Nepali Class :- 6

dn" kf7 Hffu hfu

( w/0fLw/ sfO] /fnf

Hffu hfu ca hfu g hfu . 97
Nffu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
3f/] gLb ca tf kl/Tofu .
Eff] eof] clt ;T' of} ca hfu .. !

b]zaGw'x¿ xf] p7 hfu . @
nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
wf]pm wfp] m dgsf] ca dn} f] .
kmflnb]pm 8/sf] ca yn} f] ..

hfu hfu ca hfu g hfu . #
nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..
x]/ nf} c¿x¿ ;a hfu] .
b]z pGgltljif] ca nfu] ..

xfdLx]¿ klg nf} ca hfuf}F .
bz] pGgltljif] ;a nfufF} ..
3f/] gLb ca tf kl/TofufF} .
Eff] eof] clt ;'TofF} ca hfufF} .. $

pGgltljif] – pGgltsf nflu, ljsf;sf lglDt
3f/] – w/] ,} ulx/f]
bz] aGw' – b]zaf;L
kl/Tofu – k0" f{ ¿kdf TofUg] sfd

g]kfnL, sIff ^

cGo bz] x¿sf ca bfhF f . %
nfug] ;do ef] a'em tfhf ..
bfh'efOx¿ xf] p7 hfu .
hfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..

h] eP klg eof] ca e}uf] .
laTg' xf] hlt lyof] laltuu} f] ..
vfn] nf} gog vf]n g vf]n .
kmfn5f} lsg < g kmfn g sfn .. ^

bfh“ f ] – t'ngf u/]/ xg] ]{ sfd
tfhf – af;L gePsf]

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

gog ;do

sfn pufg{'

vfn] Hofb}

clt s'g} klg lrh /fVg agfOPsf] sk8fsf] emf]nf

y}nf ] cfFvf

/x/

98 gk] fnL, sIff ^

@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] g'xf;] \ M

w/] } Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljsf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
qf; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgb|f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;fhL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfvF f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;do Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d'n's Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x[bo Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kmf]xf]/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= lbOPsf zAbsf] b'O{ b'O{cf]6f cy{ nV] g'xf];\ M

sfn, kj,{ ;f/, tfn, xf/, sn, t/, s/

$= hfu, nfu h:t} cGo nofTds zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vg'xf];\ .

af]w / cleJolSt

!= …hfu hfuÚ sljtf no ldnfP/ k9g\ 'xf];\ / lbOPsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f
u/L ;fgx{' f;] \ M

pGgltljif,] bz] aGw'x¿, y}nf], kl/Tofu, bfFhf,] gLb, laltuof], gog

@= tnsf] Znfs] k/" f ugx'{ f];\ M
b]zaGw'x¿ xf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfu .
nfu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca nfu ..
wf]pm wfp] m ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ca ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8/sf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ y}nf] ..

#= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf /rlotf sf] xg' \ <
-v_ …3f]/ gLbÚ egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ b]z ljsf; ug{ s] kl/Tofu ug{'k5{ <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 99

-3_ sljn] …b]zaGw'Ú eg]/ s;nfO{ egs] f x'g\ <
-ª_ sljn] s] s] wg' ] / kmfNg] ;Gbz] lbPsf 5g\ <
$= tnsf x/kmx¿nfO{ uBdf nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ wfp] m wf]pm dgsf] ca d}nf]
-v_ kmflnb]pm 8/sf] ca yn} f]

%= JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ M

-s_ b]zaGwx' ¿ xf] p7 hfu .
nfu pGgltljif] ca nfu ..

-v_ xfdLx¿] klg nf} ca hfuf}F .
b]z pGgltljif] ;a nfuf}F ..
^= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ …hfu hfuÚ sljtfn] lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z s] xf], sljtfsf
cfwf/df JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .

&= …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf] rfy} f] Znfs] / tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9/] ldNg] ljifoj:t'
l6kf6] ugx{' f];\ M

xfdL ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿ hfUg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . b]z ljsf;sf nflu Ps
h6' eP/ nfUgk' g]{ an] f ePsf] 5 . clxn;] Dd xfdL 3f]/ lgb|fdf 5f}F .
c¿ bz] n] ;dod} hfu/] w/] } pGglt ul/;s] . xfdL eg] hxfFsf] ToxL
5fF} . d:t lgb|fdf 5f}F . lgbfP/ ;kgf bl] v/x]sf 5f}F t/ ca of] ;do
t Ao'eF m]/ xfd|f ;'Gb/ ;kgfx¿ k/" f ug{ nfUgk' g{] ;do xf] . >ddf
ljZjf; u/]/ ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ kfg{'kg]{ a]nf xf] . To;n} ] ca xfdL
hfuf}F . bz] f]Ggltdf nfuf}F . cfn:o / crt] gf ¿kL lgbf| nfO{ Tofu/]
cl3 a9f}F .

*= …hfu hfuÚ sljtfsf] kfrf}“ Znf]ssf] efj Ps cg'R5]bdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

100 gk] fnL, sIff ^

(= lbOPsf] Znfs] sf] cfzo Ps cgR' 5]bdf n]Vgx' f;] \ M
h] eP klg eof] ca eu} f] .
laTg' xf] hlt lyof] laltuu} f] ..
vf]n nf} gog vf]n g vf]n .
kmfn5f} lsg < g kmfng sfn ..
!)= ;fdfGotof cfk"meGbf ;fgf -slxn]sfxL“ cfk"m;dfgnfO{ klg_ nfO{

:g]x ks| 6 ul/G5 . o:tf] :gx] ks| 6 ug{ s] s:tf zAb, kbfjnL jf jfSo
ko| f]u ul/G5, cfkm\gf ljrf/ /fVgx' f;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf zAb bfx] f¥] ofP/ gof“ zAb agfpgx' f;] \ M

hfu Ö hfu hfu ;fgf] Ö ;;fgf] k};f Ö k;} f;;} f

nfu Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ cfˆgf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ afgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ

kfgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ 7n' f] Ö ÒÒÒÒ 3/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒ

@= dfly tkfOn{“ ] zAb bfx] f¥] ofP/ agfPsf zAbdWo] sg' } kf“rcf6] f zAbnfO{
jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf];\ .

#= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / /ftf] /ªsf zAbx¿sf] agf6] df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ M

d}n] a'afn] /f]Kg'ePsf ;;fgf la?jfx¿ emf/;f/ t xf]nf eg]/
pv]n]F . pvl] n;s]kl5 kf] dnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUof] . cfkm}F;Fu l/; l/;
klg p7o\ f] .

agf6] M ;;fgf -;fgf ± ;fgf_, emf/;f/ -emf/ ± emf/_ / l/; l/;
-l/; ± l/;_

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 101

dflysf tLgcf]6} zAbx¿ zAb bfxf]l/P/ ag]sf zAb x'g\ . o;/L
zAb bf]xf]l/P/ gof“ zAb aGbf slxn] Pp6f c+z dfq bf]xf]l/G5
-;;fgf_ . slxn} k/" } cz+ bfxfl] /G5 -l/; l/;_ . slxns] fxL“ bfx] fl] /g] jm| ddf
kl/jtg{ klg cfp“5 -xft;ft_ .

pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf zAbx¿ bfx] f¥] ofP/ gof“ zAb agfpgx' f;] \ M

cfˆgf] M cfcfˆgf] kfgL M kfgLkfgL k;} f M k;} f;};f

7'nf M =============== 3/ M ============= af6f] M ==================

s;sf] M ================ ;fyL M =============== dfG5] M =================

emu8f M ================ v]t M ============== sfkL M ===================

$= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf jfSox¿ k9\gx' f];\ / /]vfªl\ st ljm| ofkbdf
Wofg lbg'xf];\ . oL k"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb xg' \ M

-s_ -v_ -u_

ke| ft ahf/ uPsf] lyof] . k|eft ahf/ uPsf] 5 . ke| ft ahf/ uPsf] xg' ] 5 .
k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf] k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf] k|eftn] ;fdfg lsg]sf]
lyof] . 5.
;fyLx¿ lxF8]sf lyP . ;fyLx¿ lx8F s] f 5g\ . x'g] 5 .
d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf] d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf] ;fyLx¿ lx8F s] f xg' ] 5g\ .
lyPF . 5' . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf]
alxgL klg uPsL lyO{ . alxgL klg uPsL 5] .
x'g] 5' .
alxgL klg uPsL x'g] 5 .

dflysf tflnsfdf ePsf /v] fª\lst ljm| ofx¿n] s'g} lglZrt ;dodf
sfd ;DkGg ePsf] a'emfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] ;a} ljm| ofkbn] k0" f{ kIfnfO{
a'emfPsf 5g\ .

102 gk] fnL, sIff ^

%= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf lgb{]zgcg';f/ jfSo k"/f ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ pgLx¿ 3/ ============================ . -hf M e"t sfn, k"0f{ kIf_
-v_ d vN] g ================================= . -hf M jtd{ fg sfn, k0" f{ kIf_
-u_ ltdLn] syf ==================== . -k9\ M eljiot\ sfn, k0" f{ kIf_
-3_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ ========================= . -e6] \ M jtd{ fg sfn, k0" f{ kIf_
-ª_ tkfO{Fn] /fd/| L ===========================. -v]n\ M e"t sfn, k"0f{ kIf_

^= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L eg{x' f;] \ M

lzz', piff, r:df, ;nfO{, si[ fs, lzv/, af;F , b]z, jif,{ ;:+ sl[ t, ljif,
ljifo, efif0f, cfiff9, ljZj, cfzf, ;x/, kz', cEof;, k':ts, ;lhnf],
eLif0f, kf7zfnf, OZ{ j/

z k|ofu] ePsf if ko| f]u ePsf ; ko| f]u ePsf
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&= z'4 zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“df nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ zfyL ÷ iffyL ÷ ;fyL M ===================================

-v_ k|sfz ÷ ks| fif ÷ ks| f; M ===================================

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 103

-u_ eljZo ÷ eljio ÷ elj:o M ==========================
-3_ z'g ÷ ;g' ÷ if'g M =======================================
-ª_ k[i7 ÷ k:[ 7 ÷ kZ[ 7 M ===================================
-r_ zx/ ÷ ifx/ ÷ ;x/ M ===================================

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 ( ;g' /] l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ljBfyL{ hLjgsf cfbtx¿ kl/jt{g xG' 5g\ .
-v_ xfdLnfO{ kmfObf gkU' g] s/' faf6 6f9f /x]sf] v08df hLjgdf

;'vef]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ kl/>d gug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;af6 hLjg ef]ufO ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-3_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf c;fdflhs s'/fn] vf;} cfslift{ ub{}g .
-ª_ cfk"m l7s ePkl5 slxNo} klg cGofodf kl/bF g} .
@= ;g' fO kf7 ( sf cfwf/df pkoS' t zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“ k/" f ugx{' f;] \ M
-s_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf u/]sf x/]s ljm| ofsnfkn] hLjgdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/fVb5g\ . -cy{, zAb, jfSo_
-v_ ljBfyL{ hLjg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgdf0{ fsf] pd]/ xf] . -;fyL, afgL,

;DklQ_
-u_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cfslif{t ug]{ c;fdflhs Jojxf/af6 cfkm"nfO{

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Sgk' 5{ . -3'dfpg, a]Rg, arfpg_
-3_ cfkmn" ] /fdf| ] ubfu{ b},{ cfkm" l7s x'FbfxbF' } slxns] fxLF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

104 gk] fnL, sIff ^

df kg{ ;lsG5 . -Gofo, cGofo, kmfObf_
-ª_ hLjg efu] fOdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kl/0ffd cfP klg cl3

a9g\ hfGg'k5{ . -ld7f], glhs, csNkgLo_

#= ;'gfO kf7 ( sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ dflg;sf] hLjgsf] sg' sfnnfO{ hu lgdf0{ fsf] pd/] elgG5 <
-v_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ s'g} rf/cf]6f c;n afgLx¿

atfpg'xf;] \ .
-u_ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf s:tf s'/fx¿ klg gSsn ug{ dg k5{ <
-3_ s:tf] ;dodf klg ;sf/fTds eP/ cufl8 a9g\ k' 5{ <

l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf

!= tnsf s'g} zLif{sdf sljtf n]vL sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ M

-s_ d/] f] b]z -v_ xfdL afnaflnsf

-u_ cfdf -3_ d]/f] ;kgf

@ = sIffdf rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . k|Tos] ;d"xn] ;dfh /
/fi6«sf nflu /fd|f] sfd u//] cd/ ePsf JolStsf gfd / sfd n]vL
sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 105

kf7 !)

kj" { k7g

tnsf lrqsyf x]g{x' f;] \ . lrqsyfsf] cGTo s;/L eof] xf]nf, sNkgf u/L
eGgx' f;] \ M

106 gk] fnL, sIff ^

d"n kf7 cfzfsf] lbof]

!)

æcfdf, P cfdf Û p7g\ 'xf;] \ g cfdf Û dn} ] bjfO{ lsg/] NofPsL 5' . cfdf,

P cfdf Û p7g\ 'xf];\ g cfdf Û bjfO{ vfg p7g\ 'xf];\ g . ca rf8F } lgsf]

x'G5 . lk/ gug'{xf];\ cfdf Û p7g\ 'xf;] \ .Æ cfdf OGt' g lrGt' eP/ n8g\ 'ePsf]

5 . Pp6L bzP3f/ jifs{ L ;fgL rdn] L xftdf kfgLsf] aft] n / cf}ifwL lnP/

cfdfsf] 5p] df al:5g\ . pgL cfdfnfO{ k6s k6s af]nfpFl5g\ . lgsa} /]

af]nfPkl5 cfdf P]of=== eGb} sf]N6] km]g'{x'G5 . rd]nL km]l/ cfdfnfO{

afn] fplF 5g\ . æcfdf, P cfdf Û p7g\ x' f;] \ g cfdf bjfO{ vfg . xg] x{' f;] \ t dn} ]

bjfO{ lsg/] NofPsL 5' . cfh t rfdn klg NofPsL 5' . cfdf p7g\ x' f;] \ g .Æ

sf7] fsf] Ps 5]pdf cfdf ;l' t/x]sL l5g\ . sf]7fsf] csf]{ 5]pdf ;fdfg

5/k:6 5g\ . 5]jd} f bzP3f/ jif{sL rdn] L xftdf kfgLsf] lunf; af]s/]

a;s] L l5g\ . jftfj/0f ;'g;fg 5 . gk] Yodf ss' /' es' ]sf] cfjfh cfpF5,

-ef}eF fF} ef}eF f}F ===_

cfdf M P rdn] L lsg lrRofPsL < Po] f===. v} dl/G5 ls Sof xf] <

rd]nL M cfdf p7g\ x' f];\ g dn} ] cf}ifwL lsg/] NofPsL 5' . -oL xg] ';{ \

t < cfi} fwL bv] fpbF _}

cfdf M v,} d t aflF RbgF h:tf] 5 . v} s] ug{] < x] bj} tF slt lgi7/' L <

of] 5f/] Lsf] /Iff u/ .

rd]nL M To;f] geGg'xf];\ g cfdf, tkfOnF{ fO{ sx] L xb'F g} . d}n] cfi} fwL

NofPsL 5' . cfh rfdn klg lsg/] NofPsL 5' . d hfpnf]

ksfOlbG5' lg .

zAbfy{ lgi7/' L M dfof bof gePsf]
OGt' g lrGt' M xf;] xjf; gePsf] cj:yf
g]kYo M kbf{k5fl8sf] 56' 6\ } 7fp“

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 107

cfdf M v} n]pm g t vfpmF . t/ o;n] v} s] kf] unf{ / <

rdn] L M klxn] cfi} fwL vfP/ t xg] x{' f;] \ . nf} p7/] cfF ugx{' f;] ,\ cfdf Û

cfdf M v} np] m, d cfkm}F vfG5' . -cfi} fwL;Fu} kfgL lkpg'x'G5 ._
P]of===of] 6fpsf] km6' n\ f h:t} r8\lsPsf] 5 . ltdLn] s]
vfof} t <

rd]nL M ca d gg' xfn/] hfpnf] ksfp5F ,' clg vfpnF f g cfdf5f/] L .

cfdf M k;} f s;n] lbof] t rfdn lsGg] <

rdn] L M cfh d}n] bzcf6] f kfgLsf aft] n a]r]F lg cfdf . Ps} hgfn]
kfrF af]tn lslglbP, slt hftL dfG5] Û

cfdf M ltdLnfO{ k9fP/ 7'nf] dfG5] agfpg] /x/ lyof] . Tof] klg
cw/' } /xg] eof] . of] kfkL sfnn] 6kSs} l6Knf h:tf] 5 . v}
afa} Û ;f/f ;kgfx¿ sj] n ;kgfd} x/fpnfg\ h:tf 5g\ .

rdn] L M nf} t cfdf hfpnf] kfSof] . tfQft} vfgx' f;] \ . of] /fu] t lgsf]
eOxfN5 lg . lsg lk/ dfGgx' G' 5 cfdf < d 5bF } 5' lg .

-cfdf5f/] L ;Fu} a;/] hfpnf] vfG5g\ . rd]nLn] cfkm" yf]/} vfP/ cfdfnfO{
ylklblG5g\ ._

cfdf M ef] ef] ltdL vfpm . cfh slt lbgdf ltd|f] k]6df klg tftf]
hfpnf] k/s] f] 5 .

rd]nL M nf} cfdf ;T' gx' f];\ x} . d kfgL aR] g hfG5' . tkfO{F lgsf]
ePkl5 dfq d ljBfno hfG5' .

-rdn] Ln] cfdfnfO{ cf9] \g] cf9] fOlblG5g\ . vfPsf h'7fefF8f dfem/] sf7] f
;kmf u/L aflx/ lgl:slG5g\ ._

108 gk] fnL, sIff ^

rdn] L M P xh'/ Û nf} cfof] . lr;f] kfgL cfof] . lr;f] kfgL, lr;f]
kfgL lkpgx' f;] \ xh'/ Û ltvf{ d]6fpg'xf;] \ .

a6'jf M slt k};f xf] kfgLsf] gfgL <

rdn] L M Pp6fsf] klRr;, b'O6fsf] k}Ftfln; xh'/ . lr;f] kfgL
lkpg'xf;] \ xh'/ . xfF;/] lhpg'xf;] \ . cfof] x} cfof], lr;f]
kfgL cfof] .

sNkgf M P rd]nL Û ltdL lsg ljBfno gcfPsL xF < ;ljtf u'?dfn]
cl:tb]lv ltdLnfO{ ;fl] w/xge' Psf] 5 .

rdn] L M -cfFvfaf6 cfF;' emfb}_{ v} ;fyL s] egfF} / Û xfdL h:tf
ul/an] sxfF k9g\ kfpg' / < -cfF;' k5' \g yflN5g\ _ v} ;fyL
d t ===.

sNkgf M n ltdL t ?g kf] yfNof} t < lsg s] eof] < eg g ;fyL,
s] eof] <

rd]nL M xfd|f] syf ltdL ;G' g ;lSbgf} ;fyL . ef] g;g' d]/f] bM' v
d;} uF /xf];\ .

sNkgf M 5o\ f Û ltdL t cfˆgf] ldNg] ;fyLnfO{ klg s/' f ns' fp5F o\ f}
t < eg g d cfh ltdf| ] s/' f ;G' 5' . cfˆgf] bM' v af8F o\ f] eg]
kf] sd xG' 5 t . ;d:of eP ;dfwfg klg t lgl:sG5 lg .

rdn] L M d/] L cfdf l;ls:t} la/fdL xg' 'xG' 5 . 3/df sfx] L 5g} .
vfg]s/' f s]xL 5}g . d kfgL a]r]/ sx] L k;} f hDdf u/]/ klxn]
cfdfsf] pkrf/ u5,'{ clg=== Û

sNkgf M ltd|f aa' f x'g'xG' g / <

rdn] L M kf]xf/] ;fn uf8L=== -pm ?g yfnL ._ ;Demg klg ;lSbgF

l;ls:t} M Hofb} la/fdL ePsf] 109
g]kfnL, sIff ^

;fyL Û d/] f] cfvF c} ufl8 Tof] /fIf; uf8Ln] daf6 d/] f] aa' fnfO{
vf]:of] . d rflxF aNn aNn ar]F .

sNkgf M lar˜˜˜/f Û j}s0' 7df jf; xf;] \ . ltdf| Kof/f aa' fsf] .

rd]nL M aa' fsf] lgwgkl5 xfdL cfdf5f]/L ;xf/fljxLg eofF} . cfdf
c¿sf 3/df sfd u/]/ d]/f] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb}
xg' 'xG' Yof] . cfh cfdf la/fdL eP/ ynf kg{'ePsf] 5 .

sNkgf M cf}ifwL ug{ c:ktfn nlugf} t <

rd]nL M c:ktfn nfg t k};f x'g'k¥of] lg Û cfh aNntNn
l;6fdfn] lsg/] vj' fPF . bO' { lsnf] rfdn lsg/] nuF] . clnslt
hfpnf] agfP/ v'jfPF . ca rflxF afRF g'xf]nf ls <

sNkgf M o:tf] cK7\of/f] kbf{ t xfdLnfO{ eGg'k5{ lg Û ;fyLefO
egs] f] bM' v;v' df t xf] lg Û

rdn] L M e}uf] d/] f] bM' v d};uF /xg bp] m . d Ps xKtf kfgL a]r/]
sdfPsf] k;} fn] klxnf cfdfsf] pkrf/ u5'{ clg cfdfnfO{
lgsf] ePkl5 ljBfno cfpF5' .

sNkgf M lxDdt u/ ;fyL Û d klg ;sF] eg] sx] L pkfo cjZo lgsfNg]
5' . ltd|L cfdfsf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf u5{' .

rd]nL M xG' 5, n ca hfpFm x} . kfgL vfP/ hfpm g . -rd]nLn]
kfgL lblG5g\ . k;} f lng dflGbgg\ ._ s] ;fyL;uF klg k;} f
lnG5g\ t < P xh'/ Û nf} cfof] x} cfof,] of] udL{df cfFt
lehfpgx' f;] \, kfgL lkpg'xf];\ xh/' Û kfgL, kfgL lkpmF xh'/,
cfgGbn] lhpmF .

;xf/fljxLg M ;xf/f gePsf]
110 g]kfnL, sIff ^

-ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7f . ;a} hgf sIffdf ljBfno kf];fsdf 7fFl6P/
a;]sf 5g\ . rdn] L cfˆgf] k/' fgf] ljBfno kf];fs nufP/ Pp6f k/' fgf] emf]nf
af]s/] sIffdf k|j]z ul5g{ \ . clegj p7]/ 7'nf] :j/n] xNnf u5{ . æn
x} ;fyL xf] Û cfof] x} cfof], v} s] cfof] <Æ

;a} unNn xf:F 5g\ . aw' gn] p7/] eG5, ædg nfu] cfof,] gnfu] gcfof], e]6]
vfof], ge6] ] gvfof] . cfof] Pp6f crDdsf] kfs] f] cfof] .Æ

;a} unn xfF:g yfN5g\ . rdn] L sIffdf uP/ aG] rdf dG' 6f] /fv]/ gafn] L
al:5g\ ._

sNkgf M P ;fyL xf] Û s]xL sfd gkfP h:tf] c¿nfO{ p8fP/
a:5f} . dflg;sf afWotf gae' mL o;/L lvNnL p8fpg nfh
nfUbg} <

kfNt]g M ToxL t egs] f] oL xg' v] fgs] f ;GtfgnfO{ ul/asf] dd{ s] yfxf <

clegj M p8\of] r/L p8o\ f], gfRof] r/L gfRof] .

wgL/fd M af?n] sDd/ efFRof], gfRof] r/L gfRof] .

-rd]nL ;FS' s;S'F s ?g yfN5] . dgdf c;xo\ kL8f afs] ]/ ;an} ] p;nfO{ x/] ]/
dhfs p8fO/xs] f 5g\ . kfn] ]sf] 3fpdf gg' rs' 3;] em}F p;nfO{ jrgaf0fn]
3fl] r/x]sf 5g\ ._

a'wg uf]hLaf6 ?dfn lems]/ lh:SofpF5, ælj/xsf] cfF;' k'5\g] ?dfn,
g/fp] m g/f]pm gfgL, gfgLsf] ?Gr] afgL, xfdLnfO{ vfO] { t kfgL, eg t ?GrL
gfgL, cfF;' k'5g\ ] ?dfn, ef] ca cf;F ' gemf/ .Æ ;a} hgf jfx, jfx Û eGb}
6]an 76fpFb} xf:F 5g\ . sf]xL kmgkmgL 3d' ]/ gfR5g\ . oltsd} f sIff lzIfs
;ljtfsf] k|jz] x'G5 .

c;x\o kL8f M ;xg g;lsg] bM' v 111
lj/x M ljofu] hGo kL8f jf b'Mv

g]kfnL, sIff ^

;a} hgf M ze' k|eft u'?cfdf Û

;ljtf M d]/f Kof/f ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿nfO{ ze' k|eft Û cfhsf]
lbg ;as} f] z'e /xf];\ . n cfh t rdn] L klg cfOl5g\ .
ltdLnfO{ ;Grf] ePg ls s] xf] <

rd]nL M ;Gr} 5' u?' cfdf Û

clejg M ev{/} la/fdL, kml] / ;Grf] /] lxlxxL . -;a} unNn xfF:5g\ ._

;ljtf M ltdLx¿sf] c¿nfO{ p8fpg] afgL rflxF slxNo} x6g] x} Û
;fyLefO;FUf ldn]/ a:g,' Pscsf{sf b'Mvdf ;xofu] L aGg',
ljgd| xg' ' t stf xf] stf, ;w}F xfx] Nnf dfq u¥of], o;/L
c;n dfG5] algPnf t <

sNkgf M x]g;'{ \ g u?' cfdf Û of] lar/L rd]nLnfO{ xk] ]/ lh:SofP/
a:g} lbb+F }gg\ . cfh klg cfpg]lalQs} ufOh{ fqf ;'? u/] .
lar/f Û ?g' g xfF:g' ePsL 5] .

rd]nL M e}uf] sNkgf Û d bM' vLnfO{ arfpg gvfh] . xfF:g bp] m d]/f]
ul/aLdfly, cflv/ d ;xg} hlGdPsL /lx5', ;lxlbG5' .
logLx¿nfO{ ul/aLsf] kL8f slt s7f]/ x'G5, slt b'MvbfoL
xG' 5, s] yfxf <

sNkgf M dfG5]sf] cj:yf s] 5 eGg] gae' mL p8fpg] < 3/df cfdf
la/fdL xg' x' G' 5, vfgs] /' f sx] L 5g} , lar/L Û pm s;/L cfcf;] \
ljBfno <

;ljtf M dn} ] ;a}sf] s/' f a'em]F . d rd]nLsL cfdfsf] pkrf/ / pgsf]
k9fOsf] ljifodf rfF8} s]xL pkfo lgsfNg] 5' .

sNkgf M nf} g u'?cfdf Û s]xL t ug}{ k¥of], lar/Lsf] ;xf/f klg t

112 gk] fnL, sIff ^

sfx] L 5}g . d klg d]/f] aa' f;uF s'/f u5,'{ s]xL pkfo t
lgl:sPnf .

;ljtf M o:tf] ;dodf wo} {n] sfd lngk' 5{ . ltd|f ;fyLefO ;a}
ldn]/ ltdf| ] a;fO / k9fOsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5g\ . ltd|f]
lrqsnf, ;d' w'/ :j/, ljgdt| f, sljtf n]Vg] Ifdtf cflbn]
Ps lbg ltdLnfO{ cjZo ;kmn dfG5] aGg k|l] /t ub5{ .
of] ;ª3\ if{k0" f{ hLjgdf ;d:ofbl] v efUg' xbF' }g . ;d:ofnfO{
86/] ;dfwfg ub{} hfgk' 5{ . Pp6f /fd|f] uxgf aGg ;g' n]
slt rf6] ;xg'k5{ < cfufdf kfl] ng'k5{ . ltdL klg Pp6f
c;n ;g' xf} . hLjgsf] cfsf/ lng ;d:of¿kL cfufn]
ltdLnfO{ kf]ln/x]sf] 5 . t/=== p7===x/]; gvfpm . Ps lbg
;d:of g} ltdL;Fu xf/]/ 6f9f efUg] 5 .

-rd]nL cfvF fel/ cfF;' kf/]/ lstfa Rofk]/ n?' n?' 3/lt/ nfU5] . af6fdf
;fR] b} lxF85\ ,] æs] ;fRF r} u?' cfdfn] eg] h:t} xf]nf t < d/] L cfdf lgsf]
xg' x' f]nf t < xf,] cjZo d/] L cfdf lgsf] xg' 'xG' 5 . d lg/Gt/ ljBfno
hfG5' . /fd|/L k95\ ' / cfˆgf nflu, cfdfsf nflu / bz] sf nflu s]xL u5'{ .
cfh dnfO{ u'?cfdfn] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbg'eof] . d o;nfO{ lgEg glbO{
lg/Gt/ afNg] k|oTg ug{] 5' .Æ_

wo} { M sl7g ;dodf ljrlnt geO{ /xg,] wL/tf
86/] M cl8u /x/]
cjZo M lgZro

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 113

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cgs' /0ffTds zAbsf] ldNg] lj|mof;u“ hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

es' es' k8l\ sg'

;F'Ss;'FSs cfjfh lgsfNg'

KofRr p8g\ '

8o\ fDd xf:g'

u'gug' ?g'

km'ªu\ l6Kg'

6Ss eS' g'

UjfDnfªª\ eGg'

6kSs cuF fnf] xfNg'

cl8g'

@= tnsf 6S' sf / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

ufnL vfg ' t?' Gt hafkm kmsfp{ g'

d'vd'v} nfUg' kIf lng,' kIfkft ug{'

a9t\ f x'g ' b'Mvsf] ulx/f] cge' "lt xg' '

dfof dfg {' cfjZostfeGbf a9L hfGg] x'g'

sfvL RofKg' s;}n] cfkm" nfO{ g/fdf| ] jrg nufpg'

d6' ' lrl/g' TofUg'

114 g]kfnL, sIff ^

#= tnsf pvfg / ltgsf] cfzolar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

cl3sf] lttf] kl5sf] ld7f] s]xL klg gud' fOs{ g sfd

kmQ] ug'{

9'ªu\ f] vfH] bf bp] tf ldNg' cfˆgf] 9ª\u geO{sg
csfd{ fly bf]if yf]kg]{

;fkF klg d/f;] \ n67\ L klg gefFlrof]; \ sfd ug]{nfO{ s'g} afwfn]
/f]Sg g;Sg'

vfg] d'vnfO{ h'3F fn] 5S] bg} klxn] g/fdf| ] jf bM' v eP
klg k5fl8 /fdf| ] jf ;v'
x'Fbf a;]

gfRg ghfGg] cfFug 6]9f] ;fdfGo j:t' vfH] bf axd' N" o
j:t' kf| Kt ug{'

$= tnsf 6S' sfx¿nfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f];\ M

6fpsfdf 6S] g' -dflQP/ xK] g'_, tfn'df cfn' kmNg' -efUo ;k|g_' , 3F8' f
6S] g' -xf/ vfg_' , afrf afWF g' -k|lt1f ug'{_, nv sf6\g' -c8\sn ug_{' ,
xftd'v hf]g{' -hLljsf rnfpg_' , sDd/ s:g' -cfF6 ug{'_, 36F} fdf 3fd
nfUg' -al' 4 vN' g'_, gfs sf6\g' -a]OHht xg' '_

afw] / cleJolSt

!= dflysf] syf lgDgfg;' f/n] k7g ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ df}g k7g ug{'xf];\ / ga'ems] f zAb jf ;Gbe{ l6kf]6 ug{x' f;] \ .
df}g k7gsf] cjlw ;lsPkl5 ga'em]sf s/' f lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/
k:| 6 xg' 'xf;] \ .

-v_ lzIfssf] lgb]{zgcg;' f/sf cg'R5]bx¿ kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g
ug'x{ f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 115

@= lbOPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df 36gfjm| d ldnfO{ !, @, # === sf]
jm| ddf /fVg'xf];\ M

- _ cfdf la/fdL ePsf sf/0f ljBfno hfg g;s]sL
- _ sNkgf eGg] ;fyLn] rdn] Lsf] ;d:of ae' m]sL
- _ rdn] LsL cfdf la/fdL eP/ OGt' g lrGt' eO{ n8s] L
- _ u?' cfdfn] ;a}nfO{ ;Demfpg] k|of; uge{' Psf]
- _ rdn] L x/avt cfdfsf] ;j] fdf nfu]sL
- _ cGTodf u'?cfdfn] w}o{n] sfd ug'{k5{ egL rd]nLnfO{

;Demfpg'ePsf]
- _ af6fdf kfgL a]r]/ cfdfsf] cf}ifwL / ;fdfGo vfgfsf] hfx] f]

u/s] L
- _ u'?cfdfn] ;DemfPkl5 rdn] Lsf] dgdf cfzfsf] lbof] an]sf]
- _ ljBfnodf cGo ;fyLx¿n] rd]nLsf] lvNnL p8fPsf
#= kf7sf cfwf/df lbOPsf kfqx¿sf af/d] f dfl} vs j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \ M
-s_ rd]nL
-v_ cfdf
-u_ sNkgf
-3_ ;ljtf u?' cfdf
$= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ rd]nLsL cfdfsf] /x/ s] lyof] <
-v_ rd]nLsf hLjgdf s:tf ;d:of cfOk/s] f lyP <
-u_ rdn] LnfO{ s;n] cfzfsf] lbof] hufOlbof] <

116 g]kfnL, sIff ^

%= efj lj:tf/ ugx{' f];\ M

;d:of eP ;dfwfg klg t lgl:sG5 lg .

^= dflysf] syf k9L Ps cg'R5]bdf pSt syfsf] ;Gb]z n]Vgx' f;] \ .

&= cg'R5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / PsltxfOdf ;f/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

df]tL/fd e6\6n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf …k|x\nfbelSt syfÚ, …lksb"tÚ,
…piffrl/qÚ, …uhG] b|df]IfÚ, …dgfå] ]ukj| fxÚ …slj;dx" j0fg{ d\Ú, …e|d/ uLtÚ
-sljtf sfJo_, …lk|oblzs{ fÚ -gfl6sf_, …zs'GtnfÚ -gf6s_, …efge' Stsf]
hLjgrl/qÚ -hLjgL_ h:tf ch/ cd/ sl[ tx¿ lbPsf 5g\ . pgn]
g]kfnL sfJohut\df sljtfd} ;d:of /fVg] / To;sf] hafkm
s'g} cGo sljn] sljtfd} lbg] lsl;dsf sljtf n]Vg] cleofg
rnfP . o; rngnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;d:ofk"lt{ sljtf elgG5 .
…ef/thLjgÚ gfds k]|; vfn] ]/ To;sf] Joj:yfks;dt] cfk}Fm eP .
pgn] To; k;]| af6 efg'eStLo …/fdfo0fÚ sf] afnsf08 5kfP . pgn]
…uf/] vf ef/t hLjgÚ gfds g]kfnL efiffsf] klqsf;dt] ks| fzg u/] .
pgn] lbPsf] ;flxlTos ofu] bfgsf sf/0f xfdL pgnfO{ dfWolds sfnsf
s]Gb|Lo kl| tef dfG5f}F . pgL ky| d gk] fnL uhnsf/ x'g\ . pgL slj tyf
gf6ssf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5g\ . pgnfO{ k|yd hLjgLsf/ tyf
;dfnfr] s klg elgG5 . pgL ;flxTo Ifq] sf Ps cGj]ifs / kqsf/
x'g\ . To;}n] ;flxTosf/ dft] L/fd e6\6nfO{ ax'dv' L kl| tefsf wgL
dflgG5 .

*= tnsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf n]Vg'xf;] \ M

xfQLsf] ;fgf] 5fjf x'g'

Tof] ;fx|} rsrs] x'g'

dfxt' n] ] To;sf v6' \6fdf ;fªn\ fn] afFw]/ vDafdf cNemfpg'

5fjfn] Tof] ;fª\nf] r8' fpg an ug'{ 117

g]kfnL, sIff ^

v'66\ fdf 3fp x'g' t/ klg ;fª\nf] r'8fpg g;Sg'
5fjfn] lbgxF' an ug{' t/ c;kmn x'g'
5fjf a9b\ } hfg' / 3/L3/L ;fªn\ f] r8' fpg vfH] g' t/ klg r8' fpg g;Sg'
kl5 kl5 t r8' fpg] ko| f; ug}{ 5f]8g\ '
dfxt' ]n] Pp6f ;fgf] 8f/] Ln] v'6\6fnfO{ vDafdf afFw] h:tf] ug{'

xfQL To;d} f cNem]/ Ps} 7fpF a:g'

(= cfjZostfcg';f/ ;dx" aGgx' f];\ . x/]s ;dx" n] …cfzfsf] lbof]Ú syfaf6
PsbO' { zAbdf pQ/ cfpg] bO' { bO' c{ f]6f kZ| g agfpgx' f];\ / cfkm\gf] ;dx" n]
agfPsf kZ| g kfn}kfnf] ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

!)= sNkgf ug'{xf];\ ls tkfO{“sf] glhssf] ;fyL s'g} s'/fdf c;kmn
eof] . To; c;kmntfn] p;nfO{ ulx/f] rf6] nfUof] . o:tf] a]nfdf
xtf;df ePsf] pSt ;fyLnfO{ tkfO{“ s;/L ;Demfpg'x'G5 < s;/L
;fGTjgf lbgx' 'G5 < xtf; ePsf] pSt ;fyLnfO{ s;/L k|f]T;fxg ugx{' 'G5,
sIffdf atfpg'xf;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ 'xf];\ / /ftf] cIf/sf ljelSt klxrfg u/L
n]Vgx' f;] \ M

Psfbz] df Pp6L a'9L cfdf x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] sf]xL lyPg . pxfsF f]
b}lgsL eg]s} 3/b]lv hªu\ n hfg' / kmls{g' lyof] . hª\undf uP/
bfp/f vfh] L ufpdF f nh} fgx' 'GYof] . tL bfp/f a]r]/ w/] } dl' :snn] pxfF
cfkm\gf] k6] kfNgx' G' Yof] . c¿ lbgdf h:t} u/L Ps lbg hªu\ ndf
bfp/f vf]Hbf pxfFn] emf8Ldf s'v/' fsf] Pp6f km'n e]6\6fpg'eof] .
;fob Tof] jg s'v'/fsf] km'n lyof] . pxfFn] Tof] km'n 3/ nu/] a8f]

118 gk] fnL, sIff ^

htgn] /fVg'eof] . sx] L lbgkl5 kmn' /fv]sf 7fpFaf6 pxfFn] sv' '/fsf
rNnfsf] cfjfh ;'Ggeof] . ToxfF uP/ x]bf{ Pp6f va' /fdf| ] / /x/
nfUbf] s'v/' fsf rNnf] b]Vge' of] . a'9L cfdfn] To; rNnfnfO{ cfkm"
gvfP/ klg Ho'F ToF' u/L x'sfp{ g'eof] . Ps lbg s'v/' f] 7n' f] ePkl5
To;n] a'9LnfO{ eGof,] æd/] L cfdf, tkfOF;{ uF k};f 5 eg] lbg'xf];\
g . k;naf6 sx] L lsg]/ NofpF5' .Æ s'v/' fn] dflg;n] em}F afn] ]sf] ;'Gbf
a9' L cfdf 5Ss kg'{eof] .

dflysf] cg'R5b] df sg' ljelSt ;ae} Gbf w]}/} k6s ko| f]u ePsf] 5 <
Tof] slt k6s ko| fu] ePsf] 5 < PskN6 dfq k|of]u ePsf ljelSt
sg' sg' xg' ,\ nV] gx' f;] \ .

@= pkoS' t 7fpd“ f l7s ljelSt e/L tnsf jfSox¿sf] kg' nv{] g ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ d}n] efO e]6s] f] 5}g .

-v_ xl/ sf7df8fF} bv] s] f] 5 .

-u_ /fd aa' f / d lrGg'xG' 5 .

-3_ kf;fª 6a] n lstfa /fVof] .

-ª_ kl;{ ljBfno ;?' xG' 5 .

-r_ c~hnL ;'lDgdf ;fyL 7flG5g\ .

-5_ s]6f] srF} L ;fyL skfn sf6\of] .

-h_ xfd|f] 3/ 5]p 7'nf] k;n 5 .

-h_ sfsf w/fg lx8F ]/ sfFs8le6\6f cfOkU' ge' of] .

-em_ dgfh] lbbL d 3/ af]nfpge' Psf] 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 119

#= dflysf ;j+ fbdf ko| S' t ;ftcf6] f ljelSt l6k/] jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ .

$= cg'R5bdf /]vfªs\ g ul/Psf zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ / stf{ / sd{ sf/s
klxrfg u/L tflnsf agfO{ nV] gx' f;] \ M

efO vfhf vfG5 . p;n] alxgLnfO{ af]nfpFbf pgLx¿ rp/df
vN] 5g\ . alxgLn] p;sf ;fyLx¿ klg af]nfplF 5g\ . ;fyLx¿ klg
s]xL a/] vN] 5g\ . ;fFem xG' 5 . cfdf pgLx¿nfO{ af]nfpgx' 'G5 . pgLx¿
3/ hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ vfgf vfG5g\ .

jfSodf sfd h;n] u5{ Tof] g} stf{ sf/s xG' 5 . sfdsf] c;/ kg]{ sd{
sf/s x'G5 . stf{ / sd{ sf/sdf ljelSt nfUg klg ;S5 / gnfUg
klg ;S5 .

%= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf sf/s lrg/] vfnL 7fpd“ f n]Vg'xf;] \ M

sf/s

-s_ u'?n] syf k9fpge' of] . ===================

-v_ pgLx¿ 3/df a:5g\ . ===================

-u_ sf7df8f}Faf6 kfv] /f hfg] a; 56' \of] . ===================

-3_ efOn] rDrfn] eft vfof] . ===================

-ª_ pgsf 3/df kh" f 5 . ===================

^= cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / Uo“ Pjd\ 1 k|ofu] ePsf zAbsf] 5'6\6f56' \6} ;"rL
agfpgx' f];\ M

UofrF /fhn] 1fgu'gsf w/] } s/' f a'em]sf] 5}g t/ pm 1fglj1fgsf
s/' fnfO{ cj1f ub{g} . p;n] cfÇgf efOnfO{ rflxF 1fgL agfpg]
ljrf/ /fv]sf] 5 . pm efOsf] lj1tfdf dSv 5 . cfkm" eg] unfdf

120 g]kfnL, sIff ^

UoflF 6; emG' 8\ofP/ Uof7F jfnf hQ' fdf ;lhP/ ahf/ hfG5 . cfdfsf]
cf1fcg;' f/ ahf/af6 Uof;F lnP/ cfpF5 .

-s_ …UoÚF nfu]sf zAb M
===============================================================================

-v_ …1Ú nfus] f zAb M
==============================================================================

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 !) ;G' gx' f];\ . lunf;sf] tf}n s;n] slt eg] hf8] f
ldnfpg'xf];\ M

-s_ alatf cfwf lsnf]
-v_ dgLif Ps lsnf]
-u_ gogf tLg kfp

-3_ gR' 5d] fg bO' { ;o uf| d

-ª_ ofn'ªxfª 5 ;o uf| d
-r_ lrqn]vf Ps ;o u|fd

@= ;'gfO kf7 !) sf cfwf/df lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ cKkn' ] lbJosf] sfgdf dv' nu]/ s] eGof] <

-v_ u'?cfdfn] ss;nfO{ afN] g] cg'dlt lbg'eof] <

-u_ km'af{sf ljrf/df lunf;sf] tf}n slt /x5] <

-3_ lunf; Ps 306f;Dd prfln/fVbf s] xG' 5 <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 121

-ª_ lunf; slt a]nf xftaf6 v:5 xfn] f <
-r_ s] s:tf s/' fx¿nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] 5f8] \b} hfgk' 5{ <
#= ;g' fO kf7 !) sf] dV' o ;Gbz] atfpgx' f];\ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf
!= slxns] fxL“ s;}sf] egfO jf Jojxf/n] tkfO“n{ fO{ l/; p7s] f] jf dg

bv' s] f] cj:yfdf tkfOn“{ ] To:tf] cg'el" tnfO{ s;/L JoSt ug'{xG' 5, Ps
cg'R5]bdf j0f{g ug'x{ f;] \ .
@= cfÇgf cleefjssf ;xfotfaf6 bzcf]6f pvfg / ltgsf cy{
n]Vgx' f;] \ . cfk"mn] n]vs] f pvfgx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

122 gk] fnL, sIff ^

kf7 !!
kj" { k7g

tnsf lrqsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{ atfpg'xf;] \ M

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 123

dn" kf7

!! ;xeflutfsf nflu lgjb] g

ldlt M @)&&÷)(÷!!

>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,
>L gjb'uf{ dfWolds ljBfno
nf6fdf8f}F, gjbu' f{ @, 88F n] w/' f

ljifo M zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf ;xefuL x'g kfpmF eGg] ;DaGwdf .

dxf]bo,

pkoS{' t ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ljBfnon] lxpFb] labfdf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿sf
nflu kfFr lbg] æn'lDagL b]j3f6 z}lIfs e|d0f sfo{j|mdÆ cfof]hgf
u/]sf] s'/f ljBfnosf] ;r" gf af8] a{ f6 yfxf kfPF . pSt sfo{jm| d xfdL
h:tf ljBfyLn{ fO{ cToGt} kmnbfoL x'g] tYo ;an} fO{ yfxf g} 5 . To;n} ] d
klg pSt sfoj{ |mddf ;xefuL eO{ nfeflGjt xg' ;s"F eGg] p2Z] on] d/] f
cleefjssf] :jLs[ltkq;lxt of] lgj]bg k;] u/]sL 5' . dnfO{ of] df}sf
k|bfg ug{'x'g xflbs{ cg'/f]w ub{5' .

lgjb] s
;l' ko| f P/]
sIff ^
j|md;ªV\ of @#

zAbfy{
kmnbfoL M kmn lbg]
nfeflGjt M nfesf] ;l' jwf kfPsf] jf kfpg ]
:jLs[ltkq M dGh'/Lkq :jLsl[ t lbPsf] sfuh

124 g]kfnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9\g'xf];\ M

ljBfnon] sg' } vf; p2]Zo /fv]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;dx" df ul/g]
e|d0fnfO{ z}lIfs e|d0f elgG5 . z}lIfs ed| 0f ljzi] f u/]/ sg' }
;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflŒjs 7fpF cflbsf]
cjnfs] gfy{ ug]{ ul/G5 .

lstfaL 1fg dfq dflg;nfO{ kof{Kt xb'F }g . o;sf ;fy} hLjgdf
Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf] klg cem a9L cfjZostf k5{ . Jofjxfl/s
1fg ls t u//] ls t k|ToIf cjnfs] g ed| 0faf6 kf| Kt ul/G5 .
kT| oIf cjnfs] g ed| 0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg lr/:yfoL k|sl[ tsf]
x'G5 . To;n} ] ljBfyL{ ;db' fonfO{ ljBfnon] cfˆgf] cj:yf x/] ]/
ljleGg k|sl[ tsf] z}lIfs ed| 0fdf ;xefuL u/fpg] ub{5 .

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5]b df}g k7g ug'x{ f];\ / tn lbOPsf zAbsf p:t}
cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ l6Kg'xf;] \ M

nIo, dfgj, 3d' lkm/, lhGbuL, :yfg, ljBf, l:ylt

-v_ dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbx¿
l6Kg'xf];\ M

cgf}krfl/s, d/0f, cJofjxfl/s, k/fI] f, cNk:yfoL, c1fg

@= zAb ;dx" af6 gldNg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3/] f nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ v6' 6\ f kfp r/0f d/0f

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 125

-v_ wg dg ;DklQ bf}nt

-u_ jg kmn" hªu\ n c/0o

-3_ lzz ' afns aRrf sRrf

-ª_ 1ftf hfGg ] lj1 cf1f

-r_ wg ;dL/ kh'F L ;DklQ

#= lbOPsf zAb ;dx" af6 pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb vfh] L ufn] f] 3/] f nufpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ kfk tfk k0' o zG" o

-v_ cfl:ts O{Zj/ gfl:ts ;flŒjs

-u_ ljif cdt[ canf cdnf

-3_ rf/] dxfTdf ;Gt ;fw'

-ª_ gfkmf kmfObf gf]S;fg d'gfkmf

af]w / cleJolSt
!= dflysf] lgj]bg k9g\ x' f;] \ / l7s -√_ al] 7s -x_ 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ of] lgjb] g v]nsb' sf ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 . - _
-v_ k|ToIf cWoog cjnfs] gaf6 k|fKt 1fg lr/:yfoL x'G5 . - _
-u_ e|d0fn] Jofjxfl/s 1fg cfh{g ug{ Tolt dbt ub}{g . - _

126 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-3_ l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s agfpg z}lIfs e|d0fn]
;xofu] u5{ . - _

-ª_ of] lgjb] g n]vs ;'lko| f clwsf/L xg' \ . - _

@= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ of] lgj]bg s'g ldltdf n]lvPsf] xf] <

-v_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <

-u_ z}lIfs ed| 0fdf sxfF hfg] sfoj{ |md 5 <

-3_ of] lgj]bgsf] ljifo s] xf] <

#= k9\gx' f;] \ / pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

lgj]bg n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿

!= kfgfsf bfofkF 6l\ 6 l;/fg efudf ;f] lgjb] g nv] s] f lbgsf] ldlt
pNnv] ug]{

@= ldlt pNn]v ul/;sk] l5 To;}sf] dl' Gt/ Ps kªl\ St 5f8] ]/
afofkF 6l\ 6 lgj]bg ugk{' g]{ sfof{no jf ;:+ yfnfO{ jf To;sf
kbflwsf/LnfO{ -vf;u/L kd| v' nfO{_ ;Dafw] g ug{]

#= ;Daf]wg ul/;s]kl5 To;}sf] dl' Gt/ pSt sfofn{ o jf ;+:yfsf]
gfd nV] g]

$= sfofn{ osf] gfdsf] d'lGt/ 7]ufgf nV] g]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 127

%= 7]ufgfkl5 k'gM Ps kª\lSt 5f]8/] lgj]bg nV] g'kg]{ ljifo n]Vg]

^ lgj]bgsf] ljifo n]lv;s]kl5 k'gM Ps kª\lSt 5f]8]/ k'gM
;Daf]wg -dxf]bo÷dxfzo_ n]Vg]

&= kg' M ;Daf]wg -dxf]bo÷dxfzo_ ul/;sk] l5 To;sf] tnlt/
kg' M Ps kª\lSt 5f8] ]/ ljifonfO{ vn' :t kfg{] u/L cfjZos
s/' fx¿ nV] g]

*= To;kl5 Ps kª\lSt 5f]8]/ kfgfsf] bfofFlt/ …ejbLo÷
lgjb] s÷tkfO{sF f] ===Ú cflb n]Vg]

(= …ejbLo÷ lgj]bs÷tkfO{Fsf] ===Ú sf] l7s d'lGt/ lgj]bssf]
x:tfIf/, gfd / 7]ufgf nV] g]

olt ul/;sk] l5 lgjb] g k0" f{ xG' 5 / o;nfO{ vfdaGbL ug{' k/] ki]| fs
/ kf| kssf] gfd÷kb / 7u] fgf 3/fo;L lr7Lcg;' f/ g} nV] gk' 5{ .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ lgj]bgsf hDdf sltcf]6f r/0f xF'bf /x]5g\ <

-v_ lgjb] gsf] klxnf] r/0fdf s] n]lvG5 <

-u_ lgjb] g n]Vbf ljifosf] hfgsf/L sg' r/0fdf u/fOG5 <

-3_ lgjb] gsf] dV' o ljifo sg' r/0fdf nl] vG5 <

$= 3/df xh/' cfdf la/fdL eO{ c:ktfn n}hfg'k/s] fn] Ps lbgsf] labf
kfpm“ egL kw| fgWofksnfO{ lgjb] g n]Vgx' f];\ .

128 g]kfnL, sIff ^

%= lbOPsf] ;r" gf k9g\ x' f;] \ / kfr“ cf]6f k|Zgx¿ agfpg'xf;] \ M

df;} dL ?ufvfs] L / Hj/fn] ] ljleGg pd/] ;dx" sf JolStx¿ la/fdL
k5g{ \ . of] /fu] sf] ks| fk] gk] fnsf ljleGg ee" fudf ;do ;dodf
bv] fk5{ . jiff{ ofdsf] ;?' tyf cGTo, hf8f] ofdsf] ;?' tyf cGTodf
;fwf/0ftof ?ufvfs] L, Hj/f] tyf PGˆnP' Ghfsf la/fdL a9L bv] fk5g{ \ .
o;af6 aRg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;j;{ fwf/0fdf cg/' fw] 5 M

nIf0fx¿

Hj/f] cfpg]
6fpsf] b'Vg,] 3fF6L bV' g]

?uf / vfs] L nfUg], ;f; kmg] { ufxf| ] xg' ]

aRrfx¿nfO{ emf8fkvfnf klg nfUg ;Sg]

aRg] pkfox¿

vfS] bf / xfR5o\ F' ubf{ ;kmf sk8f jf ?dfn jf kfv/' fn] gfs / dv' 5fK] g]
;fag' kfgLn] ldlrldrL xft wg' ]
kfl] ;nf] / emfn] kbfy{ kz| :t dfqfdf lkpg]
Hj/f] cfPsf JolStn] kz| :t xfjf cfx] f/] bfx] f/] ug{] sf7] fdf cf/fd ug{]
cgfjZos ¿kdf dflg;x¿sf] le8ef8df ghfg]
3/n] ' pkrf/af6 :jf:Yodf ;w' f/ gePdf glhssf] :jf:Yo sG] bd| f hfg]
zªs\ f:kb /fu] Laf6 6f9} a:g]
cfvF f, gfs / dv' df cgfjZos ¿kdf xft gnh} fg]
gfs, d'v 5fK] g ko| f]u ul/Psf] ?dfn wfP] / dfq k|of]u ug]{

g]kfn ;/sf/

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of dGqfno

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 129

^= tn lbOPsf] ;djb] gf k9g\ x' f];\ / o:t} csf{] gdg' f ;djb] gf nV] gx' f;] \ M

;dj]bgf

hGd kmf]6f]
@))! h]7 % ut ]
dT[ o'
@)&& h7] !% ut]

o; bu' f{ df=lj= sf k"j{ kw| fgfWofks tyf lzIff;]jL ;Gtnfn
rfw} /Lsf] @)&&÷)@÷!% ut] && jifs{ f] pd/] df c;fdlos lgwg
ePsf] va/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt bM' vL tN' ofPsf] 5 . o; bv' b 38Ldf
:juLo{ ;Gtnfn rf}w/Lsf] cfTdfkl| t efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f
ub{} zfs] ;GtKt kl/jf/hgkl| t w}o{ wf/0f ug{] zlSt ldnf];\ egL
xflbs{ ;djb] gf k|s6 ub5{ fF} .

;Ltf/fd dhuo“} f
cWoIf tyf

bu' f{ df=lj= kl/jf/, 3f/] fxL, bfª

&= tkfOs“{ f] s'g} ;fyL lgDglnlvt sf/0fn] lg/fz jf b'MvL 5 . p;nfO{
tkfOn{“ ] s;/L ;xfge' l" t lbgx' G' 5, s'g} Pp6f ;d:of lnP/ cfkm" n]
;Demfpg] efj ks| 6 ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ s'g} kl| t:kwf{af6 aflxl/Psf] cj:yfdf
-v_ sg' } cfkmGt ud' fP/ bM' vL ePsf] cj:yfdf
-u_ cfdfaa' fdWo] sf]xL w/] } ;dosf nflu aflx/ uPkl5 a]r}g ePsf]

cj:yfdf

130 gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / /ftf] cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿df Wofg
lbgx' f];\ M

alxgL clxn] kfl/ hfFb} 5] . pm la:tf/} lx8F \b} 5] . pm kfl/ Tolts} uPsL
xf] . ef]ln ;fob ;6' 'Ss otf kmsG{ 5] . pm efGhLnfO{ e]6\g cfp5F ] .

Dffly /ftf] cIf/n] nl] vPsf zAbx¿nfO{ …sxfFÚ, …slxn]Ú, …s;/LÚ /
…lsgÚ sf] ;6\6fdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . jfSodf sxfF -:yfg_ slxn] -;do_,
s;/L -tl/sf_ / lsg -sf/0f_ ae' mfpg] zAb ljm| ofofu] L xg' \ .

tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L rf/ rf/cf6] f ljzi] f0f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ M

:yfgaf]ws ;doafw] s /Lltaf]ws sf/0faf]ws

-sxfF <_ -slxn] <_ -s;/L <_ -lsg <_

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9\gx' f];\ / /v] fªl\ st ZfAbnfO{ l6kf6] ug'x{ f];\ M

d/] f sx] L ;fyLx¿ d/] f] 3/tkm{ cfP . pgLx¿dWo] sx] L ;fyL vN] g egL
rf/l} t/ lx8F ] . d klg ;fyLx¿l;t vN] g yfnF] . sx] L ;fyLx¿ t xfdLeGbf
cl3 g} ku' s] f lyP . rp/aflx/ w/] } bzs{ x¿ lyP . sfx] L ?vdfly a;/]

/ldtf xl] //xs] f lyP . ?vdl' g klg TolQs} dflg;x¿ lyP .

dfly /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAb gfdofu] L xg' \ . gfdofu] L gfd jf ;jg{ fd;u“
hfl] 8P/ cfp5“ g\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 131

#= tnsf /v] fªl\ st zAbx¿ gfdofu] L jf lj|mofofu] L s] x'g,\ nV] g'xf];\ M

gfdof]uL ljm| ofof]uL

-s_ d ;fyLl;t vN] g egL aflx/ hfG5' . ============ ============
-v_ ltdLx¿eGbf pm w/] } klxnf cfof] . ============= ============

-u_ a'afn] d]/f nflu lstfa lsg]/ NofOlbg'eof] . ========= ============

-3_ pm s'/f dfq u5,{ sfd ubg{} . ============ ===============

$= tnsf] cgR' 5]b k9\g'xf];\ / /ª\uLg zAb xnGt jf chGt s] xg' \ klxrfg
u/L tflnsfdf eg'x{ f];\ M

/fdsf] 3/sf] ‰ofn vfn] /] afbF / leq k:of] . To;nfO{ bv] /] aa' fn] P /fd,
p7,\ afbF / cfof] . x/] \ To;n] s] s] lauf/ u¥of] . To;nfO{ Pp6f n67\ L lnP/
vb] \ . olt eg/] bj' } afa5' f/] f afbF / wkfpg hfG5g\ / afbF / vb] 5\ g\ .

xnGt zAb chGt zAb

===================== ===================== ===================== =====================

===================== ===================== ===================== =====================

===================== ===================== ===================== =====================

===================== ===================== ===================== =====================

%= kf7af6 kf“rcf]6f chGt / kfr“ cf]6f xnGt ko| f]u ePsf zAb vf]h]/
nV] g'xf;] \ .

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 !! ;G' gx' f;] \ / hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lbgxfª ax] 'nfsf] efO
-v_ ;'lDgdf ax] 'nfsf afh] -xh/' a'af_

132 gk] fnL, sIff ^

-u_ o'ufGt/ ax] n' fsL cfdf

-3_ ;l/tf a]xn' fsL alxgL

-ª_ d'S;fªxfª ax] n' f

-r_ nlS;df ax] n' LsL cfdf

@= ;g' fO kf7 !! sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ of] s;s;sf] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff kq xf] <

-v_ ax] 'nLsf cfdfaa' fsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .

-u_ of] ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff lbg] JolSt sf] xf] <

-3_ ljjfx ;DkGg x'g] 7fpsF f] gfd s] xf] <

-ª_ lgdGq0ffdf ljjfx ;df/fx] slt ah]bl] v x'g] pNn]v 5 <

#= ;d"xdf a:gx' f];\ . x/]s ;d"xn] Pp6f ljjfxsf] lgdGq0ff kq tof/
kfgx'{ f;] \ . cfÇgf] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] lgdGq0ff kq Ps hgfn] sIffdf
;'gfpg'xf];\ .

l;hg{ f÷kl/of]hgf

!= emf8fkvfnf nfus] fn] ljBfnodf pkl:yt xg' g;Sg] Joxf/] f hgfO{
kw| fgfWofksnfO{ Pp6f lgj]bg n]Vg'xf;] \ .

@= cfÇgf] ufp“÷6f]ndf vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsfn] vfgk] fgLsf] Joj:yf
ul/lbgx' g' cg/' fw] ub}{ j8fWoIfnfO{ lgjb] g nV] g'xf;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 133

kf7 !@

k"j{ k7g

tnsf cfljisf/ / ltgLx¿sf cfljisf/ssf gfdlar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

rfN;{ aa] ]h

cf]le{n /fO6 / ljNe/ /fO6

ul' UnPNdf] dfsfg{] L

u6' g] au {

dfl6{g sk' /

cnS] hG] 8/ u|fxd an]

tkfO“s{ f] ljrf/df ;+;f/sf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk0" f{ cfljisf/ s] xf], cfkmg\ f]
ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .

134 gk] fnL, sIff ^

dn" kf7 yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g

!@

oGq pks/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf ljB't\ zlStsf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ljB't\ zlStsf] k|of]
uaf6 snsf/vfgf / pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng
u/L ljsl;t dn' 's ;d[å ag]sf] s'/f xfdLnfO{
yfxf 5 . o;/L ljB'tLo lrd, kmf]gf]u|fkm,
Aof6«Lnufot dxŒjk"0f{ j:t' cfljisf/ ug{
;kmn JolStTj xg' \ cd]l/sL dxfg\ cfljisf/s
yf]d; PNef Pl8;g .
dxfg\ cfljisf/s yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd
;g\ !*$& km]ac|' /L !! sf lbg cdl] /sfsf] cfx] fof] /fHocGtut{ kg{] ldnfg
eGg] ufpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL :ofdP' n Pl8;g / GofG;L Pl8;gsf ;ftfF}
tyf clGtd ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf hGd]sf lyP . pgsf] kl/jf/ ldl;ug /fHosf]
kf]6x{ \o'/g eGg] 7fpdF f a;fOF ;¥of] . ToxfF a;fOF ;/k] l5 pgnfO{ Pp6f
:yfgLo ljBfnodf egf{ ul/of] . pgL Toltv]/ ;ft jif{sf eO;s]sf
lyP . pgL To; ljBfnodf s]an tLg dlxgf dfq k9\g kfP . s'zfu|
/ lh1f;' :jefjsf yf]d;nfO{ 3/d} pgsL cfdfn] efiff / ul0ftsf
w/] } s/' f l;sfOg\ . pgsf] lh1f;' :jefjnfO{ lrg]/ w/] } lstfax¿ k9g\
pTk]|l/t ul/g\ . o;n] yf]d;df hLjg / hutk\ l| t w]/} pT;s' tf ylklbof] .
oxL pT;'stfn] yf]d;nfO{ dxfg\ j1} flgs aGg kl|] /t u¥of] .

zAbfy{ 135

sz' fu| – ;fx}| rgfvf]
lh1f;' – hfGg rfxg]
pT;'stf – pT;'s x'g'sf] efj

kl|] /t – k|]/0ff ul/Psf]

g]kfnL, sIff ^

yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] t]/ jif{sf] pd]/df klqsf aR] g] sfd yfn] . pgL
/]Nj] :6];gdf, /n] sf l8Aafx¿df, rf]sdf, uNnLdf uP/ s/fO{ s/fO{ klqsf
a]Ry] . klqsf a]RbfaR] b} pgL To;df 5flkPsf ljleGg j}1flgs cfljisf/
tyf gofF k|ljlwx¿sf af/]df k9\g yfn] . o;/L k9b\ fk9b\ } pgdf j}1flgs
cfljisf/tkm{ ljz]if ?lr knfof] . pgL cfljisf/ / cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu
ufFl;Psf ;dfrf/ tyf n]vx¿, k:' tsx¿ vf]hL vfh] L k9g\ yfn] . o:t}df
Ps lbg Pp6f tLg jif{sf] afns sg' } sf/0fn] /n] sf] lnsdf v:g kU' of] .
klqsf al] r/xs] f yf]d;n] To; afnsnfO{ k/af6 cfO/xs] f] /]nn] lsRgaf6
arfP . cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] Hofg arfPsfdf s[t1 ag]sf To; afnssf afan' ]
pgnfO{ 6l] nuf| km ck/6] /sf] sfd l;sfP . kGw| jif{sf] pd]/d} pgL 6l] nuf| km
ck/]l6ªdf l;4x:t eO;ss] f lyP .
kfrF jif{;Dd pgn] 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] /sf ¿kdf sfd u/] / sfd;uF } ljBt' Lo
lj1fg;uF uflF ;Psf w/] } s'/fx¿sf] cWoog / ko| f]ux¿ u/] . pGgfO; jifs{ f]
pd/] ;Dddf pgL ljB'tLo lj1fgdf kfV] t eO;ss] f lyP . ;g\ !*^* df
pgL af]:6g uP . af:] 6g Toltv]/ lj1fg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf
kl| ;4 lyof] . ToxfF pgn] ljleGg sDkgLx¿df sfd u/] . af]:6gs} j:] 6g
ol' gog sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ub{} pgn] Pp6f ljBt' Lo efl] 6ª /s] 8/{ d]l;gsf]
cfljisf/ u/] . of] cfljisf/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;kmn ePg . To;kl5
pgL ;g\ !*^( df Goo' f]s{ uP . ToxfF pgn] o'lge;{n :6s lk|G6/ gfds
oGqsf] cfljisf/ u/] . Tof] cfljisf/nfO{ Pp6f 6l] nu|fkm sDkgLn] rfln;
xhf/ 8n/df lsGof] . cfˆgf] cfljisf/sf] lajm| Laf6 cfPsf] k};fn] pgn]
Goh' ;L{sf] gj] fs{ eGg] 7fpdF f ;g\ !*&) df Pp6f ;fgf] ko| fu] zfnf agfP .

cfljisf/ – gof“ l;4fGtsf] kl| tkfbg ug{'
k|ljlw – s'g} sfd ubf{ cu“ flng] vf; ljlw jf k|lj|mof
6]lnuf| km – s'g} Ps 7fp“af6 csf{] 7fpd“ f lah'nLsf] ;xfotfn] va/ k¥' ofpg] ;fwg
ck/6] / – dl] ;g, oGq cflb rnfpg] JolSt
l;4x:t – l;kfn'

136 g]kfnL, sIff ^

yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] ;g\ !*&! df d/] L l:6njn] ;uF ljjfx u/] . ljjfxkZrft\
pgn] w/] } cfljisf/x¿ u/] . o; j|mddf ;g\ !*&^ df Go'h;L{s} dG] nf]
kfs{df a;fOF ;/]kl5 pgn] ToxfF ljzfn ko| f]uzfnf / cfB} f]lus oGqx¿sf]
cg;' Gwfg / lajm| L s]Gb| :yfkgf u/] . ;g\ !*&& df pgn] klxnf] Wjlg
/s] 8{ ug]{ kmfg] fu] f| km agfP . ToxL kmfg] fu] f| kmsf] cfljisf/af6} 6k] /s] 8{/sf]
cfljisf/df dxŒjk0" f{ ;xofu] ldNof] . To;sf] bO' { jifk{ l5 cyft{ \ ;g\ !*&(
df pgn] cfhsn xfdLn] k|ofu] ug]{ lah'nLsf] aNasf] cfljisf/ u/] . o:tf
cfljisf/x¿n] yfd] ;nfO{ kl| ;l4sf] lzv/df k'¥ofof] / cfly{s ¿kdf klg
cem ;DkGg agfof] . ;g\ !**$ sf] s'g} Pp6f lbg pgsf nflu bM' vb\
lbg /xo\ f] . pgsL k|f0fKof/L kTgL d/] L l:6njn] n] pgsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf tLg
;Gtfg ;'lDkP/ ;bfsf nflu labf lnOg\ . To; a]nf;Dddf pgsf] kl/jf/
j]:6 c/G] hdf a;fOF ;l/;s]sf] lyof] .
yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf hLjgdf cg]s ;kmntf / c;kmntfx¿ cfpFbh} fbF }
u/] . o;} jm| ddf ;g !**^ df cfkm" eGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L ldgf ldn/;uF
e]6 eof] . ldgf ldn/ pgsf] hGdynf]lt/s} lyOg\ . ltg} ;'Gb/L ldn/;uF
ToxL jif{ pgsf] bf];f| ] ljjfx eof] / ltgaf6 klg pgnfO{ b'O{ ;Gtfg kf| Kt
eof] . ljjfxkZrft\ klg pgL cfˆgf] 3/glhs} agfPsf] ljzfn ko| fu] zfnfdf
sfd ul//xGy] . pgsf] Tof] ko| fu] zfnf olt ljzfn lyof] ls klxnf] ljZjo'4
x'ge' Gbf klxn] ToxfF bz xhf/ hgf dflg;x¿ sfd uby{ ]{ . pgn] ToxL
ko| fu] zfnfdf c¿ w/] } s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . To:tf cfljisf/x¿dWo]
rnlrq agfpg] Sofd/] f klg Ps xf] . To;f] t pgs} cfljisf/ kmf]gfu] |fkm
Tolt a]nfsf] dgf/] ~hgsf] dxŒjk0" f{ 3/]n' ;fwg alg;s]sf] lyof] . o:tfd] f
rnlrq -df];g lkSr;{_ agfpg] Sofd/] fsf] cfljisf/ b'lgofsF } dgf]/~hgsf]
dxŒjk0" f{ ;fwg 7xl/of] .
yfd] ;n] cfkmg\ f] hLjgsfndf xhf/fF} s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\ . pgsf]

gk] fnL, sIff ^ 137

gfddf cdl] /sfdf !)(# cf]6f k]6G] 6 /fO6 -kl| tlnlk clwsf/_ ;/' lIft
5 . o:tf cg]s cfljisf/dfkm{t dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cem prfO lbg]
yf]d;n] w]/} c;kmtfx¿ klg a]xf]/]sf lyP . elgG5, lahn' Lsf] aNa agfpg]
j|mddf pgsf] (((( k6ssf] ko| f]u c;kmn ePsf] lyof] t/ !))))
k6sdf pgL ;kmn eP . ;g\ !(!$ df pgsf] ko| fu] zfnfsf] cfwf efueGbf
w]/} hn]/ Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] 7n' f] Ifltdf klg ljrlnt geO{ pgn]
eg]sf lyP, ædnfO{ b'Mvdgfp 5g} . of] cfunfuL;uF } d/] f sdhf/] Lx¿ klg
hn]/ v/fgL eP . xf] d ^& jif{sf] eO;sF] t/ klg d t?' Gt gofF 9ªu\ n]
k|ofu] zfnf lgdf0{ f u5{' .Æ geGb} pgn] kg' M pSt ko| fu] zfnfnfO{ cem ljzfn
/ cfwl' gs agfPsf lyP . o:tf ch;| k|/] 0ffsf ;|ft] , dxfg\ j}1flgssf]
lgwg ;g\ !(#! cS6fa] / !* df eof] .

:jflwsf/ -k]6]G6 /fO6_ – cfÇgf] cfljisf/ cflb afl} 4s ;DklQsf] kg' M pTkfbg, lgdf0{ f jf
pkofu] ug{ lbg] glbg] sfgg' L clwsf/

ch;| – nuftf/, lg/Gt/

138 g]kfnL, sIff ^

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

Jofjxfl/s 7n' f]
dxfg \ Jojxf/df ko| f]u x'g]
:yfgLo lj1fg;Ddt
pTk]|l/t cfef/L xg' '
j1} flgs lah'nLaf6 rNg]
s[t1 lj1fg
ljBt' Lo k|]/0ff ul/Psf]
cfkm" a:g] 7fpF glhssf]

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] zAb;f| t] ;“u hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

sf6] zk] f{

aO' Fun u?' ª

8Dkm' cªu\ |h] L

3n ] g]jf/L

Rofª\uf| hfkfgL

cfk; tfdfª

xf]G8f lxGbL

#= kf7df k|ofu] ePsf cªu\ ]|hL efiffaf6 cfPsf bzcf6] f zAb vfh] ]/
nV] g'xf];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 139

$= lbOPsf zAb / ltgLx¿sf] cy{ k9L jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f];\ M
zAb cy{
dxfef/t M n8fO,F kfl/jfl/s snx
sa' ]/ M wgjfg \
sD' es0f { M ;'tfxf
9'ª\uf M s7f/] , gklUng]
afw] / cleJolSt

!= dflysf] kf7 sIffsf x/s] ljBfyLn{ ] Ps Ps cg'R5]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/
k7g ug'x{ f;] \ .

@= lbOPsf zAb z'4 pRrf/0f u/L nV] gx' f];\ M

Jofjxfl/s, cfljisf/, pT;'stf, 6]lnu|fkm, 6]k/]s8{/, lhDd]jf/L,
ko| f]uzfnf, kmf]gfu] |fkm

#= kf7sf cfwf/df lbOPsf ldlt / 36gfsf] hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

;g\ !*$& kma] '|c/L !! Goh' ;L{sf] dGnf] kfs{df a;fO;F /fO

;g\ !*^* yfd] ; PNef Pl8;g af]:6g uPsf

;g\ !*^( yf]d; PNef Pl8;g Goo' fs] { uPsf

;g\ !*&) d/] L l:6njn] sf] lgwg

;g\ !*&! yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] lgwg

;g\ !*&^ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] hGd

;g\ !*&& kmfg] fu] |fkmsf cfljisf/

140 gk] fnL, sIff ^

;g\ !*&( Go'h;L{sf] g]jfs{df Pp6f ;fgf]
k|ofu] zfnf agfPsf

;g\ !**$ d]/L l:6nj]n;uF ljjfx

;g\ !**^ ldgf ldNn/;uF sf] e6] / ljjfx

;g\ !(!$ Pl8;gsf] k|ofz] fnfdf cfunfuL

;g\ !(#! cS6f]a/ !* lah'nLsf] aNasf] cfljisf/

$= l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] tLg dlxgfhlt dfq ljBfnodf k9g\ kfP .
-v_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf lktf ljBfnosf lzIfs lyP .
-u_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] klqsf a]Rg] sfd klg u/] .
-3_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] 6]lnlehg ck/]6/sf] sfd u/] .
-ª_ Pl8;gsf] ;dodf af:] 6g lj1fg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] sG] bs| f ¿kdf

k|l;4 lyof] .
-r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] klxnL kTgLsf] gfd ldgf ldNn/ lyof] .
-5_ ldgf ldNn/ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;geGbf pGgfO; jif{ sfG5L lyOg\ .

%= kf7sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gsf] afNosfn s:tf] lyof] <
-v_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] slt jif{ 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] /sf] sfd u/] <
-u_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ rlrt{ agfpg] dV' o cfljisf/ sg' xf] <
-3_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] sxfF ljzfn k|ofu] zfnf agfP <
-ª_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gn] cfljisf/s xg' e' Gbf cl3 s] s] sfd u/] <

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 141

-r_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k¥' ofpg] cfljisf/
s] s] x'g\ <

-5_ yfd] ; PNef Pl8;gsf] hLjgLaf6 s:tf] k|/] 0ff lng ;lsG5 <

^= kf7sf cfwf/df nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ yf]d; PNef Pl8;gn] j}1flgs cfljisf/ ug{] ;Gbed{ f u/s] f
dxŒjk0" f{ sfdnfO{ j|md};Fu n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ …c;kmntf g} ;kmntfsf] k|]/s xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ yf]d; PNef
Pl8;gsf] hLjgLsf cfwf/df k:| 6 kfgx{' f];\ .

&= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] /fd|/L k9g\ x' f];\ / rf/cf]6f k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'x{ f];\ M

dflg;n] 9ª' u\ ] ou' b]lv cfh;Dd cfOkU' bf p;n] u/s] f sfd j0fg{
u/]/ ;lsbF g} . cfh dflg; j}1flgs cfljisf/s} sf/0fn] r/f h:t}
cfsfzdf p8g\ ;S5 . df5f h:t} kfgLdf tl} /g ;S5 . hldgdf
l56f]eGbf l56f] bug' { ;S5 . lx8F ]/ dlxgfF,} a;f}F nfUg] 7fpdF f j1} flgs
cfljisf/sf ;xfotfn] Ps}l5gdf k'Ug ;S5 . ;+;f/df ePsf
b}lgs 36gfx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a;/] ;'Gg / xg] { ;S5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s}
sg' fsf dflg;;Fu rfx]sf] v08df s/' fsfgL ug{ ;S5 . xhf/fF} dfG5]n]
a;fF}{ nufP/ ug{] sfd If0fe/df ug{ ;S5 . cfhsf] dflg; bf];f| ]
ljZjsf] vfh] Ldf nfus] f] 5 . cGtl/Ifdf a:tL a;fpg vf]Hb} 5 .
;d'bd| f ;x/ a;fpFb} 5 . dflg;n] syfdf sNk]sf 36gf, k'/f0fdf
;g' ]sf s/' f, ;kgfdf b]v]sf s'/f j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] ;xfotfn]
lakgfd} ;fsf/ kf/]sf] 5 .

*= tkfO{“ s:tf JolStnfO{ ljZjf; ugx{' 'G5 < s:tf JolStnfO{ cljZjf;
ug'{xG' 5, 5f]6f 5f6] f b'Oc{ f]6f cgR' 5b] df n]Vg'xf];\ .

142 gk] fnL, sIff ^

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / /ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6df Wofg
lbg'xf;] \ M

cfdfsf] dv' x]g{] lbg ca]nf gu/L k|zfGtn] cfdfnfO{ pkxf/
lbof] . cgdfn] /Tg kfP h;/L cfdfn] kz| fGtsf] pkxf/kl| t cfsif{0f
b]vfpge' of] . To;kl5 cTolws v;' L x'Fb,} c¿sf] aj] f:tf ub{} kz| fGtnfO{
dfq cfzLjfb{ lbg'eof] .

/ftf] cIf/sf zAbsf] agf]6

can] f -c±an] f_, kz| fGt -k±| zfGt_, pkxf/ -pk±xf/_, cgdfn]
-cg±df]n_, cfsif0{ f -cf±sif0{ f_, cTolws -clt±clws_, aj] f:tf
-a±] jf:tf_

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} zAbsf clulNt/ ufl“ ;g] c, k|, pk,
cg, cf, clt, a] h:tf eflifs PsfO pk;u{ x'g\ .

tnsf pk;u{ nufO{ b'O{ b'Oc{ f]6f zAb agfpgx' f;] \ M

k|, pk, cg, cf, a], lj, k|lt, ;'

@= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ . pSt cgR' 5b] df /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf, 58s\ ]
kfl/Psf / /ftf] cIf/;lxt /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \ M

xfdL vt] tkm{ uofF} clg sfd ul//xs] f ls;fg;uF ;fW] ofF} eg] pxfnF ] g}
eGgx' g' ] 5, æcfx] f] Û df6f] dxŒjk0" f{ s/' f xf] t/ kfgL ePg eg] t df6fl;t
sx] L afsF L /xbF g} lg . wt\ Û olt hfaf] s/' f klg ltdLnfO{ eGgk' 5{ < kfgL
ePkl5 dfq kf] df6fn] xfdLnfO{ cGg, ;fukft / kmnkm" n ;a s/' f]
lbG5 .Æ

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5b] df 58\s] kfl/Psf zAb ;o+ fh] s xg' \ . ;o+ f]hsn]
zAbx¿, kbfjnLx¿ / jfSox¿ hf]8\5g\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 143

-v_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf /]vfªs\ g ul/Psf zAbx¿ lj:doflbaf]ws
x'g\ . lj:doflbafw] sn] jStfsf dgsf xif{, lj:dft, k|z;+ f, 3[0ff
JoSt u5{g\ .

-u_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf /ftf] cIf/;lxt /v] fª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿
lgkft x'g\ . lgkftsf] cy{ :jtGq geP klg logLx¿n]
cleJolStnfO{ ;G' b/ kf5{g\ .

#= cEof; @ sf] cgR' 5b] af6 tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f];\ / c¿
b'O{ b'O{cf]6f zAb yKg'xf;] \ M

============= ============= =============
- s_ ; o+ f]h s M ============= ============= =============

============= ============= =============
- v_ l j:do flbaf]ws M ============= ============= =============

============= ============= =============
- u_ l gkft M ============= ============= =============

$= tnsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ugx{' f;] \ M
cfx] f], tfklg, 5o\ f, g,} ;/f;/, To;}n,] lsgeg], cfTyf, /]
%= /v] fª\lst kbx¿sf] kbju{ 56' o\ fpgx' f];\ M
lxhf] d, uf]kfn, nltsf, /fwf, xl/z / aa' f hªu\ n 3'Dg uof}F .

hªu\ n5]p kU' gl] alQs} xl/zn] eGof,] æcfAaO' Û slt 3gf hªu\ n Û
hªu\ nL hgfj/n] kf] cfjm| d0f unf{ ls <Æ
^= af]w cleJolStsf] g= & sf] cg'R5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / rGbl| aGb' - _“ nfus] f
zAb nv] L jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
&= tnsf zAbdf plrt 7fp“df rGb|laGb' nufpg'xf];\ M

cfvf, af;, cf;,' ;frf], s}rL, rfbL, cf}7L, bfO, ;w,} tkfO,{ sfOof],
un}rf, uf;, 3f;

144 g]kfnL, sIff ^

;g' fO / af]nfO

!= ;'gfO kf7 !@ ;'Gg'xf];\ / l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M

-s_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] hGd ;g\ !*@) d] !@ df O6fnLdf ePsf]
xf] .

-v_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\un] sf a'afsf] gfd lxlnod P8jf8{ lyof] .

-u_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\u]nn] ;fg} pd]/df aa' f;uF efiff, ul0ft, Oltxf;
/ bzg{ sf] cWoog ug{ kfOg\ .

-3_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\un] sf] ;dodf gl;ª{ nfO{ cToGt dof{lbt k;] f
dflgGYof] .

-ª_ ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\u]nnfO{ …n]8L ljy b NofDkÚ sf pkgfdn] klg
lrlgG5 .

-r_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\u]nsf] dT[ o' *) jif{sf] pd]/df eof] .

@= ;'gfO kf7 !@ sf cfwf/df ;xL pQ/ klxrfg ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ªu\ n] sL cfdfsf] gfd ======= lyof] .

-c_ h]gL l:dy -cf_ km]gL l:dy
-O_ /g] L l:dy -O{_ Pl8ga/f l:dy

-v_ ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ n] ;g\ !(%# df ======== sf] Ps xl:k6ndf kd| v'
kl/rfl/sf -g;_{ algg\ .

-c_ O6fnL -cf_ cd]l/sf
-O_ a]nfot -O_{ rLg

g]kfnL, sIff ^ 145

-u_ ˆnf]/G] ; gfOl6ª\un] n] ============== sf] o'4df 3fOt] l;kfxLx¿sf]
cfbz{ ;j] f ul/g\ .

-c_ ljm| ldof -cf_ :s'6f/L

-O_ af;f{ -O_{ :k]g

-3_ ˆnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\un] sf] d[To' ;g\ ============ df eof] .
-c_ !(!) cu:t !) -cf_ !(!! cu:t !)
-O_ !(!) cu:6 @) -O_{ !(!@ cu:t !)

#= Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ª\u]nsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k]/| 0ff kfOG5, atfpg'xf;] \ .

$= tkfO{“sf] ljrf/df ;ae} Gbf dxfg\ JolSt sf] xfn] f < b]z ljsf;sf nflu
pgsf] s:tf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5, atfpgx' f;] \ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= lbOPsf ab“' fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL nV] gx' f;] \ M

gfd M ul' UnPNdf] dfsf{g] L
hGdldlt M ;g\ !*&$ clk|n @%
hGd:yfg M afn] fU] gf, O6fnL
dftflktf M u'Ol;Kk] dfsfg{] L, PGgL h]d;g
lzIffbLIff M cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ljleGg dfWodaf6 3/d} lzIff lnPsf
ofu] bfg / k/' :sf/ M /l] 8of]sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*(% lt/} t/ k]6]G6

/fO6 eg] !*(& lt/ dfq lnPsf ;g\ !()! df
gfa] ]n k'/:sf/ kfPsf
dT[ o' M ;g\ !(#& hn' fO{ @), /f]d, O6fnL

#= tkfO“{ eljiodf s] aGg rfxgx' G5 < lsg, 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

146 g]kfnL, sIff ^