स्वास्थ्य शारीरिक तथा सिर्जनात्मक कला कक्षा ७

:jf:Yo zf/Ll/s tyf
l;h{gfTds snf

sIff &

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
@)&*

:jf:Yo zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf

sIff &

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eStk/'

© ;jfl{ wsf/ kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

978-9937-601- -

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b| ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/df lglxt
/xs] f] 5 . kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s ko| fh] gsf nflu o;sf] k'/}
jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug,{ kl/jt{g u//] k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo
k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

k/LIf0f ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&*

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb|, ;dGjo tyf ks| fzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' 'g cg/' fw] 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;´¬ fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflbs{ :jfut ub5{ .

xfdf| ] egfO

kf7\oj|md lzIf0f l;sfOsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{df ck]lIft bIftf ljsf;

ug]{ Ps dV' o ;fwg xf] . o; kIfnfO{ bl[ i6ut ub{} kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] ljBfno lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s,

;do;fkI] f / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] p2]Zon] kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sfon{ fO{

lg/Gt/tf lbbF } cfPsf] 5 . cfwf/et" lzIffn] afnaflnsfdf cfwf/et" ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff / l;k Pjd\

hLjgf]kofu] L l;ksf] ljsf;sf ;fy} JolStut :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgLsf] ljsf; ug{] cj;/

k|bfg ug{'k5{ . cfwf/e"t lzIffsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fk|lt

;r]t eO{ cg'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / :jfjnDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ . o;n]

lj1fg, jftfj/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fO{ snf tyf ;f}Gbok{ l| t cle?lr

hufpg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, :jf:Yos/ afgL Pjd\ l;h{gfTdstfsf] ljsf; tyf hfthflt, wd{,

efiff, ;+:s[lt, If]qk|lt ;Ddfg / ;defjsf] ljsf; klg cfwf/et" lzIffsf ck]lIft kIf xg' \ . b]zk|]d,

/fli6«o Pstf, nfs] tflGqs d"NodfGotf tyf ;:+ sf/ l;sL Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ko| fu] ug',{ ;fdflhs u0' fsf]

ljsf; tyf gful/s st{Jok|lt ;hutf ckgfpg' / b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg{] Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf]

klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vfh] L ug'{ klg cfwf/et" txsf] lzIffsf cfjZos kIf x'g\ . o; kIfnfO{

bl[ i6ut u/LljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ sf] dd{cg'¿k b]zsf ljleGg ljBfnodf

k/LIf0f ug]{ ko| f]hgsf nflu cfwf/et" lzIff -sIff&_ sf] :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf]

kf7\oj|mdcg¿' k of] k':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] n]vg >L kzk' lt clwsf/L, 8f= gfuG] b| dxtf,] >L uu+ fw/ zf?, >L lzj/fh kf}8]n /

>L ;d' g l;njfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfod{ f o; sG] bs| f dxflgbz{] s >L c0fk;| fb

Gofk} fg,] >L /0] fs' f kf08] ei' ffn, kf| =8f= lzjz/0f dxhg{ , kf| =8f= lrqaxfb/' a9' fyfs] L, ;x=kf| = ;h' g lrqsf/, ;x kf| =

;/' z] hu+ zfxL, >L ki' k yfkf du/, >L zdLn{ f la=s, >L kl| bk aGhg / >L gjLGbd| fg /fhe08f/Lsf] ofu] bfg /xs] f]

5 . o; kf7\ok:' tssf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg k|f= 8f= /fds[i0f dxh{g, >L >Lxl/ >]i7 / o'j/fh clwsf/Laf6

ePsf] xf] . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L u0fz] k;| fb e66\ /fO,{ >L lrgfsd' f/L lg/fn} f / snf ;Dkfbg >L >Lxl/

>]i7af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}kl| t kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

sG] b| wGojfb k|s6 ub5{ .

o; kf7\ok':tsn] ljBfyL{df lgwf{l/t ;Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] 5 .

o;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf sIff

lj|mofsnfkaf6 x'g] l;sfOnfO{ dha't agfpg ;xof]u ug{] 5 . of] lzIfssf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf]

of]hgf geO{ ljBfyL{sf l;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;fdu|L xf] . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf

;xof]uk'¥ofpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdfafns]lGb|t, l;sfOs]lGb|t, cg'ejs]lGb|t, p2]Zod"ns,

ko| fu] dv' L / ljm| ofsnfkdf cfwfl/t agfpg] ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] hLjGt cge' jlar

tfbfTDo sfod ub}{ o;sf] ;xh k|of]u ug{ lzIfsn] ;xhstf{, pTk/|] s, k|jws{ / vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf

el" dsfsf] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . o; k:' tsnfO{ c´ kl/ist[ kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs,

al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;dt] ljzi] f e"ldsf /xg] xFb' f ;Da4 ;as} f] /rgfTds ;´' fjsf nflu

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b| xflb{s cg'/fw] ub{5 .

gk] fn ;/sf/

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lj= ;+= @)&* kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

ljifo;r" L k[i7;ª\Vof
!
j|m=;= zLif{s !^
!= dfgj z/L/ #@
@= ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo $@
#= kf]if0f / vfB ;/' Iff %(
$= /f]u ;/' Iff / k|fylds pkrf/ &)
%= ofl} gs tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo &*
^= zf/Ll/s s;/t / sjfh *^
&= Pynl] 6S; / ;fxl;s ljm| ofsnfk !))
*= v]n !)&
(= of]u !@!
!)= snfsf] kl/ro, /]vflrq / /ª !@(
!!= 5kfO, df6fsf] sfd, sfn] fh / lgdf{0f !$&
!@= ufog / jfbg
!#= gT[ o / clego

dfgj z/L/ (Human Body) !PsfO

dfgj z/L/ ;;fgf sfi] fx¿ ldn/] aG5 . ;dfg lsl;dsf sf]if ldn/] tGt' / ljleGg
lsl;dsf tGt' ldn/] cªu\ aG5 . ;femf sfo{ ug{] cªu\ sf] ;d"x ldn/] k0| ffnL
aG5g\ . ljleGGf k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;dli6ut ¿k dfgj z/L/ xf] .

!=! kfrg k|0ffnL (Digestive system)

-s_ kfrg k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to digestive system)

xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ ljleGg sfd ugs{ f nflu zlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . xfdLn] zlSt
k|fKt ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf vfg]s/' f vfG5fF} . xfdLn] vfPsf vfgfdf /x]sf kf]ifs tŒj
zlStdf ablnG5g\ . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgfnfO{ 6s' |fpg,] lgNg], 3n' fpg,] krfpg,] zfi] f0f
ug]{ / zf]if0f x'g g;s]sf vfg]s/' fx¿nfO{ z/L/af6 lgisf;g ug]{ k0| ffnLnfO{ kfrg
k0| ffnL elgG5 . kfrg k|0ffnLdf efu lng] cªu\ x¿ d'v, s07, vfgfgnL, cfdfzo,
;fgf] cfGbf| , 7'nf] cfGb|f / dnåf/ xg' \ .

dv'

7n' f] cfGbf| cfdf;o
:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & ;fgf] cfGbf|

1

-c_ dv' (Mouth)

dv' kfrg k|0ffnLdf efu lng] klxnf] cªu\ xf] . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgfnfO{ bftF n]
rkfP/ 6j' |mfpF5 . dv' df /xs] f] ¥ofn ul| Gyn] OGhfOd;lxtsf] ¥ofn pTkfbg u5{ .
o;n] vfgfnfO{ g/d agfO{ lgNg / krfpg dbt u5{ .

-cf_ s07 (Phryanx)

s07 d'v / vfgfgnLsf] lardf /x]sf] cª\u xf] . oxfF Zjf;gnL / vfgfgnL
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf cfdfzfolt/ hfg] jm| ddf Zjf;gnL aGb xG' 5
/ vfgf vfgfgnLlt/ hfG5 .

-O_ vfgfgnL (Oesophagus)

vfgfgnL Pp6f nfdf] tyf ;f3F /' f] df;+ k]zLo gnL xf] . o;nfO{ ef]hggnL klg
elgG5 . o;n] vfgfnfO{ dv' af6 cfdfzo;Dd k'¥ofpg dbt u5{ .

-O_{ cfdfzo (Stomach)

vfgfgnLsf] clGtd efub]lv ;fgf] cfGbf| ;Dd hf]l8Psf] df;+ kz] Lo yn} L cfdfzo
xf] . of] cªu\ h]| L cIf/sf] 'J' cfsf/sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] leQfdfw/] } kfrg uGyL|
xG' 5g\ . tL uG| yLn] kfrg /; pTkfbg u5{g\ . To:tf kfrg /;x¿ xfdLn] vfPsf]
vfgfdf ldl;G5g\ / vfgfnfO{3'nfpg] / 6'jm| \offpg] sfd u5{ . o;n] vfgfdf
/xs] f k|fl] 6g / lrNnf] kbfy{ krfpg] sfo{ u5{ . olb vfg]s/' f t/n ¿kdf 5 eg]
kfrg lj|mof l56f] xG' 5 eg] vfgs] '/f 7f]; ePdf kfrg ljm| of s]xL l9nf] x'G5 . o;n]
vfgfnfO{ s]xL ;dosf nflu e08f/g ;d]t u5{ .

-p_ ;fgf] cfGb|f (Small intestine)

;fgfc] fGbf| kfrg k|0ffnLsf ;ae} Gbf nfdf] / dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . of] cª\u cfdfzo
bl] v 7n' f] cfGbf| ;Dd hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . o;sf] nDafO jo:s JolStdf sl/a tLgb]lv
kfrF ld6/;Ddsf] xG' 5 . ;fgf] cfGbf| n] vfgfnfO{ kf}li6s tŒjsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug]{ sfd u5{ . vfgfdf /x]sf w]/h} ;f] kfl} i6s tŒjsf] kfrg / zfi] f0f oxL cª\udf
xG' 5 . o;n] zfi] f0f u/]sf kf}li6s tŒj /utdf ldl;P/ z/L/sf] k|To]s sfi] fdf k'U5g\ .

o;sf tLgcf6] f efux¿ x'G5g\ . 8o\ 8' ]gd (duodenum) ;fgf] cfGbf| sf] ;a}eGbf
dflyNnf] efu xf ] . hh] 'gd (jejunum) ;fgf] cfGb|fsf] larsf] efu xf] . o;sf]
leQfdf /xs] f ;;fgf /fF} h:tf lenfOx{ ¿n] kfl} i6s tŒjnfO{ zfi] f0f u5{g\ . Olnod

2 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

(Ileum) ;fgf] cfGbf| sf] clGtd efu xf] . o;n] yf/] } dfqfdf kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf]
zfi] f0f u5{ / afFsL 7f;] j:tn' fO{ pT;h{gsf nflu 7n' f] cfGb|fdf k7fpg] u5{ .

-pm_ 7'nf] cfGbf| (Large Intestine)

;fgf] cfGb|fbl] v dnåf/;Dd hfl] 8Psf] cªu\ 7n' f] cfGb|f xf] . o;sf] nDafO jo:s
JolStdf sl/a!=% ld6/ x'G5 . o;n] ;fgf] cfGb|fdf kfrg x'g g;ss] f nj0f, kfgL
/ afsF L /x]sf kbfy{nfO{ ;f:] g] / ljsf/ kbfy{x¿ lb;fsf ¿kdf dnfzotkm{ k7fpg]
sfd u5{.

-P_ dnfzo (Rectum)

dnfzon] kfrg x'g g;ss] f cgfjZos j:t' lb;fsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ / lb;fnfO{
dnåf/lt/ k7fpg] sfd u5{ .

-P] _ dnåf/ (Anus)

dnåf/ kfrg k0| ffnLsf] clGtd efu xf] . o;af6 kfrg xg' g;s]sf lasf/ j:t'
lb;fsf ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk !=!

Pp6f sf8a{ f8] jf rf6k{ ]k/df kfrg k0| ffnLsf cªu\ x¿ ;lxtsf] lrq / sfox{ ¿
n]vL sIffsf]7fdf 6f:“ gx' f];\ .

-v_ kfrg k|lj|mof (Digestive process)

s'g} klg zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfk ug{ zlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . kfrg kl| j|mofaf6
xfdLnfO{ rflxg] zlSt kf| Kt x'G5 . kfrg kl| jm| of dv' af6 ;?' eO{ dnåf/;Dd k'Ubf
k"/f x'G5 . o; kl| j|mofdf vfg]s/' fnfO{ rkfpg,] lgNg], c3n' gzLn ¿kaf6 3'ngzLn
agfpg,] cfjZos tŒjx¿sf] zfi] f0f ug{] / z/L/sf nflu cgfjZos ljsf/ j:tx' ¿nfO{
lb;fsf] ¿kdf z/L/aflx/ lgisf;g ug{] sfo{ xG' 5g\ . o;/L vfgfdf /xs] f c3n' gzLn
kf}li6s tŒjnfO{ kfrg /;sf] dbtn] 3'ngzLn ¿kdf abNg] lj|mofnfO{ kfrg
elgG5 . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgfdf /x]sf oL kfl} i6s tŒj 3'ngzLn ¿kdf ablnPkl5
l;w} /utdf ldl;G5 / z/L/sf] kT| o]s sf]ifdf kU' b5 . To;kl5 clS;hgsf] ;xfotfn]
zlSt lgdf{0f x'G5 .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 3

-u_ kfrg k|0ffnLsf sfo{x¿ (Function of digestive system)

;+jfb k9f}“ / a'emf}M“

lzIfs M ljBfyLx{ ¿ xfdL kfrg kf| 0ffnLsf sfoa{ f/] Psl5g 5nkmn u/f}F x} t .

ljBfyLx{ ¿ M x'G5 . ;/.

lzIfs M xfd|f] z/L/df kfrg kf| 0ffnLn] s] s] sfo{ u5{ xfn] f <

/fdhfg M vfgs] /' fnfO{ rkfpg,] lgNg,] krfpg] sfd kfrg k0| ffnLn] u5,{ ;/ .

lzIfs M :ofaf;, n ca nlntfsf] kfnf] .

nlntf M o; k0| ffnLn] vfgfdf /x]sf c3'ngzLn kfl} i6s tŒjx¿nfO{ ljleGg
kfrg/;x¿sf] dbtn] 3'ngzLn ¿kdf abNg] / zfi] f0f ug{] sfo{ klg
u5{ ;/ .

lzIfs M l7s eGof} nlntf .

km' jf{M M d klg sx] L yK5' x} t . o; k|0ffnLn] zf]if0f x'g g;ss] f tŒjx¿nfO{
lb;fsf ¿kdf lgisf;g ug{] sfo{ klg u5{ lg .

lzIfs M n l7s 5 . ;an} fO{ wGojfb . o;/L g} c? ;fyLx¿;Fu kl5 5nkmn
u/ x} .

ljBfyL{x¿ M x'G5, ;/ .

lj|mofsnfk !=@
;fyL;“u 5nkmn u/L l7s jf a]l7s 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ M

jm| =;=+ kfrg k|0ffnLsf sfo{

!= kfrg k0| ffnLn] vfgfdf /xs] f 3n' gzLn kf}li6s tŒjx¿nfO{ c3n' gzLn
¿kdf abNg] sfo{ u5{ .

@= cfdfzo kfrg ljm| ofdf efu lng] cªu\ xf] .

#= ;fgf] cfGbf| sf] sfd kfl} i6s tŒjx¿sf] zfi] f0f ug{' xf] .

$= kfrg kl| jm| ofsf] jm| ddf z/LnfO{ rflxg] hlt kfgLsf] zfi] f0f dnfzodf xG' 5 .

4 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

!=@ Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnL (Respiratory system)

-s_ Zjf; kZ| jf; k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to respiratory

system)

;a} ;hLjx¿nfO{ afFRgsf nflu clS;hgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofn]
xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] clS;hg kf| Kt ug{ dbt u5{ . o; sfod{ f efu lng] cªu\
gfs, s07, :j/oGq, Zjf;gnL, pkZjf;gnLx¿ / kmfS] ;f] x'g\ . aflxl/ jftfj/0fdf
/xs] f] clS;hgo'St xfjf z/L/leq lng] / z/L/leqsf] sfa{g 8fO cS;fO8oS' t xfjf
aflx/ ˆofFSg] cªu\ x¿sf] ;fdl"xs sfo{nfO{ g} Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL elgG5 .

gfs s07
:j/ oGq

Zjf; gnL

pkZjf; gnL
kmfS] ;f]

Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnLsf cªu\ x¿ (Organs of respiratory system)

-c_ gfs (Nose)

gfs Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLsf] klxnf] cªu\ xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfd jfod' 08naf6
clS;hgoS' t xfjfnfO{ kmf]S;fd] f k7fpg' / kmfS] ;f]af6 sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 o'St xfjf
aflx/ km\ofFSg' xf] . gfssf] Kjfnleq /xs] f /fF}n] jfod' 08naf6 cfpg] xfjfdf /x]sf
wn' fsf s0fx¿nfO{ 5fGg] sfd u5g{ \ . o;n] af:gf / uGwsf] ;j+ ]bgf jf cg'e"ltnfO{
xfdf| ] dl:tis;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd klg u5{ .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 5

-cf_ s07 (Pharynx)

s07 kfrg k0| ffnL tyf Zjf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLsf] ;femf cªu\ xf] . of] 3f6F Lsf lardf
/xs] f] x'G5 . o;n] xfjfnfO{ Gofgf] / cf]l;nf] kf/L :j/oGqdf k7fpg] sfd u5{ .

-O_ :j/oGq (Larynx)

:j/oGq s07b]lv Zjf;gnL;Dd km}lnPsf] cªu\ xf] . o;df ?b|3G6L (adam's
apple) /xs] f] xG' 5 . o;n] :j/nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ dbt u5{ . o;n] xfjfnfO{ Gofgf] /
cfl] ;nf] kf/L Zjf;gnLdf k7fpg] sfd u5{ .

-O{_ Zjf;gnL (Trachea)

s07bl] v kmf]S;f];Dd km}lnPsf] gnLnfO{ Zjf;gnL elgG5 . o;n] :j/oGq xF'b} cfPsf]
xfjfnfO{ pkZjf;gnL;Dd k¥' ofpg] sfo{ u5{ .

-p_ pkZjf;gnL tyf ;xfos Zjf;gnL (Bronchi and bronchioles)

Zjf;gnLnfOb{ fofF pkZjf;gnL / afofF pkZjf;gnL u/L b'O{ efudf aflF 8G5 . oL
pkZjf;gnLx¿ cem dl;gfdl;gf gnLx¿df aflF 8G5g\ h;nfO{ ;xfos Zjf;gnLx¿
elgG5 . logLx¿sf] 6K' kfdf xfjfsf y}nLx¿ (alveoli) /x]sf x'G5g\ .tL xfjfsf
y}nLx¿df clS;hg / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] ;f6f;f6 ug]{ sfd x'G5\ .

-pm_ kmfS] ;f] (Lungs)

kmf]S;f] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLsf] k|d'v cª\u xf] . kmf]S;f] xfd|f] 5ftLsf] s/ªsf]
yf/] fl;s uk' mfleq /xs] f] xG' 5 . of] bfofF kmfS] ;f] / afofF kmfS] ;f] u/L bO' { efudf aflF 8Psf]
x'G5 . bfofF kmfS] ;fd] f tLg v08 / afofF kmf]S;f]df b'O{ v08 /x]sf] xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{
bfofF kmf]S;fsf] cfsf/ cln 7n' f] / nfdf] xG' 5 . kmf]S;f]leq Zjf;gnL, xfjfsf
yn} Lx¿, wdgL, l;/f Pjd\ /Sts]lzsfx¿ xG' 5g\ . kmfS] ;fdf /x]sf sl/a ;f7L nfv
xfjfsf y}nLx¿n] xfjfnfO{ 5fgL z'4 kfg]{ sfd u5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk !=#

Pp6f sf8{af]8d{ f l;;fsndn] Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnLsf] vfsf sfg] {'xf];\ . ljleGg
/ªsf wfuf] ko| f]u u/L Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnLsf cªu\ x¿ :ki6 b]lvg] u/L Pp6f
gd'gf tof/ ug{'xf;] \ / k|bz{gL af]8d{ f 6f:F gx' f;] \ .

6 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

-v_ Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| jm| of (Respiraetory process)

aflx/L jftfj/0fdf /xs] f] clS;hgoS' t xfjf z/L/leq lng] / z/L/leqsf] sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8oS' t xfjf aflx/ ˆofSF g] sfo{ g} Zjf;k|Zjf; k|ljm| of xf] . o; kl| jm| ofdf
jfod' 08naf6 lnPsf] clS;hg gfs, s07, :j/ oGq, Zjf;gnL, pkZjf;gnL xF'b}
kmfS] ;f]df /xs] f xfjfsf yn} Lx¿df k'Ub5 . xfjfsf yn} Lx¿df hDdf ePsf] clS;hg
/utsf dfWodaf6 z/L/sf] k|To]s sf]if;Dd kU' b5 . tL xfjfsf y}nLx¿df clS;hg
/ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] ;f6f;f6 ug{] sfd xG' 5\ . o;kl5 kmf]S;faf6 clS;hgo'St
/ut /StgnLx¿xb'F } d'6';Dd kU' b5 / d6' a' f6 pSt /ut /StgnLx¿x'Fb} z/L/sf ;a}
/Stsf]ifx¿ k'Ub5 . sf]ifx¿df kfrg k|lj|mofaf6 k|fKt Un'sf]h / clS;hgsf]
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof eO{ zlSt pTkGg xG' 5 . o;/L Zjf;kZ| jf;jf6 ;hLjx¿n]
cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos kg{] zlSt kf| Kt u5g{ \ . of] sfod{ f pTkGg ePsf] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
kmfS] ;f] x'Fb} aflx/ lg:sG5 .

-u_ Zjf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLsf sfox{ ¿ (Function of respiratory system)

-c_ jfod' 08ndf /xs] f] clS;hgoS' t xfjf lng' / z/L/leq /xs] f] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8oS' t
xfjf aflx/ ˆofFSg'

-cf_ /utdf /xs] f] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 kmf]S;fnfO{ lbg' / kmfS] ;f;Fu /xs] f clS;hg
/utnfO{ lbg'

-O_ sf]ifx¿df /x]sf] Uns' fh] / clS;hg lardf kl| tljm| of eO{ zlSt kf| Kt ug'{

!=# /St;~rf/ k0| ffnL (Circulatory system)

-s_ /St ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to circulatory system)

xfd|f] z/L/leq /ut lgoldt ¿kn] alu/x]sf] xG' 5 . /utn] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] kfl} i6s
tŒj clS;hg, kfgL, xdfg{] , nj0f cflb z/L/sf] kT| os] sfi] fx¿;Dd k¥' ofpg] sfd u5{
. ;fy} o;n] z/L/df ags] f ljsf/o'St j:tn' fO{ z/L/ aflx/ lgisf;g ug{ dbt u5{ .
/St;~rf/ k0| ffnLdf kmfS] ;f] / z/L/sf] sfi] fx¿lar clS;hg / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf]
;f6f;f6 x'g] sfd xG' 5 . o;n] kfrg k0| ffnLåf/f zfi] f0f ePsf ;a} kfi] fs tŒj
z/L/sf ;a} efusf sf]if;Dd k¥' ofp5F . /St;~rf/ k0| ffnLdf efu lng] cª\ux¿ d'6',
/ut / /StgnL x'g\ . oL] cª\ux¿sf] ;fdl" xs sfo{nfO{ /St;~rf/ k0| ffnL elgG5 .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 7

-v_ /St;~rf/ k0| ffnLsf cª\ux¿ (Organs of circulatory system )

-c_ d'6' (Heart)

d6' ' /St;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . d6' ' 5ftLsf] afofFk6l\ 6
s/ªleq ;'/lIft /xs] f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ xb] f{ d6' \7Lsf] cfsf/ h:t} b]lvG5 . of]
ljzi] f k|sf/sf] df;+ k]zLaf6 ag]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ xb[ o df;+ k]zL (Cardiac
muscle) elgG5 .

dflyNnf] e]gs] fef Pcf6] f{
kndf]g/L eNe kndf]g/L wdgL
afof e]lG6s« n

bfof e]lG6s« n

tNnf] e]gs] fef

d6' 'df rf/cf]6f sf7] fx¿ xG' 5g\ . d6' s' f dflyNnf b'Oc{ f6] f sf7] fx¿nfO{ cl/sn
elgG5 . d6' 'sf tNnf b'Oc{ f]6f sf7] fx¿nfO{ el] G6s« n elgG5 . d'6n' ] /StgnLdfkmt{
kmfS] ;faf6 cfPsf] z'4 /utnfO{ k/' } z/L/el/ k7fpg] sfd u5{ . o;n] k/' } z/L/sf]
cz4' /utnfO{ /StgnLdfkm{t z'4 xg' sf nflu kmf]S;fdf k7fpg] sfd;d]t u5{ .

-cf_ /StgnLx¿ (Blood vessels)

xfd|f] z/L/df /ut k|jfx ug]{ gnLnfO{ /StgnL elgG5 . /StgnL tLg ks| f/sf xG' 5g\
hg' lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-!_ wdgL (Artery)

d'6a' f6 z/L/df clS;hgoS' Q /ut k/' fpg] gnLx¿nfO{ wdgL (artery) elgG5 .
Pcf]6{ f d'6s' f] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] wdgL xf] . o;n] d'6'af6 clS;hgoS' Q /ut lnP/ k'/}

8 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

z/L/sf ljleGg cªu\ df hfg] ePsfn] o;df /utsf] bafa a9L xG' 5 . /utsf] bafa
a9L ePsf sf/0fn] o;sf] leQf afSnf] / nlrnf] xG' 5 . kNdf]g/L wdgLn] dfq d'6s' f]
bfofF el] G6s« naf6 sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8o'SQ /ut afs] ]/ kmfS] ;f;] Dd nfG5 .

-@_ l;/f (Vein)

z/L/df /x]sf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8o'SQ /utnfO{ z'4 x'gsf nflu d'6'lt/ Nofpg]
gnLx¿nfO{ l;/f elgG5 . o;df /utsf] bafa sd ePsfn] o;sf] leQf kftnf]
x'G5 . kmf]S;faf6 z4' /ut d6' s' f] afofF cl/sn;Dd Nofpg] sfd kNdfg] /L l;/fn]
u5{ . kNdfg] /L l;/fn] eg] clS;hgoS' Q /ut afS] 5 .

-#_ /Stsfl] ifsf (Blood capillaries)

/StgnLx¿sf ;ae} Gbf ;fgf PsfOnfO{ /Stsfl] ifsf elgG5 . oL /Stsfl] ifsfx¿ wdgL
/ l;/f;Fu hfl] 8Psf xG' 5g\ . /Stsfl] ifsfx¿af6 clS;hg, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL
tyf kfl} i6s tŒjx¿ ;lhn} leq aflx/ ug{ ;S5g\ .

-O_ /ut (Blood)

/ut /ftf] /ªsf] cw{ t/n kbfy{ xf] . o;n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] clS;hg,
kfi] fstŒj z/L/sfkT| os] sfi] f;Dd k¥' ofp5F . sfi] fx¿df ags] f cgfjZos kbfyx{ ¿nfO{
lgisfl;t cªu\ ;Dd k¥' ofpg] sfo{ u5{ . /ut lgDglnlvt tŒjx¿ ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 M

-c_ KnfHdf (Plasma)

KnfHdf /utdf /xs] f] t/n efu xf] . o;df () kl| tzt eGbf a9L kfgL /xs] f] xG' 5 .
/utdf sl/a %% kl| tzt efu KnfHdfn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . o;n] kf}li6s tŒjx¿,
xfdf]g{ x¿, gfO6«fh] goS' t kbfx{ ¿ / nj0fx¿sf] cf];f/kf];f/ u5{ .

-cf_ /Stsf]ifx¿ (Blood cells)

/utdf /x]sf] 7f;] efunfO{ /Stsf]if elgG5 . /utsf] sl/a $% kl| tzt efu
/Stsfi] fx¿n] cf]ut]sf] xG' 5 . oL sfi] fx¿ KnfHdfdf t}//] /x]sf xG' 5g\ . ;+/rgf /
sfos{ f cfwf/df /Stsf]if tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ h'g lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-!_ /ftf /Stsfi] f (Red blood corpuscles)

/ftf] /Stsf]ifdf x]dfU] nf]lag gfds Ps ks| f/sf] kf| ]l6g /xs] f] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{

/utsf] /ª /ftf] x'G5 . o;sf] lgdf0{ f /ftf] df;L (red bone marrow) df

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 9

xG' 5 . o;df /xs] f] x]dfU] nf]lagn] kmS] ;fa] f6 clS;hg af]s]/ sfi] f;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd
ub5{ . ;fy} o;n] sf]ifx¿df ags] f] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8nfO{ kmf]S;f;Dd Nofpg] sfd
klg u5{ . o;sf] sdL ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ /St cNktf (anaemia) elgG5 .

-@_ ;t] f] /Stsf]if (White blood cells)

;t] f /Stsfi] fdf x]df]Unf]lag gePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] /ª ;]tf] x'G5 . logn] z/L/df
/f]u lj?4 n8g\ ] k|lt/IffTds k0| ffnLdf dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsfv]N5\g\ . xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ afxo\
hLjf0f' / ljiff0fx' ¿sf] kj| z] af6 hfu] fpg] sfd u5{g\ . ;fy} z/L/df k|j]z ul/;s]
sf hLjf0f' / ljiff0f'x¿nfO{ dfg{] tyf gi6 ug{] sfo{ klg u5g{ \ . To;n} ]o;nfO{ xfdf| ]
z/L/sf] ;'?Iff uf8{ klg elgG5 .

-#_ Kn]6n]6\; (Platelets)

Kn]l6n6] \;df /ut hDgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] tŒj /x]sf x'G5g\ . To;n] rf6] k6s
nfus] f 7fpdF f uP/ /ut hdfpg dbt u5{ .

-u_ d'6'af6 x'g] /St;~rf/ k|lj|mof (Blood circulation process

through heart)

d6' 'sf] v'lDrg] lj|mof xb'F f d6' 'sf] tNnf] efudf /x]sf] afofF e]lG6«snaf6 z'4 /ut
Pcf6] f{xb'F } z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf hfG5 . z/L/sf] dflyNnf] efudf ag]sf cz4'
/utx¿ ;'k]l/o/ e]gfsfefåf/f / z/L/sf] tNnf] efudf ag]sf cz'4 /utx¿
OGkm]l/o/ eg] fsfef xbF' } d'6s' f] bfofF cl/sndf cfOk'U5 . bfofF cl/sn vl' DrFbf bfofF
cl/sn / el] G6s« n lardf /xsf] 6fO| sl:k8 eNe vN' 5 / /ut bfofF el] G6s« ndf hfG5 .

bfofF e]lG6«sn v'lDrbf bfofF e]lG6«sn / kNdf]g/L cf6{/Lljrdf /xsf]
kNdf]g/L eNe v'N5 / /ut kNdf]g/L cf6{/L x'Fb} z'4 x'gsf nflu kmf]S;fdf
hfG5 . sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8oS' t /ut kmfS] ;fdf uO{ z4' eP/ clS;hgoS' t /ut d6' d' f
cfp5F . o;/L /utsf] z4' Ls/0f x'G5 . z4' ePsf] /ut kNdf]g/L l;/fsf] dfWodaf6
afofF cl/sndf cfOkU' b5 . afofF cl/sn v'lDrbF f afofFcl/sn / el] G6s« n lardf
/xsf] afOsl:k8 eNe vN' 5 / /ut afofFel] G6«sndf hfG5 . afofFel] G6s« n v'lDrbf
afofF e]lG6«sn / Pcf]l6{s cf6/{ L lardf /xsf] Pcf]l6{s eNe v'N5 / Pcf]l6{s cf6/{ L
xFb' } /ut z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf k'Ub5 .

10 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

d6' a' f6 lg:s]sf] z'4 /ut kNdfg] /L wdgLsf ljleGg zfvf pkzfvfx¿ x'bF } z/L/sf]
;Dk"0f{ efudf kU' 5 / z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿af6 lg:ss] f] cz'4 /utnfO{ ljleGg
l;/fx¿n] ;'kl] /o/ / OGkml] /o/ e]gsfef xF'b} d6' d' } NofpF5g\ . of] ;Dk"0f{ kl| j|mofnfO{
/St;~rf/ elgG5 . of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kl| j|mof xf] . o; sfod{ f z/L/nfO{ rflxg]
kfl} i6s tŒjx¿ z/L/sf] kT| os] sf]if;Dd k|jfx xG' 5g\ . /utdf ePsf gfO6f« ]hgoS' t
ol' /of, ol' /s Pl;8, nj0f cflb ldufn{} faf6 5flgP/ lk;fasf ¿kdf lgisf;g xG' 5g\ .

-v_ /St;~rf/ k0| ffnLsf sfox{ ¿ (Function of circulatory system)

-c_ xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] clS;hg, kfgL, xdf]{g tyf nj0f z/L/sf] k|To]s cªu\ ,
tGt' / sf]ifdf k'¥ofpF5 .

-cf_ z/L/df ags] f lasf/ j:tn' fO{ lgisf;gsf nflu lgisf;g ug{] cªu\ ;Dd
k'¥ofpF5 .

-O_ + 3fp, rf6] k6s nfu]sf 7fFpdf /ut hdfO{ w/] } /St;f| j x'gaf6 arfp5F .

-O_{ z/L/nfO{ /fu] lj?4 n8g\ ] kl| t/Iff zlSt k|bfg u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk !=$

/St;~rf/ k0| ffnLsf cªu\ / sfo{x¿ bv] fOPsf] lrqsf] cjnfs] g u/L k|To]s
aG] raf6 Ps Ps hgfn] kfn}kfnf] ufn] fk|yfåf/f s'g} Ps cª\u 5gf]6 u/]/ o;sf]
kl/ro / sfo{x¿ ;fyLx¿ ;dIf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

!=$ d"q k|0ffnL (Urinary system)

-s_ dq" k0| ffnLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to urinary system)

dq" k0| ffnLn] /utdf /x]sf ol' /of, o'l/s Pl;8, Pdf]lgof, kf6] fl;od, nj0f cflbnfO{
lk;fasf ¿kdf km\ofSF g] sfo{ u5{ . lduf{}nfn] z/L/df a9L ePsf] kfgL, nj0f /
gfO6«fh] goS' t kbfy{nfO{ 5fg/] lk;fasf ¿kdf aflx/ lgisf;g ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ d"q
k0| ffnL elgG5 .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 11

-v_ d"qk|0ffnLsf cªu\ x¿(Organs of urinary system)

du[ f}nf
lk;fagnL

d'qy}nL

d'qåf/

-c_ lduf}n{ f (Kidneys)

lduf}{nfd"q k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk0" f{ cªu\ xf] . of] xfdf| ] z/L/sf] k6] sf] bfofF /
afofF leQfdf d?] b08sf] b'j}lt/ l;dL cfsf/sf] bO' c{ f6] f ;ª\Vofdf /xs] f] xG' 5 . kT| o]s
lduf{}nfleq c;ªV\ o gk] |mf]gx¿ (Nephrons) /x]sf xG' 5g\ . oL gk] |mf]gx¿n] /utnfO{
5fg]/ lk;fa agfpg] sfd u5{g\ .

-cf_ dq" gnL (Ureters)

x/s] ldufn{} faf6 Ps Pscf6] f gnL lg:ss] f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ d"qgnL elgG5 . o;/L
lg:s]sf oL gnLx¿ lk;fa y}nLdf hf]l8G5g\ . oxL gnLn] lk;fanfO{ lk;fa yn} L;Dd
k'¥ofpF5 .

-O_ d"qy}nL (Urinary bladder)

dq" gnLx¿ dfkmt{ cfPsf] lk;fanfO{ c:yfO{ hDdf ug]{ yn} L cfsf/sf] df;+ kz] L
cªu\ nfO{ dq" yn} L elgG5 . Ps hgf jo:s JolStsf] dq" yn} Ldf sl/a *))–!)))
ld=ln= hlt lk;fa hDdf xg' ;S5 . sl/a #))–$)) ld=ln= hDdf ePkl5 JolStnfO{
lk;fa kmg] { dg nfU5 . o;/L o; yn} Ln] lk;fanfO{ dq" åf/ xbF' } aflx/ kmo\ fSF g dbt u5{ .

12 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

-O_{ d"qåf/ (Urethra)

lk;fa y}nLsf] tNnf] efudf vn' s] f] Kjfn h:tf] gnLnfO{ dq" åf/ elgG5 . k?' ifx¿df
d"qåf/n] ljo{ lgisfzg / lk;fa lgisfzgsf] b'j} sfd u5{ . dlxnfx¿df eg] lk;fa
lgisfzgsf nflu dq" 4f/ / kh| ggsfo{sf nflu of]gLdfu{ cnu cnu /x]sf xG' 5g\ .

-u_ d"q k|0ffnLsf sfo{x¿ (Function of urinary system)

-c_ xfdf| ] z/L/df ePsf t/n kbfy{nfO{ z/L/ aflx/ lgisf;g u5{ .

-cf_ o;n] ol' /of, ol' /s Pl;8, Pdf]lgof, kf6] fl;od cflbsf] lgisf;g u5{ .

-O_ z/L/df a9L ePsf] kfgL tyf nj0fnfO{ 5fg/] lk;fasf] ¿kdf aflx/ ˆofFSg]
sfd u5{ .

-O_{ z/L/sf] tfkjm| dnfO{ ;dfofh] g u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk !=%

sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ldn/] a/fa/ ;ªV\ ofsf rf/cf6] f ;dx" agfpgx' f;] \ . dq" k0| ffnLsf
cªu\ / dq" k0| ffnLsf cªu\ sf sfox{ ¿ nl] vPsf] sf8{ tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ . To;kl5
Pp6f ;d"xn] d"q k|0ffnLsf cªu\ n]lvPsf] sf8{ b]vfpg'xf];\ / csf]{ ;dx" n]
cª\usf] sfox{ ¿ tf]lsPsf] ;do leqdf eGgx' f];\ . o;/L kfnk} fnf] ;a} ;d"xn]
v]n vN] gx' f;] \ . clGtddf hg' ;dx" n] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf a9L cªs\ k|fKt u5{ Tof]
;d"xnfO{ tfnL ahfP/ xf};nf lbg'xf;] \ .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 13

cEof;
!= ;xL pQ/df l7s -√_ lrxg\ nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ tnsf dWo] s'g kf}li6s tŒj 3'ngzLn xf] <
-c_ k|f]l6g -cf_ sfafx{] fO8]6«

-O_ lrNnf] kbfy { -O_{ le6fldg
-v_ afofF kmfS] ;f]sf slt v08xG' 5g\<
-c_ tLg v08 -cf_ rf/ v08
-O_ bO' { v08 -O{_ kfrF v08
-u_ /utsf] z'4Ls/0f sg' cªu\ df xG' 5 <
-c_ d6' ' -cf_ kmf]S;f]
-O_ cfdfZfo -O_{ sn]hf]
-3_ s'g /Stsf]ifsf] sdL ePdf /StcNktf xG' 5 <
-c_ KnfHdf -cf_ Kn]l6n]6;
-O_ ;]tf] /Stsf]if -O_{ /ftf] /Stsf]if
-ª_ lduf}{nfsf] ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ g]km| f]g -cf_ /Stsl] ifsf
-O_ dq" 4f/ -O{_ KnfHdf

@= tn lbOPsf jfSo l7s eP -√_ / a]l7s eP -×_ lrxg\ nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ d"qk|0ffnLn] z/L/dfePsf cgfjZos kbfy{x¿nfO{ aflx/ ˆofFSg]
sfo{ u5{ .

-v_ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] j|mddf xfdLn] jfo'd08naf6 clS;hg lnG5f}F /

14 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmo\ fSF 5f}F . - _
-u_ dlxnfx¿df kh| gg sfo{ / lk;fa lgisf;g sfos{ f nflu Pp6} gnL

/xs] f] xG' 5 . - _
-3_ jo:sx¿nfO{ sl/a #)) b]lv $)) ln6/ lk;fa d"qyn} Ldf hDdf

ePkl5 lk;fa kmg] { dg nfU5 . - _
-ª_ l;/f / wdgL Zjf;kZ| jf;df efu lng] cª\ux¿ xg' \ . - _

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ kfrg k|0ffnLsf] lrq sf]/L cª\ux¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf sg' } rf/ sfox{ ¿ nV] gx' f];\ .

-u_ Zjf;kZ| jf; k0| ffnLdf efu lng] cªu\ x¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-3_ /St;~rf/ k|0ffnL egs] f] s] xf] < o; k0| ffnLsf sfo{x¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .

-ª_ /St;~rf/ k0| ffnL lsg ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ k0| ffnL xf] < k|:6 kfg'x{ f];\ .

-r_ ldufn{} fsf sfo{x¿ n]Vgx' f];\ / lduf}{nfsf] lrq agfpg'xf;] \ .

-5_ 5f]6f] gf6] nV] g'xf];\ M

-c_ /Stsf]if -cf_ kmf]S;f] -O_ ;fgf] cfGbf| -O{_ dq' y}nL



kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= ljleGg /ª\uLg wfufsf] k|of]u u/L ;t] f] sf8{af8] d{ f Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnL jf
ldufn{} fsf] lrq jf vfsf agfpg] k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ugx{' f;] \ / pTs[i6nfO{
k'/:s[t ugx'{ f;] \ .

@= :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;fdu|L -lrq, lel8of] jf kf:] 6/sf] ko| f]u u/L ;d"xut
¿kdf s'g} Pp6f k0| ffnLsf] gdg' f tof/ u//] sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 15

PsfO
;fdb' flos :jf:Yo tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo

@(Community Health and Mental Health)

kfi] f0f, vfgk] fgL, ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo ;j] f, :jf:Yo lzIff cflb ;fdb' flos :jf:Yosf
kIfx¿ xg' \ . :j:Yo lrGtg / :j:Yo hLjgz}nL dfgl;s :jf:Yosf cfwf/ xg' \ .
dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y JolStn] lgoldt ¿kdf cfkmgf b}lgs lj|mofsnfk ;DkGg ug{
;S5g\ . cfkm", cfkm\gf] kl/jf// ;d'bfokl| tsf] lhDdj] f/L klg s'zntfk"j{s lgjfx{
ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo Ps csf{sf kl/k/" s x'g\ . b'j}
n] JolSt / ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo :t/ ;'wf/ ug{ 6j] f k¥' ofpF5g\ . zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s
/ ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y JolStn] pTkfbgzLn sfo{ ug{ ;S5 . /f]u nfu]/ pkrf/
u/fpg'eGbf /f]u nfUg} glbg' al' 4dfgL xf] . ctM ;db' fo / ;db' fosf JolStx¿sf]
:jf:Yosf ;jf{ª\uL0f kIfx¿sf] k|jwg{ ug'k{ 5{ .

@=!= ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo

JolSt, kl/jf/, ufp3F /, ;x/, ahf/ cflb ;fdb' flos :jf:Yosf Ifq] x¿ xg' \ . o;sf
;fy} vfgf, kfgL, xfjf, k];f, lzIff, ;:+ sf/, afgLJojxf/ cflbn] klg ;fdb' flos
:jf:Yodf k|ToIf k|efj kf5g{ \ . ;d'bfodf a;fa] f; ug{] JolSt / kl/jf/sf] klgk|ToIf
/ ck|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . pSt ;DaGwn];d'bfosf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds
/ gsf/fTds b'j} k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . ctM ;fdb' flos :jf:Yosf] kj| w{gsf nflu
hgrt] gf, hg;xeflutf / :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] pknAwtf cfjZos xG' 5 . o;/L ;db' fosf
dflg;x¿sf] k|of;df ;db' fosf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfwfg ug{] k|of;
;fdb' flos :jf:Yo xf] .

16 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

@=!=!= ;fdb' flos :jf:YonfO{ ke| fj kfg{] tŒj (Factors affecting community

health)

;+jfb k9f“} / ae' mf“} M

lzIfs M ljBfyL{x¿ Û xfdL cfh ;fdb' flos :jf:YonfO{ ke| fj kfg{] tŒj sf
af/]df 5nkmn u/f}F xtF .

ljBfyL{ M xG' 5, lg ;/ .

lzIfs M ;fdb' flos :jf:Yosf tŒjx¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ t < s;n] eGg ;Sgx' G' 5 <

/fd' M Pp6f t ef}lts tŒj xf] . ;/ .

lzIfs M l7s eGg'eof] . ef}lts tŒjcGtu{t xfd|f] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f,
efu} fl] ns agf6] , :jf:Yo ;+:yf, pBfu] wGbf, af6f3] f6f] cflb k5g{ \ .

Zofdnf M csf{] tŒj rflxF ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts tŒj xf] <

lzIfs M xf] Zofdnf, o;df hfthflt, wd{, ;:+ sf/, rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh cflb
k5g{ \ .

lglndf M csf{] kIf JolStut tŒj klg xf] . kmf]xf/] dn} fsf] Joj:yfkg, ;/;kmfO,

:j:ys/ afgLJojxf/ cflb o;cGtut{ k5{g\ .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 17

lzIfs M wGojfb lglndf . ;'nen] s]xL yk ug]{ ls <

;'ne M ;db' flos :jf:Yosf] ;femf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ;fd"lxs k|of;af6
ug'{k5{ . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ToxfF pknAw ;fwg / ;f| ]tsf]
k|of]u ugk{' 5{ . ;/

lzIfs M wGojfb ;n' e . ca s;sf] kfnf] <
uLjf0{ f M d/] f] kfnf] xf] . zl} Ifs tŒjn] klg ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo / :j:y

hLjgzn} LnfO{ ke| fj kfg{ ;S5 lg .

lzIfs M cjZo 5nkmndf ;lj|mo ;xefuL ePsfdf ;an} fO{ wGojfb .

ef}lts tŒj ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:sl[ ts tŒj
zl} Ifs tŒj

;fdb' flos :jf:YonfO{
ke| fljt kfg{] tŒj

JolStut tŒj z}lIfs tŒj

ljm| ofsnfk !=!
rf6{kk] /df /ª\uLg l;;fsndsf] ko| fu] u/L ;fd'bflos :jf:YonfO{ k|efj kfg]{
tŒjx¿sf] vfsf tof/ u/L sIffsf7] fdf 6f“:gx' f];\ .

@=!=@= ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf kIfx¿

;fdb' flos :jf:Yo axk' Ifx¿sf] ;+ofh] g xf] . o;cGtu{t dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] f,
gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/, vf]k ;]jf h:tf kIfx¿ k5g{ \ .

-s_ dft[lzz' :jf:Yo ;j] f (Maternal and child health service)

:jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 uej{ tL, ;T' s/] L / lzz'sf] :jf:Yo x/] rfx / k/LIf0f;DaGwL sfo{
ul/G5 . ToxfFaf6 :jf:YosdL{x¿n] uej{ tL dlxnfsf] / pgsf] ued{ f /x]sf] aRrfsf]
:jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos ;/;Nnfx tyf cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;]jf lbg] u5{g\ . o:tf]

18 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

;j] fnfO{ dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] f elgG5 . uej{ tL dlxnfn] lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo
k/LIf0f u/fO/xgk' 5{ . tf]lsPsf] vf]k ;j] f lng'k5{ . ko| fKt ;Gt'lnt / kf}li6s
efh] gsf] ;]jg ugk{' 5{ .

-v_ gjlzz' :ofxf/ (New born care)

hGdb] l] v @* lbg;Ddsf lzzx' ¿nfO{ gj lzz' elgG5 . lzz' hGds] f] klxnf] ldg6] nfO{
p;sf] hLjgsf] ;g' f}nf] ldg]6 dflgPsf] x'G5 . klxnf] 306f cfdf / lzz'sf nflu
clt dxŒjk0" f{ ;do dflgG5 . lzz' hGds] f] klxnf] 306fleq} lbOg] :jf:Yo ;]jf /
:ofxf/ lzz' / ;'Ts/] L cfdf bj' s} f] :j:y hLjgsf dV' o cfwf/x¿ xg' \ . gjhft
lzz'sf nflu lbg] ;]jfx¿df lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, :tgkfg / vfk] sf] Joj:yfsf
;fy} cfdf / aRrf b'js} f] JolStut ;/;kmfO k5g{ \ .

gjhft lzz' :ofxf/sf nflu hfgsf/Ldn" s ;Gbz] k9f}“ / a'emf}“ M

-c_ gjhft lzz' hGdgf;fy g/d, ej' fbf/ ;kmf / ;'Svf sk8fn] k5' g\ 'k5{ .
-cf_ To;kl5 lzz'nfO{ csf{] g/d ;kmf sk8fn] a]/L Gofgf] kf/]/ /fVg'k5{ .
-O_ gjhft lzz'nfO{ Gofgf] kfl//fVg cfdfsf] gfªu\ f] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg'k5{ .
-O{_ lzz'sf] gfn sf6g] ;fdu|L lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .
-p_ gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGds] f] Ps 306fleq} cfdfsf] lauft} L bw' vj' fpg'k5{ .
-pm_ gfeLnfO{ ;ª\j|md0faf6 hf]ufpg gfeL dnd nufO{ ;'Svf / ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
-p_ hGd]sf] @$ 306f;Dd gjhft lzzn' fO{ g'xfpg' xbF' g} .

-u_ vfk] ;j] f (Immunization service)

xfdLn] /f]u;Fu n8\g] zlSt k|fs[lts / s[lqd ¿kn] k|fKt u5f}{F . o:tf]
/f]u;Fu n8\g ;Sg] zlStnfO{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlSt elgG5 . vf]k ;]jf
/f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf k|bfg ug{] Pp6f s[lqd tl/sf xf] . afns hGd]b]lv !%
dlxgf ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ !@ cf]6f /f]ux¿ lj?å vf]k k|bfg
ul/G5 . vf]k sG] b| tyf :jf:Yo ;:+ yfx¿n] vf]k ;]jf lbG5g\ . of] ;j] f lgMzN' s k|bfg
ul/G5 . aRrf hlGdPkl5 vf]k tflnsfadf]lhd tfl] sPsf vfk] sf] ;a} dfqf k"/f
u/fpgk' 5{ . afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ sg' vf]k slxn] / sltk6s lbgk' 5{ eGg] hfGgsf
nflu tnsf] vf]k tflnsf x/] f+F} M

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 19

vfk] tflnsf

20 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

-3_ vfk] sf] dxŒj

-c_ vfk] sf] ;a} dfqf k"/f ePdf afnaflnsfn] ;?jf /fu] x¿;uF n8\g] kl| t/Iff
zlSt kf| Kt u5{g\ .

-cf_ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;Dksd{ f cfpg] JolStnfO{ klg ;'/lIft x'G5g\ .
-O_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ckfª\utf x'gaf6 arfpF5 .
-O_{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] d[To' b/df klg sdL Nofp5F .

@=!=#= ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo sfos{ tf{x¿sf] e"ldsf (Role of community

health workers)

-s_ cSh'lno/L x]Ny js{/sf] e"ldsf (Role of axuiliary health worker

(AHW)

;d'bflos :t/sf :jf:Yo rfs} L / cfwf/e"t c:ktfndf cSh'lno/L x]Ny js{/x¿
/xg] k|fjwfg 5 . cSh'lno/L xN] y js/{ x¿n] bx] fosf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ kb| fg ug{]
sfod{ f pNnv] gLo e"ldsf lgjfx{ u5g{ \ M

-c_ ;d'bfosf :jf:Yo cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{]

-cf_ ;db' fosf :jf:Yo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf h6' fpg]

-O_ ;db' fodf pknAw ;fwg / ;f| ]tsf] klxrfg ug{]

p_ vfk] s]Gb|df vfk] ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{

pm_ kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;]jf k|bfg ug{]

-C_ k|;l" t ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

-P_ emf8fkvfnfsf] /fs] yfdsf nflu 3/n] ' pkrf/ tyf hLjghn agfpg l;sfpg]

-P_] afnkfi] f0f sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{]

-cf]_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ le6fldg 'A' SofK;n' ljt/0f ug{]

-cf_} uej{ tL dlxnfnfO{ /StcNktfaf6 hf]ufpg cfO/g rSsL ljt/0f ug{]

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 21

-v_ cShl' no/L g;{ ld8jfOk|mL sf] el" dsf (Role of axulary nurse

midwifery ANM)

:yfgLo :t/sf cfwf/e"t c:ktfn / :j:Yo rf}sLdf sfo{/t cSh'lno/L g;{
ld8jfOk|mLn] lbg] :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ lgDgcg;' f/sf 5g\ M

-c_ uej{ tL cfdfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{]
-cf_ k|;l" tu/fpg] :yfg (3/ / c:ktfn ) 5gf6] af/] ;Nnfx lbg]
-O_ 8«l] ;ª ;j] f lbg]
-O{_ ;?jf /fu] sf] /f]syfddf ;xof]u ug]{
-p_ aRrfsf] kfv'/fsf] gfk lnO{ kfi] f0fsf] l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
-pm_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] cfjZostfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
-C_ vf]k;j] faf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
-P_ JolStut ;/;kmfOaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
-P_] 3'DtL :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;xof]u ug]{
-cf_] ljBfno :jf:Yo ;]jf sfoj{ m| ddf ;xefuL x'g]

lj|mofsnfk !=@
tkfOs“{ f] ;d'bfodf s'g s'g :jf:YosdL{x¿n] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;xofu] ub}{
cfpge' Psf] 5, vf]hL u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\ ;j] ssf] el" dsf (Female community health

volunteer)

:jf:Yo :jod\ ;]jsx¿n] ;d'bfo :t/df cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;j] f k|jfx ug{] sfod{ f
lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ u5{g\ M

-c_ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;dfu|Lx¿sf] ljt/0f ug{]

-cf_ ue{jtL / :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx¿nfO{ cfO/g rlSs ljt/0f ug]{

22 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

-O_ hLjghn ljt/0f ug{] tyf agfpg] tl/sf l;sfpg]

-p_ :jf:Yo lzIff, ;~rf/ / ;db' fo ;rt] gf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{]

-pm_ :jf:Yo ;l' jwf / ;db' folarsf] ;DaGwsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug{]

-C_ dft:[ jf:Yo / gjhft lzz' ;j] f;DaGwL sfo{ ug{]

-p_ 3/d} k|;"lt u/fpF bf cfjZos ;xof]u ug{]

@=@ k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo / js} lNks :jf:Yo ;]jf (Traditional and

alternative health service)

-s_ k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt (Traditional health service

system)

k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / cEof;x¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{
k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;j] f xf] . kf| rLg sfndf ljleGg pkrf/ k4ltx¿ k|rngdf
lyP . o;cGtu{t emf/km's, tGqdGq, kh" fkf7, wfdLemfFjm| L cflb k5{g\ . o:tf
pkrf/ ljlwx¿ ljZjf;df dfq cfwfl/t pkrf/ k4lt xg' \ . o:tf pkrf/ ljlwx¿ g}
k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo pkrf/ ljlwx¿ x'g\ . cfhefl] n o:tf] pkrf/ ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u
u/L pkrf/ ug]{ JolStx¿nfO{ cfwl' gs pkrf/ ljlwsf] klg cledv' Ls/0f u/fpg]
ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 . o;df bj} L zlStsf sf/0f /fu] nfUg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ul/G5 .
o; pkrf/ ljlwsf] dn" cfwf/ dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/ xf] . cfhefl] n cfwl' gs tyf
j1} flgs pkrf/ k4ltsf] ljsf;n] oL ljlw sd k|ofu] xg' ] u/]sf 5g\ .

-v_ js} lNks :jf:Yo ;j] f k4lt (Alternative health service system)

k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ;w' fl/Psf] / cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ljsNksf ¿kdf
ko| f]u xFb' } cfPsf] k|0ffnL g} js} lNks :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt xf] . o;cGtu{t cfoj' b{] ,
xfl] dofK] ofyL cflDr ;]jf / k|fs[lts lrlsT;f k5{g\ . /f]usf] lgbfg / lgjf/0f ug{
tyf :jf:Yosf] kj| wg{ ug{ o:tf k4ltx¿ k|ofu] ub{} cfPsf] kfOG5 . cfoj' {]b ;a}
eGbf k/' fgf] / nf]slko| js} lNks :jf:Yo ;j] f xf] . k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;j] f ljZjf;df
cfwfl/t pkrf/ ;]jf klg xf] .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 23

dfgj :jf:ynfO{ ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf dfgl;s jftfj/0fn] ke| fj kfb5{ . o;sf
;fy} cfxf/ljxf/, cf/fd, s;/t, hLjgz}nL cflb klg ke| fj kfg{] tŒj xg' \ . s'g}
:jf:Yo ;d:of kbf{ 3/]n' pkrf/ / cfo'jl{] bs pkrf/ k4ltaf6 klg :jf:Yo pkrf/
ug{ ;lsG5 . ofu] / Wofg, cfo'j{]lbs lrlsT;f, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, PSo'kª\r/,
k/Dk/fut lrlgofF lrlsT;f, xf]ldof]KofyL cflb js} lNks :jf:Yo ;]jf x'g\ .
-c_ cfo'j{l] bs lrlsT;f (Ayurvedic medicine)
kf| sl[ ts cfi} fwLx¿nfO{ ljleGg k4ltåf/f kz| fw] g u/L cfoj' l{] bs cfi} fwLx¿tof/ ul/G5 .
o:tf cf}ifwLx¿sf] k|ofu] u//] pkrf/ ug{] k4ltnfO{ cfo'jl]{ bs lrlsT;f elgG5 .
o; k4ltdf sg' } cfi} fwLx¿ l;w} vfg], s'g} dfln; ug]{ / s'g} nk] nufpgx] 'G5g\ .

sltko h8La'6Lx¿nfO{ l;w} klg ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . w/] } h;f] h8La'6Lx¿nfO{
kz| fw] g u//] uf]nL, emf]n, wn' f], n]k, tn] cflbsf ¿kdf cf}ifwL agfOG5 . cfoj{' l]{ bs
c:ktfn, cfoj' l]{ bs pkrf/ sG] b,| cfoj' l{] bs kmdf{ cflbaf6 o:tf ;j] f kb| fg ul/G5 .
of] pkrf/ k4ltdf ;fdfGobl] v hl6n ks| [ltsf /fu] x¿sf] ;dt] pkrf/ ul/G5 .
-cf_ h8La'6L lrlsT;f (Herbal Medicine)
k|s[ltdf ljleGg af6] lj?jfx¿sf kft, kmn, h/f, lah, 8f7F cflb kfOG5g\ . o:tf
h8La'6Lx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L pkrf/ ug]{ k4ltnfOh{ 8La'6L lrlsT;f elgG5 . o;df
h8La'6Lx¿nfO{ k|zf]wg u//] jf gu/Lsg l;w} lk;/] , pdfn]/, ld;fP/ jf 7f;] ¿kd}
ljleGg /f]ux¿ lj?4 ko| fu] ul/G5 .

24 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

lgdsf] kft, tn' ;L, cdnf, l6d/' , n;g' , a;] f/, sfutL
cflb h8La6' L xfd}| jl/kl/ jf cfˆg} vt] af/Ldf klg
kfOG5g\ . lznflht ,h7] Ldw,' lkknf, x/f]{, s'l/nf],
l/67\ f,] hfOkmn, cb'jf klg h8La'6Lx¿ xg' \ .

lj|mofsnfk !=#

;fyLx¿sf] ;d"xdf tkfO{“sf ufp“3/ / v]taf/Ldf kfOg] h8La'6Lx¿sf]
;fw] vfh] u/L] ltgLx¿sf] sfd tyf dxŒjsf af/]df ;dx" df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ /
sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

-O_ ofu] lrlsT;f (Yog medicine)

z/L/df ePsf v/faL, /f]u tyf c:j:Yotfsf] klxrfg u/L ofu] cEof;åf/f lgjf/0f
ug{] k4ltnfO{ of]u lrlsT;f elgG5 . o; k4ltn] dflg;sf] cfxf/, ljxf/ / hLjgz}
nL :j:y x'g'k5{ eGg] s/' fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; ljlwaf6 JolStsf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
:jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] pkrf/ ug{] ul/G5 .

o;n] dgnfO{ zfGt / ;o+ d agfpg ;xofu] u5{ . ofu] lrlsT;fn] z/L/df /xs] f ljsf/oS' t
j:tx' ¿nfO{ aflx/ kmfNg, bl} gs ljm| ofsnfknfO{ lgoldt ¿kn] rnfpg ;xofu] u5{ . ofu]
;fwgfn] Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofnfO{ klg lgoldt agfp5F . o; ljlwn] z/L/sf x/s] cªu\ df
kf| 0fjfo' clS;hg k¥' ofp5F . ofu] sf ljleGg cªu\ / cf;gx¿ xG' 5g\ . ltg} cªu\ sf] kfngf
ub{} cf;gx¿ ko| fu] u//] zf/Ll/s / dfg;ls :jf:Yonfe ul/G5 .

-O_{ k|fs[lts lrlsT;f (Natural medicine)

k|fs[lts lrlsT;f k4ltdfk|s[ltdf ePsf tŒjx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ pkrf/ ug]{
ul/G5 . o;cGtut{ kfgL, xfjf, df6f], cfuf] / k|sfz h:tf tŒjx¿sf] plrt ;o+ f]
hg / ko| fu] u//] pkrf/ ul/G5 . o; k4ltn] z/L/df o:tf tŒjx¿sf] c;Gtn' g
ePdf/f]u nfUb5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . ctM o;n] z/L/ / dgnfO{ k|fs[lts
lgodcg';f/ rNg l;sfpF5 . o; pkrf/ ljlwdf Zjf;kZ| jf;, vfgkfg, pkjf;,
s;/t, dfln;, y/] fkL, cf/fd / lgb|f cflbsf] ;Gtn' g ldnfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} z4'
cfr/0f / cfTdcgz' f;gdf a;/] k~rtŒjsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfO{ pkrf/ ul/G5 .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 25

@=# lszf/] fj:yfdf ;fyLx¿;u“ :j:ys/ / ldqjt\ Jojxf/

lszf/] fj:yf Ps dxŒjk0" f{ pd/] xf] . of] pd/] df xdfg{] x¿sf] ke| fjn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s
/ ;+j]ufTds kl/jt{gx¿ tLj| ultdf x'G5g\ . of] cj:yfdf pgLx¿ dfgl;s ¿kn]
k"0f{ ¿kdf kl/kSj ePsf xF'b}gg\ . lh1f;,' r~rn / cl:y/ :jefjsf x'G5g\ . of]
cj:yfdf v/fa ;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\utdf k/]/ ltgLx¿sf] nxn} xd} f nfud] f c:j:Yos/
Jojxf/ / sn' tsf] ;dt] l;sf/ x'g ;S5g\ . ;fyLx¿ Pp6} pd/] ;d"xsf] ePsfn]
pgLx¿sf] rfxgf, ?lr, cfjZostf tyf efjgfTds ljrf/ Pp6} xG' 5g\ . To;}n]
pgLx¿ ;fyL ;d"xdf /dfpg] / pgLx¿kl| t a9L cfslift{ x'g], ;fyLsf s/' fdf a9L
ljZjf; ug{] xG' 5g\ .

;fyL ;d"x;Fu ;xsfo{ ubf{ ;+ju] fTds / efjgfTds ¿kdf dfq geO{ ;+od eP/
Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ . lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] ;fyLefO;Fu ;/n / ;xh tj/n] Jojxf/ ubf{
o:tf ;DaGwx¿ :j:ys/ / ldqjt\ x'G5g\ . cgz' fl;t / dofl{ bt eP/ cfkm\gf sfd
;Dkfbg ubf{ cgfjZos ;d:ofx¿af6 alrG5 . lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] pd/]
;d"xsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ dfq dxŒj glbP/ cfkme" Gbf 7'nfn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ;e' mfjx¿
klg kfngf ug{k' 5{ . cfkmn" fO{ Jo:t /fVg / dgf]/~hg lng /rgfTds / l;hg{ fTds
sfod{ f ;+nUg /xgk' {5 .

lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/j{tgn] :j:Yos/ ;DaGwdf kfg]{ c;/x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ ;+ju] / tgfjn] ubf{ O{iof,{ 30[ ff tyf l/; p7g\ ]

-v_ Psfu| eO{ s'g} klg sfddf dg nufpg g;Sg]

-u_ c¿sf] efjgfdf rf6] k¥' ofpg] / kZrfQfk ug{]

-3_ dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ;d:of bl] vg ;Sg]

-ª_ v/fa ;ª\utdf kg{ ;Sg], ;fyLx¿;+u l/;fpg,] emlsg{ ] / b':dgL a9g\ ]

-r_ wd" kfg, dBkfg tyf nfuk' bfy{sf] sn' tdf km:g ;Sg]

lszf]/fj:yfdf ;fyLx¿;“u :j:ys/ / ldqjt\ Jojxf/sf pkfox¿

-s_ lzIfs, ;fyL / cleefjs;dIf cfˆgf s/' fx¿ / ;d:ofx¿ vn' ]/ /fVg]

26 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

-v_ ;fyLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / cfkm\ gf] ljrf/df cl8u /xg]
-u_ ofu] , k0| ffofd, Wofg, s;/t / vn] s'bdf lg/Gt/ ;xefuL x'g]
-3_ cfj]z / efjgfdf cfP/ v/fa ;ª\ut / sn' ttkm{ gdfl] 8g]
-ª_ ;d:ofsf] ;dwfgdf ;fyL / cleefjssf] dbt lng]
-r_ l;h{gfTds / /rgfTds sfo{df ;xefuL xg' ]
-5_ ;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/ ckgfpg]

lj|mofsnfk !=$
tkfOs“{ f] sIffdf ;ae} Gbf ldNg] Ps hgf ;fyLnfO{ tkfO{“sf s] s] afgLJojxf/
dg k5g{ \ < s'g} kf“rcf]6f nv] ]/ tkfO{“nfO{ lbg cg/' fw] ug'{xf];\ / ;fyLn] n]v]/
lbPsf tkfOs{“ f /fd|f afgLJojxf/ cfkmg\ f] cleefjsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf;] \ .

@=$ dfgl;s :jf:yon] JolStsf] cGtj{}olts ;DaGwdf kfg{] ke| fj (Impact

of mental health on interpersonal relationshp)

dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y JolStn] ;xL ljrf/, k|ltljm| of / sfo{ ug{ ;S5 . c¿sf]
;Ddfg ug{ / cfkmn" ] ;Ddfg lng tyf Psgf;sf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5 . ;do /
kl/l:yltcg'sn' cfkm" / cfkmg\ f lhDd]jf/Lx¿nfO{ jxg ug{ ;Sg' dfgl;s :jf:Yo
xf] . dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y JolStn] JolSt / ;dfh;Fu :j:ys/ ;DaGw / Jojxf/
sfod ug{ ;S5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf JolStsf] cfTd;Ddfg
xf] . o;n] JolStsf] Jojxf/ / ;DaGwdf kT| oIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf ke| fj kfb{5 . tnsf]
syfaf6 o; ;DaGwdf cem ki| 6 xg' ;lsG5 M

Pp6f ufpdF f Ps hgf cToGt} ldng;f/ / ;xof]uL lzIfs x'gx' 'GYof] . pxfnF ]
ufpFsf ;a} afnaflnsf / 7'nfa8f;Fu klg 3'nldn eP/ ;dfg Jojxf/
ugx{' G' Yof] . ufpnF x] ¿n] klg pxfnF fO{ ;Ddfg / cfb/ ub{y] . pxfF ufpF3/df
ku' /] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ an] f a]nfdf 1fgug' sf s/' fx¿ ;'gfpg] ug{x' G' Yof] .
JolStut :jf:Yo, ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg]
ug'{x'GYof] . lszf]/fj:yfsf] :jf:Yo / x]/rfx ;DaGwL ;/;Nnfx lbg]

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 27

ug'{x'GYof] . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;dflhs sfo{j|mdx¿df ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;fxg
ug'{x'GYof] . o'jfx¿nfO{ af6f3f6fsf] ;/;kmfO, vf]k ;]jf, hgr]tgfd"ns
sfoj{ m| ddf :jod;\ ]jssf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ ug;{ dt] k]|l/t ug{x' G' Yof] .

;/;kmfO, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, vfg]kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
ug{'x'GYof] . pxfF j[4j4[ fx¿nfO{ an] favt Ps 7fpdF f en] f u/]/ pxfFx¿sf] ljrf/
a‰' g] ugx{' G' Yof] . c;xfo, a4[ , czStx¿nfO{ ;xofu] ugk{' g{] h:tf s/' fx¿ l;sfO
/xgx' 'GYof] . pxfnF ] ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0fnfO{ klg :j:Yo /fVg ljleGg ko| f;x¿
ul//fVg'x'GYof] . j/k/sf] jftj/0f xl/ofnL kfg{ j[If/f]k0fdf Wofg;d]t
k¥' ofpg'x'GYof] . ufp3+F /df cfOk/s] f ;d:ofx¿ ;dwfg ug{ ;xofu] L aGgx' G' Yof] .
To;n} ] pxfFnfO{ ;fdflhs JolStTjsf] ¿kdf pRr ;Ddfg / kz| ;f uby{ ] .

5nkmnsf nflu kZ| gx¿

-c_ dflysf] syfdf lzIfssf] dfgl;s :j:Yosf u0' fx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <

-cf_ dfgl;s ¿kn] :j:Yo JolStn] ;db' fodf s] s:tf] ofu] bfg ug{ ;Sbf] /x5] g\ <

-O_ lzIfs / ;d'bfolarsf] ;DaGw s:tf] kfpge' of] <

-O_{ o; syfaf6 tkfO{nF ] s] kf7 l;Sg'eof] <

@=% nfuk' bfy{sf] kl/ro (Introduction to drugs)

r/' f6] , ;'tL,{ /S;L, ufhF f, r/;] , lx/fO] g cflb j:tn' fO{ nfuk' bfy{ elgG5 . nfuk' bfy{
ko| fu] n] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yodf gs/fTds ke| fj k5{ . nfuk' bfys{ f]
ko| fu] :Jff:Yosf nflu lgs} xflgsf/s x'G5 . o;sf] ko| fu] n] cfvF f /ftf] x'g], z/L/
lzlyn x'g,] em'Dd agfpg,] vfgfvfg dgg nfUg], cfn:o x'g] cflb zf/Ll/s nIf0fx¿
b]lvG5g\ . o;af6 8/fpg,] :d/0f zlStdf sdL u/fpg,] cflQg], lg/fz x'g] h:tf
dfgl;s nIf0fx¿ klg b]lvG5g\ . afnaflnsfsf cleefjs;Fu :j:y kfl/jfl/s
;DaGw gePdf, kl/jf/af6 dfof ddtf / plrt /]vbv] gePdf pgLx¿ sn' tdf
nfUg klg ;S5g\ . To;}n] xfdL s;n} ] klg o:tf nfu'kbfys{ f] slxNo} klg k|of]u
ugx{ F'bg} / c¿nfO{ klg gug{ ;Nnfx lbgk' 5{ .

28 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

-s_ nfu'kbfys{ f] ;]jg ugfs{ f sf/0fx¿ (Causes of using drugs)

JolStn] nfu' kbfy{sf] ;]jg ugfs{ f sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

-c_ 3/kl/jf/sf sg' } ;b:on] nfuk' bfys{ f] ;j] g ug]{ ePdf
-cf_ unt ;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\ut / bafa x'g uPdf
-O_ tgfjaf6 dl' St kfpg] axfgfdf
-O_{ s'g} sfo{df c;kmn ePdf
-p_ dgf]/~hgsf] axfgfdf
-pm_ c¿sf] b]vf;]vL u/]df

lj|mofsnfk !=%
;fyLx¿sf] ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L nfu'kbf{ysf] b'Jo;{ gdf nfUg'sf yk sf/0fx¿
;f]wvfh] u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

^=% nfuk' bfy{n] :Jff:Yodf kfg]{ c;/ (Effects of drugs on health)

nfu'kbfy{sf] ;j] gn] :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ cfvF f /ftf] x'g,] /Strfk a9\g], afn] L n/a/fpg]
-v_ kmfS] ;f,] d'6,' lduf}{nf h:tf cª\ux¿ v/fa xg' ]

-u_ 6L=aL=,bd, cN;/ tyf SofG;/ h:tf /fu] nfUg ;Sg]

-3_ /St;~rf/ / :gfo' k0| ffnLsf] sfo{ sdhf]/ xg' ]

-ª_ ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpbF f b3' 6{ gf eO{ Hofg;d]t hfg]

-r_ dv' / luhf uGxfpg,] z/L/ n67\ kg]{ / a9L lgGb|f nfUg]
-5_ ;fR] g,] ;Demg] zlSt sdhf]/ xb'F } hfg]

-h_ k9fO n]vfO / cGo sfddf klg sd Wofg hfg]
-em_ kfl/jfl/s vrd{ f cgfjZos j[l4 xg' ]

-`_ kl/jf/ / ;db' fodf em}emu8f x'g ;Sg] 29

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

^=& nfuk' bfy{ b'Jo{;gaf6 aRg] pkfo (Preventive measures of using

drugs)

nfuk' bfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gLaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-c_ c;n ;fyLsf] ;ªu\ t ug]{
-cf_ ;dfhdf nfuk' bfy{ lj?4df hgr]tgf km}nfpg]
-cf_ cleefjsx¿ cfcfˆgf] afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/k|lt ;r]t /xg]
-O{_ 3/kl/jf/df :g]x, dfof, ;be\ fj sfod u/L :jf:Yos/ jftfj/0f agfpg]
-p_ of]u, Wofgsf] ;fwgf lzlj/, wflds{ k|jrg h:tf sfoj{ |mddf ;xefuL xg' ]
-pm_ km';bs{ sf] ;dodf v]nsb' , dgf/] Ghg / l;h{gfTds sfddf nfUg]
-C_ nfu'kbf{ysf] pTkfbg, lajm| L ljt/0f tyf cf];f/k;f/df /f]s nufpg]

cEof;

!= hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M != cfo{'jl] bslrlsT;f

-s_ lal;hL

-v_ h8La6' L @= :jf:Yo ;]jf

-u_ :jf:Yo sfo{stf { #= sf/] fg] f
-3_ l8lk6L $= v/fa ;ª\ut
-ª_ nfu'kbfy{ %= Eofut' ] /f]u
^= bfb'/f


@= vfnL 7fp“ eg'{xf;] \ M

-s_ hGd]bl] v ====== lbg ;Ddsf] aRrfnfO{ gjhft lzz' elgG5 .
-v_ dfgj z/L/df ===== ;Fu n8g\ ] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ vfk] lbOG5 .
-u_ dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod;\ j] sx¿n] ============================ :t/df cfwf/e"t

30 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

:jf:Yo ;j] f k|jfx ug{] sfo{df dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg lbFbc} fPsf 5g\ .
-3_ cfo'j]{b, xf]ldof]KofyL ============================ cflb dxŒjk"0f{ j}slNks

:jf:Yo k|0ffnLx¿ x'g\ .
-ª_ 8«]l;ª tyf ;O' { nufOlbg] sfd ====================================n] u5g{ \ .
-r_ /StcNktfaf6 hfu] fpg uej{ tL dlxnfx¿nfO{=============== lbg] ul/G5 .
-5_ l;hg{ fTds lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg' fn]==================sf] bJ' o;{ gLaf6

hf]lug ;lsG5 .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fdb' flos :jf:Yosf] kl/efiff n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yodf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
-u_ dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] fcGtut{ s'g sg' ;j] f k5g{ \ <
-3_ gjhft lzz' :ofxf/df Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'g} kfFr s'/fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ vf]ksf sg' } kfFr kmfObfx¿s] s] 5g\ < k:| t't ugx'{ f];\ .
-r_ cShon' /L xN] y js/{ n] kb| fg ug{] kd| v' :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-5_ gk] fndf js} lNks tyf k"/s :jf:Yo ;]jf k4lt cfjZos lsg 5 < k'li6

ug{x' f;] \ .
-h_ dfgl;s ¿kdf :jf:Yo JolStn] dfq :j:y ;fdflhs ;DaGw sfod

ug{ ;S5, s;/L < cfk\mgf ts{ k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .
-em_ nfuk' bfy{ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] ;]jg ug{'sf rf/ sf/0fx¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-`_ nfu'kbfy{sf] ;]jgaf6 aRg] pkfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf pknAw :jf:Yo ;:+ yfx¿dWo] sg' } Pssf] cjnfs] g u/L tL ;:yfx¿n]
pknAw u/fPsf :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ zLifs{ df Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ug'{xf;] \ M

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 31

kf]if0f / vfB ;'/Iff #PsfO

(Nutrition and Food Security)

#=! kfi] fs tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro, ;f| t] / sfox{ ¿

xfd|f] z/L/sf nflu vfgf cfjZos tŒj xf] . xfdLn] vfg] vfgf 7f];, t/n jf
cw{ t/n ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . vfgfaf6 z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kf}li6s
tŒjx¿ k|fKt x'G5 . vfB kbfy{x¿df PseGbf a9L k|sf/sf kf]ifs tŒjx¿ /xs] f
xG' 5g\ . ljleGg lsl;dsf kfl} i6s tŒjx¿n] ljleGg sfo{ u5g{ \ . xfdLn] vfg] ;Gtl' nt
efh] gdf dV' otofM kfrF ks| f/sf kf]ifs tŒjx¿ x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk !=!

;fyL;u“ 5nkmn u/L tnsf] tflnsf egx'{ f;] \ M

jm| =;+ ;dx" sfo{ ;|ft]

-c_ sfaf{x] fO86]«
-cf_ kf| ]l6g
-O_ lrNnf] kbfy{
-O{_ vlgh kbfy{
-p_ le6fldgx¿

#=!=! kfi] fs tŒjsf] k|sf/ (Types of nutrients)

-s_ dfqfsf cfwf/df kfi] fs tŒjsf] ks| f/ (Types of nutrients on the

basis of amount)

dfqfsf cfwf/df kfi] fs tŒjx¿ ax[ t\kfi] fs tŒj (macro nutrients) / ;"Id
kfi] fs tŒj (micro nutrients) u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . a[xt\ kfi] fs tŒj xfdf| ]
z/L/nfO{ a9L dfqfdf rflxG5 . o;cGtu{t sfaf]x{ fO8]«6, kf| l] 6g tyf lrNnf] kbfy{
k5g{ \ . o; lsl;dsf kfi] fstŒjn] z/L/nfO{ bl} gs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ zlSt kb| fg

32 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

u5{ . ;fdfGotof xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] zlSt sfafx{] fO86«] af6 kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;sf ;fy}
lrNnf] kbf{yaf6 klg cltl/St lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng yk zlSt k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;
nfdf] ;do;Dd la/fdL kbf{ kf| l] 6gn] ;dt] zlSt lbg] sfd u5{ . sfo{sf cfwf/df
kf]ifs tŒjx¿nfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/G5 .

zlSt lbg] kf]ifs tŒj z/L/ dd{t, jl[ 4 / ;'/Iff kb| fg ug]{ kfi] fs tŒj
ljsf; ug{] kf]ifs tŒj

sfafx]{ fO8«6] / lrNnf k|fl] 6ghGo vfB kbfy{ le6fldg / vlgh kbfy{
kbfy{

rfdn, ux,'F cfn', ds,} rgf, e6df;, bfn, sn]hf,] df5f, cG8f, kfn'ª\uf],

sGbdn" , dx, pv,' abfd, l;dL, /fhdf, ssn{ f], sfb] f], rs' Gb/, ;fu,

l3p, t]n, af];f], ltn df5f, df;,' cG8f, b'w, sl' /nf,] Rofp, ;nud, ufFh/,

cflb bxL cflb sfh,' cf]v/ cflb

-v_ sfo{sf cfwf/df kfi] fs tŒsf] ks| f/ (Types of nutrients on the basis

of function)

-c_ sfaf{x] fO8«]6\; (Carbohydrates)

;fdGotfofM z/L/nfO{ zlSt lbg]
vfg]s'/fx¿ sfaf{]xfO8«]6 x'g\ .
z/L/df zlSt kf| Kt ugs{ f nflu lgoldt
¿kdf oL vfgs] '/fx¿dWo] sg' } Ps jf
;fe] Gbf a9L cfjZostf cg';f/ vfg]
ugk'{ 5{ . vfgs] /' fsf] ;f| t] ;a} 7fpdF f Ps}
ks| f/sf gxg' ;S5g\ . To;}n] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf :yfgLo vfg]s'/f dWo] sfafx]{ fO8]«6
ePsf] ;f| t] klxrfg u/L vfgk' 5{ .

-cf_ sfaf{x] fO86]« \;sf sfo{

!= z/L/nfO{ cfjZos tfk / zlSt pTkfbg ug{'

@= z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kfgL pTkfbg ug{'

#= z/L/sf df+;k]zLx¿nfO{ ;jm| Lo agfpg ;xof]u ug'{

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 33

-cf_ lrNnf] kbfy{ (Fats)

lrNnf] kbfy{n] cltl/St sfo{ ug{sf nflu
zlSt lbG5 . To;n} ] xfdf| ] vfgfdf sx] L dfqfdf
lrNnf] kbfy{ klg cfjZos xG' 5 . a9L lrNnf]
kbfys{ f] k|of]u u/]df ljleGg vfnsf /f]ux¿
nfUg ;S5 . t;y{ z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{
dfqfdf dfq} lrNnf] kbfy{ vfg'k5{ .

-cf_ lrNnf] kbfy{sf sfo{

!= le6fldg …PÚ, …8LÚ, …OÚ{ / …s]Ú nfO{ 3n' fpg ;xofu] ug'{
@= z/L/sf] tfkj|md lgoldt /fVg'
#= 5fnfnfO{ :j:y / lrNnf] kfg{'
$= vfgfnfO{ :jflbi6 agfpg'
%= ;fukftdf ePsf le6fldgx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{

-O_ kf| ]l6g (Protein)

z/L/sf] a[lå / ljsf; nflu k|f]l6g
rflxG5 . xfdf| ] z/L/df sfi] fx¿ laug| ,] 66' g\ ]
/ km' 6g\ ] eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . tL sfi] fx¿sf]
ddt{ sf nflu k|f]l6gsf] cToGt dxŒjk0" f{
e"ldsf xG' 5 . To;}n] xfdLn] kf| l] 6g xg' ]
vfgs] /' fx¿ klxrfg u/L vfgk' 5{ . xfdf| ]
vfgfdf kl| tlbg s'g} Ps k|fl] 6goS' t vfg]s'/f ;dfj]z xg' k' 5{ .

-cf_ k|f]l6gsf sfo{

!= z/L/ j[l4 / ljsf; ug'{
@= cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf zlSt lbg'
#= kfrg ljm| ofdf 6]jf k¥' ofpg'
$= z/L/sf sf]ifx¿sf] ddt{ ug'{

34 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

-O{_ le6fldg (Vitamin)

le6fldg xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ ljleGg
/f]uaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{] ;'Id kf]ifs
tŒj xf] . le6fldg …aLÚ / …;LÚ kfgLdf
3N' g] le6fldg x'g\ . le6fldg …PÚ, …8LÚ,
…OÚ{ / …sÚ] af;] fd] f 3N' g] le6fldg x'g\ .
le6fldg P n] cfFvfsf] bZ[ o zlStnfO{
dhat' agfpF5 . o;n] /tGwf] /fu] af6
klg arfp5F . le6fldg P sn]hf], df5f, df;,' cG8f, uf9f xl/of] ;fukft, kfnË' f,]
kxn] f] kmnkm"n, kfss] f] dj] f, cfFk, km;L,{ ufFh/, ;'Gtnfaf6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

le6fldg aL n] kfrg kl| j|mofdf dbt u5{ . le6fldg aLcGtu{t yfoldg, /fOafk] m\
nflag, gfol;g, afofl] 6g, kmfl] ns Pl;8 cflb k5{g\ . le6fldg …aLÚ xl/of] ;fukft,
kmnkm"n, s/] f, b'w tyf bw' af6 ags] f kl/sf/x¿ tyf hgfj/sf lduf{}nf, sn]hf],
kmfS] ;f], d6' a' f6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

le6fldg …;LÚ n] z/L/sf sfi] fx¿nfO{ hf]8/] afWF g] sfd u5{ . o;n] xf8, bftF /
luhfnfO{ alnof] /fVg] sfd klg u5{ . o;n] :seL{ /fu] af6 klg arfpF5 . le6fldg
;L cldnf] kmnk"mn h:t} M cdnf, sfutL, cDaf, ;G' tnf, cª\u'/, cfkF , aGbf cflb
af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

le6fldg 8Ln] xfdf| ] xf8nfO{ dhat' agfp5F . le6fldg 8L df5fsf] tn] , snh] f],
cG8fsf] kxn] f] efu cflb af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

le6fldg …O{Ú sf ;|f]tcGtu{t tf]/L, e6df;, abfd, gl/jn, ;"o{d'vL t]n, ds}
/ uxF'sf] lk7f], km' n, df5f, df;,' bw' , l3p, kmnk"mn, af| s] fpnL, ;fu;AhL cflb
k5{g\ . o;n] 5fnf :j:y / rlDsnf] kfg{ / k|hgg Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{df dbt
k'¥ofp5F . o;n] /ftf /Stsfi] fnfO{ gi6 x'gaf6 hfu] fpF5 .

le6fldg …s]Ú sf ;|f]tdf sn]hf], df;', df5f, cG8f, eft, ux'F, ds} tfhf
kmnkm"n, ljleGg ks| f/sf xl/of ;fukft, bw' cflb k5{g\ . o;n] /ut hdfpg /
sn]hfdf xg' ] ljleGg lsl;dsf /fu] nfUgaf6 arfpF5 .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 35

ljm| ofsnfk !=@
;d"xdf ldn/] cfkm\ gf] 3/ / j/k/ kfpg] ljleGg ks| f/sf le6fldgx¿sf] lrq
jf kmf]6f] ;ª\sng u/L Pp6f ;]tf] k]k/df kml] asnn] 6f“;/] le6fldgsf] PNad
tof/ u/L kb| zg{ ug'{xf;] \ .

-p_ vlgh (Minerals)

z/L/nfO{ :j:y / kml' tn{ f] /fVgsf
nflu vlgh kbfy{ rflxG5 .
o;n] z/L/df t/n kbfys{ f] dfqf
ldnfpg] sfddf dbt u5{ . of]
df5f, cG8f, tf]/L, ;nud, dn' f,
u'Gb's| , cGg, bfn, sfh', abfd,
cfof]l8goS' t gg' , ;d'lbs| vfgf, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, ;fukft cflbdf kfOG5 . kmnfd,
cfof]l8d, SoflN;od, km:kmf]/; cflb dV' o vlgh xg' \ . kmnfdn] /utdf x]df]Unf]lag
tof/ kfg]{ sfd u5{ . cfofl] 8gn] yfO/f]lS;g xdf]g{ tof/ kfg,{ dlxnfx¿df uef{wfg
sfo{df / z/L/sf] ljsf;df k0" f{ ¿kn] ;xof]u u5{ . cfofl] 8gsf] ko| fu] n] unufF8
cfpg] / k'8s\ f] aRrf hlGdg] ;d:ofaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk !=#
cfkm\ gf] 3/, kl/jf/df kfpg] ljleGg k|sf/sf kf]ifs tŒjx¿sf] gd'gf ;ªs\ ng
u/L Pp6f ;t] f] k]k/df kml] asnn] 6f:“ gx' f];\ / cfkm\ gf] sIffsf]7fsf] leQfdf kb| z{g
ug'{xf];\ .

#=@ ljiffbLoS' t vfBfGgsf] c;/ (Effects of poisinious food)

crn] vfBkbfy{ pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs
cfi} fwLx¿sf] cTolws dfqfdf k|ofu] u/s] f] kfOG5 . o;af6 vfBj:tx' ¿ ljiffbLo'St
x'G5g\ . o:tf ljiffbLoS' t vfBfGgn] xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

36 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

-c_ jfsjfs nfUg], l/uF 6f nfUg] tyf k]6 bV' g] h:tf kfrg ;d:of xg' ]

-cf_ z/L/df PnhL{ x'g]

-O_ vfBoj:tx' ¿sf] :jfb / u0' f:t/ lalu|g]

-O_{ dflg;x¿sf] k|hgg Ifdtfdf sdL cfpg]

#=# cNkkf]ifs vfg]s/' fsf] c;/ (Effects of junk food)

cNkkf]ifs vfg]s'/f (Junk food) k|zf]lwt vfBkbfy{ xf] . o:tf vfBkbfy{df
cvfB j:t'sf] ld;fj6 klg x'g] x'Fbf logLx¿sf] u'0f:t/ lauF|b} hfG5 . o:tf]
kz| fl] wt vfBkbfyd{ fw/] } ul' nof,] hDg] vfnsf] lrNnf] kbfy,{ gg' , ;t] f] lk7f,] 6f« G;ˆof6,
clhgf]df]6f], cvfB km'8, lk|hel{] 6E;, /ª / :jfbsf] k|ofu] ePsf] x'G5 . ;fy} z/L/sf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ kfl} i6s tŒj klg c;fWo} Go"g dfqfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . cNkkf]ifs
vfg]s'/f dGb laif h:t} dflgG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ la:tf/} cNkkf]ifs vfg]
s'/f dfq vfg dg nfUg] ntsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . o;n] xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf lgDglnlvt
tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfb5{ M

tTsfnLg c;/ bL3s{ fnLg c;/

slAhot xg' ' / df]6fk] gsf] hfl] vd
k]6 b'Vg' sn]hf] / lduf{n} f;DaGwL hl6ntf
jfsjfs nfUg', kfrg Pjd\ k6] ;DaGwL bL3s{ fnLg ;d:of
dw'd]x /fu] sf] hfl] vd
ckr xg' ',
bftF ;DaGwL hl6ntf
emf8fkvfnf nfUg',
cN5L / cfn:otf zf/Ll/s j[l4 / ljsf;df u8a9L
a9g\ '
d6' ' tyf /StgnL;DaGwL hl6ntf

tflss{ Pjd\ ;dfnfr] gfTds Ifdtfdf x|f;
dl:tssf] ljsf;df cj/fw] tyf
;+ju] fTds cl:y/tf

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 37

#=$ :jf:ys/ ljBfno vfhfsf] 5gf]6 / pkof]u (Selection and use

of healthy food school meal)

;j+ fb k9f“} / ae' mf}“ M

lzIfs M cfh tkfO{xF ¿n] s] s] vfhf Nofpge' Psf] 5 < kfnk} fnf] ;'gfpgx' f];\
/fd x} t .

M ;/, dn} ] t cfh pl;g]sf] cfn' / lk8F fn' NofPsf] 5' .

Zofd M d]/f] t 3/af6 rgf, cG8f / lrp/f k7fpg'ePsf] 5 . of] d/] f] dg
kg]{ vfhf klg xf] ;/ .

;Grnfn M d}n] t e'6]sf] ds} / e6df; NofPsf] 5' lg ;/ .

lzIfs M :ofaf;, dfx] g, kmn" dfof / uLtfn] s] s] Nofpg' ePsf] 5 lg <

dfx] g M d}n] t bxL / lrp/f lnP/ cfPsf] 5' ;/ .

km' ndfof M dnfO{ t cfdfn] /f6] L t/sf/L, d]jf, cDaf, cªu\ '/ ld;fP/ k7fOlbg'
ePsf] 5 ;/ .

uLtf M d}n] t t/sf/L / k/' L NofPsL 5' .

lzIfs M tkfOFx{ ¿ ;a} hgf s:tf] 1fgL xg' 'xG' 5 . jf:tjdf xfd|} 3/ / 6f]ndf
kfOg] ljljw ;f| t] x¿af6 klg :jf:ys/ vfhf tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
oL vfgs] /' fx¿ :j:Yos/ / tfultnf xG' 5g\ . o;af6 xfdLnfO{ ;a}
cfjZos kf}li6s tŒj k|fKt xG' 5g\ . tkfOx{F ¿n] ;s;] Dd ;a} k|sf/
sf kfl} i6s tŒj kfOg] vfgs] '/f lnP/ cfpg] k|of; ug{'xf]nf . ;fy}
;fyL ;fyLlardf klgafF8/] vfg ;Sgx' 'G5 x} .

ljBfyL{x¿ M xG' 5 ;/ .

lzIfs M n, ;a}nfO{ wGojfb . ;we}F l/ ;a} hgfn] cfcfˆgf] 3/af6 o;/L g}
:jf:ys/ vfhf lnP/ cfpg" .

ljBfyL{x¿ M xcf;] \ ;/ . xh'/nfO{ klg wGojfb .

lj|mofsnfk !=$

5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ M
-s_ tkfOn“{ ] cfh s] vfhf Nofpge' Psf] 5 < s] tkfOn“{ ] NofPsfv] fhf :j:ys/ 5 xfn] f <

38 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff &

-v_ :j:ys/ ljBfno vfhf s;/L 5gf6] / pkofu] ug{ ;lsg] /x5] < ;fyL;Fu
5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

-u_ tkfOs{“ f slt hgf ;fyLn] 3/af6} NofPsf] vfhf vfg] ug{'x'G5 < ;fw] vfh]
u/L ahf/af6 vfg]s/' f lsg]/ vfg] ;fyLnfO{ klg 3/af6} NofPsf] vfhf
vfg] afgL a;fNg cg'/fw] ugx'{ f];\ .

#=% vfB ld;fj6 / o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ (Food adulteration and

safety measures)

cfhsfn ahf/df vfBj:td' f ld;fj6sf] ;d:of lgs} a9s] f] 5 . of] Ps uDeL/
;fdb' flos :jf:Yo ;d:of xf] . tkfOx{F ¿n] klg ufOe{ F;} Lsf] l3pdf jg:klt l3p,
tf/] Lsf] t]ndf e6df;sf] tn] , /fdf| ] hftsf] rfdndf sd;n rfdn ld;fPsf] s'/f
klg ;G' g'ePsf] xf]nf . rgfsf] lk7fdf dss} f] lk7f] ld;fpg,] lh/fsf] wn' fdf wlgofFsf]
w'nf] ld;fpg] u/s] f] klg ;G' g' ePsf} xfn] f . a;] f/df dss} f] lk7f], v;' fg{ Lsf] w'nfdf
O6F fsf] w'nf], bw' df kfp8/ bw' ld;fPsf] 36gf klg JofKt 5g\ . o;/L Jofkfl/s
p2]Zon] vfBj:t'df ljleGg k|sf/sf sd u'0f:t/Lo / cvfBj:t'x¿ ld;fpg]
cEof;nfO{ vfB ld;fj6 (Food adulteration) elgG5 . vfBj:t'df ldNbf
/ªx¿, cfsf/k|sf/ / :jfbsf ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ ld;fj6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
u0' f:t/xLg vfBj:t' ld;fpg], tfn} df 36fP/ lbg,] u'0f:t/ uf]Ko /fv]/ a]Rg], af;L
vfgs] /' f ld;fP/ ar] lavg ug]{ h:tf cEof;x¿klg xg' ] u5{g\ . o:tf sfon{ ] ubf{
dfgj :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ k5{ . vfBj:t'df s'g} j:t' ld;fO;sk] l5 pSt j:ts' f]
kfl} i6s tŒj / u0' f:t/df sdL cfpF5 .

ljm| ofsnfk !=%

;a} hgfn] cfk\mgf] 6f]n, ufp“ jf 5/l5ds] df bv] ]sf jf cg'ej u/]sf o:tf vfB
ld;fj6af/] ;fw] k'5 / 5nkmn u/L tnsf] tflnsf eg{x' f];M\

s'g ;fdu|Ldf < s] ldl;Psf] <

-c_
-cf_
-O_

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 39

-s_ vfB ld;fj6af6 :jf:Yodf kfg{] xflgsf/s c;/ (Harmful effects

of food adulteration)
vfBj:tx' ¿df ld;fj6sf] vt/f lbglbg} a9s] f] 5 . o;sf c;/ lgDglnlvt x'G5g\ M
-c_ 6fpsf] bV' g], l/uF 6f nfUg], jfsjfs nfUg], afGtf xg' ,] k]6 b'Vg]
-cf_ emf8fkvfnf, cfp,F 6fOkmfO8, x}hf h:tf /f]u nfUg ;Sg]
-O_ hlG8;, Kof/fnfOl;; h:tf /f]ux¿ nfUg]
-O{_ z/L/df PnfhL{ x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ bv] f kg]{ .
-p_ sn]hf] ;l' Ggg] / ;ª\j|md0f a9\g]
-pm_ SofG;/ /fu] x'g ;Sg]
-P_ JolStsf] csfndf Hofg hfg ;Sg]

-v_ vfB ld;fj6af6 aRg] pkfo ( Preventive measures against

food adulteration)
vfB kbfys{ f] ld;fj6af6 kg{] c;/x¿af6 aRg] pkfo lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
-c_ ;se/ cfkmg\ } vt] af/Ldf jf :yfgLo pTkfbgsf vfBj:t' dfq k|ofu]

ug'k{ 5{ .
-cf_ pTkfbg ldlt, pkefu] ofU] o cjlw / vfB tŒjsf] dfqf pNnv] ePsf

vfBj:t'dfq ahf/af6 vl/b ug{'k5{ .
-O_ vfB ld;fj6 / o;sf] c;/ ;DaGwdf 3/kl/jf/ / 5/l5ds] nfO{ eGgk' 5{ .
-O{_ vfB kbfys{ f] u0' f:t/, tfn} , dN" o / ljZj;gLo sDkgL gfd x/] /] dfq vl/b

ugk'{ 5.{ lj1fkgsf] ed| df k//] slxNo} klg vfBj:t' vl/b ugx'{ bF' g} .
-p_ vfB kbfys{ f] ld;fj6 lj?4df cfjfh a'nGb ug'{k5{ .
-pm_ vfB ld;fj6 lgoGq0fsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ug'{k5{ .

40 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

cEof;

!= hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf zlSt kb| fg ug] { le6fldgx¿
-v_ z/L/ lgdf0{ f tyf dd{t;Def/ ug ]{ lrNnf] kbfy{
-u_ cltl/St lj|mofsnfksf] cj:yfdf zlSt kb| fg ug{] k|fl] 6g
-3_ ;'/Iff kb| fg ug]{ / /f]uaf6 arfO /fVg ] sfaf]{xfO86«]
vlgh kbfyx{ ¿

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ kf]ifs tŒj eg]sf] s] xf] < sfo{sf] cfwf/df kf]ifs tŒjsf k|sf/
pbfx/0f;lxt pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ cNkkfi] fs vfgs] /' fsf] ko| f]usf dV' o c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ :jf:ys/ ljBfno vfhfsf] 5gf6] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ vfB ld;fj6 egs] f] s] xf] < To;sf] c;/af6 aRg] pkfox¿ ;'emfj

lbgx' f;] \ .
-3_ ljiffbLo'St vfBfGgsf] c;/af6 aRg] sg' } rf/ tl/sfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ vfBld;fjf6 xfd|f] :jf:ydf kg]{ c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
cfkm\ gf] ufp3“ / / l5ds] j/k/ pknAw kfi] fs tŒjx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ltgLx¿sf]
sfo{sf cfwf/df ljefhg u/L Pp6f ;t] f] 8O« ª af8] { kk] /df 6f;“ /] Nofpg'xf;] \ /
cfk\mgf] sIffsf] gf]l6; af8] {df 6f“:gx' f;] \ .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 41

/fu] , ;/' Iff / k|fylds pkrf/ $PsfO

(Disease, Safety and First Aid)

ljljw sf/0fx¿n] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo cj:yfdf c;Gtng' eO{
b}lgs ljm| ofsnfk ug{ c;xh ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ g} /fu] elgG5 . emf8fkvfnf, cfpF,
xh} f, sfl] e8 !(, pRr /Strfk, dw'dx] cflb /f]usf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

xfdLn] slxns] fxLF cfufn] kfN] g], rSsn' ] sf6\g,] s/G] 6 nfUg], lxF8b\ f n8\g] cflb
b'3{6gfx¿ b]v]sf] jf ef]u]sf] x'g;S5f}F . o:tf b'3{6gfx¿af6 aRg ;fjwfgL
ckgfpgk' 5{ . kf8} L vN] g hfFbf nfOkm Hofs6] nufpg,' df6] /;fOsn rnfpFbf xN] d6]
nufpg,' cfuf] afNbf xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' ;'/Iffsf pkfo x'g\ . s'g} klg b3' 6{ gfaf6
aRg cjnDag ul/g] ;fjwfgLdn" s pkfo ;/' Iff xf] . ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ cjnDag
ubf{ ub}{ klg ljleGg lsl;dsf b3' 6{ gfx¿ xg' ;S5g\ . o;/L b3' 6{ gf ePkl5 b3' {6gf
ePs} 7fpFdf tTsfn ul/g] klxnf] pkrf/nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ elgG5 .

$=! b"lift xfjfsf] dfWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]u (Diseases transmitted by

contaminated air)

lj|mofsnfk !=!
lrq x/] f“} / 5nkmn u/fM}“

42 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

-s_ lrqdf af6f] lx8F \b} u/]sfJolStn] lsg gfs 5f]Kge' Psf] xf]nf <

-v_ Zjf;kZ| jf;sf dffWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux¿ s'g s'g xfn] fg < ltgsf nIf0fsf]
;DaGwdf ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

;+jfb k9f}“ / a'emf}“

u?' cfdf M tkfO{Fx¿n] af6fdf lxF8\bf oqtq kmf]xf]/ kmfn]sf], lb;fflk;fa u/]sf]
bV] g'ePsf] 5 <

ljBfyL{ M bv] s] f 5f}F . To:tf] bV] bf Psbd g/fd|f] nfU5 .

u?' cfdf M o;/L hyfefjL kmf]xf/] ubf{ xfdf| ] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f klg b'ul{ Gwt x'g
hfG5 .

ljBfyL { M Tof] bu' {Gw xfdf| ] j/k/ kml} nG5 . x}g t u?' cfdf <

u?' cfdf M xf], b'u{Gw ;Fu;u} ToxL b'u{lGwt jftfa/0fjf6 /f]usf hLjf0f' klg
kml} nG5g\ .

ljBfyL { M o:tf] b'u{lGwt jftfj/0fjf6 Zjf; lng' t xflgsf/s xG' 5 xf]nf lg
x} .

u?' cfdf M xf] t, xfdLn] k|b"lift jftfj/0faf6 Zjf; lnbF f /f]usf hLjf0f' klg xfd|f]
z/L/df kj| ]z ug{ ;S5g\ .

ljBfyL { M la/fdL JolStn] xfdL glhs} vf]Sbf jf xfR5o\ F' ubf{ klg /fu] sf hLjf0f'
xfjfsf] dfWodaf6 xfdf| ] z/L/leq kj| ]z ug{ ;S5g\ lg <

u'?cfdf M :ofaf;, l7s eGg'eof] . Zjf;k|Zjf;sf dfWodaf6 kl/jf/sf cGo
;b:odf klg /f]u km}lng ;S5 .

ljBfyL { M o:tf] bl" ift xfjfaf6 s:tf /fu] kmn} G5g\ lg <
n ;'Ggx' f];\ x} t . b"lift xfjfaf6 nx/] vf]sL, Eofut' ] /fu] , Ifo/f]u,

7p] nf, lgdf]lgof cflb /fu] xfjfaf6 kmn} G5g\ .
+

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff & 43

-s_ b"lift xfjfsf dfWodaf6 ;g{] /f]ux¿sf sf/0f, nIf0f / /fs] yfdsf pkfo

(Cause, symptoms and preventive measures of air-borne

diseases)

;ªj\ m| ldt ;O' ÷{ /utaf6 ;g{] /fu] sf sf/0f, nIf0f / /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

/f]u sL6f0f' sf/0f nIf0f /f]syfd

7p] nf efO/; /f]uLn] xfR5\oF' Hj/f] cfpg],lhp zf}rfnodf dfq}

ubf{, vfS] bf b'Vg,] sdhf/] L xg' ] lb;flk;fa ug]{
kx]Fnf lald/fx¿

/fu] Ln] k|ofu] (Rashes) bv] fkg]{ hyfefjL y'Sg], l;Fufg
kmfNg] gug{]
u/s] f ;/;fdfg sl] x ;dokl5
;/;kmfO gu/L ljld/fx¿ kfgLsf la/fdLn] k|of]u u/]sf
;fdfg /fd/| L ;kmf u//]
ko| f]u ubf { kmf]sfdf k/L0ft xg' ]

dfq k|ofu] ug]{

kmf]sfx¿ km'6]/ kfk|f emf]lnnf vfg]s/' fx¿
k|Z:t dfqfdf v'jfpg]
aGb} / kmfl] ;|bF } hfg]

df;} dcg;' f/sf sk8f
nufO{ lr;f] tyf kl;gf
cfpgaf6 arfpg]

nx/]vfs] L AofS6]l/of /f]uLn] xfR5\oF' nuftf/ vfs] L nflu/ afnaflnsfnfO{ l8lk6L

ubf{ / vfS] bf xg] vf]k nufpg]

/f]uLn] k|ofu] lbpF;fe] Gbf /ftdf la/fdLn] ko| f]u u/]sf
u/s] f ;/;fdfg a9L vfs] L nfUg] ;fdfg /fd/| L ;kmf u/]/

;/;kmfO gu/L dfq k|ofu] ug]{
h/f] cfpg,] lhp
ko| f]u ubf{ bV' g], sdhf/] L dx;;' df;} dcg';f/sf sk8f

xg' ] nufO{ lr;f] x'gaf6

arfpg]

5ftL b'Vg/] vf]Sbf

cToGt} kL8f x'g] JolStut ;/;kmfOdf

Wofg lbg]

44 :jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;hg{ fTds snf sIff &

Ifo/fu] AofS6l] /of /f]uLn] xfR5o\ F' a]ns' f / /ftLdf a9L ufO{e};F Lsf] b'w /fd|/L
ubf{ vfS] bf h/f] cfpg] pdfn/] vfg]

/fu] Ln] k|of]u h/f];Fu} kl;gf klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
u/]sf ;/;fdfg cfpg] hGdgf;fy lal;hL
vf]k nufpg]
;/;kmfO gu/L tf}n 36b\ } hfg], vfgf
g?Rg,] sdhf]/L xg' ] la/fdLn] k|of]u u/]sf
ko| fu] ubf{ ;fdfg /fd/| L ;kmf u//]
vf]sL nfUg], 5ftL dfq ko| fu] ug{]
b'Vg,] vsf/df /ut b]
vf kg{] JolStut ;/;kmfOdf
Wofg lbg]

lj|mofsnfk !=#

tkfO{“sf] 6f]nl5d]sdf s'g} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 7]pnf ePsf] x'g;S5 . To:tf]
kl/jf/ kQf nufpgx' f;] \ / 7p] nf xb“' f aRrfdf bl] vPsf nIf0fx¿ ;fw] /] sIffsf7] fdf
k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .

$=@ ;ªj\ m| ldt ;O' { / / /utaf6 ;g]{ /f]u (Communicable Disease

caused due to contaminated through syringe and blood)

k9f}“ / a'emf}“ M

¿kssf] 3/eGbf sx] L k/ afF;sf] emfª lyof] . ToxfF x/]s lbg an] s' fsf] ;dodf rf/
kfFr hgf oj' fx¿ hDdf eP/ a:g] uy{] . ltgLx¿ Psl5g ukmufkm uy{] / uLt klg
ufpFy] . pgLx¿sf ;fyL la:tf/} ylkFb} uP . pgLx¿ la:tf/} la:tf/} r/' f]6, ufhF f,
v}gL cflbsf] ;]jg ug{ yfn] . ;do laTb} uof] / gofF gofF ;fyLx¿ ylkbF } uP . Tof]
;d"xdf Ps hgf ckl/lrt ;fyLsf] klg k|jz] eof] . p;n] t 8U« ;sf] ko| f]u ubf]{
/x5] . pm PrcfOeL ;ª\jm| ldt klg /x5] . of] s/' f p;n] c? ;fyLx¿nfO{ egs] f]
lyPg . la:tf/} p;n] ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg 8U« ; lng s/ ug{ yfNof] . ;d"xsf c¿
;fyLx¿n] p;n] ko| fu] u/s] f] l;l/Ghaf6 8U« ; lng yfn] . sn' tdf km;k] l5 pgLx¿nfO{
k;} fsf] cefj x'g yfNof] . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿n] ;fdfg rfg] ,]{ em}emu8f ug]{ klg
ug{ yfn] . To;} j|mddf Ps hgfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt lalu|of] / p;nfO{ c:ktfn egf{
ul/of] . p;sf] /ut k/LIf0f ubf{ p;nfO{ PrcfOeL nfus] f] /x5] . Tof] s/' f ;fyLx¿n]
yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿ lgs} k5'tfP / cab]lv sn' tdf gnfUg] k0| f klg u/] .

:jf:Yo,zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf sIff & 45