolSt
Do'6 xfr] fk8' \sf
8Nn], 8NnL
-v_ lbOPsf ] ;lrq tflnsf / zAbfjnL ;fbf kfgfdf agfP/ 7fpF 7fpFdf 6f:F g 'xf] ; \ .
ckfª\utf ePsf JolStnfO{ dofl{ bt zAb k|of] u ugx'{ f ];\ / c¿nfO{ klg To:t f zAbsf ]
k|ofu] ug{ cg/' f ]w ug{x' f ]; \ .
-O_ cleefjs;uF ;xof ]u lnP/ tkfOsF{ f ] ;d'bfodf ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolStx¿sf ] ljj/0 f
sfkLdf tof/ ugx'{ f ];\ . pxfFx¿sf ] IfdtfnfO{ dofl{ bt zAb k|of] u u/ ]/ Ps Ps cg'R5] b
n] Vgx' f ];\ . cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f] ; \ .
116 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft klRr;f} “ lbg
@%=@= k|ltzt
pbfx/0 f x]/ L lbOPsf ] k|ltzt;DaGwL ;d: of ;dfwfg ugx'{ f ;] \ . o: t } vfn ] # cf6] f
lx;fasf] ;d: of tof/ ug'x{ f; ] \ . To;nfO{ klg xn u/ ]/ cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfpg'xf; ] \ .
;Dej eP lzIfsnfO{ klg b ]vfpg'xf;] \ M
pbfx/0 f M
100 sf ] 20% slt x'G5 < 50 @%
100
oxf,F 100 sf ] 20% = 100× = 20 xG' 5 .
1. 200 sf] 15% slt xG' 5 < 2. 550 sf] 20% slt x'G5 <
3. 1000 sf] 25% slt xG' 5 < 4. 600 sf] 50% slt x'G5 <
5. sIff 6 sf] clGtd k/L Iffdf ;'dgn ] 800 k"0ffª{ s\ df 90% cªs\ kf| Kt u/ s] f / x5 ] g\ . pgn]
slt cªs\ kf| Kt u/ ]5g\ <
6. ..................................................................................................................................
7. ..................................................................................................................................
8. ..................................................................................................................................
:jfWoog ;fduL| 117
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
klRr;f} “ lbg lj1fg
@%=#= ;ªs\ ] t
lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf kl ] /o f l] 8s 6 a] ndf (periodic table) ePsf klxnf ] @) cf 6] f tŒjx¿sf ]
gfd gk ] fnL efiffdf nl ] vPsf ] 5 . pbfx/ 0fdf nl ] vPsf ] h: t } c¿ tŒjx¿sf ] klg cªu\ h ]| L
gfd / ;ªs\ t ] nV ] gx' f; ] \ . o;sf nflu k l] / of l] 8s 6 a] nsf ] ;xfotf lng ;Sgx' G' 5 M
j|m=;+= tŒjsf] gfd cª\uh|] L gfd ;ªs\ t]
@% ! xfO8«fh ] g Hydrogen H
@ x ]lnod
# lnlyod
$ al ] / lnod
% Af/] f g ]
^ sfag{
& gfO6f« h] g
* clS;hg
( km\nf ]l/g
!) lgofg ]
!! ;f ]l8od
!@ DofUgl ] ;od
!# Pn'ldlgod
!$ l;lnsg
!% kmf]: kmf/ ] ;
!^ ;Nkm/
!& Snfl] /g
!* cfu{g
!( kf]6 fl;od
@) SoflN;od
ljBfyL{sf ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
118 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ ]h| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
26.1. Letter to my friend nfus ] f ] ;do M ==========================
A. Read the following letter. 5lAa;f} “ lbg
Prithvi Chowk, @^
Tinau Path,
Kalika Nagar.
17 June 2020
Dear Shiva,
We are having a party from 5 p. m. to 9 p.m. on Friday in our new
house. We do hope you will come. It ’s easy to find my new house.
When you come to the Nagar, look for the Tinau Path and we are the
second house in the left from the Prithvi Chowk. It ’s a black and white
house with a wooden gate and a thatched roof. You can park your bike
in front of the house.
Best wishes,
Deva
B. Write a reply letter to tell Deva that you will not join the party.
Mention him to stay safe from the COVID-19.
Dear Deva,
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
:jfWoog ;fduL| 119
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
5lAa;f} “ lbg ;fdflhs
@^=@= xfdf| ] wflds{ ;+: sf/
-s_ lbOPsf ] uLtnfO{ 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;a } hgf ldn /] no xfn /] ufpgx' f ;] \ . uLtdf ePsf
dV' o d'Vo ;Gbz] lbg ] zAbx¿nfO{ lrx\g nufpgx' f;] \ . To;sf af/] df cleefjs;Fu
s/' f sfgL ug'{xf;] \ M
uLtM ;o y/L afhf Pp6} tfn===== b'j } M ;o y/ L afhf Pp6 } tfn
;o y/L uf8] f Pp6 } rfn
@^ xf] xf ] xf] xf ] ===== xf ] xf ] xf ] xf] =====sf/ ] ; ;a xf ] Pp6} xfdL g k] fnL
s] 6f M ;o y/ L afhf Pp6} tfn Pp6} xfd|f] Hofg gk ] fn
;o y/L uf ]8f Pp6 } rfn ;o y/ L afhf Pp6 } tfn
d ]rL sfnL l;ªu\ } l9sf ] xf] xf] xf ] xf] ===== xf] xf ] xf ] xf] =====
;femf xfdf| ] Hofg g k] fn
s]6 L M ;o y/L afhf Pp6 } tfn s ]6f M rf ]6 dnfO{ kbf{df
;o y/L uf] 8f Pp6} rfn b'V5 eg ] olb ltdf| ] Hofg
dr] L sfnL l;ª\u } l9sf ] sf]/ ;
;femf xfdf| ] Hofg g] kfn rf6] dnfO{ kbf{df
b'j } M ;o y/L afhf Pp6 } tfn bV' 5 olb eg ] ltd|f ] Hofg
s6] f M rf]6 dnfO{ kbf{df
sf]/ ; bV' 5 olb eg ] ltdf| ] Hofg
;o y/L afhf Pp6 } tfn bj' } M ToxL xf ] Tolt xf] g ]kfnLsf ]
;o y/L uf8 ] f Pp6 } rfn /f li6o« tfsf ] d"n lgzfg
s 6] L M ;o y/ L g } xf ] hflt / hft xf ] xf] xf ] xf ] ===== xf] xf ] xf ] xf ] =====
Gffrf}F o;/ L Ps } ;fy
b'j} M ;o y/ L g} xf ] hflt / hft b'j} M ;o y/ L afhf Pp6 } tfn
Gffrf F} o;/L PsfO{ ;fy ;o y/L uf8] f Pp6} rfn
s6 ] L M ;o y/L g } xf ] hflt / hft oxL cledfgL lz/ prfnL
Gffrf} F o;/L Ps} ;fy xf;F L /x f ;] \ pRr lxdfn
bj' } M em'D5g\ h;/L n;/ L k;/ L bj' } M ;o y/ L afhf Pp6 } tfn
Pp6} ?vsf ;o y/L kft ;o y/ L uf8] f Pp6} rfn
xf ] xf] xf] xf ] ===== xf] xf] xf ] xf] ===== dr ] L sfnL l;ª\u} l9sf]
;femf xfd|f] Hofg g]k fn
;o y/L afhf Pp6} tfn
xf ] xf] xf] xf ] ===== xf] xf] xf ] xf] =====
/r gf M b'uf{nfn > ]i7,
120 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs
-v_ tkfOF{ a: ge' Psf] ;db' fodf sg' s'g wd{ dfGg ] dflg;x¿ xg' x' G' 5 < pxfxF ¿n ] dgfpg ] 5lAa;f} “ lbg
s'g} Ps Ps cf] 6f d'Vo rf8kj{ / dgfpg] tl/s f n] Vgx' f ];\ . o;sf nflu cleefjssf ]
klg ;xof ]u lngx' f ];\ M
wd{ ;+: sf/ rf8kj{ dgfpg ] tl/s f
@^
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 121
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
5lAa;f} “ lbg lj1fg
@^=#= sfag{ tŒjsf ] k/d f0fs' f ] gdg' f lgdf0{ f
lbOPsf] ljlwcg;' f/ sfa{g tŒjsf ] gd'gf -df8] ] n_ tof/ ugx{' f ];\ M
cfjZos ;fdu|L
/ª u\ Lg wfuf ], ydfs {] f n] sf dfnfsf an -8Nnfx¿_ jf uR' rfx¿,
afSnf ] sfuh, srF +} L, ud jf Un,' / ª, dfs/{ jf ;fOgk g] jf snd
@^ ljlw
• ; n] x¿df sfag{ sf] OnS] 6f« g] /x g ] : yfg klxrfg ug{'xf]; \ cyft{ \
sfag{ sf ] k/ df0f' ;ªV\ of 6 xf] eg] o;sf ] klxnf] / bf ;] |f] sIffdf
jm| dzM 2 cf ]6f / 4 cf] 6f On S] 6f« ] gx¿ / xG5g\ eGg ] s'/f df
hfgsf/ L x'gx' f; ] \ .
• Pp6f afSnf ] -sfnf] jf v/} f] , xl/o f ] jf sg' } uf9f /ª sf_ ] sf8a{ f8 ] { jf sfuh lnP/ sDkf; /
k] lG;nsf ] dbtn] o;sf] lardf pkoS' t ;fOhsf] tLg cf] 6f 3 ]/ f sf]g x{' f ;] \ .
• klxnf, ] bf] ;f| ] / t; ] f| ] 3/] f df Pp6} / ªsf] wfuf] 6f;F /] jm| dzM Gol' Sno; (nucleus) tyf k/ df0f'sf
klxnf ] / bf] ;|f] sIfx¿ (K and L orbit or shell) agfpg'xf ;] \ .
• ;a}e Gbf leqsf ] 3] /f leq ydf]s{ fn ] sf 12 cf6 ] f anx¿ cfk;df ldnfP/ Un' jf kml ] jsfn] n]
6Ff;] / Go'lSno; agfpg'xf] ;\, h;dWo] 6 cf]6 f anx¿nfO{ cfkmn" fO{ dg k/] sf ] Pp6f / ª nufO{
(±) lrx\g lbP/ kf| ]6 f ]g (protons) hgfpg'xf] ; \ .
• afFsL c¿ 6 cf ]6f anx¿nfO{ csf{ ] / ª nufO{ lrxg\ (n0) Go'6«f] g (neutron) hgfpgx' f]; \ .
• bf] ;|f ] 3/ ] fdf 2 cf ]6f / t ;] |f ] 3/] fdf 4 cf6 ] f anx¿ ;dfg b/' L sf] km/s df 6f;F ] / sg' } dg k/ s] f ]
/ª nufO{ (-) lrxg\ lbP/ On]S 6f« g] (electrons) hgfpgx' f] ; \ .
• o;/L tof/ kfl/ Psf] sfag{ tŒjsf] k/d f0fs' f] df ]8n] af/ ] cleefjs;uF 5nkmn ug{x' f]; \ /
cWoog ug{ ] sf ]7fdf 6f:F g 'xf;] \ .
;Demgk' g ]{ s'/f
• tŒjsf ] ;a e} Gbf ;fgf] s0fnfO{ k/d f0f' (atom) elgG5 . o;nfO{ efl} ts tyf / f;folgs
tl/ sfaf6 km ]/ L 6j' m| f ug{ ;lsFb}g . Pp6} tŒjsf k/d f0f'x¿ ;dfg xG' 5g\ eg ] leGg tŒjsf
k/d f0fx' ¿ km/s xG' 5g \ . tŒjsf ] k/d f0fd' f tLgcf6 ] f pkkf/d f0fljs s0fx¿ (sub-atomic
particles) /x s] f xG' 5g \ . tL xg' \ M On S] 6f« g] (electrons), kf| 6] f g] (protons) / Go6' f« g] (neutron) .
sfag{ tŒjsf ] k/ df0f' ;ª\Vof 6 /x ]s f ] x'G5, h;df On ]S6f« ]g (electrons), k|f6] f g] (protons) /
Go'6f« ] g (neutron) sf] ;ªV\ of klg 6 g} / x]s f ] 5 .
• On S] 6f« g] (electrons), kf| 6 ] fg ] (protons) / Go6f« g ] (neutron) hgfpg ] km/s / ªsf ] ko| f u] ugk{' 5 { .
Kf|of] u ul/P sf 8Nnfx¿ / sIf hgfpg ] wfuf] / fd|/L 6fFl;g'k5{ .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
122 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
@&=!= j0f{ljGof; nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================
lbOPsf ] pbfx/ 0f k9g\ x' f ;] \ . o; ;fduL| df ePsf kf7 / ljm| ofsnfkx¿af6 pbfx/0 fdf ;QfO;f} “ lbg
lbP h: t } !), !) cf6] f zAb vfh] /] n] Vgx' f;] \ . k9/] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf; ] \ M
x|: j Osf/ bL3{ Osf/ x|:j psf/ bL3{ psf/ @&
k|:t 'lt n67\ L legfh' cfkm"
-s_ lbOPsf ] pbfx/ 0f h: t } pkoS' t zAb 5fg/ ] nV ] g'xf]; \ . cleefjsnfO{ b v] fP/ c¿
klg o:t } zAbx¿ yKgx' f ]; \ .
s]/ f M yDaf pv' M ============ M ?v
ds } M ======================= M lnª\uf km;L{ M
======================== M rfª\u df6f] M ========================== k/ fn M
afF;, bfp/f , s6x/ , af6] , s'lgpF, l9: sf,] emfn, nfjF m| f,]
-v_ lbOPsf af] nfO / nv] fOsf km/ s zAbx¿ k9 ]/ ;'gfpg'xf] ;\ . n]v fOdf vfnL ePsf
zAbx¿ k"/ f ug'x{ f] ;\ . ;a} zAbx¿ cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf ];\ . o: t} c¿ ^ cf ]6f zAb
vf] h] / sfkLdf nV] g'xf ];\ M
af n] fO n v] fO afn ] fO nv ] fO
O: 6bj ] Oi6bj ] ;fdl\ : jm| lts ;f:+ s l[ ts
gl ] qTTj gt ] [Tj lhag\ hLjg
k/\ o6s\ ko6{ s a }lbs\ j }lbs
efl;s\ eflifs laut ljut
sG' 8 s0' 8 lkG8Z] j/ lk08 ]Zj/
dgf ]/ Ghg\ dgf/] ~ hg kl:r dfGrn klZrdf~rn
k/' l :j m| t k'Gh
lb|l: 6 lj|mofl;n\
:jfWoog ;fduL| 123
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
@&=@= kfgLsf] c0fs' f ] gd'gf
;QfO;f} “ lbg tn lbOPsf] ljlwcg';f/ kfgLsf ] c0fs' f] agfj6sf ] gdg' f -df8] n] _ tof/ ug{'xf;] \ M
cfjZos ;fdu|L
cfndfl] godsf] kq, sfuh, ank] gsf] l/ lkmn, sFr} L, rSs', ud jf Un', /ª , dfs{/ jf ;fOgkg ] jf snd
@& ljlw
• kfgLsf] c0f';"qsf ] agf 6] klxrfg ug{'xf]; \ . h:t } M kfgLsf]
c'0f;"q H2O x'G5, h;df b'O{cf]6 f xfO8«f]h g / Pp6f
clS;hgsf k/d f0fx' ¿ afG ] 8n ] hf ]l8Psf xG' 5g \ .
• k/' f gf ] sfuh df ]8] / b'O{cf] 6f a/ fa/ ;fOhsf / Pp6f cln
7n' f ] uf ]nfsf/ 8Nnf agfpgx' f ;] \ .
• KfT| os] 8NnfnfO{ cfndfl] godsf ] kq jf cGo sg' } j:t 'n]
;dfg ;tx x'g] u/L 9fSgx' f ]; \ .
• tLg OGr hlt nDafOsf b'O{cf6 ] f ank ]gsf] l/ lkmnsf
6j' |mf lngx' f; ] \ .
• 7n' f ] uf n] fsf/ 8Nnfn ] fO{ clS;hg dfgL lrqdf b v] fP em +}
sl/ a 1050 sf ] km/s df Kjfn kf/ L l/ lkmnsf 6'jm| fx¿
Aff]G 8sf ¿kdf Uff8g\ x' f;] \ .
• KfT| o s] l/ lkmnsf 6j' m| fsf 5 p] df ;fgf ;fOhsf ufn ] fsf/
8Nnfx¿nfO{ xfO8«fh] gsf k/ df0fs' f ¿kdf hf8 ] \gx' f ;] \ .
• o;/L H2O c0f'sf ] lqcfoflds (three dimentional) ;/+ rgf jf df8 ] n ] tof/ ug{ ;lsG5,
h;df clS;hg / xfO8f« h] gsf k/ df0f'x¿ hgfpg 56' 6\ f5'66\ } / ª nufpg klg ;lsG5 .
• o;/L g} c¿ ljleGg c0f'sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t } M sfa{g / clS;hg ldnL
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 aG5 . C + O2 CO2
;Demg'kg{ ] s/' f
• 56' 6\ } cl:t Tjdf /x g ;Sg ] tŒj tyf ofl} ussf] ;a e} Gbf ;fgf ] s0fnfO{ c0f' (molecule)
elgG5 . o;nfO{ efl} ts jf ;fdfGo tl/ sfaf6 km/ ] L 6'jm| f ug{ ;lsFbg } . Pp6} tŒj jf
of l} ussf c0f'x¿ ;dfg xG' 5g\ eg] leGg tŒj jf of}l ussf c0fx' ¿ km/ s xG' 5g \ . tŒj
jf ofl } ussf c0fx' ¿nfO{ ;ªs\ t] ;"q jf c0f';"qåf/f hgfOG5 .
• kfgL Pp6f oafl }fuG] 8snx] fh ] hfl] 8;sPsf ] fc0xfG';' 5q" gH\ .2O xG' 5 . o;df bO' c{ f6 ] f xfO8f« h ] g / Pp6f clS;hgsf
k/d f0f'x¿
124 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft
@&=#= k|ltzt ;QfO;f} “ lbg
pbfx/0 fdf lbOPsf ] kl| tzt lgsfNg ] lx;fa xg ] x{' f; ] \ . o;/L g } lbOsf lx;fasf ] kl| tzt
lgsfNg'xf]; \ . o: t } vfn ] # cf6 ] f lx;fasf] ;d:o f tof/ ug'{xf; ] \ . To;nfO{ klg xn
u//] cleefjsnfO{ b ]vfpgx' f; ] \ . ;Dej eP lzIfsnfO{ klg bv ] fpg'xf]; \ M
pbfx/0 f @&
20 sf] 10 slt % xG' 5 <
20 sf] 10 nfO{ leGgdf n] Vbf 10 xG' 5 .
20
10 nfO{ % df abNbf 10 × 100% = 50% x'G5 .
20 20
∴20 sf] 10 eg ]sf] 50% x'G5 <
1. 50 sf] 15 slt % x'G5 < 2. 100 sf] 32 slt % xG' 5 <
3. 250 df 50 slt % x'G5 < 4. 500 hgfdf 150 slt % xG' 5 <
5. /d ]zn] 50 k"0ffª{ s\ ul0ftsf ] k/ LIffdf 35 cªs\ NofP5g\ eg ] pgn] slt kl| tzt NofP5g \ <
6. ...............................................................................................................................
7. ...............................................................................................................................
8. ...............................................................................................................................
ljBfyLs{ f ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 125
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cª\u|]hL ldlt M =============================================
af/= M ==============================================
28.1. Speaking Cards nfu s] f ] ;do M ==========================
c \77O; “ }f lbg A. Read the questions given in the box below. Identify
difficult words and ask meaning with your sister or brother
or teacher.
@* FOOD ANIMAL
What is your favourite food and What is your favourite animal
why? and why?
Do you like fruits? Do you like goat?
Do you like fast-food? Do you like dog?
FRIEND FAMILY
Who is your best friend and why? How many members are there in
Are you honest with friend? your family?
Does your friend always do Do you live in a joint family?
homework? Does your family love you?
FREE TIME SCHOOL
What do you do in your free time? Who is your favourite teacher in school
What is your best book you have and why?
ever read? Have you ever been absent in school
Have you listened to any music for more than a week?
today? Have you done your homework today?
RESPONSIBILITY HEALTH
How do you help your parents? Why our health is important?
Have you ever cooked food at home? Have you recently been ill?
Have you ever washed clothes? When do you wash your hands?
B. Pair with your sister/b rother or a friend. Read the questions
given in the boxes together. One person asks a question, and
another gives an answer. Change the role when you finished
all the questions.
126 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft c \77O; “ }f lbg
@*=@= k|ltzt
pbfx/ 0fdf lbOPsf] lx;fa x] g{'xf ;] \ . o;/ L g} lbOPsf lx;fa ug{x' f ];\ . o:t } vfn ]
@ cf6] f lx;fasf] ;d: of tof/ ugx{' f; ] \ . To;nfO{ klg xn u// ] cleefjsnfO{
b] vfpgx' f;] \ . ;Dej eP lzIfsnfO{ klg b ]vfpg'xf; ] \ M
pbfx/0 f
slt ?lkofFsf ] 20% n ] ? 450 xG' 5 < @*
oxfF, cfjZos ?lkofnF fO{ X dfgf }F .
X sf] 20% = ?=450
cyjf, X× 20 = ?=450
100
1
cyjf, X × 5 = ?=450
cyjf, X = 5×?=450
X = ?= 2250
∴?= 2250 sf ] 25% n ] ?=450 xg' ] /x ]5 .
1. sltsf ] 30% n] 40 x'G5 < 2. slt ?lkofFsf ] 15% n] ?=50 xG' 5 <
3. slt lsnf l] d6/ sf ] 20% n] 200 lsnf] ld6/ x'G5 < 4. slt ln6/ sf ] 50% n] 600 ln6/ xG' 5 <
5. ;G' tnLsf] ;'? tnadf 15% j[l4 xFb' f ?= 4500 jl[ 4 eP5 eg ] ;?' tna slt / x]5 <
kQf nufpg'xf ];\ .
:jfWoog ;fduL| 127
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
c \77O; “ }f lbg ;fdflhs
@*=#= xfd|f ] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/
-s_ lbOPsf] xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;:+ s f/ kf7sf ] cz+ k9/ ] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfg @)&@ df o; ;DaGwL ePsf ] Joj: yfnfO{ kg' M Psk6s k9 /] cleefjnfO{
a'emfpgx' f ];\
xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/
@* Pp6f lglZrt Ifq] leq a;fa] f; ug]{ JolStx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dfh elgG5 . ;dfhnfO{ lrgfpg]
Pp6f d'Vo cfwf/ ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ klg xf] . gk] fnLx¿sf cfcfÇgf wflds{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts tyf
;fdflhs k/Dk/f 5g\ . tL k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t /Lltl:ylt, d"No / dfGotf klg km/s km/s 5g\ .
ltg} /Lltl:ylt, d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ xfdL gk] fnL ljleGg wd{x¿ dfG5f}“ . cfcfkm" n]
dflgcfPsf wfld{s k|ljm| of / tl/sfx¿ klg leGgfleGg} /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf kl| jm| of / tl/sfnfO{
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ;:+ sf/ eGg] rng 5 . ;fdfGotof dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s z4' tfsf nflu ul/g]
wfld{s sfox{ ¿ g} ;+:sf/ x'g\ . oL ;:+ sf/ hfltcg';f/ leGg leGg ¿kdf kfOG5g\ .
hGd ;:+ sf/, afNosfnsf ;+:sf/, z}lIfs ;:+ sf/, ljjfx ;:+ sf/, dT[ o' ;+:sf/ cflb xfdf| ;+:sl[ tsf
kd| v' kIf xg' \ . xfdf| ] /fi6« ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, ;:+ sl[ t / ;Eotfsf] ;femf km" naf/L xf] .
ækT| os] JolStnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL k/fkj" b{ ]lv rlncfPsf]
cfÇgf] wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{] xs x'g] 5 . t/ s;n} ] s;s} f] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg
kfpg] 5g} / Ps csf{sf] wdd{ f vnn kfg{] u/L sg' } sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . k|Tos] wflds{
;Dk|bfonfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd cfÇgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL cfÇgf] wfld{s :yn / wflds{ u7' Lsf]
;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug]{ xs x'g] 5 .Æ of] xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f xf] .
-v_ dflysf] kf7sf ] cz+ af6 d'Vo dV' o s'/f sfkLdf l6kf6 ] u/ L lbOPsf] 9fFrfdf Pp6f
;dfrf/ tof/ ugx{' f ]; \ . o;sf nflu / ]l8of ] l6eLaf6 k|zf/ 0f x'g] ;dfrf/ klg ;'Gg'xf ];\ .
tkfO{Fn] tof/ u/ s] f] ;dfrf/ nfO{ / l] 8of ] l6eLdf h:t } u/ /] 3/k l/ jf/s f ;b: ox¿nfO{
;dfrf/ ;'gfpgx' f ];\ M
of ] ================================= / ]l8of÷] l6eL
======================================================-tkfOsF{ f ] gfd_ af6 ;G' g'xf;] \ ;dfrf/
cfhsf ] dV' o ;dfrf/ M
•
•
ca ;'Ggx' f;] \ k/" f ;dfrf/ ======= cfhsf] df ;} d =============
ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
128 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
@(=!= kfs lstfa lgdf0{ f nfu s] f] ;do M ==========================
cleefjssf ] ;xof u] df efG;fdf vfgf -bfn, eft / t/s f/ L_ jf cGo s'g} vfgs ] '/ f pglGt; “}f lbg
ksfpg l;Sg'xf ];\ / ksfpFbf k|ofu] ePsf ;fduL| , ;fdu|Lsf] kl/d f0f tyf ksfpg ]
ljlw pNnv ] ub} { lrq;lxtsf ] ;fgf] kfs -ksfpg ] k|ljm| of_ lstfa tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
tof/ ePsf ] ;fduL| nfO{ ljBfno v'n ]kl5 lzIfsnfO{ b]v fpgx' f;] \ .
-o;sf nflu gofF sfkL gePdf k/' fgf sfkLsf vfnL kfgfx¿ Roft ]/ l: 6r jf wfuf ]n] l;P/ klg @(
agfpg klg ;lsG5 ._
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 129
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
pglGt; “}f lbg ul0ft
@(=@= gfkmf / gf] S;fg
-s_ tkfOsF{ f ] 3/d f k;naf6 lsg /] Nofpg ] sg' } # cf 6] f j:t s' f ] gfd sfkLdf n V] gx' f ;] \ .
glhs } k;n eP cleefjssf ] ;xof u] df k;ndf uP/ pSt # cf6 ] } j:t s' f ] lsg s] f ] dN" o
/ aR ] g ] dN" o ;f w] /] cfpgx' f; ] \ . pSt j:t x' ¿df k;nn ] gfkmf / gfS ] ;fg s ] u/ s] f ] / x5 ] ,
sfkLdf lx;fa u/ /] bv ] fpgx' f; ] \ . lbOPsf ] ljifoj:t ' tyf pbfx/ 0f k9/ ] ;g' fpgx' f ;] \ M
@( sg' } JolStn] Pp6f dN" odf ;fdfg vl/ b u/L csf]{ dN" odf ;f] ;fdfg laj|mL ubf{ a ]r] sf ] d"No
lsg]s f] dN" oeGbf yf/ ] } jf w] / } x'g hfG5 . o;/ L lsg]s f] tyf ar ] s] f] dN" osf ] cfwf/ df gfkmf jf
gfS ] ;fg xG' 5 . olb lsg ]sf ] dN" oeGbf laj|mL u/s ] f ] dN" o yf/ ] } ePdf 3f6f jf gfS] ;fg xG' 5 . olb
lsg ]sf ] d"NoeGbf laj|mL d"No a9L ePdf gfkmf xG' 5 .
1. lajm| o dN" o > jm| o dN" o ePdf gfkmf x'G5 .
gfkmf = lajm| o d"No – j|mo d"No
2. jm| o dN" o > lajm| o d"No ePdf gfS] ;fg x'G5 .
gfS] ;fg = j|mo dN" o – laj|mo dN" o
j|mo d"No (Cost Price) : ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ltl/P sf ] dN" onfO{ ;f] ;fdfgsf] j|mo d"No elgG5 .
o;nfO{ 5f6 ] s/ Ldf jm| =d=" (C.P.) elgG5 .
laj|mo d"No (Selling Price) : sg' } klg ;fdfg laj|mL ubf{ kf| Kt x'g ] /s dnfO{ ;f] ;fdfgsf]
laj|mo d"No elgG5 . o;nfO{ 5f6 ] s/ Ldf la=d"= (S.P.) elgG5 .
pbfx/0 f M
si[ 0fn ] Pp6f v n] f g} f ?= 400 df lsg /] ?= 350 df lajm| L u¥of ] . p;nfO{ gfkmf jf gfS ] ;fg s ] eof ] xf n] f <
oxfF, lsgs ] f] dN" oeGbf laj|mL dN" o yf ]/} 5 . To; }n] p;nfO{ gfS] ;fg eof] .
ctM gfS ] ;fg = j|m=d"= – la=d="
= ?=400 – ?=350 = ?=50
ctM si[ 0fn ] 50 ?lkofF 3f6f vfP/ a] rs] f ] /x ] 5 .
olb si[ 0fn] ?= 400 df lsg] / ?= 500 df a]r ] sf] eP gfkmf jf gfS ] ;fg s] xG' Yof ] <
gfkmf xG' Yof ] lsgeg] lsg] sf] dN" oeGbf laj|mL d"No a9L 5,
gfkmf = la=d=" – jm| =d="
= ?=500 – ?= 400 = ?=100
-v_ lbOPsf cj: yfdf gfkmf jf gf] S;fg s ] xf ]nf < kQf nufpgx' f] ; \ . o: t } c¿ @ cf] 6f
lx;fa agfP/ sfkLdf xn ug{x' f] ;\ . cleefjsnfO{ b] vfP/ ae' mfpgx' f ];\ M
1. jm| =d=" = ?= 250 / la=d"= = ?= 300 2. jm| =d=" = ?= 500 / la=d=" = ?= 475
3. jm| =d"= = ?= 630 / la=d"= = ?= 600 4. jm| =d=" = ?= 1550 / la=d"= = ?= 2000
5. k;n n] ] / fdnfO{ ?= 1500 df lsg s] f] Ps hf/] h'Qf ?= 1750 df laj|mL u/5] g\ eg] k;nn] fO{ slt
?lkofF gfkmf jf gf]S ;fg eP5 < kQf nufpgx' f; ] \ .
130 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg pglGt; “}f lbg
@(=#= ;t+ K[ t, c;+tK[ t / clt;+t[Kt 3f] n
plNnlvt ljlwsf ] k|of ]u u/ L c;+t[Kt, ;+t[Kt / clt ;+t[Kt 3f ]n agfpg'xf;] \ M
cfjZos ;fduL| @(
;fgf lunf; tLgcf]6 f, kfgL, rDrf, g'g, : 6fe ] jf Uof;F
ljlw
• tLgcf6] f ;fgf lunf; lng'xf; ] \ / tL lunf;df cfwfeGbf sx] L sd / a/ fa/ kfgL lng'xf;] \ .
-sl/ a & rDrf kfgL a/f a/ Ps rDrf g'g_
• Ps Ps rDrf gg' tLg cf ]6} lunf;df / fv/ ] rnfP/ 3f]N g'xf; ] \ .
• ca bf] ;f| ] / t;] f| ] lunf;df dfq gg' yKb } rnfpFb } hfgx' f;] \ .
• s]x L ;dokl5 gg' 3fl ] ng aGb xG' 5 .
• ca t;] f| ] lunf;df ePsf ] 3fn] nfO{ s] xLa/] ttfpgx' f;] \ . To;df 3'lng afFsL g'g 3'Ng yfN5 .
• k m] / L t;] |f] lunf;df s ]xL g'g yKg'xf] ;\ / 3f N] gx' f ;] ,\ 3'lnG5 .
• gg' yKb} rnfpFb } hfFbf kml] / gg' 3N' g 5f8] \5 .
• tLg cf] 6} lunf;df Ps Ps l9Ssf gg' /f Vgx' f;] \ .
• cjnf s] g ugx{' f;] \ / cfÇgf] sfkLdf s ] eof] l6Kgx' f ;] \ .
;Demg'kg] { s/' f
• b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L kbfyx{ ¿ ;dfg ¿kn ] ldl;P/ ags ] f] ld>0fnfO{ 3fn] elgG5 . of] 3fn ] s
-kfgL_ / 3'lnt kbfy{ -gg' _ ldl;P/ ag ]sf ] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ 3'lnt kbfys{ f ] 3'Ng] Ifdtfsf ]
cfwf/ df tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M c;+tK[ t, ;+tK[ t / clt ;t+ K[ t 3f ]n .
• s'g} lglZrt tfkj|mddf 3fn] df yk 3'lnt kbfy{ 3'nfpg ;Sg] 3f] nnfO{ c;+t[Kt 3f]n
(unsaturated) elgG5 . sg' } lglZrt tfkj|mddf yk 3'lnt kbfy{ 3n' fpg g;Sg ] 3fn] nfO{
;+t[Kt 3f n] (saturated) elgG5 eg ] lglZrt tfkjm| ddf s'g } afx\o zlSt -tfk_ sf sf/ 0f
rflxge ] Gbf a9L 3l' nt kbfy{ 3fl ] nPsf ] 3f n] nfO{ clt ;t+ K[ t 3fn ] (super saturated) elgG5 .
• dflysf] k|ofu ] df klxnf ] lunf;df /f lvPsf] 3fn ] df gg' cem 3'lng ] xbF' f o;nfO{ c;+tK[ t 3fn ] ,
bf]; f| ] lunf;df g'gsf] l9Ssfdf s] xL km/s gcfPsf] x'bF f ;t+ [Kt 3f ]n / t ];f| ] lunf;df gg' sf]
l9Ssfsf ] cfsf/ a9b\ } uPsf] xbF' f clt ;t+ [Kt 3f ]n xf] egL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 131
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#)=!= lgkfb nfus ] f ] ;do M ==========================
lt;f }“ lbg lbOPsf jfSox¿ k9] / ;g' fpg'xf; ] \ . uf9f cIf/ x¿df nl ] vPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ sfkLdf
n]V gx' f] ;\ M
d }n ] klg kf] v/f 3'ds ] f ] 5 ' .
ltdL sxfF sxfF 3d' s] f 5f} lg <
#) cfh rflx“ g]k fnLsf kf7x¿ k9] / ;'gfpg' kf] k¥of ] .
o:t f lgkft c¿ klg 5g \ . nf} , kf ,] t, lg, /] , c/ ] Sof/ ], Aof/ ,] n, nf, nf}, g} , g, dfq, rflx“
lgkft zAb xg' \ .
-s_ lbOPsf ] ;ftlbg] ;ef kf7sf] cz+ k9 ]/ ;g' fpgx' f ];\ . o; cg'R5] bdf ePsf lgkfb
zAbx¿nfO{ uf ]nf] 3] /f nufpg'xf ];\ / l6Kgx' f;] \ M
;ftlbg] ;ef
;fu/ / uªu\ fn] o;/L s'/f u/] sf] lbg a ]n'sfb]l v g } sx] L lbg nfdf] em/L k¥of ] . of ] em/ L /f ]l sb“ f
g/f ]l sb“ } kf6Lsf ] 5fgf ] uNof{du'n'{d elTsof ] . kf6L eTs s] f ] b]v ]/ uªu\ fn ] egL, æx] g{x' f]; \ bfO,
5fgf] t elTsxfn] 5 ¤Æ ;fu/ n] PskN6 d'G6f] kmsf{P/ kf6Llt/ x¥] of ] . kf6Lsf] 5fgf ] etfeª' u\
ePsf] b ]Vof ] . p;n] sx ] L eg] s } lyPg . kml] / uªu\ fn ] egL, æs;/L eTs] 5 xlu bfO<Æ ;fu/ n]
km] l/ eGof] , æeTs ] s ] ef] t, xfd|f ] 3/ xf] Og . uªu\ fn] egL, æxfd|f] 3/ geP klg af6fdf
lx8“ \bf, kfgL kbf{ bf8} b“ } uP/ cft] nfu ]/ a:g kfOGYof] . o;/L sltkN6 a;s ] f lyof“, } xfO ] g
/ <Æ ;fu/n ] eGof] , æx'g t xf] t/ ca ga;f n}“ f, ePg / <Æ alxgLn] egL, æ;fgf ] kfgL k/] t
ga;f} n“ f, d';nwf/ ] kfgL kbf{ klg ga: g ] <Æ ;fu/ n ] eGof] , æa:g ] 7fp“ gePkl5 d';nwf/ ] kfgL
k/ ] klg ga:g , ] l;dl;d ] kfgL k/ ] klgga:g ] . l56f ] l56f ] bf}8 “b} 3/ k'Ug an ug ]{ .Æ
-v_ lbOPsf ;a} lgkfb zAb / fv ]/ Pp6f 5f6 ] f ] s'/ fsfgL tof/ ug'x{ f] ; \ . tkfOF{n ] tof/
ug'{ePsf] s/' f sfgL cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf ];\ M
nf}, kf ], t, lg, /], c/] Sof/ ], Aof/], n, nf, nf, } g }, g, dfq, rflx“
132 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg lt;f }“ lbg
#)=@= 9f8 ePsf hgfj/ x¿
-s_ lbOPsf juLs{ / 0f k9g\ x' f ;] \ . 9f8 ePsf hgfj/ x¿sf ] af/d ] f 1fg xfl;n ugx'{ f ;] \ M
9f8 ePsf hgfj/x¿ (Vertebrates)
#)
df5f ju{ (Pisces) peor/(Amphibia)
l rK] 6f], nfDrf] / sTnfn] l 5fnf /l;nf] / lrKnf] x'g]
9fss] f] z/L/ x'g] l km'n kfg{]
l lr;f] /ut x'g]
l kfgLdf a:g] l rf/ cf]6f xft v6' 6\ f
l lkmgsf] ;xfotfn]
(limbs) x'g]
kfl} 8g] l rk] fufF8f cj:yfdf k'mNsf
l Zjf; kmg] ]{
l kmN' sfx¿ (gills) x'g] (gills) / 7n' f] ePkl5
l lr;f] /ut xg' ] kfgLdf /xbF f 5fnf tyf
l kmn' kfb5{ g\ hldgdf kmf]S;fn]
Zjf; k]mg{]
;l/;k[ (Reptilia) kIfL ju{ (Aves) :tgwf/L (Mammalia)
l k|foM 3;/|] lxF8\g] l z/L/ eT' nf / KjfFvn] l tftf] /ut ePsf x'g]
l 5fnf ;V' vf / s8f 9flsPsf] x'g] l bw' sf u|GyL
sTnfn] 9flsPsf] xg' ] l kmf]S;f]af6 ;f; kmg] {] (mammary gland) xg' ]
l lr;f] /ut xg' ] l tftf] /ut x'g] l aRrf hGdfpg] / bw'
l d'6'df tLgcf]6f l d'6d' f rf/cf]6f
r;' fP/ x'sfp{ g]
sf7] f x'g] sf7] f x'g] l kmf]S;fa] f6 ;f; k]mg{]
l kmf]S;fa] f6 ;f; km] g]{ l xf8x¿ xns' f / l Ps hf8] L afxo\
l hldgdf km' n kfg]{
vfj] |mf xg' ] sfg xg' ]
l km' n kfg]{
:jfWoog ;fduL| 133
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
lt;f }“ lbg -v_ tkfOnF{ ] j/ k/ sg' sg' hgfj/ x¿ b V] ge' Psf ] 5 < tL hgfj/x ¿ sg' jud{ f k5g{ \ / tLdWo]
sg' sg' 9f8 ePsf / sg' sg' 9f8 gePsf xg' \ . ;fy } sg' sg' tftf ] /u t ePsf / sg' sg'
lr;f ] /u t ePsf xg' \ . cleefjssf ] ;xof u] df 56' o\ fpgx' f ;] \ / tnsf ] tflnsf k/" f ugx{' f ;] \ .
9f8 gePsf hgfj/s f ] juLs{ /0 f yfxf kfpg sIff ^ sf ] lj1fg lstfasf ] klg ;xfotf lng
;Sgx' G' 5 M
jm| =;=+ hgfj/s f ] ju{ 9f8 ePsf jf lr;f ] /u t ls tftf ] /u t
gfd gePsf
#) != s's/' : tgwf/L 9f8 ePsf
134 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft
#)=#= lsg] sf ] d"No slt <
lbOPsf ] jm| o dN" o lgsfNg ] tl/s fsf ] pbfx/0 f x g] x{' f; ] \ . lbOPsf ;d: ofx¿ xn u/ /] o: t} lt;f }“ lbg
@ cf 6] f lx;fasf ] ;d:o f agfpg'xf;] \ . tkfOnF{ ] ;dfwfg u/ s] f ] lx;fa cleefjsnfO{
bv ] fP/ pxfFx¿;uF ePsf] cg'ej ;G' gx' f;] \ M
pbfx/0 f M #)
la=d=" = ?= 300 / gfkmf = ?= 50 5 eg ] j|m=d"= slt xG' 5 <
oxf,F
la=d"= = ?= 300
gfkmf = ?= 50
j|m=d"= = <
ca, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
gfkmf = la=d"= – j|m=d"=
cyjf, ?= 50 = ?= 300 – jm| =d"=
cyjf, jm| =d"= = ?= 300 – ?= 50 = ?= 250
∴j|m=d=" = ?= 250
1. la=d"= = ?= 300 / gfkmf = ?= 20 2. la=d"= = ?= 290 / gf ]S;fg = ?= 70
3. la=d"= = ?= 650 / gfS] ;fg = ?= 100 4. la=d"= = ?= 1000 / gfkmf = ?= 180
5. k;nn ] ] Pp6f Hofs ]6 ?= 1500 df laj|mL ubf{ ?= 200 gfS] ;fg eP5 eg ] k;nn] ] pSt
Hofs6] sltdf lsg] sf / x ]5g\ < kQf nufpgx' f ];\ .
ljBfyL{sf] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fduL| 135
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
;fdflhs ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#!=!= hfltut ;:+ sf/ nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================
Pslt; }“ f lbg lbOPsf] tflnsfdf nv] s] f] hfltut ;:+ sf/ x¿ k9 /] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ M
hflt hGd ;+sf/ ljjfx ;:+ sf/ d[To' ;+:s f/ k|d'v rf8kj{
#! yf¿ aRrf hGd]s f ] 5 b] lv dfuL, hf/ L / k ]|d zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] df3L -gofF jif{sf
gf } lbgdf Gjf/ fg ljjfxsf ] k|rng jf hnfpg ] ¿kdf_ kmfu' cflb
!! b] lv !% dfdf r] nL km' k" !) b]l v !# gfu k"hf, n'tf]
du/ lbg;Dddf Gjf/ fg r] nf ;] Fu ljjfx lbg leqdf kmfNg ]
dfuL / hf/ L ljjfx sfhlsl/ of
tLg lbgkl5 Gjf/f g dfuL / rf /] L ljjfx zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] ;f g] fd Nxf] ;f/,
tfdfª 5f/ ] Lsf ] kfrF / 5f /] f sf ] tLg lbg h7' f] a'4 hoGtL
5 dlxgfdf kf:g L afg {] / 3j ] f ug {]
-s_ lbOPsf] tflnsfdf tkfOs{F f ] ;db' fodf a;f ]af; ug ]{ hfthfltsf] ljj/0 f tof/ u/ L
hGd, ljjfx / d[To' ;+: sf/ nV] gx' f ];\ . o;} u/L dgfpg ] kd| 'v rf8kj{ klg nV] gx' f ]; \ . o;sf
nflu cleefjssf] ;xof u] lngx' f] ;\ M
hflt hGd ;:+ sf/ ljjfx ;+: sf/ d[To' ;:+ s f/ k|dv' rf8kj{
-v_ cfpg ] dlxgfsf] leQ ]kfqf] x] gx'{ f] ; \ . lbOPsf] ;d'bfosf ] s'g s'g rf8kj{ pSt dlxgfdf
kg{ ] /x 5] < tflnsfdf tof/ u/ L cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf ];\ M
hflt ut] / kj{sf ] gfd hflt ut] / kj{sf] gfd
z k] f{ du/
tfdfª u'?ª
/ fO{ afx'g If] qL
lnDa" lwdfn
yf¿ ofbj
gj ] f/ cGo
136 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg Pslt; }“ f lbg
#!=@= la?jfsf] juLs{ /0 f
-s_ b] xfosf ] la?jfsf] juLs{ /0 f k9g\ 'xf] ;\ . km"n km'Ng] / gkmN' g] la?jfsf ] af/d ] f
1fg xfl;n ug'{xf ];\ M
jg:klt hut\ ;ki' ks (Phanerogams) #!
cki' ks (Cryptogams)
yfnfk ] mfO6f lhDgf:] kd{
(Thallophyta) (Gymnosperm)
h/f , sf08 / kft 56' \ofpg demfn} f tyf 7n' f ?vx¿
;lsbF }g . xl/ ts0f ePsfnfO{ l;of] h:tf] nfdf kft
cNuL elgG5 . cfkm\ gf] vfgf x'G5g\ . jf:tljs kmn
cfkm } F agfpg ;S5g \ . xl/t s0f
gePsfnfO{ kmGhfO elgG5 . nfUbg} g\ . lapx¿ gfªu\ f
vfgf cfkm} F agfpg ;Sb }gg \ . xG' 5g\ . pbfx/0f M ;Nnf,]
pbfx/ 0f M :k fO/f ] ufO/ f, Rofp,
;fOs; cflb
Dos' /, drf{
af| of] kmfO6f 6 l] / 8f]k mfO6f PlGhof]:kd{
(Bryophyta) (Pteridophyta) (Angiosperm)
cf l] ;nf] hldgdf pdG| 5g \ . km" n gk'mNg d] Wo ] ;ae } Gbf km" n k'mN5g\ / kmnleq
axs' fi ] fLo / xl/t s0fo'St ljsl;t x'G5g \ . h/ f, lap x'G5 . o;nfO{ d'Vo
xG' 5g \ . hldgdf c8o\ fpg sf08 / kft : ki6 ljsf; u/L PnbnLo / bO' b{ nLodf
dl;gf /f F} h: tf TofGbf|
xG' 5g\, h;nfO{ /f Ohf]O 8 ePsf ] x'G5 . afl8PF sf] 5 .
xl/ ts0f x'G5 . cfkm} F PsbnLo M wfg, uxF', ds,}
(rhizoid) elgG5 . vfgf agfpF5g \ . cf] l;nf ]
pbfx/ 0f M lne/ j6{;, d; tyf lr;f ] 5xf/L df htftt} af;F , Kofh cflb .
b'O{bnLo M tf/] L, rgf,
dfsl]{ G;of cflb . kfOG5g \ . s/] fp, l;dL, :ofp,
pbfx/0 f M plgp,F
x;6{ ] n, lgp/f ] . ;'Gtnf
:jfWoog ;fduL| 137
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
Pslt; }“ f lbg -v_ tkfOFs{ f ] 3/j l/ kl/ au }Frf, s/ ];faf/ L, vt ] af/ Ldf /f ]l kPsf ljleGg la?jfx¿sf]
cjnf s] g u/ L lbOPsf ] tflnsfdf gfd n V] gx' f ;] \ . cjnf s] g ug{ hfbF f cfˆgf ] cleefjsnfO{
;dt ] ;fy} n}h fgx' f ]; \ . la?jfx¿sf ] cjnf ]sg ubf{ la?jfsf ] gfd yfxf gePdf cleefjsf ]
;xof ]u lngx' f ];\ . o;/ L ;ªs\ ng u/ s] f la?jfx¿sf ] ju,{ kmn" kmN' g] jf gkmN' g ] s: tf la?jf
x'g,\ cleefjs;uF 5nkmn u/ L tflnsfdf eg'{xf ];\ M
jm| =;=+ kmn" sf ] gfd ju{ km"n km'Ng ] jf gkm'Ng ] la?jf
PlGhof ]: kd{ km"n kmN' g ] la?jf
#! ! ;okqL 6 ]l/8 f k] mfO6f km"n gkm'Ng ] la?jf
@ plgpF
#
-u_ dfly lbOPsf juLs{ / 0f km ]/ L kb\g'xf ]; \ . tkfOF{n ] cjnfs] g u/ L ;"rL agfpge' Psf
kmn" x¿ ;Demg'xf] ;\ . tkfO{sF f] j/k / olb lr;f ] / cfl] ;nf ] k/ ]sf] 7fp,F vf] nf, kf] v/ L 5
eg ] To;df / x s] f la?jfx¿ ;dt] cjnfs] g ugx{' f ];\ . km"n km'Ng] / gkm'Ng ] la?jfsf] km/ s
kQf nufO{ tflnsfdf egx{' f ];\ M
km"n kmN' g ] la?jf km"n gkmN' g ] la?jf
138 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cª\uh|] L Pslt; }“ f lbg
31.3. My Crossword #!
A. Fill in the puzzle with the simple past tense form of the
verbs in the clues.
Across:
3. wait 9. stay 5. leave 12. cook 7. teach 13. make 8. walk 14. talk
Down:
1. have 8. wash 2. visit 10. do 3. go 11. ride 4. play 13. meet 6. fly
B. Write 15 simple past tense forms of the verbs from the book.
ljBfyL{sf] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x : tfIf/ M ==========================================================
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 139
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
gk] fnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#@=!= ;+jfb n]v g nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================
alQ;f} “ lbg -s_ lbOPsf ] ;j+ fbsf] cz+ k9\gx' f]; \ . o; ;j+ fbdf dgfh] / nlntf æ3/s f] km" naf/L Æ
zLif{sdf s/' f sfgL ub} { 5g \ . o;/L g } s'/f sfgLnfO{ a9fP/ ;j+ fb k"/f u/L cfÇgf
cleefjsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf ];\ M
-h7] dlxgf ePsfn ] t/ fO{df lgs } udL{ a9g\ yfns ] f] 5 . 3/s f ] k"mnaf/ Ldf a;] / lbbLefO s'/f sfgL
#@ ub}{ km" naf/ Lsf] 5p ] df hf“b} 5g \ ._
dgfh ] M lbbL cfh xfdL ldn/] km" naf/ Lsf ] sfd u/ f }F g n ¤
nlntf M xG' 5 lg ¤ t/ clt udL{ 5 . -;nn] cgx' f/ sf ] kl;gf k:' b } _ ;fgf] s'6f] vf h] fF } g t ¤
dgfh ] M ToxL t . udL{ clt 5 . -s'6f ] vf]H g lbbL;Fu} hfbF }_ oxfF / x5 ] lbbL s'6f] .
nlntf M s6' f] af ]s . d clnslt dn af /] f df xfn] / lnP/ cfpF5' lg x } ¤ -af] / f / k;gL xftdf
lnP/ dn ePlt/ hfbF _}
dgf h] M -s'6f ] lnP/ k"mnaf/ Llt/ hfbF }_ lbbL ¤ rfF8f] ug'{ g . s ] s ] ug] { < dn } ] t hflggF .
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgf]h M ........................................................................................................................==
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgf] h M ...........................................................................................................................
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgfh ] M ...........................................................................................................................
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgf] h M ...........................................................................................................................
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgfh] M ...........................................................................................................................
nlntf M ...........................................................................................................................
dgf] h M ...........................................................................................................................
-bj' } hgf s'6f,] af/] f , k;gL lnP/ wf/f df ;fag' kfgLn] xft wfP] / 3/l eq hfG5g\ ._
-v_ jgef] h hfFbfsf] v';L, ljBfnodf k': tsfno cflb zLif{sdf ;+jfb tof/ u/ L
cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpg'xf] ;\ .
140 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/ df g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft
#@=@= lajm| L dN" o slt <
lbOPsf ] lajm| L dN" o lgsfNg] tl/ sfsf] pbfx/0 f x] g'{xf;] \ . lbOPsf ;d: ofx¿ xn alQ;f} “ lbg
u//] o: t } @ cf6] f lx;fasf ] ;d: of agfpgx' f;] \ . tkfOn{F ] ;dfwfg u/s ] f ] lx;fa
cleefjsnfO{ bv ] fP/ pxfxF ¿;uF ePsf ] cge' j ;'Gg'xf]; \ M
pbfx/ 0f M #@
jm| =d=" = ?= 300 / gfkmf = ?= 50 5 eg ] la=d"= slt x'G5 <
oxfF,
j|m=d"= = ?= 300
gfkmf = ?= 50
la=d"= =<
ca, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, = ?= 350
gfkmf = la=d=" – jm| =d"=
cyjf, ?= 50 = la=d=" – ?= 300
cyjf, la=d=" = ?= 300 + ?= 50
∴ la=d=" = ?= 350
1. jm| =d=" = ?=300 / gfkmf = ?=20 2. jm| =d=" = ?=290 / gf] S;fg = ?=70
3. jm| =d=" = ?=650 / gf] S;fg = ?=100 4. j|m=d=" = ?=1000 / gfkmf = ?=180
5. k;n]n ] Pp6f Hofs6] ?= 1500 df lsg/] ?= 200 gf S] ;fg xg' ] u/L laj|mL u/ ]5g\ eg]
k;n ]n] pSt Hofs ]6 sltdf ar] s ] f / x5 ] g\ < kQf nufpg'xf ]; \ .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 141
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
lj1fg
#@=#= h/f sf ] cfwf/ df PsbnLo / b'O{bnLo la?jfsf] klxrfg
alQ;f} “ lbg cfÇgf] 3/ jl/k l/, af/L df jf jgdf hfgx' f;] \ / b] vs ] f la?jfx¿sf] h/ fsf] cjnfs ] g
ug'{xf; ] \ . cjnf] sg ul/ Psf la?jfsf ] h/f nfO{ u'R5 u'R5 k/] sf / dn" h/f ePsf
u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/ L tnsf ] tflnsf eg'x{ f; ] \ / lrq klg agfpg'xf; ] \ M
#@ j|m=;=+ u'R5 uR' 5 k/ s] f h/f xg' ] la?jfx¿ Pp6f d"n h/f / cGo ;xfos h/ f xg' ] la?jfx¿
-PsbnLo la?jf_ -bO' {bnLo la?jf_
!= Kofh tf /] L
;Dem'kg] { s'/f
• la?jfsf] hldgd'lgsf ] efunfO{ h/ f elgG5 . logLx¿ kf| oM ;] tf, v/ } f / xNsf kx] nF f /ª sf
xG' 5g\ . h/f nfO{ u'R5 ] h/ f (Fibrous root) / dn" h/f (tap root) u/L dV' o b'O{ k|sf/d f
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• uR' 5 ] h/f x¿ sf08sf] tNnf] efuaf6 u'Rrd'Rr eP/ lgl: sG5g \ . oL h/ fx¿ cGo ;;fgf
efudf ljefhg ePsf x'Fb }gg,\ h: tM} ds} sf ] h/ f, wfgsf ] h/ f, Kofhsf] h/f cflb .
• la?jfsf ] sf08af6 Pp6f dV' o h/ f hldglt/ uPsf ] x'G5 eg ] o;nfO{ dn" h/ f elgG5 . dn"
h/f af6 dl;gf h/ fx¿ emfF luP/ lg: ss ] f x'G5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ ;xfos h/f elgG5, h:t M }
rgfsf ] h/f , s/ ] f psf ] h/f , tf/ ] Lsf ] h/f cflb .
• u'R5 u'R5 h/f xg' ] la?jfnfO{ PsbnLo / Pp6f d"n h/f / cGo ;xfos h/ f x'g ] la?jfnfO{
b'O{bnLo la?jf elgG5 .
ljBfyLs{ f ] x:t fIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf ] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
142 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
cªu\ h]| L ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
33.1. Find me nfu ]sf ] ;do M ==========================
A. Find and circle 5 differences between picture 'A' and 'B'. ]tlQ;f“} lbg
Colour the pictures below.
A
##
B
:jfWoog ;fduL| 143
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
]tlQ;f“} lbgcªu\ ]|hL
B. Look at the picture below and reorder them. Write 1-6 number
in the box of pictures.
##
C. Discuss picture with your brother or sister. Write below about
the pictures.
Picture 1. ……………………………………………………………………
Picture 2. ……………………………………………………………………
Picture 3. ……………………………………………………………………
Picture 4. ……………………………………………………………………
Picture 5. ……………………………………………………………………
Picture 6. ……………………………………………………………………
144 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
ul0ft ]tlQ;f“} lbg
##=@= gfkmf / gfS ] ;fg
-s_ lbOPsf kl| tzt ;dfjz] ePsf gfkmf / gf S] ;fg ;DaGwL ljifoj:t ' tyf pbfx/0 f
k9/] ;g' fpgx' f; ] \ M
Pp6f k;nn ] ] Pp6f leQ3] 8L ?= 500 df lsg/ ] ?= 650 df laj|mL u/5 ] g\ eg ] pgnfO{ slt ##
k|ltzt gfkmf jf gf ]S;fg eof ] xf]n f <
oxfF, leQ] 38Lsf] j|m=d=" = ?= 500
leQ ]38Lsf] la=d"= = ?= 650
oxfF, leQ3 ] 8Lsf] jm| =d"= eGbf la=d"= a9L ePsfn ] k;n]n fO{ gfkmf xG' 5 .
gfkmf = ?= 650 - ?= 500 = ?= 150
k;n n] ] ?= 500 df ?= 150 gfkmf u/ ] . o; egfOnfO{ k|ltztdf abNbf M
;j{ky| d gfkmfnfO{ leGgdf n ]Vbf 150 x'G5 .
500
gfkmfnfO{ k|ltztdf abNbf 150 × 100% xG' 5 .
500
To;n} ], gfkmf kl| tzt = 150 × 100% = 30%
500
jf:tljs gfkmf
∴gfkmf kl| tzt = j|mo dN" o × 100%
/ gf ]S;fg kl| tzt = jf:tljs gfS] ;fg × 100%
j|mo dN" o
-v_ lbOPsf cj: yfdf slt kl| tzt gfkmf jf gf] S;fg xf ]nf < sfkLdf cEof; ug'{xf ];\ M
pbfx/ 0f
Pp6f k;nn ] ] lstfa ?= 250 df lsg ]/ ?= 350 df laj|mL u/ 5] g\ eg] pgnfO{ slt k|ltzt
gfkmf jf gf] S;fg eof] xfn] f <
oxfF, lstfasf ] jm| =d=" = ?= 250
lstfasf] la=d"= = ?= 350
ca, jf: tljs gfkmf = ?= 350 - ?= 250 = ?= 100
km/] L, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
gfkmf kl| tzt = jf:tljs gS;fg × 100%= × 100% = 40%
jm| o d"No
1. jm| =d=" = ?= 350 / la=d=" = ?= 300 2. jm| =d"= = ?= 600 / la=d=" = ?= 575
3. jm| =d"= = ?= 950 / la=d=" = ?= 900 4. jm| =d"= = ?= 1500 / la=d=" = ?= 1700
5. k;n n] ] /f dnfO{ ?= 1500 df lsgs ] f ] Ps hf/] hQ' f ?= 1750 df laj|mL u/]5 g\ eg ] k;n]n fO{ slt
k|ltzt gfkmf jf gf ]S;fg eP5 < kQf nufpgx' f; ] \ .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 145
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
]tlQ;f“} lbg ;fdflhs
##=#= xfdf| ] / Lltl/ jfh
lbOPsf] s'/ f k9/ ] cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f ;] \ M
k/ Dk/ fb] lv rlncfPsf ] Jojxf/ , rfnrng, kr| ng, /L ltlyltsf ] ;dli6 ¿k / Lltl/j fh xf ] .
## o;df hGd, dT[ o' / ljjfx ;:+ s f/ sf ;fy} rf8kjn{ ufotsf ljljw kIfx¿ k5{g \ . dfl} ns k ;] f,
efiff, wd{, ;+: s[lt, jz ] ei" ff klx/g , vfgkfg cflb ;DaGwL s'/f x¿ klg /L ltl/ jfhdf k5{g \ .
a9L kr| lnt klx/g eGbf km/s dfl } ns dflg;n ] cfÇgf gfs, sfg, 3f6“ L, xft, v'6\6f cflbdf
ks| l[ tsf kf ;] fs, nu' fkmf6fnfO{ ljz i] f nufpg] z[ª\uf/s f ;fwgnfO{ u/u xgf elgG5 .
klx/g elgG5 . g k] fnsf ] ef u} f ]lns g ] kfnLsf u/ uxgfn ] g ]kfnL / Lltl/ jfhsf] klg
If ]q, lnª\u, hfltljz] ifcg';f/ k|ltlgwTj u5{g \ . efu } fl ] ns Ifq ] , hflt, lnª\u cflbsf
ljleGg k|sf/ sf ljz ]if klx/ g cfwf/d f u/u xgfdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . uxgfx¿
k|rlnt 5g\ . ;g' , rfb“ L, lx/ f df t] L h: tf wft' / kTy/ af6 agfOG5 .
-s_ tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf a;f ]jf; ug{] hfthfltsf] ;"rL sfkLdf tof/ ug{'xf ;] \ . tkfOFs{ f]
cfˆgf ] hft tnsf] tflnsfdf n]v / ] nufpg ] klx/ g / u/u xgfsf] ;r" L tof/ ug'{xf ];\ .
o:t } tflnsf sfkLdf agfP/ c¿ hfltsf ] klg ljj/0 f tof/ ug{x' f ];\ . o;sf nflu
cleefjsf ] klg ;xof u] lng'xf] ;\ . o: tf] rngsf ;DaGwdf cleefjsf] wf/ 0ff ae' m ]/
sfkLdf n V] gx' f ];\ M
hfltsf] gfd M
ljj/0 f nufpg] s'/ fsf ] gfd
ljz] if klx/g dlxnf
k?' if
aflnsf
afns
u/ uxgf dlxnf
k?' if
-v_ tkfO{F ;d'bfodf nufpg ] # cf6 ] f u/u xgfsf] lrq sfkLdf agfP/ /ª ug'x{ f; ] \ . pSt
uxgfsf ] wflds{ tyf ;f:+ s[lts dxTjsf af/ ]df Ps Ps cg'Rb] 5 nv ] ]/ cleefjsnfO{
;g' fpgx' f] ;\ . ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg cfbfg kb| fg ugx{' f] ;\ .
ljBfyL{sf ] x: tfIf/ M ========================================================== cleefjssf] x: tfIf/ M ==========================================================
146 :jfWoog ;fduL|
3/d f g } ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
g]kfnL ldlt M =============================================
af/ = M ==============================================
#$=!= hLjgL n v] g nfu ]sf] ;do M ==========================
-s_ lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ Wofgkj" s{ k9\gx' f ]; \ . hLjgLsf] ;'? efudf gfd, hGd, rf“} lt;f“} lbg
afac' fdf, lzIff cflb s/' f nV ] gx' f ;] \ . lar efudf dxŒjk0" f{ sfd, of u] bfg, ;Ddfg tyf
pkflw cflbsf af/d] f nV] gx' f]; \ / cGTodf dxŒjk0" f{ of u] bfg / k|] /0 ff n ]Vgx' f; ] \ . tn
lbOPsf abF' fx¿sf cfwf/ df zLifs{ ;lxt hLjgL n V] gx' f ;] \ / cleefjsnfO{ b v] fpgx' f ;] \ M
-c_ gfd M q} nf] Sogfy kf]v /]n #$
-cf_ hGd M lj= ;+= !(() kmfu'g, wgs'6f
-O_ afNohLjgM ;fdfGo kl/ jf/s f ] ePsfn] b'Mv;v' df lat]s f ]
-O{_ ljz ]if 36gf M !((@ ;fndf lakm/s f] dxfdf/ L km } lnPsf], ToxL dxfdf/ Ln] cf“vfsf] x ]g {]
zlSt gi6 ePsf ]
-p_ ldlxgt ] / ;fwgf M c¿n ] eg]s f] ;'g] / kf7 s07 kfg{] afgL, oxL j|mddf @)@! ;fndf
cfk"mn] pQ/ eGg] / ;xof] uLn] nl ] vlbg] u/ ]/ P;Pn;L k/ LIff pQL0f{, jm| dzM o;/L g} k9]
/ / hf“rlbP/ cfOP, laP / PdP pQL0f{, PdP pQL0f{ ePsf ] ;fn lj= ;+= @)@(
-pm_ lj=;+= @)#) b ]lv @)%* ;Dd lqrGb| sn]h df kf| Wofkg
-P_ lgwg M @)%* h] i7 !( ut]
-v_ tkfO{Fsf ] ;db' fodf dxÎjk0" f{ ofu ] bfg lbg ] JolStx¿sf] af/] df cleefjs;uF 5nkmn
ugx{' f ;] \ . cleefjssf ] ;xof u] df dxÎjk0" f{ ofu ] bfg lbg ] JolStsf ] gfd, hGdldlt, hGd:y fg,
aa' fcfdfsf ] gfd, lzIff, dxÎjk"0f{ sfd, of ]ubfg, ;Ddfg, pkflw, k ]|/0 ff h: tf kIfx¿
;d] 6 ]/ hLjgL tof/ kfg{x' f] ;\ .
:jfWoog ;fdu|L 147
3/ df g} ug{ ;lsg ] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
rf“} lt;f“} lbgul0ft
#$=@= laj|mo dN" o
lbOPsf kl| tzt ;dfj ]z ePsf gfkmf / gf] S;fg ;DaGwL pbfx/ 0f k9 ]/ ;g' fpg'xf; ] \ .
lajm| o dN" o kQf nufpg ] ;d:o fx¿ sfkLdf ;dfwfg u// ] cleefjsnfO{ ae' mfpgx' f ;] \ M
pbfx/ 0f
#$ Pp6f k;nn] ] lstfa ?= 250 df lsg] / 40% gfkmf xg' ] u/ L laj|mL u/]5 g\ eg ] pgn ] pSt lstfa
sltdf lajm| L u/s ] f / x5 ] g \ <
oxfF, lstfasf ] j|m=d=" = ?= 250
gfkmf = 40%
lstfasf] la=d=" =<
ca, lstfasf ] jm| o dN" o ?= 250 df gfkmf 40% lgsfn]/ hf8 ] \g' g } laj|mo d"No xG' 5 .
To; n} ] , jf: tljs gfkmf = ?= 250 sf] 40% = ?= 250 × = ?= 100
km/ ] L, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
laj|mo d"No = jm| o d"No + gfkmf = ?= 250 + ?= 100 = ?= 350
∴lstfasf ] laj|mo dN" o = ?= 350
1. j|m=d=" = ?= 300 / gfkmf k|ltzt = 20%
2. j|m=d"= = ?= 850 / gfS] ;fg kl| tzt = 20%
3. jm| =d=" = ?= 1200 / gfkmf kl| tzt =15%
4. j|m=d"= = ?= 1500 / gf ]S;fg k|ltzt =12%
5. Pp6f k;n ]n] km"ndfofnfO{ ?= 1300 df lsg] sf ] Pp6f ;f8L 15% gfkmf u/ L lajm| L u/ ]5g\ eg]
sltdf laj|mL u/ ]sf / x] 5g \ < kQf nufpg'xf;] \ .
148 :jfWoog ;fdu|L
3/d f g} ug{ ;lsg] l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ -sIff &_
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Self Learning Materials Class 7
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