Nepali Class :- 6

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ISBN : 978-9937-601-52-8

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;¬´fjx¿nfO{ sG] b| xflb{s :jfut ub{5 .

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/xg] xFb' f ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b| xflbs{ cg/' f]w ub{5 .

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wd,{ ;+:sl[ t / j]ze"iff ePsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . xfdf| ] b]z
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ljsf; ugk'{ 5{ .

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pbfx/0f M cfdf Û ks' f5{g\ ;an] dnfO{ .

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5g} g\ k/fO{ ;a efOefO
cfdf Û k'sf5{g\ ;an] dnfO{ .

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g]kfnL, sIff ^

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;w' f/sf nflu tkfO“{ c¿nfO{ s;/L cg/' fw] ugx{' G' 5, atfpgx' f;] \ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

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ePsf 5g\ . kfv] /f, d':tfª, :ju{åf/L, sGofd, nl' DagLnufotsf
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tfdf, kmnfdnufotsf ;ofF} vlghx¿ 5g\ . vlgh ;Dkbfsf wgL xfdL
g]kfnL ks| l[ tkd]| L / ldng;f/ klg 5fF} .

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jfSodf gfd …sfÚ] / …s]Ú k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfpF5g\ .
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r/f] kfgL xl/dfof w'jf F /dz] /rgf

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g]kfnL h:tf 5g} g\ . tL kSs} klg ljb]zL x'gk' 5{ . Tof] rflxF g]kfnL
xbF' } xf]Og . oL rflxF g]kfnL g} x'g\ .

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k'gn{v] g ug'x{ f];\ M

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-v_ a'af lzIfs xg' 'xG' 5 . aa' f ljBfnodf k9fpgx' 'G5 .
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xfdL, tkfO,{F pxfF, t,F ltdL, pm, pgL, of], Tof], oL, tL

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s;Lnf,] O{lGhlgo/, u/La, OR{ 5f, kL/f,] ;xLb, ckmL;, 3Lp, k;L,{

k5f8L, k/Lefiff, ceLefjs, sjL, si[ fL, j[4L, ldtL, lglt, k08Lt

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 7

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-u_ xfdL sf] h:t} ;Gt, 1fgL / jL/ xg' k' 5{ <
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l;dfgf, hfthflt, ;:+ sl[ t, jz] ei" ff, vfglkg, efiff / hg;ªV\ of zLifs{ df
Ps Pscf6] fsf af/d] f hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

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;ªs\ ng ug{x' f];\ . tL zAbx¿sf] gk] fnL cy{ klg nV] gx' f;] \ . cfkm" n]
;ª\sng u/]sf efiffsf zAb / ltgsf gk] fnL cy{ klg sIffdf
;g' fpgx' f];\ .

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uª\uf lsgf/sf] /dfOnf] 3gf hªu\ nleq ef/åfh dl' g a:y] . pgsf] /
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ljåfg\ lyP . pgsf 5f]/f k/fj;' klg TolQs} gfdb' ljåfg\ eP/ lg:s]sf
lyP . htf uP klg logLx¿s} ljåQfsf] rrf{ ;l' gGYof] . rf/l} t/af6 dflg;x¿
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h;f] ;dflwd} /xGy] . pgsf 5f/] f ojj|mLt xnSs a9s] f t lyP t/ k9]sf
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aGg] pkfo vfH] g'k¥of] af ÛÆ dgdf o:t} o:t} s/' f vn] fpbF } Ps lbg s'df/
ojj|mLt b]j/fh OGb|sxfF k'u] .

ojj|mLtsf ;a} u'gf;f ;l' g;s]kl5 OGbn| ] eg,] æafa' ojj|mLt, 1fg / l;k
cfh{g ug{ ldlxg]t u//] k9\g} k5{ . gk9L ljåfg\ aGg vf]Hg' t ;kgfdf
n8\8' vfP/ lakgfdf c3fpg vf]Hg' h:t} xf] . ltdL ljåfg\ u?' sxfF hfpm .
ldlxg]t u/ . x/] , k9]/ l;Sg} g;Sg] dfG5] ltdL xfO] gf} . ltd|f] k9fOdf d
klg hf] ;ss] f] dbt u?Fnf x'Gg <Æ

zAbfy{

cf>d M kf| rLg Clifdl' gx¿n] a:gsf lglDt kf| oM hª\undf agfPsf] cfjf;
ljåQf M ljåfg\ xg' 'sf] efj
;dflw M tk:of

10 g]kfnL, sIff ^

bj] /fh OGb|n] dg nufP/ pkfo ul/lbP eg] gk9Lsg klg ljåfg\ aGg
;lsG5 eGg] ojjm| Ltn] c7f]6 u/] . pgn] cem lh2L u//] eg,] æd ca
k9g\ lt/ nflUbgF, d EofpFlbgF sfsf . dnfO{ tkfOFn{ ] h;/L klg gk9Lsg}
ljåfg\ aGg] pkfo atfOlbg} k5{ .Æ

OGb|n] ljleGg pbfx/0f lbP/ k6s k6s ;DemfOae' mfO ug{ vfh] ] t/ pgsf]
lh2L emg\emg\ a9b\ } uof] . cflv/df pgn] OGb|sf 9f]sfdf cgzg g} ;?' u/] .

s'df/ ojj|mLt laxfg ;a]/} uª\uf:gfg ug{ hfGy] . :gfg ;lsPkl5 kms]/{
OGbs| f 9f]sfdf cfO{ /ftlbg si6 bv] fP/ k;f/f] kl//xGy] .

ojj|mLtsf] x7 bv] /] bj] /fh OGb| x}/fg eP . ;'?df PsbO' { lbg t pgn]
s]xL ;f]Rg} ;s]gg\ . t];|f] lbg pHofnf] x'ge' Gbf cufl8 g} OGbn| ] cfˆgf
skfn / bf/L hF'3fdf ;]tf] bn] . pgn] em'qe] mfd|] sk8f nufP . Ps hgf
;dfh;]jL a'9f dfG5]sf] e]if agfP/ laxfg} ;6' 'Ss uªu\ fsf] lsgf/df a;] .

s'df/ ojj|mLt uª\uf:gfg ug{ hfbF f ToxfF lsgf/df Ps hgf a9' f dfG5]nfO{
b]v] . tL a'9f dfG5] cfˆgf d'7Ldf afn'jf p7fpFb} uªu\ fsf] kfgLdf ˆofFSb}
ul//xs] f lyP . a'9f dflg;nfO{ cfb/ ugk{' 5{ eGg] hfgs] f sd' f/ ojjm| Ltn]
bO' { xft hf]8]/ eg,] æk|0ffd xh'/aa' f <Æ

æcfzLjf{b afa' ÛÆ lklnSs x]/]/ d:' s/' fpFb} a9' f dfG5] km]l/ cfˆgf] sfddf
nfu] . a9' f dfG5]sf] sfd x/] /] dgsf] vn' bn' L /fS] g g;sL sd' f/ ojjm| Ltn]
glhs} uP/ ;fw] ,] æo;/L uªu\ fsf] kfgLdf Ps Ps d'7L afn'jf ˆofFs/]
s] kmn ldN5, xh'/a'af ÛÆ

k|Zg ;g' /] klxn] t a'9f dfG5] lvTsf 5f8]/ xf;F ] . pgn] eg], æafa', of]
t cSsnsf] s'/f xf] . xg] {x' f];\ g, oxfF Pp6f k'n gxg' fn] a6j' fx¿n] w]/}
bM' v kfPsf 5g\ . oxfFg/] km/flsnf] / alnof] Pp6f kn' agfOlbg'k5{ .

cgzg M cfxf/ Tofu 11
gk] fnL, sIff ^

To;kl5 a6j' fx¿nfO{ uª\uf kf/ ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 / d]/f] gfd klg rN5 .
d of] afnj' f gbLdf ˆofsF /] Pp6f eJo k'n agfpg nfus] f] 5' .Æ
a9' f dfG5]sf s'/f ;'g]/ ojj|mLtnfO{ xfF;f] p7\of] . pgn] xf:F b} eg], æo;/L
as] f/df ;do / >d vr{ ug{' t dv" {tf xf]Og /, xh/' aa' f < olt kfsf]
pd/] df klg o:tf] sfFrf] a'l4 s;/L cfPsf] < o:tf] ug{ t ePg lg .Æ
æxF, x'bF g} / < lsg gxg' ] afa' <Æ a'9f dfG5]n] uDeL/ aGb} eg], æafa' Û lxhf]
dfq d}n] ;g' ]F, Ps hgf ojj|mLt gfdsf xfg] xf/ s'df/ sx] L lbgb]lv OGbs| f
9fs] fdf cgzg a;/] ljåfg\ xg' sl;g'ePsf] 5 /] . ljåt\ ;dfhdf xs' {]sf
sd' f/ ojj|mLt TolQs} s/' } gae' mL cgzg a:g'ePsf] xf]nf t < cgzg
a;]sf e/df gk9Lsg} dflg; ljåfg\ aGg ;S5 eg] o;/L afnj' f ˆofsF ]/
uª\ufdfly lsg kn' /fVg ;lsGg < d t cfF6 u//] } nfus] f] 5,' afa' ÛÆ
a9' fsf s/' f ;g' ]/ ojjm| Lt eml:sP . pgnfO{ oL a9' f dfG5] OGb| g} xg' \ ls
h:tf] klg nfUof] . o;af/] a9L ;fw] vf]h gu/L pgL v;' 'Ss gbLdf cf]n]{ .
To;kl5 gx' fP, sk8f km/] ] / ldlxg]t u/]/ k9g\ ] clg ljåfg\ aGg] ;ªs\ Nk
lnP/ km6fkm6 u'?sn' lt/ nfu] .

ljåt \ M al' 4dfg\
;ªs\ Nk M c7f6]
u'?sn' M k|frLg k4ltsf] lzIffs]Gb|

12 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

v';S' s x]b}{df ;G' b/ Pjd\ ljzfn

xf]gxf/ c7f]6

a]sf/ Hofb} l;kfn'

lvTsf ;'6'Ss

x7 k|l;4

gfdb' /l;nf]

;ªs\ Nk a];/L xfF:bfsf] cfjfh

eJo sfd gnfUg]

lh2L

@= ljk/Lt cy{ ae' mfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

d"v{, rn] f, kfss] f], xfx] Nnf, lakgf, cGTo, cK7o\ f/f]

#= zAbhf8] LdWo] ljk/LtfyL{ zAbhf8] LnfO{ lrg/] ufn] f] 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ M
cfsfz – kftfn c;n – v/fa hn – kfgL

;kmn – ljkmn sfd – vfd cSsn – a'l4

jg – hªu\ n ;g' fO–afn] fO lbg – /ft

$= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf ljk/Lt cy{ a'emfpg] zAb nV] g'xf];\ M

ldq, psfnf], hLjg, ;Hhg, ljif, ;DkGg, ;sf/fTds

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 13

%= jfSodf ko| f]u ug'{xf];\ M
;ª\sNk, lh2L, dbt, ljåfg\, xf]gxf/
af]w / cleJolSt

!= tnsf zAb z4' ;“u ;fgx'{ f;] \ / k9/] ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ M
ef/åfh /}Eo cf>d ljåfg \ k/fj;' pjf{j;'
ljåQf rrf{ ojj|mLt xnSs 7G8f/fd OGb|
cfhg{ dbt lh2L ljleGg cgzg uª\uf:gfg
si6 bf/Lhu'F f k0| ffd eJo al' 4 ;ªs\ Nk

@= kf7sf cfwf/df l7s a]l7s n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ sd' f/ ojj|mLt ef/åfh dl' gsf kq' lyP . -===========_
-v_ ojj|mLt OGbs| xfF k9\gsf nflu uP . -===========_
-u_ ojj|mLt OGb|sf 9fs] fdf lbge/ cgzg a:y] . -===========_
-3_ lji0f' ;dfh;]jLsf] ei] fdf uª\uf lsgf/df cfP . -===========_
-ª_ sd' f/ ojjm| Lt ljåfg\ aGg] ;ªs\ Nk lnP/ u?' sn' lt/ nfu] . -======_

#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrxg\ -√_ nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ k/fj;' / pjf{j;'sf lktfsf] gfd s] lyof] <

-c_ ef/åfh -cf_ /E} o -O_ jlzi7 -O{_ b|f]0ffrfo{

-v_ ojjm| Lt gk9Lsg ljåfg\ aGg] pkfo vf]Hg s;sxfF uP <

-c_ /}EosxfF -cf_ lji0fs' xfF -O_ OGb|sxfF -O{_ nIdLsxfF

-u_ ojjm| Ltn] OGbs| f 9f]sfcufl8 s] ;'? u/] <
-c_ cgzg -cf_ gfrufg -O_ efif0f -O{_ sljtf jfrg

14 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ ojjm| Lt laxfg} sxfF gx' fpg hfGy] <
-c_ od'gf gbLdf -cf_ sj' fdf -O_ uª\uf gbLdf -O_{ kFw]/fdf
-ª_ OGbn| ] d'7Lsf] afnj' fn] uª\ufdf s] agfpg] s'/f u/] <
-c_ b/af/ -cf_ k'n -O_ dlGb/ -O_{ af6f]

$= kf7sf cfwf/df Ps jfSodf pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ ojjm| Lt s;sf ;Gtfg lyP <
-v_ ojjm| Lt lsg OGb|sxfF uP <
-u_ ;kgfdf n8\8' vfP/ lakgfdf c3fpg' eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ OGbn| ] lsg e]if abNgk' /s] f] lyof] <

-ª_ ojj|mLtn] gk9L klg s] s'/f hfg]sf lyP <

-r_ ojj|mLt lsg km6fkm6 u?' sn' lt/ nfu] <

%= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ OGbn| ] ojj|mLtnfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg vf]h], syfsf cfwf/df j0f{g

ug'{xf;] \ .
-v_ …sd' f/ ojjm| LtÚ syfsf] dV' o ;Gbz] nV] gx' f];\ .

^= syfsf] bf;] f| ] / t;] |f] cg'R5]baf6 kfr“ cf6] f kZ| g agfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{n“ ]
agfPsf k|Zgx¿ ;fyLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf;] \ . ;fyLn] ;fw] s] f k|Zgsf] pQ/ tkfO{“
klg lbg'xf];\ .

&= syfsf] klxnf] cg'R5b] sf] ;f/ nV] g'xf];\ .

*= OGbn| ] ojjm| LtnfO{ gk9L 1fg ldNb}g eGg] s/' f ae' mfpg] zn} L tkfOn{“ fO{
s:tf] nfUof,] cfÇgf ts{ lbP/ Ps cg'R5]b nV] g'xf];\ .

(= s'df/ ojj|mLtsf] 7fp“df tkfO“{ x'ge' Psf] eP s] ug{'xG' Yof,] tkfO{“sf]
ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .

!)= sd' f/ ojjm| Lt s:tf kfq x'g,\ syfsf cfwf/df nV] g'xf;] \ . 15

gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof;

-sIff ^ sf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] km' 6an vN] g] sfoj{ |md;DaGwL s'/f xb'F } lyof] .
pSt 5nkmndf sIff lzIfs kmfNu'0fL / sIffsf ;a} ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;xefuL
lyP . Ps sg' fdf b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{ s/' f ub}{ lyP ._

/Tgdfg M ;/f]h Û ltdL k'm6an gvN] g] xf] / <

;/fh] M ltdLx¿ g} vn] . cfkmF} 6fn] L agfcf] . dnfO{ vN] g dg 5g} .

-bO' { hgfsf] s'/f ;g' k] l5 ===_

u'?cfdf M -;/fh] nfO{ ;DemfpFb_} x/] ;/fh] , s'g} klg v]n ;a} ldn]/
v]Ng'k5{ . To;}n] cfh d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, tkfOF,{ xh/' , of,]
Tof,] cfk"m, c¿ eGb} ga;fF} . ;a} ldn/] vn] fF} .

k]Daf M hf] v]Nb}g To;nfO{ lsg s/ ug{] u'?cfdf < a? sf] sf] vN] g],
sf] sf] gv]Ng], gfd l6kf}F g . sf] 6fn] L gt] f aGg] klg 5nkmn
u/f}F . s;n] s] ug{] xf,] To;sf] ;r" L agfcfF} .

-;an} ] kD] afsf] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP ._
!= dflysf] s/' fsfgL dgdg} k9g\ x' f;] \ . Toxf“ /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAb gfdsf

;6\6fdf ko| f]u ePsf 5g\ . gfdsf ;66\ fdf ko| fu] xg' ] o:tf zAbx¿
;j{gfd xg' \ . oL ;j{gfd zAbnfO{ gbfx] f]¥ofO{sg l6kf6] ug'{xf];\ .

@= jfSodf cfPsf ;jg{ fd lrg/] vfnL 7fpd“ f n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hf] ldlxgt] u5{, Tof] ;kmn xG' 5 . -hf], Tof]_
-v_ lgdf h] lsG5, kf;fª klg ToxL lsG5 . -==========,===========_
-u_ efOalxgLn] h;nfO{ e]6], bfhl' bbLn] To;nfO{ e]6g] g\ . -===, ===_
-3_ h;n] dx sf95\ , p;n] xft rf65\ . -======,======_

16 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-ª_ ;fl/sfn] h] elgg\, lko| ª\sfn] pxL ul/g\ . -==========,========_
-r_ hf] cuj' f 5, To;n] unt sfd ug'{x'bF }g . -===========,===========_
-5_ s]6fx¿ h] h] eG5g\, ;fyLx¿ ToxL ToxL dfG5g\ . -=====, ====_
-h_ h;nfO{ 3/ hfg' 5, To;n] lgj]bg n]Vgk' 5{ . -===========,========_

#= /ftf] kfl/Psf gfdsf ;6\6fdf k|Zg a'emfpg] ;j{gfd /fv]/ jfSo
agfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ alxgL 3/ uOg\ . sf] 3/ uOg\ <
-v_ p;n] snd x/fof] . ================================================<
-u_ pgLx¿n] cfFk / ;G' tnf vfP . =================================<
-3_ aa' fn] syf eGg'eof] . =============================================<
-ª_ uf]kfn vt] df uof] . ================================================<

$= cg'R5]b k9L ;j{gfd zAb l6Kg'xf];\ / jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f;] \ M
xfdL gk] fnL xf}F . xfd|f] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] ;+:s[lt 5 . xfdLsxfF pd]/,

;fOgf] cflbsf cfwf/df …t,F ltdL, tkfO,F{ xh/' Ú sf] k|ofu] ug{] rng
5 . k/fk] sf/df ljZjf; ug{] g]kfnLx¿df …dÚ / …xfdLÚ nfO{ eGbf …pmÚ,
…pgLÚ jf …pgLx¿Ú nfO{ a9L dxŒj lbObF }g . Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] s/' f
ubf{ sf] cfˆgf] / sf] k/fO{ eGg] s/' fnfO{ dxŒj lbOGg . cfk"m ;xL x'Fbf
gemS' g] t/ uNtL eP lz/ em'sfP/ uNtL :jLsf/ ug]{ gk] fnL rng
5 . :jod\nfO{ efl] n s] vfg] eGg] ;d:of x'bF f klg cfk"m;uF ePsf]
s/' f cfh} bfg ug{ g]kfnLx¿ ;wF} tTk/ x'G5g\ .

%= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] dgdg} k9g\ 'xf];\ / ;'?, lar / cGTodf bL3{ Osf/
nfus] f zAbsf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ M

ljBfyL{ hLjg c;n afgL ljsf;sf] ;do xf] . o; ;dodf h]
h:tf] afgLsf] ljsf; u¥of] pxL afgL hLjgel/ /xg] ub{5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 17

To;n} ] o; ;dodf vfgkfg / p7a;df ljzi] f Vofn ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf]
z/L/ / JolStTjnfO{ kmfObf gk'Ug] s'/faf6 6f9f /xg'k5{ . o;f] ug{
;s] hLjgsf] ;'vef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjgdf kl/>dL aGg'k5{ . kl/>d
ug]{ afgL klg oxL ;dobl] v a;fpbF } ul/of] eg] hLjg efu] fO ;lhnf]
xG' 5 . ;dodf ;'Tg,] kj" d{ f ;o" { gpbfpbF } p7\g] tyf plrt cfxf/ljxf/
ug{] afgL ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . k9fOdf ldlxgt] ug,{] c¿kl| t ;xofu] L efjgf
/fVg] h:tf afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{[k5{ . plNnlvt sfd ug{ ;s] ljBfyL{
hLjgnfO{ ;xL cyd{ f ;bk' of]u u/s] f] 7x5{ .

^= …sd' f/ ojj|mLtÚ kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5]baf6 bL3{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbsf]
;"rL agfO{ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f];\ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 @ ;g' /] vfnL 7fp“ eg'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ dxfsfJosf /rgfsf/ dxlif{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x'g\ .
-v_ …dxfef/tÚ df d"ntM sf}/j / kf08jsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5 .
-u_ oxfF y'k|} yk' |} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5g\ .
-3_ b]jjt| / pgsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ syf 5 .

@= ;'gfO kf7 @ sf cfwf/df hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

-s_ PsnJo if8\oGqsf/L

-v_ ljb'/ s/' f}6]

-u_ b'jf{;f dxfg\ wg'w{/

-3_ zsl' g gk9L 1fg kf| Kt ug{ vfH] g] afns

-ª_ ojjm| Lt dxf1fgL

l/;fxf
18 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= ;g' fO kf7 @ ;'gs] f cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ …dxfef/tÚ df ss;sf syf 5g\ <

-v_ …dxfef/tÚ sf] d'Vo ;Gb]z s] xf] <

$= tkfO“{n] ;g' ]sf] sg' } Pp6f syf sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= lbOPsf ;Gbes{ f cfwf/df syf agfO{ To;sf] zLifs{ klg rog ugx{' f;] \ M
w]/} klxnf Eofu'tfx¿sf] bf8} k|ltof]lutf xg' ' . ;a} Eofut' f hDdf
xg' ' . bf}8 ;'? xg' ' . bf}8]/ kxf8sf] 6K' kfdf kU' g'kg{] ;t{ xg' ' . Eofu'tfx¿
psfnfdf pkm| bF } sb' g\ yfNg' . w]/} hgfj/x¿ Eofut' fsf] bf8} xg] {
cfpg' . af6fdf nx/} nfu]/ ;a} hgfj/x¿ psfnfdf Eofu'tf
s'bs] f] xg] '{ . Eofut' fx¿ pkFm| b} r9g\ ' . Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ w]/} ufx|f] xg' ' .
;a} hgfj/n] Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ ufxf| ] eof] eGg' . Eofu'tfx¿ klg xfdL
;Sg] /x]g5f}F egL bf8} 5f8] g\ ' .

Pp6f Eofut' fn] ;a}nfO{ ;Demfpg' . c¿ Eofut' fn] ;fy glbg' . Tof]
Eofut' f] kxf8sf] 6K' kfdf kU' g' . ToxL Eofut' fn] bf}8 lhTg' . nIo
kf| lKtsf nflu c¿sf s/' faf6 ljrlnt geO{ cufl8 a9g\ 'kg]{ ;Gb]z .

@= sIffsf ;fyL ldn]/ cfkm" a:g] j8f sfofn{ osf] cjnfs] g ed| 0f ug'x{ f;] \
/ Toxf“af6 x'g] sfox{ ¿ -a8fkqsf cfwf/df_ ;dfrf/sf] 9fr“ fdf tof/
kf/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .



g]kfnL, sIff ^ 19

kf7 #
kj" { k7g

tnsf lrqx¿ x/] L lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ M

;fs]nf gfr s'df/L gfr
n67\ L gfr tfdfª ;n] f]

df?gL gfr

3f6' gfr

20 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn" kf7

# gk] fnL ;:+ s[lt

;dfhdf a:g] dflg;sf] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs hLjg x'G5 . k/Dk/fut
¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] pgLx¿sf] cfrf/ljrf/, rfnrng klg cfˆg}
lsl;dsf] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] snf, ;flxTo, efiff, wd{, bzg{ , dN" odfGotf
cflb klg leGg / ljzi] f lsl;dsf] x'G5 . oL ;a} s'/fsf] ;dli6nfO{ ;+:sl[ t
elgG5 . o;} cy{cg;' f/ gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltnfO{ cYof{pg] xf] eg] g]kfnLx¿n]
k/Dk/fb]lv g} cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] hLjgk4lt tyf d"NodfGotfnfO{
gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t eGgk' 5{ . g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ t eu" f]n / hflt tyf wd;{ Dkb| fosf]
leGgtfsf cfwf/df ljljwtfdo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns
;LdfeGbf klg k/k/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o:tf] lj:tf/ / ljljwtfsf dfemdf
klg PsTj /xg' gk] fnL ;+:s[ltsf] ljzi] ftf ags] f] 5 .

zAbfy{

cfrf/ljrf/ M rfnrng
bz{g M xg] {] bl[ i6sf0] f
;dli6 M p:t} vfnsf j:ts' f] dn]
cjnDag M ckgfpg] sfd
hLjgk4lt M hLjg lhpg] tl/sf

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 21

gk] fn k|fsl[ ts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k0" f{ e"kl/jl] i6t b]z xf] . oxfF ;of}F hfthflt /
efiffefifLsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd} kml} nPsf
af| x\d0f / 5q] Lx¿ b;F}ltxf/nufotsf ljleGg kjx{ ¿ dgfpF5g\ . ;+:sf/
/ ;:+ s[ltsf wgL pgLx¿ d"ntM g]kfnL efiff afN] 5g\ t/ klZrdlt/ eg]
8f]6]nL, bfr'{n]nL, c5fdL cflb efiff klg af]N5g\ . k"j{sf ls/ftLx¿
wfg gfr, RofAa|'ª gfr / ;fsn] fdf /dfp5F g\ . ls/ftLx¿dWo] klg lnDax' ¿
lnDa' efiff af]N5g\ eg] /fOx{ ¿ afGtjf, rflDnª, nf]xf]?ªnufotsf cgs]
/fO{ ls/ftL efiffx¿ af]N5g\ . ;fs]nf -pwF fn} L, peF f}nL_, rf;f]s tªgfd
cflb dgfp5F g\ . klZrdsf g]kfnLx¿ bp] 8f egk] l5 x?' Ss x'G5g\ . pgLx¿
uf}/f kjd{ f /dfp5F g\ .

dWo v08df tfdfªx¿ ;n] f] gfR5g\ . tfdfªx¿n] afN] g] efiffnfO{ tfdfª
efiff elgG5 . pgLx¿ w'dwfdsf ;fy Nxf];f/ dgfpF5g\ . g]jf/x¿
xfs'k6f;L / 5f]6f] bf}/fdf 7fFl6P/ la:s]6hfqf, OGb|hfqf, Dxk"hf cflb
dgfp5F g\ . pgLx¿sf] efiffnfO{ g]kfn efiff elgG5 . u?' ª / du/x¿
/fb] Ldf /D5g,\ 3f6d' f gfR5g\ . u?' ªx¿ u?' ª / 3n] efiff afN] 5g\ eg] du/x¿
du/ tyf vfd efiff af]N5g\ . Nxf;] f/ / e"ld k"hf pgLx¿sf] dV' o kj{
xf] . t/fO{ dw];df dw;] Lx¿ cgs] /ªx¿n] kmu'jf /ªu\ fpF5g\, 57df ;"os{ f]
pkf;gf u5{g\ / l;?jf kj{ dgfp5F g\ . pgLx¿ dl} ynL, ef]hk/' L, cjwL,
/fhj+zL, lwdfn, ;tf/, pbn{" ufot efiff af]N5g\ . dfly lxdfnlt/ rf/} Lsf]
k'R5/ 8fn] fpbF }, aSv' / bfr] fdf ;lhP/ zk] f{ ;d'bfo Nxf;] f/ dgfp5F g\ .
To;/L g} ysfnL / 8fN] kfnLx¿sf cfˆg} efiff / kjx{ ¿ 5g\ . ljleGg es] df
ljleGg efiff, e]if, kj{ / hfqfx¿ dgfpFb} cfˆgf] ;:+ sl[ t k5o\ fpg] x/s]
hfthfltsf] hGdbl] v dT[ o;' Ddsf cg]s ;:+ sf/x¿ 5g\ . sltko hfltsf
To:tf ;:+ sf/x¿lar ;dfgtf klg 5g\ . sltdf leGgtf klg 5g\ . o;/L
hfthfltlkR5] / gk] fnL eu" f]nsf] v08lkR5] km/s km/s hLjgk4lt, hfqf

ek" l/j]li6t M b]zsf] ;a} l;dfgf hldgn] 3]/s] f]

22 g]kfnL, sIff ^

jf kj{x¿, efiff, ei] f jf ;:+ sf/ xg' ' / Pscfk;df ;lxi0ft' f sfod /fVg'
gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t xf] .

hflt, efiff / eu" fn] lkR5] km/s km/s dN" odfGotf eP h:t} wflds{ cf:yfsf
b[li6n] klg g]kfnLx¿df ljljwtfdf Pstf kfOG5 . kj" L{o cfo{ ;Eotfsf
cgo' foLx¿ lxGbw' d{df ljZjf; ub{5g\ / o;nfO{ cGo ;Eotfsf ;db' fon]
klg j/0f u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} uft} d a'4sf dxfg\ pkb]znfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{]
af}4 wdfj{ nDaL klg w]/} 5g\ . hg} / lzv ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿ klg 5g\ .
oxfF dl' :nd wd{df ljZjf; ug{]x¿ klg w/] } 5g\ . oxfF ls/ft wd{ dfGgx] ¿
klg 5g\ . gk] fndf O;fO{ wd{ dfGgx] ¿ klg 5g\ . ;l+ jwfgn] g} wd{ lg/kI] f
/fi6s« f ¿kdf kl/eflift ePsf] o; dn' s' df pbfx/0fLo wflds{ ;lxi0f'tf
5 . oxfFsf lxGbx' ¿ a4' nfO{ cfˆg} bj] tf dfgL kH" 5g\, af4} bzg{ sf cgo' foL
aG5g\ . af4} wdfj{ nDaLx¿ klg lxGb'nfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\ . lzv / hg} sf] klg
lxGb' / af4} ;Fu dnldnfk cg's/0fLo 5 . oxfF lxGb', af4} , O:nfdnufot
;a} wds{ f] ;Ddfg xG' 5 . pgLx¿ ;lxi0f' eO{ ;xsfo{, d]nldnfk / Pstfsf]
;Gb]z lbG5g\ . Pscsf{sf] rf8kj{ dgfpF5g\, To;df ;xefuL eO{ /dfOnf]
u5g{ \ . o:tf] clåtLo wflds{ dn] ldnfk gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t xf,] gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf]
ljz]iftf xf] .

g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt gk] fnleq dfq xfO] g, ;;+ f/sf] h'g s'gf;Dd gk] fnLx¿
ku' s] f 5g\, Toxf;F Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . g]kfnaflx/ ef/tsf] bflhl{ nª, l;lSsd,

hg} M dxfjL/n] rnfPsf] clx;+ fTds wd{
lzv M u'? gfgsn] rnfPsf] Ps wd{
wd{ lg/k]If M sg' } Pp6f wdn{ fO{ dfq dfGotf glbg]
O:nfd M d'xDdbn] kr| ngdf NofPsf] d;' ndfgL wd{
;lxi0f' M ;xgzLn
;xsfo { M Ps ;fy ldn/] sfd ug]{ kl| jm| of
clåtLo M hf8] f gePsf,] ckl| td

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 23

sflnDkfª] / klZrd aªu\ fnsf] pQ/L If]q t g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tsf] e08f/ g}
xf] . To;bl] v kj" { cf;fd, d3] fno, dlgk/' nufotsf ef/tLo /fHox¿df klg
ToxfsF f] kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt hLljt 5 . ef/tsf c¿ /fHox¿df
klg g]kfnL dn" sf w/] } dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; 5 . cfhLljsfsf] l;nl;nfdf
gk] fnLx¿ tL 7fpxF ¿df ku' k] l5 pgLx¿sf] ;fyd} gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ t klg uPsf]
5 . ef/tafx]s Dofgdf/, xªsª, a]nfot, cd]l/sf, c:6]l« nof cflb b]zdf
klg gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t km}nbF f] 5 . ;fpbL c/]laof, stf/, b'aO,{ dn]l;of, blIf0f
sf]l/of, hfkfg, l;ªu\ fk'/, a|g' fO,{ Oh/fon, kf]NofG8 cflb b]zx¿df klg
g]kfnL ;:+ s[ltsf] lj:tf/ eO/xs] f] 5 . o;/L g]kfnaflx/ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t
km}ng] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ gk] fnL efiff / g]kfnleq afl] ng] cGo efiffx¿ ag]sf
5g\ . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnL ;Fu} gk] fnLn] dgfpg] rf8kj{, jz] ei" ff, vfgkfg /
g]kfnL ;:+ sf/ hxfF hxfF k'U5g\ ToxfF ToxfF gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t km}lnO/xs] f] 5 .

g]kfnLn] kfxg' fnfO{ b]jtf dfGg] kr| ng 5 . cfkm"n] ?vf];'vf] vfP klg
cltlynfO{ ld7fd] l;gf] vj' fpg] g]kfnL rng 5 . hggL / hGdel" dnfO{
:jue{ Gbf klg dxfg\ 7fGg] k/Dk/f 5 . ;fdflhs lxtsf nflu kf6Lkf}jf,
af6f]3f6f] / kn' kn' ];f agfpg] rng 5 . gk] fnLsf] bfg ug{] afgL kz| +;gLo
5 . ;db' fodf lhpbF f] 5Fbf hGtL / dbf{ dnfdL hfg] kr| ng 5 . df?gL,
afng / ;f]/7Lsf efsfdf 6ª' \gf, 8Dkm', Rofaª'| , dfbn / d'/nLsf] snfTds
;o+ fh] g 5 . o:tf] ljljwtfdo rfnrng g} gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t xf] .

cfhLljsf M hLjg lgjfx{ sf nflu ul/g] sfd
cltly M kfxg' f
kf6Lkf}jf M a6'jfnfO{ a:gsf nflu agfOPsf] 7fp“
24 gk] fnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

ljljwtf rlncfPsf] /Lltlylt
?vf];v' f ] d'n's
;dfgtf ;:+ sf/
;:+ sl[ t ;dfg x'g] l:ylt
/fHo cgs] tf lrNnfr] fKnf] / /l;nfk] fl] ;nf] gePsf]
k/Dk/f /fdf| ]

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vgx' f;] \ M

Rffnrng, cjnDag, ckl| td, kfx'gf, ;Dkbf, ;lxi0ft' f, lz/, rf8

#= cgs' /0ffTds zAb;u“ ldNg] ljm| ofd"n 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

k'n'Ss r'lxg'
6'KnS' s a:g'
emn' S' s efUg'
tktk kf]Ng'
yrSs em'Nsg '
etetL xg] {'
;6' S' s cfOk'Ug'
8o\ fDd 6flF ;g'
YofRr k8\sg'
uNof{Dd a:g'
6\ofKk 9Ng'

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 25

$= cEof; # df ko| fu] gePsf cGo bzcf]6f cgs' /0ffTds zAb l6kf6]
u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ug'{xf];\ .

afw] / cleJolSt

!= hf8] f ldnfO{ cyk{ "0f{ jfSo agfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfnL ;+:s[lt zk] f,{ tfdfª, u'?ªx¿sf] dxŒjk0" f{ rf8 xf] .

-v_ ls/ftx¿ lxGb'n] dgfpg] kl| ;4 rf8 xg' \ .

-u_ b]p8f g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf bj] tf dflgG5 .

-3_ 57 kh" f gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns ;LdfeGbf k/;Dd
kml} nPsf] 5 .

-ª_ Nxf];f/ t/fO{ dw];df dgfOg] dV' o rf8 xf] .

-r_ b;F} / ltxf/ ;fs]nf, rf;f]s tªg\ fd dgfp5F g\ .

-5_ cltlynfO{ gk] fnsf] ;'b"/klZrddf cToGt nfs] lk|o 5 .

@= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cgR' 5]bsf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ ls/ftx¿ s]df /dfp5F g\ <

-v_ uf}/f kj{ d'Vo u/L sxfF dgfOG5 <

-u_ gj] f/ ;d'bfodf dgfOg] d'Vo hfqf / kjx{ ¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-3_ /f]bL / 3f6d' f sf] sf] /D5g\ <

#= lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] n]Vg'xf;] \ / cfkm" n] nv] s] f zAbx¿ cfkm“} hf“Rgx' f;] \ M

ld7f]dl;gf], :ju{, Rofa|'ª, j]ze"iff, cf:yf, dxŒjk"0f{, d7dlGb/,
;lxi0f'tf, bfrn'{ n] L, xfsk' 6f;L, dT[ o,' ;:+ sf/, wd;{ Dkb| fo

26 gk] fnL, sIff ^

$= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ ;:+ sl[ t eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] <

-u_ gk] fndf wfld{s ljljwtfleq s:tf] Pstf 5 <

-3_ g]kfnL ;:+ s[lt sxfF;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 <

-ª_ …lhpbF fsf hGtL / dbfs{ f dnfdLÚ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
%= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ g]kfndf s] s:tf hflt, efiff / wd;{ Dk|bfox¿ 5g\ <

-v_ g]kfn ;f+:sl[ ts ljljwtf ePsf] bz] xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ kf7sf
cfwf/df k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .

^= cgR' 5]b k9g\ x' f];\ / kfr“ cf]6f ab'“ f l6kf]6 u//] sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ M
sgf{nL k|b]z g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ud ynf]sf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt

5 . o; k|b]zdf xD' nf, hD' nf, 8f]Nkfnufotsf lhNnf k5{g\ . g]kfnL
n]Vo ;flxTodf hD' nfsf] cfkmg\ } klxrfg 5 . 8f]Nkf eg] 7'nf lznfv08
/ zLtn jftfj/0fn] el/k"0f{ 5 . To;}n] 8f]Nkf lhNnf k|fs[lts
lrl8of3/sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5 . 8fN] kf s'dfp ufpF gk] fnsf]
e"efudf kQf nfus] f] ;a}eGbf gofF dfgj a:tL xf] . oxfF ;'k|l;4
afnf lqk'/f;'Gb/L dlGb/ 5 . oxfF >L k"0ff{gGb pkfWofon] afnf
lqk/' f;G' b/Lsf] j0f{g u/L !(!$ df nv] s] f] lqk'/f ;x;|gfd zLif{ssf]
kf08'lnlk k|fKt 5 . o; kf08'lnlknfO{ @)#& ;fndf /ljk|;fb
Gofk} fgn] ] ;Dkfbg u/L k|sfzg u/s] f 5g\ . oxfF af4} wdfj{ nDaLsf]
afSnf] a;fa] f; 5 .
&= tkfOs{“ f] ;db' fodf jf kl/jf/df dfGb} cfPsf] sg' } Ps rfnrngsf
af/]df nV] gx' f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 27

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= cgR' 5b] dgdg} k9g\ x' f;] \ / /ftf] cIf/df nl] vPsf zAbx¿ ;fyLnfO{
;g' fpgx' f;] \ M

gofF sk8f nufPsf ;ft hgf dfG5]x¿ af6fdf lxlF 8/x]sf lyP .
pgLx¿n] 7n' f] af/] f afs] s] f lyP . Knfl:6ssf] Tof] af/] f 6Dd afFlwPsf]
lyof] . af]/fleq k'/fgf sfuhx¿ lyP . dfG5]x¿ tL ;a} c;n
lyP . ltgLx¿n] w/] } ;fdfg afs] s] f lyP . pgLx¿;uF ;fgf] afa' klg
lyof] . yf/] } k;} f / clnslt rfdn klg lyof] . kmnfdsf 6'j|mf xfn]sf]
7'nf] emfn] f klg lyof] . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] ;fdfg cfkm}F af]s]sf lyP .

dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 tflnsfdf ldNg] zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ M

…s:tf]Ú sf] pQ/df cfpg] zAbx¿ gofF
…sqfÚ] sf] pQ/df cfpg] zAbx¿
…sltÚ sf] pQ/df cfpg] zAbx¿
…s'gÚ sf] pQ/df cfpg] zAbx¿
…s;sfÚ] sf] pQ/df cfpg] zAbx¿

jfSodf gfdsf] clulNt/ cfP/ …s:tfÚ] , …sqfÚ] , …sltÚ, …sg' Ú / …s;sf]
sf] pQ/df cfpg] kbx¿ ljzi] f0f xg' \ . ljz]if0fn] gfdsf] u0' f, ljzi] ftf,
cj:yf, /ª, ;ªV\ of, dfqf, j|md, cfjl[ Q, ;DaGw cflbnfO{ a'emfp5F .

@= lbOPsf jfSodf /x]sf ljzi] f0f zAb klxrfg u/L nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ xfdLn] k/' fgf ;fdfgx¿ x6fofF} .

-v_ ;fyLx¿ /l;nf ;'Gtnf / tfhf :ofp lsGb} lyP .

-u_ sf;] L g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] gbL xf] .

-3_ efOn] gofF 38L nufPsf] lyof] .

-ª_ /fd|f nu' f nufpg dg k/fpg] w/] } 5g\ .

28 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / /ftf] cIf/df nl] vPsf / /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿
tflnsf agfP/ eg{x' f];\ M
c;n rl/q / v/fa rl/qdf w]/} cGt/ xG' 5 . /fdf| ] dflg; cfkm"
hlt k;} f lnG5, To;eGbf w/] } ofu] bfg lbG5 . g/fdf| ] dflg; cfkm"
slt k;} f lnG5 To;eGbf yf]/} dfq ofu] bfg ug{ rfxG5 . Hofbf
of]ubfg u/] klg To;sf] hlt kmn k|fKt x'G5 To;df ;Gt'i6
x'g'k5{ . of] g} ;xL rl/qsf] ;'Gb/ gd'gf xf] . clnslt ofu] bfg
ug{' / y'k}| kmfObf vfH] g' unt rl/qsf] pbfx/0f xf] . To;}n] xfdLn]
yf/] } sfd ug{] t/ w/] } ;l' jwf vfH] g yfNg] xf] eg] xfdf| ] alnof] rl/q
aGbg} . sdhf/] rl/q lnP/ ;kmn lzIfs, sdr{ f/L, Jofkf/L, snfsf/,
gt] f jf s]xL klg aGg ;lsFb}g .

/ftf] cIf/df nl] vPsf zAbx¿ /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿

Tfflnsfdf /ftf] cIf/df lbOPsf zAbx¿ u'0faf]ws ljz]if0f x'g\ .
c;n, v/fa, /fd|f], g/fd|f], ;Gt'i6, ;xL, unt, alnof], sdhf]/,
;kmn u'0faf]ws ljz]if0f x'g\ . logn] u'0f, bf]if, cj:yf, kbfy{,
/ª, cfsf/ cflb atfpF5g\ . To:t} /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿
kl/df0faf]ws ljzi] f0f xg' \ . w/] ,} hlt, slt, Hofb,} clnslt, y'k,|} yf/] ,}
olt kl/df0fafw] s ljz]if0f x'g\ . logn] gfdsf] olt jf plt dfqf jf
kl/df0f a'emfpF5g\ .

$= tnsf ljzi] f0fnfO{ slt / s:tf] a'emfpg] ljz]if0fdf 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ M
;fgf], /fd|f], kfrF , klxnf,] ;of,F} xhf/f}F, ul' nof], lttf], lk/f,]

6/f],{ cDnf,] ;o, klRr;, cf7, t];|f,] dl;gf,] k/' fgf,] nfvfF}, la;

%= tnsf jfSod lnªu\ , jrg / cfb/cg;' f/ ljzi] f0f ldnfP/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;fgf] 5f/] L 3/d} a:5] .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 29

-v_ cUnL s]6fx¿ elnan vN] b} 5g\ .
-u_ xfdf| ] efGhL / pgsL 5f]/L Pp6} ljBfnodf k9\5g\ .
-3_ /fd|f] ljBfyL{ af]nLaf6} lrlgG5g\ .
^= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5b] k9\gx' f];\ / ;?' , lar / cGTodf x|:j psf/ - _'

nfus] f zAb n]Vgx' f];\ .
&= tnsf zAb z'4 u/L nV] gx' f;] \ M
al" 4, bM" v, ;v" , s"df/L, lhpm, cfo", jfo", s'v/" f], dgi" o,

u"n]nL, 38F" f, rr' "/f,] 5"kL{, hQ" f, bn" f,] 7n" f], d"nf, n"uf, gd"gf,
dh' /" , l;kfn"

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 # ;g' /] vfnL 7fp“ e//] jfSo k"/f u/L eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ Oefg ldgfPen] ============== sf] ofqf u/] . -gk] fn, ef/t, rLg_
-v_ Oefgn] ================ efiffsf] zAbsfz] tof/ kf/] . -gj] f/L, cjwL,

lnDa"_
-u_ ck|mf] Pl;ofnL n]vs ;Dd]ngdf ======== n] ;Daf]wg u/] .

-dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], l;l4r/0f >i] 7, nIdLk;| fb bj] sf]6f_
-3_ /l;ofnL efiffdf =============== ;ªu\ |x ks| fzg ePsf] lyof] . -syf,

sljtf, uLt_
-ª_ ======== b]jsf]6fnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/G5 . -?;df, s'a]tdf,

e'6fgdf_

30 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= ;g' fO kf7 # sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb;u“ hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

k:| tt' elgPsf ]
jm| flGt crfgs xg' ] e]6
rrf{ Ps 7fpFdf hDdf kfg{] sfd
;Dafw] g eflifs ¿kfGt/
cgj' fb s;}nfO{ afn] fpg] jf k'sfg]{ sfd
;ªu\ x| p2]Zo;fy ul/g] e]nf
;+of]u kl/jtg{ sf nflu ul/g] ljb|f]x
;Ddn] g uDeL/ 5nkmn

#= ;'gfO kf7 # df cfwfl/t eO{ pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ Oefg ldgfPe sf] lyP <
-v_ cS6f]a/ ;dfhjfbL j|mflGt slxn] eof] <
-u_ tTsfnLg ;fl] eot ;ª\3sf] e|d0f ss;n] u/]sf lyP <
-3_ …gk] fnsf sljx¿Ú sljtf ;ªu\ |x s;/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] <

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

! …dnfO{ dg kg]{ snfÚ zLif{sdf Ps cgR' 5b] tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't
ugx{' f;] \ .

@= cfÇgf] 7fp÷“ 6f]ndf ePsf] s'g} Ps ;f+:sl[ ts dxŒjsf] :yfg -dlGb/,
uD' af, dl:hb, luhf3{ /, yfg, kf6L, kfj} f, rft} f/f,] wdz{ fnf, ;fjh{ lgs
ejg, lsl/ofkq' L 3/, u7' L cflb_ sf af/]df Ps cgR' 5b] n]Vgx' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 31

kf7 $
kj" { k7g

tnsf lrq x/] L ltgLx¿sf af/d] f atfpgx' f];\ M

vfd kqd~h'iff
/l] 8of]

6l] nlehg
l6s6

32 gk] fnL, sIff ^

d"n kf7

$ 5f]/fnfO{ lr7L

ldlt M @)&^÷)#÷!^
cn d/' Aaf, l/ofb, ;fpbL c/l] aof
Kof/f] 5f]/f] sdn]z,
z'efzLjf{b Û
d oxfF cf/fd} 5' . ToxfF ltdLx¿ klg cf/fd} /x]sf] s/' f ltdf| ] kqaf6
yfxf kfPF . kqdf ltdLn] cfdf / ufp3F /sf] xfnva/ n]Vb} dnfO{ 3/ kmsg{
cg/' f]w u/s] f /x5] f} . kq k9]/ cToGt v;' L 5' .
5f]/f sdnz] Û dnfO{ ltdf| ] kq k9b\ f lhDdj] f/Ln] ltdLnfO{ ;fg} pd]/df
7'nf] agfP h:tf] cge' "lt eO/x]sf] 5 . xg' t ltdL pd]/n] P3f/ jif{sf
dfq eof} t/ ltdL cfdfsf] ;xf/f / 5 jif{sL alxgLsf] cleefjs klg
xf} . 3/df aa' f gePkl5 ltdLdf slnn} pd/] df lhDdj] f/L cfOnfUof] . casf]
sx] L dlxgfkl5 ltdL lszf]/ sfndf k|jz] u5f}{ . lszf]/ pd/] df z/L/df
xg' ] xdf{]gx¿sf] kl/jtg{ n] JolStsf] ;f]Rg] tl/sfdf klg km/s kf5{ / cln
ljbf| x] L efjgf cfp5F . To;}n] lszf]/ sfnnfO{ cfFwLax] /Lsf] pd]/ klg
elgG5 . d k/b]zL aa' fnfO{ ltdf| af/]df o;sf/0fn] klg cln lrGtf
nflu/x]sf] 5 . ltdL d/] f ;e' mfj / lzIfsx¿sf] dfu{bzg{ df /x/] cl3 a9g\ ]
5f} eGg] s/' fdf d ljZj:t 5' . ltdLn] cfkm\gf] hLjg ;fys{ kfg]{ 5f} .

zAbfy{ M dgn] cg'ej ug{] sfo{
cge' "lt M ;Demfpg] jf :d/0f u/fpg] sfd
;'emfj M af6f] b]vfpg] sfd
dfu{bzg{

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 33

5f]/f, lszf]/ sfn kf/ u/k] l5 ltdLnfO{ ;fyLx¿;uF a9L 3'nldn ug{
dg nfUg] 5 . o:tf] an] fdf ltdLn] ;fyL 5fGbf ;a}eGbf a9L ;fjwfgL
ckgfpgk' g{] x'G5 . ;fyLx¿n] af]Ng,] vfg,] sfd ug],{ ;f]Rg] cflb s/' fx¿n]
ltd|f] ultljlw / ;f]rfOnfO{ cfsf/ lbO/xs] f] x'G5 . w/] } lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿
;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ unt ultljlwdf km:g kU' 5g\ . To;}n] ltdLn]
klg ;fyL 5gf6] ;Fu} ;fyLnfO{ ug{] Jojxf/df klg ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L
5 . ltdLn] ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u, ;b\efj / p;sf] b'Mvdf ;xfge' l" t lbg ;Sof}
eg] abnfdf ltdLn] klg ToxL kfp5F f} . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5bF } 5 lg, wt/' fsf]
lap /fk] ]/ cfFk sxLF klg kmNb}g .

sdnz] , ltdLn] lr7Ldf dnfO{ c/a 5f8] L cfˆg} bz] df kms/{] sfd ug{ cfux|

u/s] f /x5] f} . ltdf| ] cfu|xnfO{ ;nfd 5 . d klg ToxL ;fR] b} 5' . cfTdLo

kl/jf/hg, lxti} fL cfkmGt / l5d]sL, ufpF3/ / b]z 5f]8/] k/b]l;Psf] 5

jif{ k"/f eP5 . a;f}bF{ l] vsf] C0f lt¿F / ltdLx¿sf] lzIffsf nflu clnslt

hf]xf] u¿F eg]/ c/a k;s] f] lyPF . ljbz] df eg] cfkm" n] ;fr] ]h:tf] gxF'bf]

/x5] . oltsf jif{bl] v rfln; l8uL| eGbf dflysf] tfkj|mddf 3f]l6P/ aNn

C0f ltl/;lsof] . ufp3F /d} a;/] Joj;fo ;?' ug{ kh'F Lsf] hfx] f] eg] ug{

;s]sf] 5}g . ca d rfF8} kmsG{ 5' / ltdLn] eg]h:t} ufp3F /d} s]xL u5'{ .

dnfO{ vt] LkftLdf c;fWo} ?lr 5 . To;n} ] cfw'lgs tl/sfn] v]tL ug{] ;f]r

agfPsf] 5' . xfd|f] t/fO{ dw;] nfO{ bz] sf] cGge08f/ dflgG5 . b'O{ jifc{ l3

5'6\6Ldf 3/ kmsb{F f w]/} hldg afeF m} /xs] f] bv] F] . xfdL h:tf sfd ug{ ;Sg]

l;ko'St hgzlStx¿ ljb]zdf uPkl5 hldg afFem} /xg' :jfefljs xf] . of]

nIf0f b]zf]Ggltsf nflu sbflk /fd|f] xfO] g . oxL s'/f ;Dem]/ klg dn} ] ca

ufpFd} cfwl' gs s[lif;DaGwL s]xL ug{] of]hgf agfPsf] 5' . ;/sf/n] klg

sl[ if If]qdf s]xL ug{ rfxg]nfO{ ljleGg tflnd, cflys{ ;l' jwf / ;xl' not

;fjwfgL M ;tst{ f
;xfg'el" t M csf{sf] b'Mv, j]bgf cflbdf xg' ] ;dfg cge' j
;x'lnot M sg' } vf; ljifo jf kl/l:yltdf ;an} fO{ jf vf; vf; JolStnfO{ lbOg] ;l' jwf

34 gk] fnL, sIff ^

Aofhdf shf{ lbg] Joj:yf u/s] f] s'/f dn} ] cgnfOg ;dfrf/x¿df k9s] f]
5' . o:tf ;l' jwfx¿sf] ;bk' ofu] ub}{ hl} js vt] L jf cuf{lgs vt] L /
df5fkfng Joj;fo ug{] of]hgf 5 . d/] f] of]hgf oxfF sfd ug{] ;fyLx¿
;g' fpbF f pxfxF ¿ klg pT;flxt xg' e' Psf] 5 . sx] L ;fyLx¿ t d;uF ;uF } :jbz]
kmsg{ ] tof/Ldf xg' x' G' 5 . d klg otfsf ;a} s/' f ldnfP/ PsbO' { dlxgfleq} bz]
kmls{;S5' . To;kl5 ;w}Fsf nflu kl/jf/;Fu} /xg] 5' .

5f]/f sdnz] , kq cln nfdf] eof] . ltdf| cfdf / alxgLnfO{ klg d]/f]
c;Ld :g]x ;'gfObp] m . ca rf8F } e6] g\ ] cfzf;lxt kq oxL cGTo ub5{ ' .
ltd|f] aa' f
clvn]z kf;jfg

hl} js vt] L M /f;folgs tyf xflgsf/s dnx¿sf] k|of]u gu/Lsg ul/g] v]tL
c;Ld M ;Ldf gePsf]

vfdsf] gd'gf

k7fpg ]
clvnz] kf;jfg kfpg]

cn d/' Aaf, l/ofb sdn]z kf;jfg
;fpbL c/]laof dxn' L ahf/
clUg;o/ s[i0fzj/0f ufpkF flnsf !
;Kt/L
gk] fn

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 35

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

lhDdj] f/L ;l~rt wg

O{iof{ lhDdf lng] sfd

khF' L dgdf pAhg] 8fx

ljZjf; sg' } sfdsf lgldQ ul/g] aGbf]a:t

hf]xf] e/f;] f

nfe

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

cleef/f, shf,{ cfux| , ;Nnfx, /fi6«fG] glt, vn] frF L, va/, lgs6

#= lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnLx¿ k9/] tflnsfsf] ldNg] sf7] fdf egx{' f;] \ M

;fb/ gd:sf/, w]/} w]/} dfof, cfzLjf{b, b08jt\, z'eflzif\, ;k|]d
;Demgf, c;Ld :gx] , xflbs{ k0| ffd

cfk"meGbf 7'nfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL

cfk"m ;dfg -;fyL_ sf nflu ko| f]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL

cfk"meGbf ;fgfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
lzi6frf/sf zAb jf zAbfjnL

36 g]kfnL, sIff ^

af]w / cleJolSt

!= …5f/] fnfO{ lr7LÚ kf7 df}gk7g ug{x' f];\ . To;kl5 lgDglnlvt ljifodfly
;fd"lxs 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ M

-s_ lr7Lsf] ;/+ rgf

cflb efu -ldlt, 7]ufgf, ;Daf]wg, lzi6frf/_

dWo efu÷d'Vo efu -sz' nsfdgf÷ljifo kj| z] , dV' o s/' f, 6ª' U\ ofpgL_

cGTo efu -;Dafl] wt;uF sf] ;DaGw, x:tfIf/ jf n]vssf]
gfd_

vfdsf] gdg' f -k]|ifs / kf| kssf] gfd tyf 7u] fgfsf] jm| d_

-v_ lr7Lsf] ljifoj:t' tyf ;Gbz]
@= kf7sf cfwf/df l7s pQ/df /h] f -√_ nufpgx' f];\ M

-s_ of] lr7L sxfFaf6 n]lvPsf] xf] <

-c_ dn]l;of -cf_ ;fpbL c/]laof

-O_ b'aO{ -O{_ stf/

-v_ of] lr7L s;n] n]vs] f] xf] <
-c_ sdn]z kf;jfgn] -cf_ clegj kf;jfgn]
-O_ clvnz] kf;jfgn ] -O{_ ljdn kf;jfgn]

-u_ sdnz] kf;jfg slt jifs{ f] 5 <

-c_ bz jif{sf ] -cf_ afx| jif{sf]

-O_ rfw} jifs{ f] -O{_ P3f/ jif{sf]

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 37

-3_ sdnz] sf aa' fn] g]kfn kmlsP{ kl5 s] ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ <

-c_ Jofkf/ -cf_ s[lif

-O_ pBfu] -O{_ gf]s/L

$= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ lr7Ldf aa' fn] 5f]/fnfO{ s] s:tf ;e' mfj lbPsf 5g\ <

-v_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbz] hfg] rngnfO{ s;/L /fS] g ;lsG5 <

-u_ clvn]z lsg c/a uPsf x'g\ <

-3_ clvn]zn] ufpF kmsk]{ l5 s] ug{] of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ <

%= …5f/] fnfO{ lr7LÚ kf7 k9L pSt lr7Lsf] k|ToQ' / nV] gx' f;] \ / vfdsf] gdg' f
klg agfpg'xf;] \ .

^= awfO{ tyf s[t1tf 1fkg kq k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ awfO{ 1fkg kq

awfO{ 1fkg

o; ljBfnosf] ^ sIffdf cWoog/t 5fqf ;>' L cf:yf zdfn{ ]
lhNnf:t/Lo nfs] g[To k|ltof]lutfdf k|yd :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn
xg' 'ePsfdf oxfsF f] pQ/f]Q/ ku| ltsf] sfdgf ub{} xflbs{ awfO{ tyf
ze' sfdgf JoSt ub5{ f}F .

k|frfo{ tyf

hgtf dfWolds ljBfno kl/jf/

bfr{n' f

38 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-v_ s[t1tf 1fkg kq

s[t1tf 1fkg

d]/f] :jf:Yo cj:yf clt g} sdhf]/ eO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfh;]jL, ufpFs} cu|h JolStTj tkfO{F
>L hubLz 1jfnLHoa" f6 d/] f] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu uge{' Psf] cflys{
;xof]uk|lt xflbs{ st[ 1tf 1fkg ub5{ ' .

kf| yL{

;d' g zfxL

sflns]Zj/L df=lj=, td' fv{ fb uf=kf= ^

c5fd

kZ| gx¿
-s_ dflysf] awfO{ 1fkg s;n] s;nfO{ lbPsf] xf] <
-v_ k|ltofu] Ln] s'g sfo{j|mddf efu lnPsf lyP <
-u_ st[ 1tf 1fkgsf] d'Vo ljifo s] xf] <
-3_ st[ 1tf 1fkg lsg u/s] f] xf] <

&= tkfO“{ cfˆgf] 3/df sfx] L kfxg' f cfpb“ f pxfn“ fO{ s;/L :jfut tyf ;Ddfg
ugx{' 'G5, x/]sn] cfcfˆgf] 3/sf] rngcg';f/ kfx'gfnfO{ ug]{ :jfut tyf
;Ddfgsf af/d] f sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= tnsf] cgR' 5b] dgdg} k9\g'xf;] \ / ljz]if0f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ M

d/] f] ljBfno ufpFdf 5 . d]/f] ljBfnodf yf]/} ljBfyL{ 5g\ . tLdWo]

xfd|f] 6f]naf6 w/] } ;fyLx¿ ToxL ljBfno hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]

k9fO /fd/| L u5{g\ . s]xL ;fyLx¿ vn] df ?lr /fV5g\ . tL ;fyLx¿

k9fO / v]ndf cAan 5g\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 39

@= tnsf ljz]if0f zAbnfO{ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ / gfd zAbnfO{
/v] fªs\ g ug'{xf];\ M

d/] f] emfn] f, s]xL lstfa, Tof] dfG5], oL ?vx¿, yf/] } ;do, clnslt
kfgL, tL ls;fgx¿, oL ;fyLx¿, k|z:t vfgs] '/f, tkfOsF{ f] ;fdfg,
cfˆgf] emfn] f

#= tnsf ljzi] f0f zAbsf k5fl8 ldNg] gfd zAb /fvL jfSo agfpgx' f;] \ M

cfˆgf], t/] f], Tof,] tL, oL, of,] ;a}, yf/] }, clnslt, Hofbf
$= lbOPsf zAbsf x:| j / bL3{ psf/ ;RofP/ ;fg'x{ f];\ M
d"lg, ;'rgf, s's/" , afa," legfh", l3pm, wg," lk8fn", bofn," ;'rL, hfp,

Nofp, a;,F' xf;F '

%= d"n kf7af6 bL3{ psf/ - " _ nfus] f zAb vfh] /] n]Vg'xf;] \ . tL zAbnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ugx'{ f;] \ .

;g' fO / af]nfO

!= ;g' fO kf7 $ ;g' /] hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ /lZd/fh lr7L n]vs] f] lbg

-v_ !(^* rq} ! v]tL lau|/] nfu]sf] hDdf C0f

-u_ af/ & ljm| ofkb ;dfjz] ePsf] sfz] cyft{ \ ljm| ofsfz]

-3_ 5 ;o r]tgfysf bfO

-ª_ cfVoft rlGbs| f zlgaf/

@= ;g' fO kf7 $ ;g' s] f cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;'gfO kf7 $ sf] lr7L s'g ljifodf n]lvPsf] xf] <
-v_ lr7Ldf s;/L ;Dafw] g / lzi6frf/ JoSt ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ lr7Lsf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <

40 gk] fnL, sIff ^

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= cfÇgf] ljBfno / k9fOaf/] atfpb“ } ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L nV] gx' f;] \ /
vfdsf] gdg' f klg tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

@= casf] la; jif{df s] s:tf kl/jt{g xf]nfg\ < ljBfnox¿ s:tf
xfn] fg\ < oftfoftsf s] s:tf ;fwg cfpnfg\ < lj1fg tyf kl| jlwdf s]
s:tf rdTsf/x¿ bl] vPnfg\ < dflg;sf] bl} gsL s:tf] xfn] f < tkfOx“{ ¿
s] ub{} xg' x' fn] f < rf/kfr“ hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . ca x/s] ;dx" n] 5nkmn
u/L sfkLdf kfr“ cf6] f ab“' f nV] gx' f;] \ . tkfOs“{ f] ;dx" n] nv] s] f ab“' fx¿sf
cfwf/df ;dx" af6 Ps hgfn] casf] la; jifd{ f xg' ] kl/jtg{ sf] j0fg{
ugx{' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 41

kf7 %
k"j{ k7g

tnsf JolStx¿ lrGgx' G' 5, 5nkmn u/L pgLx¿sf] ofu] bfgsf af/d] f atfpgx' f;] \ M

ljZjZ] j/k;| fb sf]O/fnf

/fd zfx

tf/fb]jL

dfwjk;| fb l3ld/]

js} '07 dfgGw/

nIdLk;| fb b]jsf]6f c?0ff nfdf ;Todf]xg hfz] L

42 g]kfnL, sIff ^

d"n kf7 ;ªu\ Ltsf/ cDa/ u'?ª

%

Dfflg; hGdn] xf]Og sdn{ ] dxfg\ x'G5 . l;hg{ zLn
sd,{ ;flxTo, ;ªu\ Lt / snfsf] ;fwgfdf cfˆgf]
hLjg ;dk{0f ug]{x¿ ;a}sf] dgdl:tisdf
a:5g\ . To:t} JolStx¿dWo] Ps dxfg\ ;ªu\ Ltsf/
cDa/ u?' ª xg' \ . pgsf] hGd lj=;=+ !(($ kmfug' !$
ut] ef/tsf] bflhl{ nªl:yt ldlnª lrof sdfgdf ePsf]
lyof] . lktf plh/l;x+ u?' ª / dftf /0] fs' f u?' ªsf ;k' q'
cDa/ u?' ªsf] afNosfn ;fdfGo ¿kdf lat]sf] lyof] . ef/tdf hlGdP klg
gk] fnnfO{ sdy{ nf] agfpg] cDa/ u?' ªsf] kV' ofn{} L ynf] gk] fnsf] uf/] vf lhNnfsf]
l/l;ª ufpF xf] . pgn] bflhl{ nªs} 6g{a'n ljBfnoaf6 k|f/lDes lzIff xfl;n
u/]sf lyP . cf}krfl/s lzIff ;fdfGo /x] klg pgn] kj" L{o tyf kfZrfTo
;ª\uLtsf] uxg cWoog u/s] f lyP .

cDa/ u?' ªsf lktf lal| 6; uf/] vf kN6gdf hflu/] lyP . lktfsf] OR5f
5f/] fnfO{ klg cfkm" h:t} kN6gdf hflu/ v'jfpg] /x] klg cfdfsf] k/]| 0ffn]
pgL ;fg}b]lv ;ªu\ Ltsf] ;fwgfdf nfUg k'u] . pgL ljBfnodf k9b\ fbl] v
g} ;a} h;f] ;fª\uLlts sfoj{ |mdx¿df ;xefuL xg' ] uby{ ] . pgn] ;fgb} l] v

zAbfy{ 43
l;hg{ zLn – l;h{gfdf nflu/xg]
;fwgf – ;kmntf k|flKtsf lglDt af/af/ ul/g] cEof;
;dk{0f — cfk\mgf] clwsf/, :jfldTj cflb s;n} fO{ lbg] sfd
;dlk{t – ;l' DkPsf], r9fOPsf]
kfZrfTo – klZrd]nL

gk] fnL, sIff ^

ToxfF pknAw eP;Ddsf ;a} h;f] afhfx¿ ahfpFy], uLt ufpyF ] / /rgf
klg uy{] . pgL wflds{ ehgx¿ klg ufpFy] . …x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kftÚ
eg] emF} ;ªu\ Lttkms{ f] cle?lr / ;fwgfn] ubf{ pgL gk] fnL ;ªu\ LtsdLx{ ¿sf
k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t / cfbzs{ f k'~h aGg ku' ] .

;ªu\ Lt;Fu cfˆgf] efjgf ufFl;Psf] ljrf/ /fVg] cDa/ u'?ªn] lj=;=+ @)!^
df …d cDa/ xÚF' / …;Dxfn]/ /fvÚ h:tf uLtaf6 cfˆgf] ;fªu\ Llts ofqf
;?' u/s] f lyP . To;kl5 lj= ;+= @)!* df jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ cudl;x+
lu/Låf/f /lrt …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP==Ú af]nsf] uLt pgsf] :j/ tyf
;ª\uLtdf snsQfdf /s] l8ª{ eof] . kj| f;df /x/] gk] fnLx¿n] ef]Ugk' /]sf
b'Mv / ug{k' /]sf ;ª3\ if{nfO{ o; uLtdf cleJoSt ul/Psf] 5 . o;} uLtsf
sf/0f pgL rrfs{ f] lzv/df k'u] . kj| f;L g]kfnLsf] kIfdf /lrPsf] pSt
uLtn] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb| cToGt ke| fljt ePsf lyP . kl5 pSt uLt
ef/t ;/sf/n] ahfpg k|ltaGw;dt] nufof] . o;af6 u'?ª lg/fz aGg
ku' ] . o; 36gfn] pgnfO{ ;ª\uLt If]q Pp6f k];f geO{ ;f]vsf] ljifo
/x]5 eGg] nfUof] . ;ª\uLtnfO{ k;] f agfpg] p2Z] o lnPsf u?' ªn] hLljsf
rnfpg] l;nl;nfdf sl7gfO pTkGg ePkl5 Pstfs emG8} ;fª\uLlts
ofqfnfO{ 5f8] L t/sf/L vt] Ltkm{ nfUg k'us] f lyP . kl5 pgnfO{ kg' M
;ª\uLttkm{ clek|]l/t ug]{ sfd g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;|i6f zª\s/
nfld5fgn] ] u/] . oxL jm| ddf lj=;=+ @)@% lt/ tTsfnLg /fhf dxG] b;| uF pgsf] e6]
eof] . /fhf dxG] bn| ] pgnfO{ gk] fn cfpg cfu|x u/] . /fhfsf] cfu|xnfO{
l:jsfb{} kl5 pgL g]kfn cfP . lj=;=+ @)@^ b]lv gk] fn k|1f k|lti7fgdf
;ªu\ Lt1sf ¿kdf sfd ub{} nueu @* jif{ ;j] f/t /x] . u'?ªn] gk] fn
cfudgkl5 w/] } sfnhoL gk] fnL uLt;ª\uLtsf] l;hg{ f u/] .

cle?lr – sg' } ljifo jf j:tk' |lt ePsf] tLj| ?lr
jl/i7 – pRrsf]l6sf]
;i| 6f – /rgf ug,]{ lgdf{tf

44 gk] fnL, sIff ^

hLjgdf cfOk/s] f 36gfx¿n] g} cfkmn" fO{ ;ª\uLt l;sfPsf] eGg] wf/0ff
JoSt ug]{ u?' ªsf] hLjg ;ª3\ ifd{ o lyof] . hLjgdf ljleGg ;d:of /
cflys{ cefj;Fu l;uF f/} L vN] b} pgL gk] fnL ;ª\uLtsf] ;fwgf / pTyfgdf
cxf]/fq nflu/x] . kfZrfTo ;ª\uLt;uF gk] fnL ;ª\uLtnfO{ ;+of]hg ug{] pgL
Ps k|ofu] jfbL ;ª\uLtsf/;d]t dflgG5g\ . pgn] gk] fnL ;ªu\ Ltsf Ifq] df
uDeL/ cWoog, vfh] , cg';Gwfg / gjLg k|ofu] u/] . o; sf/0f pgL Ps
ko| fu] zLn ;ªu\ Ltsf/sf ¿kdf gk] fnL ;ªu\ Lt hutd\ f ;k' l/lrt aGg ku' ] .

cDa/ u?' ªn] @)!! ;fndf jL0ff u?' ª;uF jj} flxs ;DaGw uf;F ] . pgLx¿af6
tLg 5f/] f / Ps 5f]/L u/L rf/ ;Gtfgsf] hGd eof] . tLdWo] lszf]/ u'?ª
gk] fnL ;ªu\ Lt hut\df afas' f] laF8f] yfDg] ;Gtltsf ¿kdf b]vf k/] . cDa/
u'?ªsf] hLjg ofqf lzIf0f k;] faf6 k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . u?' ªn] cudl;x+
lu/Låf/f :yflkt efg'eSt ljBfnosf] kw| fgfWofks eP/ sx] L ;do sfd
u/] . o;} j|mddf pgn] ;ªu\ Lt k|lti7fg vfn] L w/] n} fO{ ;ª\uLt lzIff kb| fg
u/] . pgL;Fu lzIff kf| Kt ug{] kl| tefx¿df ufk] fn of]~hg, sd{ of~] hg,
c?0ff nfdf, /l~ht uhd]/ cflb pNnv] gLo dw" {Go k|ltefx¿ x'g\ . o;sf
;fy} ek" L z/] rg, zªs\ / nfld5fg,] cudl;+x lu/L, a/} fuL sfOnF f, OZ{ j/
aNne, OGba| xfb/' /fO,{ pQd sjF' /, xl/eSt s6jfn h:tf ;flxTo ;fws;uF
3lgi7 / cfTdLo ;DaGw /x]sf] lyof] .

…;of}F y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnL===Ú af]nsf] xfd|f] /fli6«o ufgdf

;'dw'/ ;ªu\ Lt eg]{ c¿ sf]xL geP/ log} dxfg\ ;ªu\ Ltsf/ cDa/ u'?ª

x'g\ . pgn] dxfslj nIdLk;| fb b]jsf6] fsf] nfs] lko| sfJo …d'gfdbgÚ /

cxf/] fq – lbg/ft
;o+ f]hg – bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L tŒj ldNg] jf hfl] 8g] sfd
uDeL/ – ljrf/k"0f{, ulx/f]
k|of]uzLn – k|ofu] df Nofpg l;kfn'
dw" G{ o – 7n' f, kd| 'v
;fws – sg' } s'/f l;4 ug]{

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 45

…s'l~hgLÚ, /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/s] f] uLltgf6s …dfntL dªu\ n]Ú / ztfAbL
k?' if ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf rf/cf6] f gf6o\ sl[ tdf ;ª\uLt eg]{ sfd u/] .
o;sf ;fy} pgn] …dgsf] afFwÚ, …hLjg/v] fÚ h:tf rnlrq / cflbslj
efg'eStsf] j[Qlrqdf ;d]t ;ª\uLt eg]{ sfd u/]sf lyP . o;sf
cltl/St gk] fnL ;ª\uLtnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] j|mddf pgn] kfFr ;oeGbf a9L
uLtdf ;ªu\ Lt e/] . b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L uLt cfkm}nF ] ufP . Ps ;o krf;eGbf
a9L uLtsf] /rgf klg u/] . o; cyd{ f pgLnfO{ gk] fnL ;ªu\ Ltsf lqj0] fL dfGg
;lsG5 . o;/L g]kfnL uLt;ªu\ Ltsf] ljsf;df pgn] k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfgsf]
pRr sb/ ub}{ gk] fn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfaf6 ljleGg k'/:sf/,
;Ddfg tyf pkflwåf/f pgnfO{ ljel" ift ul/of] . pgn] k|an uf]/vf blIf0f
afx' rf}yf] -@)@*_, OGb/| fHonIdL k/' :sf/ -@)#*_, hubDaf>L k/' :sf/
-@)%$_, l5Ggntf uLt k'/:sf/ -@)$&_, pQd zflGt k/' :sf/ -@)^$_,
e"kfndfgl;+x sfsL{ k'/:sf/ cflb k|fKt u/] . o;sf ;fy} xªsªdf
cfof]lht sfoj{ m| ddf pgnfO{ dxf;ª\uLtsf/sf ¿kdf ;Ddfg ul/of] .
pgnfO{ gk] fnL ;]gfn] dfgfy{ dxf;]gfgLsf] pkflw k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} :jb]z
tyf ljbz] sf ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfåf/f clegGbg;dt] ul/of] . cDa/ u?' ªn]
;ªu\ Ltsf dfWodaf6 bz] / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f u/] . pgsf]
:j/, ;ªu\ Lt / /rgfn] gk] fnL ;ª\uLte"ld pj/{ f eof] . o;} jm| ddf pgL
;ªu\ Lt tyf gf6o\ k|1f kl| ti7fgsf k|yd s'nklt;d]t eP .

hGd / dT[ o' Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ efu x'g\ . hGdk] l5 dg'{ k|fs[lts lgod g}
xf] . hlt;'s} dxfg\ JolStn] klg Ps g Ps lbg d[To' j/0f ug}{ kb{5 .

ztfAbL – ;o jif{sf] ;do
;d4[ – wgwfGo cflbn] ;DkGg
lje"lift – l;u“ fl/Psf], ;hfOPsf]
clegGbg – of]ubfg ug{] JolStnfO{ ul/g] ;Ddfg
pj/{ f – w/] } pAhfp xg' ] el" d

46 gk] fnL, sIff ^