Nepali Class :- 6

g]kfnL ;ªu\ Ltsf] ljsf;df dg, jrg / sdn{ ] kl| ta4 eO{ lg/Gt/ ;fwgf
ub}{ o;sf] pTyfgdf nfUg ;a}nfO{ pTk|/] 0ff lbg] cDa/ u?' ªsf] lgwg
lj=;+= @)&# h]7 @% ut] dª\unaf/sf lbg &( jifs{ f] pd/] df sf7df8fdF} f
eof] . o;/L cfwl' gs gk] fnL uLt;ªu\ Lt / ;flxTosf] Ifq] df k¥' ofPsf] ljlzi6
of]ubfgn] ubf{ cfh pgL d"wG{ o ;ªu\ Ltsf/sf ¿kdf cd/ ePsf 5g\ .

k|lta4 – af“lwPsf], sl6a4

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

cfslift{ :yfkgf ug{] sfd
k|ltef tflgPsf]
>l' tdw/'
kj| f; ljb]z
ztfAbL ;o jifs{ f] ;do jf cjlw
s0f{lko| ;Tsf/
clegGbg k|z+;f


@= k9g\ x' f;] \ / ;dfjz] s tyf ;dfjZ] o zAblarsf] cGt/ kQf nufpgx' f;] \ M

hgfj/ kmnkm" n

af3, efn,' ufO{, afv|f,] 3f]8f,] cfkF , cDaf, :ofp, ;'Gtnf,
v/fof] cª\u/' , dj] f

…hgfj/Ú zAbleq af3, efn', ufO{, afv|f], 3f]8f], v/fof] cflb
;dfj]z xG' 5g\ . To:t} …kmnkm" nÚ leq cfFk, cDaf, :ofp, ;'Gtnf,

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 47

cª\u/' , d]jf cflb ;dfjz] xG' 5g\ . o;/L h'g zAbleq cGo zAb
;dfjz] xG' 5g,\ To:tf zAb ;dfjz] s zAb xg' \ . dflysf hgfj/ / kmnkm" n
;dfj]zs zAb xg' \ . ;dfj]zs zAbleq ;dfj]z x'g] zAbx¿ rflxF
;dfj]Zo zAb xg' \ . dflysf af3, efn,' ufO{, afv|f,] 3f8] f], v/fof]
cflb …hgfj/Ú sf ;dfjZ] o zAb x'g\ eg] cfFk, cDaf, :ofp, ;'Gtnf,
cªu\ '/, d]jfnufot …kmnkm" nÚ sf ;dfj]Zo zAb xg' \ .

#= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;“u ;DalGwt rf/ rf/cf]6f ;dfj]Zo zAb
nV] g'xf];\ M

lstfa, k"mn, r/f, n'uf, uxgf, ef8F fjtg{ , gbL, cGg

$= tnsf ;dfj]Zo zAbx¿;“u ;DalGwt ;dfjz] s zAb nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ cfn,' sfpnL, nfs} f -v_ u08sL, sgfn{ L, sf;] L

-u_ ;u/dfyf, s~rghª3\ f, cGgk0" f { -3_ lhk, a;, 6«s

afw] / cleJolSt

!= dflysf] hLjgL sIffsf ;a} hgfn] kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R5]b
;:j/jfrg ug{'xf];\ .

@= lbOPsf zAb z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/L sfkLdf ;fgx'{ f;] \ M

Jofsn' , kª\lSt, kV' ofn}{ L, ;fªu\ Llts, jl/i7, dxG] b,| ;Dxfn/] , sl' ~hgL,
ztfAbL, l5Ggntf, xªsª, ;ª\3;+:yf

#= cDa/ u'?ª;u“ ;DalGwt tnsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ 36gfj|mdsf cfwf/df !=
@= #= sf] jm| ddf /fVgx' f];\ M

- _ cDa/ u'?ªsf] hGd bflh{lnªsf] ldlnª lrof sdfgdf xg' '

- _ g]kfn k1| f kl| ti7fgsf ;ªu\ Lt kd| v' sf ¿kdf sfd ubf{ub{}
cjsfz lng'

48 g]kfnL, sIff ^

- _ …d cDa/ xFÚ' / …;Dxfn]/ /fvÚ uLtx¿ ufpg'

- _ …;ofF} yFu' f km" nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnL====Ú /fli6o« ufgdf
;ª\uLt eg'{

- _ bflhl{ nªs} 6ga{ 'n ljBfnodf kf| /lDes lzIff k/" f ug'{

- _ g]kfn k1| f k|lti7fgdf ;ª\uLt1sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ yfNg'

- _ cudl;x+ lu/Låf/f /lrt …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú uLt snsQfdf
/]s8{ u/fpg'

$= kf7sf cfwf/df dfl} vs pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] hGd sxfF ePsf] xf] <
-v_ cDa/ u'?sf] ;fªu\ Llts ofqf slxn]bl] v ;'? ePsf] xf] <
-u_ …gf} nfv tf/f pbfP===Ú afn] sf] uLt sxfF /]s8{ u/fPsf lyP <
-3_ cDa/ u'?ªn] g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf ;ª\uLt1sf ¿kdf

slxnb] ]lv sfd ug{ yfn] <
-ª_ /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] s'g sl[ tdf cDa/ u'?ªsf] ;fª\uLlts

hfb' k|:t't ePsf] 5 <

%= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <

-v_ cDa/ u'?ªn] s'g sg' ;ª\3;:+ yfdf cfa4 eP/ sfo{ u/] <

-u_ cDa/ u?' ªn] sg' sg' uLtdf ;ªu\ Lt e/s] f lyP <

-3_ cDa/ u'?ªn] kf| Kt u/]sf dfg;Ddfg / pkflwx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-ª_ cDa/ u?' ªsf] hLjgLaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 49

^= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ gk] fnL uLt ;ª\uLtsf Ifq] df ;ªu\ Ltsf/ cDa/ u'?ªn] s:tf]
of]ubfg k¥' ofPsf 5g,\ nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ cDa/ u?' ª gk] fnL ;ªu\ Ltsf lqj0] fL xg' \ . o; egfOnfO{ hLjgLsf
cfwf/df k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

&= tnsf] cgR' 5]b dfg} k7g ug'{xf;] \ . pSt cgR' 5b] af6 dV' o dV' o kfr“ cf]6f
ab“' fx¿ l6Kgx' f];\ M

uflosf tf/fbj] Lsf] hGd lj=;=+ @))@ ;fn df3 @ ut] dªu\ naf/
ePsf] xf] . pgL s[i0faxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf /fwfb]jLsL ;'k'qL x'g\ . pgsf]
kl/jf/ sf7df8f}Fsf] OGb|rf]sdf a:Yof] . tf/fb]jLnfO{ afNosfndf
8fn] sd' f/L egL afn] fOGYof] . lj=;=+ @)@@ ;fndf tf/fbj] Ln] lzjaxfb/'
>]i7;Fu k|]dljjfx ul/g\ . lzjaxfb'/ xjfO{rfns lyP . logaf6
5f/] L rf? tyf 5f/] f zlz / /ljsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . @)%! ;fndf
pgsf] hflu/ klg 56' o\ f] . hflu/ 56' ]s} an] fdf 5f/] f zlz eg] SofG;/
/f]usf sf/0f :ju{jf; eP . @)%% ;fndf xjfO{ b'3{6gfdf k/L
lzjaxfb'/sf] dT[ o' ePsfn] tf/fb]jLnfO{ cem 7n' f] rf6] k¥of] . To;kl5
tf/fb]jLsf] hLjg cToGt} si6k0" f{ /x\of] . tf/fb]jL lgeLs{ / ;fx;L
dlxnf lyOg\ . pgn] ;ª\uLtsf] ;fwgf ug{ 5fl8gg\ . @)%^ ;fn
kmfug' !# ut] pgn] ;f:+ sl[ ts sfoj{ m| ddf uLt ufOg\ . To;kl5 pgsf]
rrf{ / ;fwgfn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] .

tf/fb]jLnfO{ @)%) ;fndf hubDaf>L k'/:sf/ kb| fg ul/of] . pgn]
OG›/fHonIdL k|1f k'/:sf/, l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, d}gf k'/:sf/ / gO ;'/
;Ddfg klg kfOg\ . tf/fbj] Ln] ;'kl| ;4 k|an uf]/vf blIf0f afx' k|yd
klg k|fKt ul/g\ . o;sf cltl/St tf/fb]jLn] :jbz] tyf ljb]zaf6
cGo y'k|} kbs, k/' :sf/, ;Ddfg / clegGbgx¿ klg kfPsL lyOg\ .

50 gk] fnL, sIff ^

*= b]zsf] gfdb' snfsf/ jf ;flxTosf/ tkfO{“sf] ljBfnodf cfpge' of] .
pxf“ sg' } Pp6f hl6n /fu] n] kLl8t klg x'gx' 'G5 . ca s'g} sfo{jm| ddf
tkfO“{ Ps pb\3fi] fssf lx;fan] pxfn“ fO{ :jfut s;/L ug{'x'G5 / pxf“sf
nflu ;xofu] ug{ s;/L cfx\jfg ug'{x'G5, atfpg'xf];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ 'xf];\ / ;xL n]Vo lrxg\ x¿ /fvL cgR' 5]b k"/f
ug{x' f;] \ M

efO ltdL slxn] cfof} clg ;x/af6 dnfO{ s] s] NofOlbof} kmnkm"n,
ld7fO{ / gl/jn t Nofof} g} xfn] f xh/' aa' f / xh/' cfdfnfO{ ub' kfs
dg k5{ Tof] klg NofPs} xg' 'k5{

lrx\g k|of;] DaGwL hfgsf/L

-s_ k0" f{lj/fd lrxg\ M . -jfSo k|Zg gu/L ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
6ª' l\ ubF f k|ofu] x'g]_

-v_ kZ| gjfrs lrx\g M < -kZ| g ae' mfpg] jfSo 6ª' \lubF f ko| fu] xg' _]

-u_ cNklj/fd lrx\g M , -p:t} lsl;dsf w]/} kb jf kbfjnL Ps}
7fpF cfpFbf 5'6\ofpg k|of]u xg' ]

-3_ pb\uf/ lrxg\ M Û -xif{ jf lj:do ae' mfpFbf ko| fu] x'g_]

-ª_ ofh] s lrxg\ M – -p:t} jf ljk/Lt cy{ ae' mfpg] kbx¿nfO{
hf8] g\ tyf x/kmsf] cGTodf sg' } zAb k/' }
gc6s] f] cj:yf hgfpg x/kmsf] cGTodf
ko| fu] xg' cfpg]_

@= - . _ - < _ - , _ - Û _ - — _ lrxg\ ko| fu] u/L Ps Ps jfSo
agfpgx' f;] \ .

#= dn" kf7af6 …aÚ nfus] f bzcf6] f / …jÚ nfus] f bzcf6] f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 51

$= tnsf zAbx¿ k9\g'xf];\ / tflnsfsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ ldNg] zAb
nV] gx' f];\ M

af6f,] jfSs, lj1fg, laxfg, jfl/, ljbz] , ljrf/, 8/] fjfnf, abnf, yg' j' f,
efj, cDaf, Hjfnf, eJo, afs;, aGr/f,] :jfb, cljgfz, sljtf, jlsn,
;DaGw, SjfnfnDk'/, zAb, ljjfx

…aÚ n]v/] …aÚ g} …jÚ nv] /] …jÚ g} …jÚ nv] ]/ …aÚ afl] ng]
af]lng] zAb afl] ng] zAb zAb

;g' fO / af]nfO

#= ;'gfO kf7 % ;G' g'xf;] \ / hf]8f ldnfO{ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;fn] v' D' as' f] rf/F} Lvs{ dgfª lhNnfdf kg]{ Ps lxdfn

-v_ nfSkf ;fg] fd kf;fªNxfd'nfO{ /fli6o« lje"lt 3f]if0ff

ul/Psf] lbg

-u_ lk;fª kf;fªNxfd'sf] hGd:yn

-3_ lj= ;+ @)$* kf;fªNxfds' f klt tyf ko6{ g Joj;foL

-ª_ lj= ;+= @)%( j}zfv !) kf;fªNxfd'sf] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf]

bf;] |f] k6s k|of; u/]sf] jif{

@= ;'gfO kf7 % sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ kf;fªNxfd' z]kf{sf] hGd slxn] ePsf] xf] <
-v_ kf;fªNxfd'sf dftflktfsf] gfd atfpgx' f];\ .
-u_ kf;fªNxfd'n] cf/fx] 0f u/]sf lxdfn s'g sg' xg' \ <
-3_ kf;fªNxfd'n] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f slxn]

ul/g\ <
-ª_ pgnfO{ jL/ªu\ gf gf/L lsg elgPsf] xf] <

52 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= kf;fªNxfd' zk] f{ h:t} cGo sg' } Ps kjt{ f/fx] Lsf af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/L
pgsf af/]sf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

$= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] 5cf6] f ;dx" agfpgx' f;] \ . ca kT| os] ;dx" n]
uf]nf ky| fåf/f tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps JolStsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ M

dflysf] 5nkmndf lgDglnlvt a“'bfx¿;u“ ;DalGwt kIf ;d6] \gx' f;] \ M 53

!= cflb efu
-s_ hGd
-v_ hGd:yfg
-u_ cfdfaa' fsf] gfd
-3_ zl} Ifs of]Uotf

@= dWo efu÷dV' o efu
-s_ k];f÷s[lt÷of]ubfgsf] j|mda4 j0f{g

gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= cGTo efu
-s_ dT[ o' / :yfg -d[To' ePsf] xsdf dfq_
-v_ dN" ofªs\ g

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= lbOPsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ M

gfd – nIdLk|;fb bj] sf6] f, ;flxlTos pkflw dxfslj

dftflktf – cd/ /fHonIdL÷ltndfwj

hGd – lj=;=+ !(^^ sflQs @& nIdLkh" fsf lbg

hGd:yfg – wf]aLwf/f, sf7df8f}F

kd| v' ;flxlTos sl[ t

km6' s/ sljtf M …ul/aÚ, …levf/LÚ, …ofqLÚ, …k|ZgfQ] /Ú cflb 5 ;o
hlt km' 6s/ sljtfx¿

dxfsfJo M zfsG' tn, ;n' fr] gf, jgs;' d' , dxf/f0ff kt| fk cflb

v08sfJo M dg' fdbg, sl' ~hgL, n'gf cflb

pkGof; M rDkf

lgaGw M nIdL lgaGw ;ª\u|x, bfl8dsf] ?vg/]

:jR5GbtfjfbL, dfgjtfjfbL, k|sl[ tk]|dL, b]zeSt ;flxTosf/

d[To ' M SofG;/ /fu] af6 @)!^ ebf}, sf7df8fdF} f

@= cfÇgf] 6fn] , ;db' fodf /xs] f bz] sf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg lbg] JolStsf
af/d] f Pp6f 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

54 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kf7 ^
k"j{ k7g

tnsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ M

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 55

d"n kf7 cgGt jfUn]

^ rlDsnf cg'xf/x¿
Dffnfvs{ 3/x¿sf] dfnf h:t} lyof] . ToxL ;'Gb/ ufplF eq 9ª' \u]5fgf ePsf
b'O{ 3/x¿larsf] dn] ldnfk uhasf] lyof] . b'j} 3/sf kfsf dfG5]bl] v ;fgf
gfgL;Dd klg c;fWo} ldNy] . jNnf] 3/sf] ;v' df kNnf] 3/ d:' s/' fpFYof] .
kNnf] 3/df bM' v kbf{ jNnf] 3/ lbSbf/ aGYof] . b'j} 3/sf kl/jf/df jNnf]
3/sL ul/df / kNnf] 3/sL dflnsf ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . nfUYof] logLx¿sf]
t dg, d'6' g} Pp6} 5 . p:t} pd]/, pxL sIff clg Ps} yfndf vfFb}
xs' {s] f logLx¿sf ldqtf /x/ nfUbf] lyof] . Pp6Llagf csL{ Psl5g klg
a:g} ;Sb}gy] .

Ps lbgsf] Pp6f 36gfn] eg] tL b'O{ 3/sf] ldnfkdf xnrn Nofof] .
eof] s] eg] ;a} hgf sfddf uPsf lyP . ul/df klg ufO{ r/fpg uPsL
lyO{ . ufOn{ ] ;Fus} f] dflnsfsf] af/Ldf nxnxfO/xs] f xl/of / sNsnfpbF f
ds}sf la?jf ;vfk kf¥of] .

dflnsfsf aa' fn] af/Ldf d:t ds} vfO/xs] f] ufO{ bv] ] . uf]7fnf] nfus] L
ul/dfsf] cQfk] Qf] lyPg . dflnsfsf a'af ;?' df t kzn' ] u/s] f,] h] xg' '
eOxfNof] eGg] ;f]Rb} lyP . cfwf kf6f] ds} vfO;Sbf klg wkfpg sfx] L
gcfPsf] bV] bf eg] pgnfO{ emgSs l/; p7o\ f] . pgn] sf7sf] 7p] sf] l6k/] kx| f/
u/] . 7p] sfn] ufOs{ f] k]6d} nfUof] . ufO{ /Gylgof] . Tof] afFafF s/fpbF } uf7] lt/
bu¥' of] .

zAbfy{ – ljz]if lsl;dsf] cgf7} f]
uha – x/} fg, lbSs
lbSbf/ – ;a} ;dfKt ePsf]
;vfk

56 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;fFem ;a} hgf sfdaf6 3/ kmls{P . ul/dfsf ufO{n] ds} vfPsf] ljifodf
dflnsfsf 3/df rsf{rsL{ ;'lgof] . dflnsfsL cfdf elg/xs] L lyOg,\ æxfdf| ]
klg jif{ lbg vfg] afnL xf], a;fxf kfn]kl5 /fd|/L afFWg klg t ;Sg'k¥of]
lg, s]6fs]6Lsf e/df 5f8]/ x'G5 ÛÆ

dflnsfsL cfdfsf] RofF6\l7Psf] cfjfh ;fd'Gg]sf] ul/dfsf] 3/df
g7fl] Ssg] s/' } ePg . uNtL cfˆga} f6 ePsfn] ul/dfsf aa' f, cfdf sx] L gafn] L
al;/x] . ul/df t 8/n] y'/y/' lyOg\ . cfdfa'af klg pgn] ufO{ /fd/| L
gx]/s] f] egL emkfl//x]sf lyP . ul/dfsf] kl/jf/n] gf]S;fgcg;' f/ xhfg{ f
ltg{] ljrf/ u/] .

ef]lnkN6 kf] of] 36gfn] 7n' f] ¿k lng k'Uof], ha ul/dfsf] ufO{ t'lxof] . gf}
dlxgfdf Aofpgk' g{] ufOn{ ] rf/ dlxgfd} af5f] h:tf] cfsl[ t / /utsf kmfN;f
v;fNof] . ;'?df t ul/dfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ yfxf lyPg . kl5 dflnsfsf a'afn]
cluNnf] lbg ufOn{ fO{ 7]psfn] xfgs] f] s/' f Ps hgf ufpnF ]n] atfOlbof] . of]
yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] ;fx}| lrQ bv' fP . km] l/ rsfr{ sL{ eof] . xft xfnfxfn
xg' eg] l5d]sLn] /fs] ] . of] 36gfkl5 ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fx¿sf]
Pscfk;df afn] rfn aGb eof] .

æca Tof;] uF glx8F g\ ' lg, ul/dfn] ubf{ of] ;a} ePsf] xf] .Æ dflnsfsL cfdfn]
rt] fjgL lbOg\ . dflnsfnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUof] t/ cfdfsf] s/' f sf6g\ ] lxDdt cfPg .

ul/dfsL cfdfn] klg dflnsf;Fu a;p7 gug{ elgg\ . ul/dfnfO{ cfdfsf
s/' fn] emgSs l/; p7o\ f] . cfˆg} d'6' x'lQP/ aflx/ lg:s]h:tf] eof] tk} lg
pgn] hafkm kmsfO{ gg\ .

To; lbg ul/df / dflnsf bj' } uxf| F} dg, d'6' lnP/ ljBfnolt/ nfu] .
;wF} emF} xft ;dfpbF } / cªs\ dfn ub{} xf]Og, bj' } hgf PSnfPSn} .

xhfg{ f – s;s} f] wgdfn jf cGgafnL gfS] ;fg ePdf ;66\ fk6\6f lbOg] wg jf j:t'

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 57

ul/dfn] dgel/ s'/f vn] fpFb} la:tf/} kfOnf rfln/xL, æ;fRr} dflnsfn] ca
dnfO{ dfof ulbg{ t < gq lsg PSn} nDs]sL <Æ

;Nnf3f/Lsf] u/} f] sf6g\ f;fy ul/dfn] dflnsfnfO{ bv] L . dflnsf Pp6f ;fgf]
?vsf] kmb] df a;]/ ;FS' s;S'F s u/s] L lyO{ . p;sf] dG' 6f] lgx'l/Psf] lyof] /
cfFvf pbf; lyP .

ul/df klg eSsflgO{ . p;n] uDnª\ª dflnsfnfO{ cFufnf] xfnL . b'j} hgf
sx] L af]Ng ;sg] g\ . a? b'j} ;'S;'sfpg yfn] . bj' } hgfsf cfFvf /;fP /
ltgsf r]kaf6 la:tf/} cf;F n' ] af6f] lnof] . sx] L a/] ;Dd bj' } Pscsfs{ f]
cFufnfdf sl:;O/x] .

æcfdfaa' fx¿ h;] s' } u?g\ . ufO{nfO{ l7s eOxfN5 lg . xfdL t p:t} x'g'k5{
x} ÛÆ, dflnsfn] dw'/f] cfjfhdf egL, æd]/f] a'afn] ufOn{ fO{ gfS] ;fg} kfg{ t
vfH] g'ePsf] xfO] g /] . wkfpFbf nfUg kU' of] eg/] b'Mv dfGb} xg' x' G' Yof] . km]l/
hfgfhfg ltdLx¿n] klg ufO{ af/Ldf nufPsf xfO] gf} . laTyfdf g/fdf| ] eof] .Æ

æd klg ltdLnfO{ oxL eGg vfH] by} ÆF] ul/df klg ;DxflF nb} afn] L, æd ltdLnfO{
p:t} dfof u5'{, cem a9L dfof u5'{ . h] h] eof,] ;lsof] .Æ

clg bj' } hgf ;w}F emF} xft ;dft]/ ljBfnolt/ nfu] .

ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldNtL p:t} eP klg b'j}sf cfdfa'afx¿sf] eg]
Pscfk;df af]nrfn aGb lyof] . P]Frfk] }Frf] rNg 5f8]sf] lyof] . ld7fr] fv] f]
kfSbf klxn] em}F Psn] csf{nfO{ ;Demg / Ps 3/af6 csf]d{ f nlulbg klg
5f8]sf lyP .

ul/df / dflnsf bj' } hgfnfO{ cfdfaa' fx¿sf] tl/sf dg k/s] f] lyPg . æemg\
7'nf dfG5]x¿sf] dg rflxF slQ ;fgf] ÛÆ, pgLx¿ eGy] . pgLx¿ rfxGy]

Pr]“ f]kr“} f] – ;/;fk6L ?lkof“ k;} f jf ;/;fdfg ;fk6 lbg] / lng] sfd
58 g]kfnL, sIff ^

cfdfaa' fx¿sf] afn] rfn xf;] \ . ldNtL xf;] \ . klxn] h:t} ;DaGw ;d' w/' xf;] \ .

306f, lbg / ;ftf xFb' } s]xL dlxgf lat] . ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fx¿
klg Pscfk;sf] ldnd] tf] 66' ]sfdf g/dfOnf] dfGg yfn] .

æs6] fs6] Ln] x/] s] f kz'n] u/s] f] la/fddf klg d slQ cfjz] df cfP5' x} To;
lbg ÛÆ Ps lbg cfdf;uF aa' f k5'tfO/xg'ePsf] dflnsfn] ;'lgg,\ æul/dfsf
cfdfaa' f g/fd|f dfG5] t xf]Ogg\ . s]xL lrh k}Frf] nu] eg] slQ xQfl/P/
ltg{ NofOxfNy] . lbP/ la;{g] t/ lnP/ slxNo} gla;g{ ] afgLsf o:tf dfG5]
sxfF kfpg' ÛÆ

cfdfn] klg ul/dfsf kl/jf/sf] emg} k|z;+ f ul/g\, æxfdL| dflnsf s'g,
pgLx¿sL ul/df s'g Û pgLx¿ dflnsfnfO{ klg t cfˆg} 5f]/L h:tf] uy]{ .Æ

aA' ffcfdfsf] s/' fn] dflnsfsf] dgdf 7n' f] v';L ;Nanfof] .

ul/dfsf a'afn] klg t vt] df ;a} v]tfnfsf] cl3lNt/} eg]y], æcflv/
xfdL bj' } ul/vfg] kl/jf/ xf}F . ;Fu} ePkl5 slxns] fxLF o:tf] x'g' 7n' f] s/' f
xf]Og . ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfpg]x¿n] h];'s} eg'g\ t/ xfdL pgLx¿sf]
g/fd|f] ;fR] g} ;Sb}gf}F .Æ

ToxL a]nf ul/dfsL cfdfn] klg yks] L lyOg\, æsl[ ifdf sx] L gofF af]6lap
cfof] ls pgn} ] xfdLnfO{ lg NofOlbGy] . laTyfdf ;fgf] lgxn'F ] g/fd|f] dfq}
eof] Û xfdf| ] ufO{ km] l/ Aofpg] eOxfNof] .Æ

Tolt an] f l;/fg3/]sf v]tdf e]nf ePsf ;a} vt] fnfn] klg …xfdL cfcfˆgf]
ul/vfgx] ¿ g} o;/L km6' \of}F eg] t s;/L pFef] nfUnf of] ufpÚF eGb} lvGg
dg kf/s] f lyP .

To;} lbgsf] vfhf vfg] a]nf 5fksf s'nfgGb sfsfn] egs] f s/' f eg]

la/fd – s;'/, en' r's, sfddf afwf 59
g]kfnL, sIff ^

cem} 3t nfUbf] lyof] . of] ;Dembf ul/df clxn] klg bª\u kl5g{ \ . sfsf
sn' fgGbn] egs] f lyP, æoL 7n' f egfpbF f afpafp / cfdfcfdf gafn] s] f t xg' \
lg . Hofgn] 7'nf, lrQn] ;fgf . ltgsf 5f/] Lx¿af6 kf] l;Sg' 5 t xfdLn] .
x/] x/] ltgsf] ldNtL . olt ljlw ldn/] sfd u5{g\ tL . Pp6LnfO{ xfR5o\ F' cfP
klg csL{;Fu ;f]w]/ dfq u5g{ \ h:tf] 5 . ;DaGw egs] f] t o:tf] kf] afa} .Æ

sfsf s'nfgGbn] yks] f lyP, æPs} 7fpF ePkl5 slxns] fxLF efF8f klg aH5,
o:t} xf], cflv/ 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ x/] ]/ klg logLx¿ gldnL ;'Vv} 5g} .Æ

æcfh t hlt;'s} ca]/ xf];\ . ;a} sfo{j|md g;lsP;Dd ghfg] x}
ul/df ÛÆ, ljBfnodf k':ts d]nfsf] lbg dflnsfn] egL . xg' klg To; lbg
ljBfnodf lgs} /dfOnf] lyof] . sljtf, xflh/Lhjfkm, syfjfrg, lgaGw
nv] g clg k:' ts kb| zg{ L . y/Ly/Lsf lstfa xb] {,} 5fGb} / k9b\ } ;a} hgf
/dfO/xs] f lyP .

;fFem ca]/;Dd klg 5f/] Lx¿ gkms{]kl5 3/lt/ eg] ;f]wLvf]hL xg' yfNof] .
ælrtj' fsf] laulauL 5 ufpFdf, hfg';\ lngÆ, ul/dfsL cfdfsf] af]nL e'OF{df
s] v;]Yof,] pgsf aa' f ul/dfnfO{ lng egL lx8F ] . ;Nnf3f/Lsf] ulx/fdf
dflnsfsf aa' f klg ljBfnolt/} uO/xs] f e]l6P . b'j} hgf gaf]nL gafn] L
cl3 al9/x] .

cln k/ k'u]kl5 xft ;dft]/ xf;F LxfF;L kmls{/xs] f ul/df / dflnsfnfO{
pgLx¿n] b]v] . 5f]/Lx¿sf xFl;nf d'xf/ b]lv/x]sf a'afx¿sf cfFvf
Pscfk;df hW' g ku' ] . clg cgfof; bj' } d';'Ss xf;F ] .

æxfdL dfq t gaf]n]sf /x]5fF} lg, 5f]/Lx¿ t plQs} 5g\ .Æ ul/dfsf aa' fn]
nhfpFb} dv' kmf]/,] ætn] kfgL Ps}, lkgf aflx/ eg]sf] oxL t xf] lg ÛÆ

slxn] afN] g kfOPnf h:tf] u/L plePsf dflnsfsf a'afn] klg elgxfn,]

cgfof; – crfgs, PsfPs

60 gk] fnL, sIff ^

æs]6fs6] L eg]sf ;fRr} lgbfi]{ f x'Fbf /x5] g\ . ss] f] Ov, s]sf] l/; . laTyfdf
xfdL dfq=== ÛÆ

aa' fx¿sf] afn] rfn ePsf] v';Ldf ul/df / dflnsfnfO{ v'66\ f e'OFd{+ f 5g\
ls 5g} g\ h:tf] eO/x]Yof] . rf/} hgf s'/fsfgL ub}{ 3/lt/ nfu] .

3/glhss} f] lkknsf] kmb] df 5f/] Lx¿ / 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ lng uPsf aa' fx¿nfO{
x]b}{ ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfx¿ klv{/x]sf lyP . ToxfF klg s:tf]
eP5 eg] ul/dfsL cfdf o;f] lkknrf}tf/Ldf lg:s]/ s] lrxfpbF } lyOg,\
dflnsfsL cfdf klg ToxLF cfOkl' u5g\ . b'jn} fO{ c;lhnf] c;lhnf] nfu5] .
ul/dfsL cfdf lkknsf] kmb] df bfoflF t/ al;5g\ . dflnsfsL cfdf afoflF t/ .

clna]/df xFl;nf] cg'xf/sf 5f]/Lx¿ cl3 nufP/ d':s'/fpFb} a'afx¿
lkknrft} f/Ldf bv] f k/] . 5f/] Lx¿ t ldNy] g} . a'afx¿sf] klg af]nrfn
ePsf] cfdfx¿n] rfn kfP . æP Û xfdL dfq lsg gaf]nL gaf]nL leqleq}
hln/xg] dflnsfsL cfdf <Æ ul/dfsL cfdfn] elgg\, æd]/f] k]6df t
g/fd|f] sx] L 5g} x} ca ÛÆ

ædnfO{ klg t slxn] afn] F" eO/xs] f] lyof] lg lbbL ÛÆ, dflnsfsL cfdfn]
elgg,\ æcfjz] df h'g a]nf h] eof,] ;lsof] . ;wF}nfO{ Ov lnP/ lsg x'GYof] .Æ

b'j} cfdfx¿sf] cg'xf/df cgf}7f] d':sfg b]lvof] . a'afx¿ t emg\
v;' L 5bF } lyP . clg ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldNtL t ;w}F p:t} g} lyof] .
olt an] f eg] ltgsf cgx' f/df ljzi] f Hofl] t hudufO/xs] f] lyof] . hg' n] L /ftdf
rlDs/x]sf 5 hgfsf] cg'xf/ la:tf/} ltg} 9'ª\u] 5fgfsf b'O{ 3/lt/
afFl8P . lkknsf kftx¿af6 v';Lsf] Ps emf]Ssf dw'/ xfjf ;':t/L
dfnfvs{lt/ nfUof] .

cfj]z – c;fdfGo dg, emf]“s
hudufO – hudu ug]{ efj, lj|mof jf k|lj|mof

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 61

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf kbfjnL / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

xft xfnfxfn ug'{ cfFvfaf6 cfF;' cfpg'
rt] fjgL lbg ' 7'nf] a/afbL x'g'
cfvF f /;fpg ' s'6fs'6 ug'{
leqleq} hNg' /ftfl] k/f] xg' '
;Tofgfz xg' ' leqleq} lklN;g'
;rt] u/fpg'

@= lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ k9]/ jfSodf k|of]u ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ hflt M hft ljzi] f -ª_ vfnL M l/Qf]

hftL M c;n vfln M dfq

-v_ cflb M OToflb -r_ lbg M lbjf

cfbL M afgL k/]sf] bLg M bM' vL

-u_ b/ M efp -5_ hg' M ;j{gfd

b/ M lthsf] cluNnf] hg" M rGbd| f

lbg vfg] ljzi] f vfgf

-3_ k6l\ 6 M tkm { -h_ bl] v M af6

k6\6L M 3fp xF'bf aflF wg] sk8f bv] L M bV] g] sfd

#= sf]i7saf6 ldNbf zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ egx'{ f];\ M

-s_ d t ljBfnoÒÒÒÒ nfuF] . -lt/÷tL/_ gk] fnL, sIff ^

-v_ ltdL kj" { ÒÒÒÒ hfpm . -lb;f÷lbzf_

62

-u_ dflg;sf kT| o]s ÒÒÒÒdf /ut aU5 . -gzf÷g;f_
-3_ d}n] cfsfzdf ÒÒÒÒ bv] F] . -hg' ÷hg" _
-ª_ pgLx¿ k5fl8ÒÒÒÒ v]Ng uP . -k6\l6÷k66\ L_
$= p:t} ;'lgg] zAb nv] L jfSodf k|of]u ugx{' f;] \ M
cfz', zLt, km' n, ltg, k"/f
af]w / cleJolSt
!= …rlDsnf cgx' f/x¿Ú syf ;:j/jfrg ug{'xf];\ .
@= lbOPsf zAb z'4 pRrf/0f ugx'{ f];\ M
sNsnfpbF f, xhfg{ f, ef8F f, cfjz] , rft} f/L, xfR5o\ ,F' xfnfxfn, laTyfdf,

;Tofgfz, uDnªª\ , cªs\ dfn, ul' Ghof,] 5R' rL, cuF fnf,] ;Nnf3f/L, cf;F '
#= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] k9L lbOPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ dfnfvs{ ufpF s:tf] lyof] <
-v_ To; ufpdF f 3/sf 5fgf s]n] 5fPsf lyP <
-u_ Tof] ufpFsf] d]nldnfk s:tf] lyof] <
-3_ jNnf]kNnf] 3/ s] sf/0f lbSbf/ dfGy] <
-ª_ dflnsf / ul/dflarsf] d]n s:tf] lyof] <
$= kf7 k9L syfdf ePsf k?' if / dlxnf kfqsf af/d] f Ps Ps jfSo

n]Vgx' f;] \ .
%= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5]b k9L bO' {cf6] f k|Zg agfpgx' f];\ . tL kZ| g ;fyLnfO{

;f]Wg'xf;] \ . ;fyLn] ;f]w]sf kZ| gsf] tkfO{“ klg pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 63

^= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ ul/df / dflnsfsf kl/jf/lar lsg emu8f eof] <

-v_ ul/df / dflnsf PSnfPSn} ljBfno hfgs' f] dV' o sf/0f s] xf] <

-u_ dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fn] lsg k5t' f] dfgs] f xfn] fg\ <

-3_ sn' fgGbn] ul/df / dflnsfsf cfdfaa' fnfO{ s:tf] ctL{ lbP <

-ª_ æs6] fs6] L eg]sf ;fFRr} lgbf]{if xFb' f /x]5g\ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6
ugx'{ f];\ .

-r_ ul/df / dflnsfsf ljBfnodf ePsf sfo{j|mdsf] ;"rL
agfpgx' f;] \ .

-5_ o; syfsf] zLif{s …rlDsnf cgx' f/x¿Ú /fVg' slQsf] ;fGble{s
5<

&= efj lj:tf/ ugx'{ f;] \ M

-s_ Ps} 7fpF ePkl5 slxn]sfxLF efF8f klg aH5g\ .

-v_ ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfpg]x¿n] h;] s' } eg'g\ t/ xfdL pgLx¿sf]
slxNo} g/fdf| ] ;f]Rg} ;Sb}gfF} .

*= ul/df / dflnsfsf kl/jf/df ePsf] emu8f s;/L cGTo eof,] kf7sf
cfwf/df n]Vg'xf;] \ .

(= ul/df / dflnsfsf] ldnfk gePsf] eP pgLx¿sf cfdfa'afsf] emu8f
cGTo xG' Yof] ls x“b' g} Yof] xfn] f, kf7 k9L tfls{s pQ/ lbgx' f];\ .

!)= tkfO{“sf] 6fn] l5ds] df ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL / wd;{ +:sl[ tsf
dflg; a:5g\ . ltgLx¿lar s;/L ;fdflhs ;b\efj a9fpg ;lsG5,
nV] gx' f;] \ .

64 gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf wft'af6 ljm| ofkb agfpgx' f];\ M
k9\ M k9\5, k9\5', k9\5f,F} k95\ g,\ k9\g'x'G5
vf M ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
hf M ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
x]/\ M ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
eg\ M ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======

@= tnsf lj|mofkbaf6 wft' 56' \ofP/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
vfof,] hfG5, eG5, lbP, k95\ , afN] 5, x5] ,{ sb' 5\ , ;T' 5, p75\ , uof]

#= tnsf wft'af6 ljm| ofkb agfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] ugx'{ f;] \ M
af]n,\ ;g' \, x]/,\ lht\, xf/,\ 3'd\

$= lbOPsf zAb k9\g'xf;] \ / ltgLx¿sf] k|ofu] yfxf kfpg'xf;] \ M
…oÚ ko| f]u ePsf zAb

of,] oL, logL, o;n], olt, oxfF, o;/L, o:tf], oxL, o1, lyof,] cfof,]
sfo{, ho, k]o, ;fG} bo,{ dN" o, /fli6«o, k/fho, oGq

…PÚ ko| f]u ePsf zAb

Ps, Pp6f, PSsfO;, PSnf,] lyP,F vfPF, uP, lnP, lbP, eP, Pjd,\
P/f]Kn]g, PDan' ]G;, cfP/, lkP/, uP/, ePsf,] kfPsf,] cfPsf], cfPF

%= cg'R5b] k9\gx' f];\ / …oÚ, …PÚ ko| fu] ePsf zAb l6Kgx' f];\ M

ejfgL leIf'sf] hGd !(&! ;fn h7] @! ut] ePsf] lyof] . pgL
OG›k;| fb uK' tf / ozfb] f snjf/sf dfOnf 5f/] f lyP . ejfgL leIfs' f]
/fdf| ] n]vgbf;sf ¿kdf tfl} nxjfdf gfd rns] f] lyof] . pgnfO{
n]vgbf;sf] sfdn] ;Gt'li6 lbPg . pgL sf7df8f}F cfP .
sf7df8f}F cfP/ ejfgL leIf'n] l;l4r/0f >]i7nfO{ e]6] .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf lzv/k'?if l;l4r/0fnfO{ ejfgL leIf'sf]

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 65

g]kfnL efiffk|ltsf] cgGok]|d, cf:yf / nugzLntfn] ke| fljt
kf¥of] . l;l4r/0f >]i7n] ejfgL leIf'sf] pT;fxn] el/Psf]
gk] fnL efiff ;flxTokl| tsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ sb/ u/] . ejfgL leIfn' fO{
hf]/u0f]z k];| df k¥' ofOlbP . ToxfF ku' ]/ ejfgL leIf'n] cfˆgf]
/rgf …zf/bfÚ klqsfdf lbP . !((# ;fndf pgsf] klxnf]
;dfnf]rgf g]kfnL efiffdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . kl5 uP/ ejfgL leIf'
zf/bf klqsfs} ;Dkfbs eP .

;'gfO / af]nfO

!= ;'gfO kf7 ^ sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ e/L eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ s'g} 7fpFdf Pp6f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ufpF lyof] .
-v_ ufpnF x] ¿ To; 7fpFaf6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/f;] \ eGg] rfxGy] .
-u_ Psl} 5gkl5 kmlg{r/ sf/vfgfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ klg cfof] .
-3_ c;n l5ds] Lx¿ ud' fpFbf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s'/f atfP .
-ª_ 3g 7fs] s] f] / sf7 lr/s] f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg] cfO/xo\ f] .

@= ;'gfO kf7 ^ ;'g]/ kfqsf gfd eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ cfjfh;Fu x/} fg ePsf kfq
-v_ sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{] kfq
-u_ ;a}eGbf klxnf sf/vfgf ;fb{} 5' eGg] kfq
-3_ Psl} 5gkl5 uP/ sf/vfgf ;fb}{ 5' eGg] kfq
#= ;'gfO kf7 ^ ;'g/] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ lun| sf/vfgf sxfF lyof] <
-v_ ufpFns] f] rfxgf s] lyof] <
-u_ sf/vfgf ;~rfnsx¿n] ufpnF n] fO{ s:tf] lg0fo{ ;g' fP <

66 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ ufpFn] lsg v';L ePsf xf]nfg\ <
-ª_ dfgj a:tLdf pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng ug'{ l7s x'G5 ls xFb' }g,

cfkmg\ f] ljrf/ k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
$= tkfO“s{ f] 6fn] ;dfhdf ePsf] s'g} Ps ;d:of sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ /

;fyLaf6 pSt ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;e' mfj lng'xf];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= tn lbOPsf lrq x/] L Pp6f syf /rgf ugx'{ f];\ M

@= ;dx" df a;L kT| os] n] cfkm" nfO{ dg kg{] syf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ . ;dx" df ;g' fPsf]
;ae} Gbf /fd|f] syf s;sf] /x\of] < ;dx" n] g} 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . ;dx" df
pTs[i6 7xl/Psf] syf sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 67

kf7 &
k"j{ k7g

tnsf lrqx¿ x]g{x' f;] \ . oL ljBfnodf xg' ] ;x tyf cltl/St ljm| ofsnfksf
lrq xg' \ . s] tkfO{“sf] ljBfnodf tnsf ;a} ultljlwx¿ xG' 5g\ < oLdWo]
tkfOn“{ fO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ lj|mofsnfk sg' xf], atfpg'xf;] \ M

dflysf] lrqdf gePsf t/ tkfO{“sf] ljBfnodf xg' ] cGo ;x tyf cltl/St
ljm| ofsnfkx¿ s] s] xg' \, atfpgx' f];\ .

68 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn" kf7

& ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf]

;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7'nf]

ljBfnosf] ;efsIf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsn] vrfvr el/Psf] 5 . ljBfnosf] lgoldt
cltl/St lj|mofsnfkcGtu{t jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng xg' nflu/x]sf] 5 . pSt
sfo{j|md ;~rfns -pb3\ fi] fs_ ^ sIffsL 5fqf nlntfsd' f/L emf xg' x' G' 5 .

>4o] u?' ju{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ Û

cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfns d nlntfs'df/L emfsf]
gd:sf/ . xfd|f] ljBfnodf x/]s xKtf cfof]hgf x'g] cltl/St
ljm| ofsnfkcGtut{ cfh jfbljjfb sfoj{ m| dsf] kfnf] /xs] f] 5 . cfhsf] jfbljjfb
kl| tofl] utfsf] zLif{s /x]sf] 5, …;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f]Ú . d cfhsf] o;
sfoj{ |mdsf] ;efWoIfsf] cf;g u|x0f ul/lbgx' 'g ljBfnosL kw| fgfWofks
>L ddtf kf7snfO{ ;ljgo cg'/fw] ub{5' . o; kl| tofl] utfsf] lg0ff{ossf]

zAbfy{ 69
;ljgo – gd| ag/]
g]kfnL, sIff ^

el" dsfdf /lxlbgsf nflu u'?x¿ rGb|f gsdL,{ cfOtdfg d';x/ / sdn
clwsf/LnfO{ cg'/fw] ub{5' . o;} u/L ;dokfnssf ¿kdf ^ sIffsL 5fqf
?s' rf}w/LnfO{ cg/' fw] ub5{ ' .

ca d jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf lgodx¿ atfp5F ' . ;xefuL] k|ltofu] Ln]
oL lgodsf] k0" f{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ 5 M

!= s'g} l6kf]6 jf sfuh x]//] af]Ng kfOg] 5g} .
@= sg' } JolSt, hflt, efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ tkl| t cf/fk] nufpg kfOg] 5g} .
#= jStfnfO{ afN] gsf nflu kfrF ldg]6sf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

k|To]s rf/ ldg6] df hgfp 3G6L nfUg] 5 . kfrF ldg6] eGbf a9L
afn] s] f s'/f dfGo x'g] 5}g .
$= ljkIfsf egfOnfO{ v08g jf c;xdlt k|s6 ubf{ lzi6 / dof{lbt
¿kdf ug{'kg]{ 5 .
%= lg0ffo{ s d08nsf] lg0fo{ g} clGtd x'g] 5 .
ca d kIfsf tkm{af6 cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg ^ sIffsL 5fqf s?0ff u'?ªnfO{
lgDTofpF5' .

s?0ff u'?ª

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf,

lg0ff{os d08n, u'?hg / ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿ Û xflb{s clejfbg Û

…;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' fÚ] eGg] zLifs{ /xs] f] cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf
d kIfaf6 cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ /fVb} 5' .

dflg;x¿ ;DklQ eP ;a} yf]s kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;fR] 5g\ . pgLx¿
;DklQn] 3/, hUuf, uf8L, hxfh, nQfsk8f, u/uxgf cflb lsGg
;lsG5 To:tf j:t'x¿n] v';L lbG5 eGg] 7fG5g\ . To;}n] dflg;x¿
k;} fs} kl5 bf}l8G5g\ . cfkm" ;Fu :j:y z/L/ 5g} eg] ;f/f j}ejsf] s]

dofl{ bt – ;o+ ldt
j}ej – wg;DklQ
70 g]kfnL, sIff ^

sfd < jf:tjdf :j:y z/L/ hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] cfzLjfb{ xf] . :j:y
dfG5n] ] dfq hLjgsf] jf:tljs v;' L k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . cfk"mn] rfxs] f] sfd
ug{ ;S5 . p;n] cfkm" n] rfxs] f] s/' f vfg ;S5 / cfkm" n] rfxs] f] 7fpdF f hfg
;S5 . o;/L cfk"mn] rfx]sf s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Sg] dfG5] dfq hLjgdf ;wF} v';L
/xG5 . cfk"m;uF kz| :t wgbfn} t eP klg cfk"mn] rfx]sf s/' f ug{ g;Sg]
/f]uu:| t dflg;x¿ s;/L v';L / ;Gti' 6 /xg ;Snfg\ < pgLx¿nfO{ t d
sb} L h:tf] bV] 5,' h;sf] hLjgdf :jtGqtf gfdsf] sg' } j:t' 5g} . pgLx¿sf]
hLjgdf v;' L gfdsf] If0f x'Fb}g .

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf

:jf:Yo eg]sf] lg/f]uL cj:yf xf], tGb'?:tL xf]Ù dfgl;s pb\j]u /
lrGtf/lxt cj:yf xf] . dflg;n] hDdf ug]{ ;DklQ t s]jn ;fwg dfq
xf] . ;fWo t :jf:Yo g} xf] . xfdL ;DklQ¿kL ;fwgsf] pkofu] u//]
vfBfGg lsG5fF} . xfdL hf8f]udL{ 5Ng ntfsk8f lsG5f}F . xfdL :jf:Yos}
;/' Iffsf nflu 3/dxn agfp5F fF} . sg' } sf/0fjz :jf:Yodf u8a9L cfof] eg]
/fu] d'St xg' xfdL;uF ePsf] ;a} ;DklQ vr{ u5f{}F . sg' } klg ljj]szLn
dfG5n] ] :jf:Yo lauf//] , cªu\ eªu\ eP/ ;DklQ hDdf ugd{' f p;sf] s'g} lxt
x'Fb}g . dfG5n] ] hDdf u/s] f] ;f/f ;DklQ p;sf] :jf:Yos} nflu xf] . p;sf]
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s tGb'?:tLsf nflu xf] .

hgfp 3G6L aH5 .

;efWoIf dxf]bo,

dfG5];Fu k|z:t ;DklQ eP klg pm :j:y g} /xg] eg] To:tf] ;DklQsf]
sg' } cy{ xFb' }g . Tolt dfq xf]Og, dfG5] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] /f]uL 5
eg] cfk"m;Fu hlt;'s} wgbfn} t eP klg pm v';L xg' ;Sb}g . pm ;Gti' 6

pb\ju] – tLj| ju] jf ult 71
ljj]szLn – ljj]s ePsf]

g]kfnL, sIff ^

x'g ;Sb}g . vf;df :jf:Yo egs] f] hLjg xf] . hLjg g} 5}g eg] ;DklQsf]
sg' } sfd xbF' g} . To;}n] ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] xG' 5 eGb} d cfˆgf] egfO
cGTo ub5{ ' . wGojfb Û

sfoj{ |md ;~rfns

cfhsf] jfbljjfbdf kIfaf6 cfˆgf ts{ /fVg] s?0ff u?' ªnfO{ wGojfb .
ca d ljkIfsf tkma{ f6 cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVgx' g' ^ sIffsf 5fq ljsNk
clwsf/LnfO{ lgDTofp5F ' .

ljsNk clwsf/L

>4o] ;efWoIf Û

lg0ffo{ ssf] uxg lhDdj] f/Ldf /xgx' g' ] u?' u?' cfdf tyf o; ;efdf pkl:yt
cfb/0fLo u?' hg / d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿df clejfbg Û

cfhsf] of] …;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' fÚ] eGg] zLifs{ sf] jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf
d ljkIfsf tkma{ f6 cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k|:t't ug{] cg'dlt rfxG5' .

cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx¿ Û

k"jj{ Stf ;fyLn] ;DklQnfO{ >fk / :jf:YonfO{ cfzLjfb{ sf ¿kdf rrf{
ub}{ cfˆgf] dGtJo /fVge' of] . d pxfFnfO{ k|Zg u5,'{ lsg dflg;x¿ hflu/
vfG5g\ < lsg pBfu] vf]N5g\ < lsg Jofkf/ Joj;fo u5g{ \ < s] oL ;a
sd{x¿ :jf:Yosf nflu xg' \ < lgZro g} xf]Ogg\ . oL hLljsf rnfpgsf
nflu x'g\ . wg sdfpgsf nflu x'g\ . ;DklQ hDdf ugs{ f nflu x'g\ .
:jf:Yosf nflu t 3/df Jofofd u//] a;] eOxfNYof] lg Û lsg 6G6nfk'/
3fddf dfG5] kf]lnG5g\ < lsg vt/gfs ;'?ªleq dfG5] k;]/ sfddf
hfl] tG5g\ < lsg csfs{ f] cwLgdf a;/] lbg/ft vl6G5g\ < lsg ;ae} Gbf Kof/f
kl/jf/hgnfO{ 5f8] /] k/bl] ;G5g\ < oL ;a} sdx{ ¿ dfG5n] ] ;DklQ sdfpgnfO{ ug{]
xfO] g < k;} f sdfpg ug{] xfO] g < vf;df cfhsf] jo:s dfG5n] ] ug{] clwsfz+

Jofofd – s;/t
jo:s – pd]/ ku' s] f], aflnu

72 gk] fnL, sIff ^

ljm| ofsnfk wg cfhg{ sf nflu ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;af6 klg :jf:Yosf
tn' gfdf wgsf] dxŒj slt 7'nf] 5 eGg] s/' f 3fd h:t} 5nª{ u\ 5 .

cfb/0fLo u?' ju{ tyf ;fyLx¿ Û

;DklQdf ;as} f] xfOxfO eGg] egfO To;} ag]sf] xf]Og . ;DklQ ePdf
;a}n] ;Ddfg lbG5g\ . ;DklQ eP cfkm" n] rfx]sf] ;a} s/' f k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . hxf;F Dd v;' Lsf] s/' f 5, Tof] t ;DklQsf] and} cl8Psf] 5 eg]
klg xG' 5 . ;DklQ eP cfkm" nfO{ dg nfus] f] s'/f lsg]/ vfg ;lsG5 .
cfk"mn] rfxs] f] 7fpdF f hfg, 3d' lkm/ ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm" nfO{ dg kg]{ n'uf
lsg]/ nufpg ;lsG5 . cfjZos k/s] f an] fdf s'g} JolSt, ;dfh /
bz] nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . bfgbftJo ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fsl[ ts jf cGo
ljklQsf a]nf s] tkfOnF{ ] slxNo} sg' } :j:y, x6\6fs66\ f dfG5]n] olt ;xofu]
u¥of] eg]sf] ;G' ge' Psf] 5, cjZo 5g} . o:tf] ;xofu] h;;Fu ;DklQ xG' 5,
p;n} ] dfq ug{ ;S5 . c¿nfO{ ;ªs\ 6 k/s] f a]nfdf ;DklQ gePsfx¿n]
ug{ ;Sg] s'/f s]jn ;xfg'e"ltsf zAbx¿ dfq a;f{pg] xf] . :j:y
z/L/af6 lg:ss] f ;xfge' l" tsf zAbx¿n] efs] n] t8l\ k/xs] f dfG5x] ¿sf] k6] eg{
;Sb}g . o:tf] a]nfdf pgLx¿nfO{ ef}lts ;xof]usf] vfrF f] xG' 5 . cflys{
;xofu] sf] vfrF f] xG' 5 / To:tf] ;xofu] cfkm" ;uF ;DklQ ePsfx¿n] dfq ug{
;S5g\ . cefjn] 56k\ 6fO/xs] f dfG5x] ¿nfO{ cflys{ ;xofu] ubf{ kfOg] ;Gtl' i6
cnf}lss xG' 5 . o;/L cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;DklQsf sf/0fn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf ;a}
yfs] ug{ kfPkl5 dfG5] v';L geP/ s] ?bF } lx8F \5 t <

hgfp 3G6L aH5 .

dflg; :j:y /x]dfq hLjg pmhf{zLn aG5 . :jf:Yon] JolStsf]
sfo{tTk/tf jl[ 4 u5{ / hLjg ;fy{s agfpg ;S5 . To;}n] d :jf:yeGbf
;DklQ 7'nf] x'G5 eGb} cfˆgf egfO oxLF cGTo ub{5' . wGojfb Û

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 73

sfoj{ |md ;~rfns

ljsNk clwsf/LnfO{ cfsif{s k|:t'ltsf nflu wGojfb Û ca d km]l/ kIfaf6
cfˆgf ts{ /fVg ^ sIffsf 5fq d':tkmf cfndnfO{ lgDTofpF5' .

d':tkmf cfnd

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf, lg0ffo{ s d08n, u'?ju{ / ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿df
xflb{s gd:sf/ Û

cfhsf] ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] zLifs{ sf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf]
kIfaf6 afN] b} 5' .

dxfslj nIdLk;| fb b]jsf6] fn] wgnfO{ xftsf] d}nf eg]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg
;DklQ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og eGg] s'/f k:| 6 xG' 5 . Tolt dfq xfO] g, ;DklQ
Ifl0fs 5 eGg] cfzo dxfslj bj] sf6] fsf] /xs] f] 5 . kj" j{ Stf ;fyLn] c¿nfO{
cflys{ ;xof]u ubf{ kfOg] v';L cnf}lss x'G5 eGg'eof] t/ d pxfsF f] o;
ljrf/k|lt k0" f{ c;xdt 5' . vf;df Tof] v';L t b'lgofsF f cufl8 d}n] olt
;xofu] ug{ ;sF] eGg] 3dG8sf] kb| zg{ L dfq xf] . ;DklQn] dflg;nfO{
;Gt'li6 lbg'kg]{ xf] t/ o;sf] l7s pN6f] xG' 5 . egfO g} 5, ;DklQn]
s;}nfO{ 8sf/ cfpFb}g . ;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ emg\emg\ c;Gt'i6
agfp5F . w/] } wgbfn} t ePsfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;DklQ gfz xfn] f ls, s;n} ] rf/] Ln6' L
n}hfnf ls eGg] lrGtf ylkG5 . To;}n] pm 9'Ssn] lgbfpg ;Sb}g . p;nfO{
slxns] fxLF t ;ae} Gbf glhssf dfG5;] Fu klg cljZjf; nfU5 . o:tf
s'/fx¿n] p;df ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s /fu] x¿ nfU5g\ .
o;sf] ljk/Lt, :j:y z/L/df :j:y ljrf/ knfp5F . :j:y dflg;n] cfkm" nfO{
rflxg] ;DklQ sdfpg sfd ug{ ;S5 . Joj;fo ug,{ pBfu] snsf/vfgf
rnfpg tyf hflu/ vfg klg :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'gk' 5{ .

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf Û

d]/f] ljrf/df ;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg

74 gk] fnL, sIff ^

wgbf}ntn] :jf:Yo lsGg ;lsbF g} . zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] tGb'?:t
JolStn] dfq k|z:t ;DklQ sdfpg ;S5 . o;sf] cy{ ;DklQ :jf:Yosf]
kl5 kl5 bf}8g] s'/f xf] . dfgj hLjgsf] v';Lsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{
;f| t] egs] f] :jf:Yo xf] . dfG5] Tolt a]nf ;a}eGbf v';L x'G5, hlt a]nf
cfkm" n] rfx]sf] s/' f ug{ p;sf] :jf:Yon] ;fy lbG5 . dfG5n] ] rfx\of] eg]
afNosfnb]lv a9' ;] sfn;Dd cfˆgf] :jf:Yo tGb?' :t /fVg ;S5 t/ ;DklQ
dfG5s] f] jzdf xF'b}g . ;DklQ t afx\o kl/l:yltdfly lge{/ xG' 5 .

hgfp 3G6L aH5 .

;efWoIf dxfb] o,

To;n} ] xfdLn] bl' gofdF f ;DklQsf dflns /xs] f dfG5x] ¿ 6f6 kN6/] ;8s5fk
ags] f] bv] s] f klg 5fF} . To:t} sltko dflg;x¿ s]xL lbgs} cGt/fndf
wgL, pBfu] klt ags] f] klg bv] ]sf 5f}F . To;}n] ;DklQ cfkm\gf] jzdf /xbF }g
t/ :jf:Yo cfkmn" ] jzdf /fVg / lg/f]uL /xg ;lsG5 . o;y{ ;DklQeGbf
:jf:Yo 7'nf] xf] eGb} cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ cGTo ub{5' . wGojfb Û

sfo{jm| d ;~rfns

d':tkmf cfndnfO{ ah] f]8 k|:tl' tsf nflu wGojfb . d ljkIfaf6 cfˆgf ts{
/fVg ^ sIffsL 5fqf ;l/:df k|hfkltnfO{ lgDTofpF5' .

;l/:df k|hfklt

>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf, lg0ff{ossf] el" dsfdf /xgx' 'g] u?' hg, cfb/0fLo lzIfs
ju{ tyf k|ltofu] L / d/] f ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿df xflbs{ clejfbg Û

;DklQeGbf :jf:Yo 7n' f] eGg] cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfdf d ljifosf]
ljkIf cyft{ \ ;DklQ 7'nf] eGg] kIfaf6 afN] b} 5' .

;DklQ eg]sf] s;}sf] lghL clwsf/df /xs] f] wg jf bf}nt xf] . PZ] jo{
jf je} j xf] . o:tf] ;DklQjfnf dflg;x¿ h'g b]zdf w/] } xG' 5g,\ Tof]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 75

bz] sf] ljsf; b't| ultdf ePsf] bv] ]sf klg 5fF} . To:tf wgf9o\ x¿n] cfˆgf]
b]z jf ljbz] df pBfu] , snsf/vfgf vf]N5g\ / w/] } dflg;nfO{ /fh] uf/
lbG5g\ . Jofkf/ Joj;fo u5g{ \ / /fHonfO{ ljleGg /fh:j tyf s/ lt5{g\
clg bz] nfO{ emg\ ;DkGg agfpF5g\ . b]zdf cfktsfn cfPsf a]nfdf
d :j:y 5,' d]/f] :jf:Yo k|of]u u/ eg/] dfq cfktsfn 6b{g} . Tolt
an] f cfjZos kg{] j:t'x¿, vfBfGgx¿, cf}hf/ tyf xltof/x¿, cfi} fwLx¿
vl/b ug{ kF'hL geO{ xb'F }g . :jf:Yo /fdf| ] eP ;a yf]s xG' 5 eg]/ uj{ ug]{
kj" j{ Stf ;fyLnfO{ kZ| g ug{ rfxG5,' sg' } b3' 6{ gf jf ljklQsf sf/0f :jf:Yodf
u8a8L eof] jf laluo| f] eg] s] xG' 5 < d :j:y 5,' dnfO{ l7s eOxfN5 eg]/
lau|s] f] :jf:Yo lkmtf{ x'G5 < o:tf] an] fdf c:ktfn hfgk' 5{ . cfi} fwL
ug'{k5{ . 8fS6/ / c:ktfnsf] z'Ns ltgk' 5{ clg dfq cfˆgf] lau|s] f] :jf:Yo
lkmtf{ cfp5F . o;sf nflu klg ;DklQ cfjZos xG' 5 .

cfb/0fLo u?' ju{ tyf ;fyLx¿ Û

:jf:YoeGbf ;DklQ dxŒjk0" f{ x'g] cg]s sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f,
tGb?' :t :jf:Yosf nflu :jf:Yos/ cfxf/ rflxG5 . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf
5, ahf/df cg]s lsl;dsf cfxf/x¿ 5g\ . tGb'?:tLsf nflu cfjZos
kg{] :jf:Yos/ cfxf/n] dfq xfdf| ] dg / dl:tis :j:y /fVg ;lsG5 . To;sf
nflu k};f rflxG5 . o;af6 s] k:| 6 x'G5 eg] xfd|f] dg / dl:tis :j:y
/fVgsf nflu klg ;DklQ g} rflxG5 . bf;] f| ] sf/0f, hLjgdf cgs] ;ªs\ 6x¿
cfOk5{g\ . slt v/] s'g b'36{ gfdf kg{ ;lsG5, sg' k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo
ljklQdf kml;G5 eGg] s/' fsf] 7u] fg x'Fb}g . xfdLn] ev{/} es" Dksf] ;fdgf
u¥ofF} . sfl] e8 – !( sf] dxfdf/L klg ;xo\ f}F . o:tf kf| sl[ ts jf cGo
;ª\s6x¿sf] a]nfdf xfdLn] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf tGb'?:t eP klg ;DklQ
gePsfx¿sf] lahf]u b]Vof}F . ef]sef]s} ePsf] ;dfrf/x¿ ;'Gof}F /
x¥] of}F . ;DkGgx¿nfO{ o:tf ljklQx¿n] vf;} ke| fj gkf/]sf] xfdLn] bv] s] }

/fh:j – ljleGg s/ jf zN' saf6 /fHonfO{ k|fKt xg' ] /sd g]kfnL, sIff ^

76

5f}F . To;}n] eOkl/cfpg] cg]s ;ª\s6x¿af6 xfdLnfO{ ;DklQn] g} arfpF5
g ls :jf:Yon] . t];f| ] sf/0f, ;j] f g} wd{ xf] eGg] s'/f ;anfO{ yfxf 5 .
hLjgnfO{ ;fys{ kfg{ rfxg] x/s] JolSt ;dfh;j] f ug{ rfxG5g\ . ;dfhdf
/xs] f dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ rfxG5g\ . ;dfhsf] pGgltsf nflu ofu] bfg
ug{ rfxG5g\ . cK7/] fdf k/s] fx¿nfO{ påf/ ug{ rfxG5g\ . o:tf sfo{x¿
ug{ p;;uF ;DklQ x'g'k5{ .

hgfp 3G6L aH5 .

;efWoIf dxfb] o,

To;f] t ;DklQ geP klg :j:y z/L/ ePsf dfG5]n] ;dfh;]jf ug{ ;S5
t/ To:tf] ;j] f ;Lldt xG' 5 . p;n] Ps k6sdf ;Lldt dflg;x¿nfO{
dfq ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 t/ Pp6f ;DkGg JolStn] cfkm" ;Fu ePsf] ;DklQsf]
;bk' of]u u/]/ Ps} ;dodf ljleGg 7fpdF f ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;S5 . ;DklQsf
dfWodaf6 k|z:t ;f| t] / ;+;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5 . To;n} ] d
:jf:YoeGbf ;DklQ 7'nf] eGb} cfˆgf egfO cGTo ub{5,' wGojfb Û

o;kl5 sfoj{ |md ;~rfnsn] jStfnfO{ wGojfb lb“b} lg0ffo{ s d08nnfO{ lg0f{o ;'gfpg
cfu|x ug'x{ 'G5 . lg0ff{osx¿dWo]af6 lzIfs rGbf| gsdLn{ ] lg0ffo{ s d08nsf] lg0f{o
;'gfpg'x'G5 . cGTodf ;efsf] cWoIftf ul//xge' PsL ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksn]
jfbljjfb / ;x tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfksf] dxŒj atfpg'x'G5 . ljh]tf /
;xefuLx¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf wGojfb lbb“ } sfo{j|md ;dfkg ugx'{ G' 5 .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 77

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cgs] fyL{ zAbx¿;u“ ldNg] cyd{ f hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

cy{ – ! cgs] fyL{ zAb cy{ – @
/fh:j /x/ Ps lbzf

afns pQ/ uF8} fsf] aRrf

rfxgf ;frF f ] rfaL

;x/ s/ …u/Ú sf] cs/0fafw] s ljm| of

hafkm s6] f Ps lsl;dsf] bfn

;To gu/ l9kL

@= tnsf zAb tyf cy{ k9]/ jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'x[ f;] \ M
-s_ -c_ jL/ -axfb'/_ -3_ -c_ zLt -lr;f_]

-cf_ la/ -;u'F '/sf] efn_] -cf_ l;t -;uF _

-v_ -c_ k'/f -k'/fgf_] -ª_ -c_ ljif -hx/_

-cf_ k/" f -;Dk0" f{_ -cf_ la; -pGgfO;kl5sf] cªs\ _

-u_ -c_ km' n -cG8f_ -r_ -c_ lt/ -tkm{_

-cf_ k"mn -k'ik_ -cf_ tL/ -af0f_

78 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= tnsf ;fgf] ¿k hgfpg] zAblar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

Uffu|f] TofGbf| ]

b'w rf]O6f]

kfgL xt/

bfp/f ts' f]{

k/fn yf]kf]

$= ;fgf] ¿k hgfpg] zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M

y}nf] Ö yn} L lrD6f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

8fnf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfn Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

crf/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3F6} f ] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

afw] / cleJolSt

!= kf7 k9L lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M

lgikIf, lg0ff{os d08n, :jf:Yo, k|ltof]lutf, tGb'?:t, :jtGqtf,
dxŒjk0" f{, ;Gtl' i6, lj|mofsnfk, wgf9\o, /fh:j, vfBfGg, ljklQ

@= s?0ff u?' ªsf] ;Dafw] gkl5sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] k9L 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ dflg;n] ;DklQaf6 s] s] s'/f k|fKt ug{ ;S5 <

-v_ hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] cfzLjf{b s] xf] <

-u_ cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] hLjg lhpg s] rflxG5 xfn] f <

-3_ …jfbljjfbÚ / …:jtGqtfÚ zAbsf] cy{ eGg'xf];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 79

#= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ jfbljjfb sfo{j|md sxfF eO/x]sf] 5 <
-v_ jfbljjfb sfo{j|mdsf] pb\3f]ifssf] gfd s] xf] <
-u_ lg0ffo{ s d08ndf sf] sf] /xge' Psf] 5 <
-3_ ?s' rf}w/L sg' el" dsfdf l5g\ <
-ª_ jStfx¿nfO{ af]Ng slt ;do lbOPsf] 5 <
-r_ jfbljjfbsf] ljifo s] xf] <
-5_ ljkIfdf afN] g] jStfx¿sf] gfd eGgx' f];\ .
-h_ sfo{jm| dsf] ;dfkg s;/L eof] <

$= kf7sf cfwf/df jStf klxNofpgx' f];\ M
-s_ cfkm" ;Fu :j:y z/L/ 5}g eg] ;f/f je} jsf] s] sfd <
-v_ ;dokfnssf ¿kdf ^ sIffsL 5fqf ?s' rfw} /L /x]sL l5g\ .
-u_ b]zdf cfktsfn cfPsf an] fdf d :j:y 5,' d]/f] :jf:Yo ko| fu]

u/ eg/] dfq cfktsfn 6bg{} .
-3_ lsg 6G6nfk/' 3fddf dfG5] kf]lnG5g\ < lsg vt/gfs ;?' ªleq

dfG5] k;/] sfddf hf]ltG5g\ <
-ª_ egfO g} 5, ;DklQn] s;n} fO{ 8sf/ cfpbF }g .

%= kf7sf cfwf/df s'g} Ps kIfsf] dGtJoaf6 kf“rcf]6f ab“' f l6Kgx' f];\ .
^= kf7sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g] jStfn] kfng ug'{kg]{

lgodx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

80 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-v_ …:j:y z/L/ hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] cfzLjfb{ xf]Ú s;/L <

-u_ b]jsf]6fn] wgnfO{ lsg xftsf] dn} f egs] f x'g\ <

-3_ dflg;n] lsg ;DklQ sdfpg rfxG5g\ <

-ª_ ;DklQn] s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

&= cgR' 5]b df}g k7g ug{x' f;] \ / ;f/fz+ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

dfG5] 9ª' u\ ] ou' bl] v cfh;Dd cfOkU' bf p;n] u/s] f sfd j0fg{ ul/;fWo
5}g . cfh dfG5] lj1fgs} sf/0fn] r/f h:t} cfsfzdf p8\g, df5f
h:t} kfgLdf t}l/g, hldgdf l56f]eGbf l56f] bug' { ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
of] ljZjdf dfG5] hxfF klg ed| 0f ug{ ;S5 . lx8F /] dlxgf},F a;fF{} nfUg]
7fpdF f lj1fgsf] ;xfotfn] Ps}l5gdf k'Ug ;S5 . ;+;f/df ePsf
b}lgs 36gfx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a;/] ;'Gg / xg] { ;S5 . ;;+ f/sf hg' ;s' }
s'gfsf dflg;;uF rfxs] f] v08df s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5 . xhf/f}F dfG5]n]
a;f{}F nufP/ ug]{ sfd If0fe/df ug{ ;S5 . oL ofjt\ sfd ug{ dflg;
lj1fgsf] rdTsf/sf] sf/0fn] ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

*= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b ;g' ]/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

;DklQn] dflg;nfO{ ;Gtl' i6 lbgk' g]{ xf] t/ o;sf] l7s pN6f] x'G5 .
egfO g} 5, ;DklQn] s;}nfO{ 8sf/ cfpbF }g . ;DklQn] dflg;nfO{
emg\emg\ c;Gti' 6 agfp5F . w]/} wgbfn} t ePsfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;DklQ
gfz xfn] f ls, s;n} ] rf/] Ln'6L n}hfnf eGg] lrGtf ylkG5 . To;}n] pm
9S' ssf] lgbf| ;'Tg ;Sb}g . p;nfO{ slxn]sfxLF t ;ae} Gbf glhssf
dfG5];Fu klg cljZjf; nfU5 .

(= sIffdf tnsfdWo] sg' } Ps zLifs{ df jfbljjfb sfoj{ m| dsf] cfofh] gf

ugx{' f;] \ . pSt jfbljjfb sfoj{ m| ddf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] kf| Kt u/s] f] el" dsf lgjfx{

ugx{' f;] \ . el" dsf gkfpg] ljBfyLx{ ¿ c;n >ft] fsf ¿kdf /xgx' f;] \ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 81

jfbljjfbsf zLifs{ M
-s_ o'jfx¿ ljb]zdf hfge' Gbf :jbz} d} a:g' hftL
-v_ 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ ;DklQ lbg'eGbf lzIff lbg' /fd|f]

ljBfyL{n] lgjfx{ ugk'{ g]{ e"ldsf
-s_ sfoj{ |md ;~rfns -pb3\ f]ifs_ M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-v_ ;efWoIf M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-u_ lg0ff{os d08n M tLg hgf ljBfyL{
-3_ ;dokfns M Ps hgf ljBfyL{
-ª_ kIfaf6 afN] g] k|ltofu] Lx¿ M bO' { hgf ljBfyL{
-r_ ljkIfaf6 afN] g] kl| tofu] Lx¿ M bO' { hgf ljBfyL{

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= k9g\ 'xf];\ / jtd{ fg sfn, et" sfn / eljiot\ sfn hgfpg] zAbnfO{
tflnsfdf nV] gx' f;] M

-s_ -v_ -u_

pm v]n vN] 5 . ke| ft ahf/ uof] . pdz] laxfg p7\g] 5 .

pm /fd/| L k9\5 . p;n] lrgL lsGof] . pm vfgf vfg] 5 .

pm k|ult u5{ . pm 3/ kmSof]{ . To;kl5 sfddf hfg] 5 .

p;n] cj;/ kfpF5 . ;fyLx¿ af6fdf lyP . pm lbgel/ sfd ug]{ 5 .

p;n] cfkm\gf] klxrfg p;n] ;fyLx¿ e6] \of] . pm vfgf vfg] 5 .

agfpF5 . ;fyLx¿ v;' L eP . ;fyLx¿ klg sfd ug{] 5g\ .

pm ;dfh;]jf u5{ . pm a]ns' f 3/ kms{g] 5 .

82 g]kfnL, sIff ^

dflysf] tflnsfdf ePsf /ftf] /ªsf zAbn] ;do a'emfPsf 5g\ . klxnf]
tflnsfdf ePsf ljm| ofkbn] clxns] f] ;donfO{ ae' mfPsf 5g\ . bf;] f| ] tflnsfdf
ePsf ljm| ofkbn] lats] f] ;do ae' mfPsf 5g\ . t;] f| ] tflnsfdf ePsf ljm| ofkbn]
kl5sf] ;donfO{ ae' mfPsf 5g\ .

o;/L dflysf] tflnsfdf ePsf lj|mofn] ;do ae' mfp5“ g\ . lj|mofn] a'emfpg]
;do sfn xf] . dflysf] tflnsfdf ePsf klxnfsf] ;do a'emfpg] ljm| ofsf
sfn et" sfn, clxns] f] ;do a'emfpg] ljm| ofsf sfn jtd{ fg sfn / kl5sf]
;do ae' mfpg] lj|mofsf sfn eljiot\ sfn x'g\ .

@= pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} tnsf ljm| ofkbnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'x{ f];\ M

eljiot\ sfn jt{dfg sfn et" sfn
v]N5 ' vn] ]
vN] g] 5'
a:g] 5g\
cfpg] 5f}
afS] g] l5g \

#= lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ jfSo agfpg'xf];\M

-s_ xfdL syf ===================== -k9\ M eljiot\ sfn_
-v_ tF}n] vn] ==================== -lht\ M et" sfn_
-u_ alxgL v]Ng =================== -hf M jt{dfg sfn_
-3_ pxfFn] ku| lt ================== -u/\ M et" sfn_
-ª_ Tof] ot}lt/ ==================== -cfp M jtd{ fg sfn_

$= tnsf] cg'R5]b df}gjfrg ug{'xf;] \ / …l/Ú / …CÚ nfus] f zAb klxrfg
u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ M

l/hg s[lif C0f lng sl[ if ljsf; aª} \s uP . a}ª\sdf Clif, Crf,
;[li6, lk|of / s[lt cl3 g} nfOgdf lyP . pgLx¿n] C0f kfP t/

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 83

l/hg l/Q} xft 3/ kmls{P . 3/df cfP/ pgL cfkm" n] C0f gkfPsf]
l6kf6] n]vfpg j8fsf l/dfn ;/sxfF uP . l/dfn ;/n] l/t gku' L
cfPsf] lgj]bg cfkm" n] ga‰' g] s/' f atfpge' of] .

;'gfO / af]nfO

!= ;g' fO kf7 & ;'Gg'xf;] \ / To;sf cfwf/df jfSo k"/f u/L eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ s;}n] ;g' , rfFbL, lx/f, dft] LnfO{ =================== 7fG5g\ .

-v_ :jf:Yo dflg;sf nflu ================== ;DklQ xf] .
-u_ :j:y z/L/df :j:y ================ sf] af; xG' 5 .
-3_ cfˆgf] :jf:Yo ========= /fVg] sfo{df xfdL x/kn ;r]t /xg'k5{ .
-ª_ xfdf| ] ============== g} xfdf| ] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ug]{ dV' o sf/0f xf] .

@= ;g' fO kf7 & sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ dflg;sf nflu ;ae} Gbf d"Nojfg\ j:t' s] xfn] f <
-v_ xfd|f] :jf:Yo /fd|f] eof] eg] s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ :j:y z/L/df :j:y ljrf/sf] af; xG' 5, s;/L <
-3_ :jf:YonfO{ c;/ ug]{ d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] <

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

!= tn lbOPsf ljifosf] kIf jf ljkIfdf jfbljjfb n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ lj1fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf] .
-v_ dflg;eGbf k|s[lt alnof]

@= sIffdf ufp“;ef jf gu/;efsf] h:t} u/L ;ef cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \ .
ljBfyLn{ ] g} hgk|ltlglw / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L
sg' } ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t eO{ kIf / ljkIfdf ts{ /fVg'xf];\ .

84 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kf7 *
k"j{ k7g

tn lbOPsf lrqsf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ M

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 85

dn" kf7 d/] f /x/

*

ætkfOF{ eljiodf s] aGgx' G' 5 <Æ

tkfOxF{ ¿n] w/] } kN6 o; kZ| gsf] ;fdgf u/s] f] xg' k' 5{ . clg hafkm s] lbgx' G' 5 t <

dn} ] klg tkfOxF{ ¿n] h:t} o; kZ| gsf] k6s k6s ;fdgf u/s] f] 5' . slxn]
kfxg' faf6, slxn] lzIfsaf6, slxn] cleefjsaf6 / slxn] t ;fyLaf6 klg . d
slxn] ;flxTosf/ aG5' eG5' . slxn] vn] f8L t slxn] 8fS6/ aG5' eG5' . slxn]
OlGhlgo/, slxn] l;kfxL jf kx| /L aGg dg k5{ / ToxL elglbG5' . slxn] lrqsf/
jf jlsn aGg] /x/ u5{' . slxn] ls;fg, lzIfs jf Jofkf/L aGg] /x/ nfU5 / ToxL
hafkm lbG5' . slxn] kqsf/ cyjf sdr{ f/L agF" h:tf] nfU5 . slxn] snfsf/ jf
/fhgLlt1 ag/] bz] sf] ;j] f ug{] OR5f hfU5 / ToxL elglbG5' . o;/L sg' } k:| 6
cfsf/ lnO{ g;ss] f,] l5gl5gdf abln/xg] cfsfzsf] afbn h:tf] 5 d/] f] hafkm .

dnfO{ /fdf| uLt ;G' bf, gf6s xb] f,{ sljtf, syf, pkGof; / lgaGw k9b\ f ;flxTosf/
aGg dg k5{ . ;flxTosf/ ag/] dfG5,] ;dfh, bz] / ljbz] sf s/' fx¿ nv] /]
c¿nfO{ cfgGb / rt] gf af8F F" h:tf] nfU5 . l;gd] f xb] f{ snfsf/ ag/] ;as} f
dgdf a;F" / ;an} fO{ dgf/] ~hg / lzIff;uF } pT;fx ykF" h:tf] nfU5 . d slxn]
sfxLF ljleGg lsl;dsf vn] x¿ vN] 5' / slt vn] x¿ /ªu\ zfnf, l6eL / sDKo6' /df
x5] {' . Tolt an] f dnfO{ vn] f8L ag/] } hLjg latfpg] /x/ nfU5 . cfx] f] Û /fdf| ] vn] f8L
aGg ;s] t bz] sf] gfd;dt] ;;+ f/e/ kmn} fpg ;lsGYof] . dnfO{ /fdf| lrqx¿
xb] f{ / lrq agfpg a:bf cToGt /dfOnf] nfU5 . To:tf] an] f dnfO{ lrqsf/ ag/]

zAbfy{ – /fhgLlt ug{] dflg;
/fhgLlt1 – /fd|f] ljrf/, 1fg
r]tgf – sx] L /fdf| ] u/f“} eGg] efj, sfo{ ug]{ pT;s' tf
pT;fx – v]ns'b, gf6s, gfrufg cflb sfo{sf] kb| zg{ ul/g] 7fp“
/ª\uzfnf
g]kfnL, sIff ^
86

dg / cfvF fn] bv] s] f ;G' b/ s/' fx¿sf] lrq agfP/} hLjg latfpmF h:tf] nfU5 .

/fu] Lx¿sf] pkrf/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ lgsf] agfPsf] bV] bf 8fS6/ jf g;{ aGg dg
nfU5 . dn} ] w/] } :jf:YosdLx{ ¿ sf/] fg] f efO/;sf] dxfdf/Ldf cfˆg} hLjgsf]
hfl] vd dfn] /] /fu] Lsf ;j] fdf h6' s] f] ;dfrf/ ;g' s] f] 5' . To:tf :jf:YosdLn{ fO{
;nfd ub{} ToxL af6fdf cfkm" klg lx8F F" h:tf] nfU5 . ;G' b/ / km/flsnf af6f3f6f,
kn' , gx/, cfsifs{ ejgsf] l8hfOg OlGhlgo/x¿n] ubf{ /x5] g\ . To;n} ] dnfO{
OlGhlgo/ ag/] gofF s/' fx¿sf] lgdf0{ f ug{] /x/ hfU5 . ljsf; / lgdf0{ fn] bz] df
;Eotfsf] gofF prfO yKg dg nfU5 . bz] ljsf;sf] s/' f ubf{ dnfO{ Jofkf/L,
pBfu] klt aGg ;s] xG' Yof] h:tf] nfU5 . cfˆgf bz] sf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ljbz] df
ar] /] bz] nfO{ wgL agfpg] OR5f hfU5 . ljbz] sf /fdf| s/' fx¿nfO{ bz] df NofP/
To;sf] pkofu] ug{ u/fpg Joj;foL agF" h:tf] nfU5 .

af6fdf ;fgf7n' f ;jf/L ;fwg u8' 5\ g\ . cfsfzdf xjfOh{ xfh, xl] nsfK] 6/ jf
/s6] x¿ p85\ g\ . ;db' d| f kfgLhxfh rN5g\ . dnfO{ To:tf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf]
rfns ag/] bz] ljbz] 8N' g dg k5{ . cfkm;" uF } c¿nfO{ klg bz] bz] fj/ bv] fpg dg
k5{ . o;/L 8N' b} bv] fpbF } hfbF f cGgafnLn] ;lhPsf ;G' b/ vt] af/L klg
bl] vG5g\ . tL cGgx¿, tL af6] la?jfx¿ ;G' b/tfsf kt| Ls dfq xfO] gg,\ ltgLx¿
t xfdf| ] hLjgsf cdt[ x¿ xg' \ . To:tf cGgafnL geP xfdf| ] hLjg /xbF g} . tL
cdt[ ¿kL cGgafnLx¿ ls;fgsf] kl;gfsf pkh xg' \ . To;n} ] dnfO{ hLjgbflogL
cdt[ pkfhg{ ug{] sl[ ifkw| fg bz] sf] ;kmn ls;fg aGg dg nfU5 . cfkm" afrF /]
c¿nfO{ arfpg] cleofgdf lx8F g\ dg k5{ . olt ;G' b/ cleofgdf lx8F g\ l;sfpg]
sfd lzIfsn] u5g{ \ . lzIfsn] c¿sf] hLjgsf] cGwsf/ x6fp5F g\ . cfkm" gfljs

:jf:YosdL { – :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfd ug{]
b]zbz] fj/ – b]zljb]z
hLjgbflogL – hLjg lbg] lsl;dsf]
pkfh{g – cfDbfgL
cleofg – sg' } lglZrt p2Z] o k|fKt ug{ kf| oM ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ul/g] k|of;
gfljs – 8ª' \uf rnfpg] dflg;

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 87

ag/] k/' fgf] 8ª' u\ f lnP/ gbL ?lF 3/xG5g\ t/ c¿nfO{ hLjgsf] gbL tf//] ;kmntfsf]
gofF ofqfdf k7fp5F g\ . cfˆgf ljBfyLs{ f] ;kmntfdf v;' L xbF' } ToxL v;' L c¿x¿nfO{
aflF 8/xG5g\ . To;n} ] dnfO{ lzIfs aGg dg k5{ .

xfdf| ] bz] jL/ ufv] fn{ Lx¿sf] bz] xf] . To;n} ] xfdf| ] Oltxf;el/ xfdf| kv' fx{ ¿sf]
jL/tfsf] ufyf kfOG5 . o:tf axfb/' Lsf] syf k9b\ f dnfO{ ;g] f jf kx| /L ag/]
bz] sf] ;j] fdf vl6g] /x/ hfU5 . jL/tfsf] Oltxf;n] /ªl\ uPsf] xfdf| ] bz] df cem}
klg sltko cGwljZjf; 5g\ . cGofo, cTofrf/ / ei| 6frf/ klg 5g\ . To;n} ]
o:tf] cGwljZjf;, cTofrf/ / ei| 6frf/ lgdn{" ugs{ f nflu dnfO{ ;dfh;j] f ug{
dg nfU5 . /fhgLltdf nfUg dg nfU5 / ;do ;x' fpF bf] lgod, sfgg' agfP/
bz] df ;z' f;g sfod ug{ dg nfU5 . ljsf;sf] dn" km6' fP/ Pp6f ljsl;t
bz] sf ¿kdf ;u/dfyfsf] bz] gk] fnnfO{ ljZje/ lrgfpg dg nfU5 . ;z' f;gsf]
s/' f ubf{ sdr{ f/Lsf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ eP/ cfp5F . To;n} ] dnfO{ sdr{ f/L ag/]
hgtfsf] ;j] f ug]{ /x/ nfU5 .

xf,] d/] f cgs] /x/ 5g\ . hLjgdf dnfO{ w/] } s/' fx¿ ug{ dg 5 . dnfO{
yfxf 5, dn} ] ;fr] s] f ;a} s/' f ug{ d ;lSbgF . d/] f ;a} /x/ k/" f xg' klg
;Sbg} g\ . clxn] g} d o;} u5'{ eg/] ls6g\ ] an] f klg xfO] g . dnfO{ yfxf 5, d/] f
cufl8 /x/sf w/] } af6fx¿ 5g\ . d hg' ;s' } Ifq] df /Dg ;S5' . hg' ;s' } k;] f jf
Joj;fo cuF fNg ;S5' . d hg' Ifq] df uP klg, hg' k;] f jf Joj;fo cuF fn]
klg Pp6f c;n dflg; ag/] lhpg] /x/ 5 . cfˆgf] 7fp,F cfˆgf] bz] / ;;+ f/s}
dflg;x¿sf] enf] xg' ] sfd ug{] /x/ 5 .

ufyf – s;}sf] kz| ;+ f jf :tl' t
;'zf;g – c;n zf;g

88 g]kfnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf kfl/eflifs zAb Pjd\ ltgsf cy{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / ae' m\g'xf;] \ M

;x tyf cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk M ljBfnodf xg' ] nv] k9afxs] sf vn] sb' ,
gfrufg cflb JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu
ul/g] cGo ultljlw -lzIff_ .

kZ| gfjnL M sg' } s'/fsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf nflu lgld{t
kZ| gjnLsf] ;r" L -lzIff_

;Dkfbs M ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbg ug]{ JolSt -;~rf/_
P]nfgL M ;/sf/L hUuf, s;}sf] gfddf btf{ gePsf] hUuf -el" d

Joj:yf_
cfzs' lj M t?' Gt} sljtf /rgf ug{ ;Sg] slj -;flxTo_
lznfn]v M 9ª' u\ fdf n]lvPsf] nv] -k/' ftŒj_
lgIfk] M lglZrt Aofh kfOg] u/L a}ª\sdf hDdf u/]sf] wg

-cy{zf:q_
hdfgt M w/f6} L -sfgg' _
s'iffi] f0f M :jf:YonfO{ lxt gug]{ lsl;dsf vfgs] /' f -:jf:Yo_
IfK] of:q M x'TofP/ kx| f/ ul/g] xltof/ -kl| jlw_
hLjsf]z M cfkmd}F f kl/k0" f{ ePsf ;"Id hLjf0f' -hLjlj1fg_

@= ldNg] kfl/eflifs zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f ug'x{ f];\ M

-5Gb, lgMz'Ns, kbfG] glt, ;'sD' af;L, clwjStf_

-s_ g]kfndf dfWolds tx;Dd ============ k9fOg] Joj:yf 5 .

-v_ ;/sf/n] =========== ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ePsf] 5 .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 89

-u_ ============ ldnfP/ sljtf nV] g sl7g x'G5 .
-3_ oxL jif{ /fdaxfb/' sf] clws[tdf ============ ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ /lZd Gofk} fg] ;/sf/L ============= ag]sL l5g\ .
#= jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f];\ M
-s_ b/" ;~rf/ -6f9f;Dd ;dfrf/ k'¥ofpg] sfo_{
-v_ lgs~' h -jGohGts' f ;'/Iffsf nflu cf/lIft hª\un_
-u_ /]vflrq -/v] f g} /v] fåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lrq_
-3_ hLjf0f' -gfªu\ f] cfvF fn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;"Id hLj_
-ª_ dxfdf/L -xh} f, Knu] , zLtnf, sfl] e8 –!( cflb h:tf ;ª\jm| fds

/f]u_
-r_ lznfGof; -3/, dlGb/ cflb agfpbF f hudf ljlwk"js{ ky| d

9'ªu\ f xfNg] sfd_
-5_ tf/fk'~h -/flt cfsfzdf emNsg] ks| fz lk08sf] ;dx" _
afw] / cleJolSt
!= dflysf] kf7sf] klxnf] / bf;] |f] cgR' 5b] bt|' k7g ug'x{ f;] \ / k9fO ;xL

ePgePsf] ;fyLnfO{ ;'Gg nufpg'xf;] \ .
@= tnsf zAb z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u//] sfkLdf ;fgx'{ f];\ M
;flxTosf/, dgf/] ~hg, /ª\uzfnf, :jf:YosdL{, sf/] f]gf efO/;,

OlGhlgo/, pBfu] klt, pTkfbg, Joj;foL, x]lnsfK] 6/, cGgafnL,
ei| 6frf/, cGofo, cTofrf/

90 gk] fnL, sIff ^

#= l7s a]l7s 5'6o\ fpg'xf];\ M

-s_ cd[t¿kL cGgafnL ls;fgsf] kl;gfsf pkh xg' \ .
-v_ lzIfsn] hLjgsf] cGwsf/ x6fp5F g\ .
-u_ kx| /Ln] la/fdLsf] x/] rfx u5g{ \ .
-3_ :j:y xg' ;dfh;j] f ug'{k5{ .
-ª_ /fhgLltdf nfUg] ;a} dflg; ei| 6frf/L xb'F }gg\ .
$= l7s zAbdf -√_ /h] f nufpgx' f;] \ .

-s_ dfG5]sf, ;dfhsf, b]zljb]zsf s/' fx¿ n]v/] c¿nfO{ cfgGb /
rt] gf af8F g\ ] sfd =========== u5g{ \ .

-c_ v]nf8L -cf_ g[Tosf/ -O_ ;flxTosf/ -O{_ 8fS6/

-v_ vn] sf dfWodaf6 bz] sf] OHht a9fpg] dflg;nfO{ ====elgG5 .

-c_ lzIfs -cf_ v]nf8L -O_ sdr{ f/L -O_{ ;ª\uLtsf/

-u_ /f]uLsf] pkrf/df lg/Gt/ v6\g] dflg;nfO{ ============== elgG5 .

-c_ kx| /L -cf_ jlsn -O_ 8fS6/ -O{_ s[ifs

-3_ Gofo lg;fkm;DaGwL l5gfk] mfgf] ug]{ dflg; ============= xf] .

-c_ GofofwLz -cf_ g;{ -O_ lzIfs -O{_ v]nf8L

-ª_ gofF gofF s'/fsf] vfh] cg;' Gwfg / cfljisf/ ug{] dflg;
================= xf] .

-c_ kqsf/ -cf_ vn] f8L -O_ j1} flgs -O_{ kz'ljb\

%= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ eljiodf ltdL s] aG5f} eGg] kZ| gdf nv] s s] hafkm lbG5g\ <
-v_ nv] snfO{ lsg slj, ;flxTosf/ aGg dg nfU5 <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 91

-u_ ls;fg lsg dxŒjk0" f{ JolSt xf] <
-3_ s:tf] JolStnfO{ c;n JolSt elgG5 <

^= tnsf] cg'R5]b df}g k7g ug{x' f;] \ / pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
lg/Gt/sf] ko| f;n] dflg;n] cfˆgf] klxrfg agfpF5 . ;u' lGwt km" n k'mNg
xfjfx/' L, 3fdkfgL, v8/] L, lxp,F sf8F f ;a};Fu s7f/] ;ª\3if{ ug'k{ 5{ . Pp6f
JolStn] cfk"m s] xf] eg]/ lrgfpg hLjgdf cgs] sl7gfO;uF n8\gk' 5{ .
rsf]{ 3fd / bs{] kfgLdf ls;fgn] wtL{df >d gu/], kl;gf gaufP ;f/f
ljZjn] ef]sef]s} dg{k' 5{ . ls;fg cfkm" afFr]/ c¿nfO{ arfpF5 . cfkm"
ef]s} a;]/ c¿nfO{ x;F fp5F . ls;fgn] stJ{ o lal;P{ w/tLdf
s] xf]nf < /fu] JofwLsf] /f]syfd ub}{ Pp6f :jf:YosdL{ lbg/ft c¿sf]
pkrf/df vl6/x]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] pkrf/ ug{ 5f8] ] s] xfn] f < ;dfhdf
zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg, hgtfsf] lhpwgsf] /Iff ug{ /ftlbg ;/' IffsdL{
vl6Psf x'G5g\ . cfbz{ ;dfh :yfkgf ug{ k/f]ksf/L dgx¿ lg/Gt/
;dfh;j] fdf vl6Psf xG' 5g\ . To:t} lzIfs, kfOn6, 8«fOe/, jlsn, OlGhlgo/,
j}1flgs cflbn] cfˆgf] sfd h:tf];'s} rg' ft} Lk"0f{ eP klg lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf
xG' 5g\ . xfjf lg/Gt/ axG5 . ;"on{ ] lg/Gt/ ks| fz lbG5 . To:t} xfdLn]
klg hLjgdf cfOkg{] x/]s ;d:ofnfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf abn]/ lg/Gt/
/rgfTds sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] xfdf| ] hLjg ;kmn x'G5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5b] af6 rf/cf]6f kZ| g agfpgx' f];\ .
-v_ cfkm" n] agfPsf k|Zgx¿sf] cfkm} F pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ .

&= ljleGg JolStsf af/]df ljleGg >JobZ[ o ;fduL| jf d'lb|t ;fdu|L
cWoog ugx'{ f;] \ / pgLx¿sf OR5f jf /x/ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| t't
ug{x' f;] \ .

*= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o;u“ cfcfkmg\ f OR5f jf /x/sf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \
/ leGg leGg OR5f jf /x/sf] ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

92 g]kfnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= cg'R5b] k9\g'xf;] \ / ;d:t zAbx¿df /v] fªs\ g u/L tL ;d:t zAbx¿sf]
zAb agf6] kl| j|mof;d]t bv] fpg'xf];\ M

dflg; lbg/ft ldlxg]t u5{ . slxn] bfhe' fO, Oi6ldqsf nflu
sfd u5{ . slxn] 3fdkfgL, efs] ltvf{ ;xbF } wds{ d{ u5{ . slxn]
5f]/f5f]/Lsf lzIffsf nflu bf8} wk' u5{ . o;/L ;v' b'Mv ;xbF } hLjg/y
cl3 a9fp5F .

@= …d/] f /x/Ú lgaGwaf6 bzcf6] f ;d:t zAb l6Kgx' f];\ .

#= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf jfSox¿ k9/] ljm| ofdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ -v_ -u_

pm laxfg 8'Nb} lyof] . pm laxfg 8N' b} 5 . pm laxfg 8'Nb} xg' ] 5 .

;fyLx¿ klg 8N' b} lyP . ;fyLx¿ klg 8'Nb} 5g\ . ;fyLx¿ 8'Nb} xg' ] 5g\ .

a6j' fx¿ lx8F \b} lyP . a6'jfx¿ lxF8\b} 5g\ . a6'jfx¿ lx8\b} xg' ] 5g\ .

alxgL bf}8Fb} lyOg\ . alxgL klg bf}8bF } l5g\ . alxgL klg bf8} bF } x'g]

u?' ofu] ub}{ xg' 'xG' Yof] . u'? of]u ub{} xg' x' G' 5 . l5g\ .

u?' ofu] ub}{ x'gx' 'g] 5 .

dflysf tflnsfdf ePsf ljm| ofkbn] s'g} sfd eO/xs] f] a'emfPsf
5g\ . To;}n] oL ck0" f{ kIfsf lj|mofkb x'g\ .

$= cEof; # sf] tflnsfdf ePsf ljm| ofkbnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg]
u/L eg{'xf];\ M

et" sfn ck0" f{ kIf jtd{ fg sfn ck"0f{ kIf eljiot\ sfn ck"0f{ kIf

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 93

%= lbOPsf lgb{z] gcg';f/ jfSo k/" f ugx'{ f];\ M

-s_ pgLx¿ lj|ms]6 ===================. -vn] \ M et" M ck"0f{ kIf _
-v_ ;fyLx¿ v]Ng =====================. -hf M jt{dfg M ck"0f{ kIf _
-u_ ltdLx¿ 3/ =======================. -cfp M eljiot\ M ck"0f{ kIf_
-3_ Tof] /fd/| L ==========================. -k9\ M jtd{ fg M ck"0f{ kIf_
-ª_ efO uLt ===========================. -ufp M et" M ck0" f{ kIf_

^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] dgdg} k9L If, 5, 5,] 5o\ nfus] f zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ M

5q 5q] Ln] /fd|f cIf/df 5Gbdf sljtf nv] ]/ sIffdf ;g' fP . 5qsf]
sljtf /Iff, bLIff, OR5f, 5lj / oIfnfO{ w/] } dg k¥of] . 5qsf] ljkIfdf
hlxNo} afN] g] 5nLdfofn] ;ªI\ f]kdf t'R5 zAb afl] ng\ . 5qn] dfofnfO{
Ifdf lbO{ /fdf| ] ;fR] g] / af]Ng] lzIff lbP . c¿n] 5nLdfofnfO{ 5o\ f
o:tf] 5b' | zAb afN] g' xFb' g} eg5] g\ .

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 * ;'Gg'xf];\ / tnsf egfO l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP
a]l7s eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;'gfO kf7 * sf] zLifs{ l;4 6fk] L /xs] f] 5 .
-v_ l;4 6fk] L at} 8L lhNnfdf /xs] f] 5 .
-u_ l;4 6fk] Ldf a|Dx bx / kf;f bx u/L b'O{cf]6f 7n' f 7'nf tfn

/x]sf 5g\ .
-3_ l;4 6f]kL j/k/ axd' N" o h8La'6L kfOG5g\ .
-ª_ l;4 6f]kLnfO{ r}qb]lv dª\l;/;Dd lxpFn] 9fs]sf] xG' 5 .

@= ;g' fO kf7 * sf cfwf/df tnsf kZ| gsf] dfl} vs pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;'gfO kf7 * df s]sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ l;4 6f]kLdf sg' s'g tfn /xs] f 5g\ <

94 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-u_ sg' bxnfO{ tftfk] fgL wfdsf] ;|ft] dflgG5 .
-3_ l;4 6fk] Laf6 s] s] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 <
-ª_ l;4 6fk] L e|d0fsf nflu s'g ;do pko'St dflgG5 <

#= a|Dx bxdf lgnf,] kf;f bxdf sfnf] / 6f6] L bxdf /ftf] bZ[ o lsg
b]lvPsf] xfn] f, cg'dfg ug{'xf;] \ / sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= …d/] f] hLjgsf] nIoÚ zLifs{ df !%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw tof/ kf/L
lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f];\ .

@= tkfOs“{ f] ufp“ jf 6fn] df ljleGg k];f jf Joj;fo ug]{ dflg;x¿
x'gx' 'G5 . To:tf dflg;dWo] sg' } tLg hgf km/s km/s k];f jf
Joj;fo ePsf dflg;nfO{ e6] \g'xf;] \ / lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿
;fW] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ pxfnF ] hLjgdf ToxL k];f÷Joj;fo lsg /fH] g'eof] <

-v_ pxfnF ] Tof] k];f÷Joj;fo slxnb] l] v ckgfpg'ePsf] xf] <

-u_ pxfnF fO{ cfÇgf] k];f÷Joj;fo s:tf] nfU5 <

dflysf kZ| gx¿sf cfwf/df k|Tos] sf af/d] f Ps Ps cgR' 5b] nv] L
lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 95

kf7 (
kj" { k7g

tn lbOPsf] lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ M

96 gk] fnL, sIff ^