12 . . ·.........- -"' .......---·
I extbook on the
PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
By
~
HECTORS. DE LEON
LL.B., UniverRity of the Philippines
Member, Integrat ed Bar of the Philippines
~'ormer Associ ate Professor, Far Eastern Univers ity
2005 EDITION
Philippine Copyright, 2005
by
ISBN 971-23-4207-7
No portion of this book may be copied or reproduced in
books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed, mimeo-
graphed, typewritten, copied in different electronic devices or in
any other form, for distribution or sale, without the written
permission ofthe author except briefpassages in books, articles,
reviews, legal papers, and judicial or other official proceedings
with proper citation.
Any copy of this book without the corresponding number
and the signature of the author on this page either proceeds
from an illegitimate source or is in possession of one who has no
authority to dispose of the same.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
BY THE AUTHOR
N. ( 1tl. .1.·J-
j :; .
PREFACE
As the supreme law of the land, the Constitution is by no means self-
explanatory. Yet it is so important a document with which every citizen
should be fa milia r as it directly and constantly touches every aspect of h is
everyday life; indeed, to be r espect ed, obeyed and defended if our nation
must grow and survive. This is the reason for the requirement that "all
educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part
of the curricula." (Art. XIV, Sec. 3[1].)
To help fill the need for a book on the subj ect, particularly· on the
college level, this modest volume, now on its eighth edition, has been
written.
In an attempt to make it easily understandable, the author avoids
legal details and elabor ate citations of cases. The provisions are discussed
section by section, amplified and explained in relatively nontechnical lan-
guage for both the beginning student and the layman.
The comments on the more important provisions, especially the new
ones, occupy m ore space, s etting forth when deemed necessary, th e reasons
for their adoption as wall as t heir practical s;gnificance. Also, much needE>d
emphasis is given to the provisions on the rights of the citizens as it is
imperatively desirable that they have adequate knowledge of them so that
they may bett.er exercise their rights and discharge t heir corresponding
obligations to others as responsible m embers of a democratic society.
HECTOR S. DE LEON
May 2005
iii
OFFICERS OF THE 1986
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION
President Cecilia Muiioz-Palma
Vice-President Ambrosio B. Padilla
Napoleon G. Rama
Floor Leader Jose D. Calderon
Assistant Floor Leaders
and
Ahmad Domacao Alonto
Committee Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen
PREAMBLE, NATIONAL TERRITORY
AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
Chairman Decoroso R. Rosales
Vice-Chairman Gregorio J. Tingson
CITIZENSHIP, BILL OF RIGHTS
POLITICAL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Chairman Jose B. Laurel, Jr.
Vice-Chairman Joaquin G. Bernas
Chairman LEGISLATIVE
Vice-Chairman
Hilario G. Davi de, Jr.
Adol fo S. Azcuna
Chairman EXECUTIVE
Vice-Chairman
Lorenzo M. Sumulong
Florenz D. Regalado
Chairman JUDICIARY
Vice-Chairman
Roberto C. Concepcion
Ricardo J. Romulo
iv
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND AGENCIES
Chairman Vicente B. Foz
Vice-Chairman Cirilo A. Rigos
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Chairman Jose N. Nolledo
Vi ce -C h a i r m a n Jose D. Calderon
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
Chairman Christian S. Monsod
Vice-Chairman Jose C. Colayco
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Chairman Bernardo M. Villegas
Vice-Chairman Jaime S.L. Tadeo
HUMAN RESOURCES
Chairman Wilfredo V. Villacorta
Vice-Chairman Lugum L. Uka
GENERAL PROVISIONS ·
Chairman Florangel Rosario Braid
Vice-Chairman 'J.'eodoro C. Bacani
AMENDMENTS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Chairman Jose E. Suarez
Vice-Chairman Bias F. Ople
STEERING
Chairman Jose F.S. Bengzon, Jr.
Vi ce-C h a i r m a n Napoleon G. Rama
PRIVILEGES
Chairman Yusuf R. Abubakar
Vice-Chairman Minda Luz M. Quesada
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES
Chairman Teresa F. Nieva
v
Vice-Chairman Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon
STYLE
Chairman Francisco A. Rodrigo
Vice-Chairman Efrain B. Trefias
SPONSORSIDP
Chairman Ser afin V.C. Guingona
Vice-Chairman Edmundo G. Garcia
PUBLIC HEARINGS
Chairman E dmundo G. Garcia
Vice-Chairman Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon
NON-DELEGATE OFFICERS
Secretary-General Flerida Ruth Romero
Sergeant-at-Arms Roberto M. San Andres
-oOo-
vi
THE 48 MEMBERS OF THE 1986
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION
Commissioners Natividad, Teodulo C.
Nieva, Teresa Maria F.
Abubakar , Yusuf R.
Alonto, Ahmad Domacao Nolledo, .Jose N.
Aquino, Felicitas S. Ople, Blas F.
Azcuna, Adolfo S. Padilla, Ambrogio B.
Bacani, Teodoro C. Palma, Cecilia Munoz
Bengzon, Jose, J r. F.S.
Bennagen, Ponciano L. QueRada, Mi nda Luz M.
Bernas, S.•J., ,Joaquin G.
Braid Rosario, Florangel Rama, Napol eon G.
Brocka, Lino 0 . (Resigned) Regal ado, Florenz D.
Calderon, .Jose D. Reyes, Jr. , Rusti co F. de los
Castro, Cris pino M . de Rigor, Ciri lo A.
Colayco, Jose C. Rodrigo, Francisco A.
Concepeion, Roberto C. Romulo, Ricardo J .
Davide, Hilario, Jr. G. Rosales, Oecoroso R.
Foz, Vicente B. Sarmiento. Rene V.
Garcia, Edmundo G. Suarez, Jose E.
Gascon, Jose Luis Martin C. Sumulong, Lorenzo M.
Guingona, Serafin V.C. Tadeo, J aime S.L.
Jamir, Alberto, Jr. B. Tan, Christine 0.
Laurel, Jose B. Tingson, Gregorio J .
Lerum , Eulogio R. Trefias, Efrain B.
Maambong, Regalado E. Uka, Lugum L.
Monsod, ChristianS. Villacorta, Wilfreda V.
Villegas, B{!rnardo M.
- oOo-
vii
PAMBANSANG AWIT NG PILIPINAS
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
sa dibdib mo'y buhay,
Lupang hinirang,
duyan ka ng magiting
Sa manlulupig di ka pasisiil
Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy
at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula at awit sa
paglayang mina.mahal
Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y
tagumpay na nagniningning,
Ang bituin at araw niya,
Kailan pa ma~y di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw ng luwalhati't
pagsinta
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo.
Aming ligaya na pag may
mang-a.api
Ang mamatay nang dahil sa iyo.
viii
SAYAN KO
Ang bayan kong Pilipinas
Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak
Pag-ibig nasa kanyang palad
Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag
At sa kanyang yumi at ganda
Dayuhan ay nahalina
Bayan ko binihag ka
Nasadlak sa dusa
lbon mang may layang lumipad
Kulungin mo at umiiyak
Bayan pa kayang sakdal dilag
Ang di magnasang makaalpas
Pilipinas kong minumutya
Pugad ng luha at dalita
Aking adhika
Makita kang sakdallaya
ix
Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag
Ako ay Pilipino
Buong katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipin.as
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag
Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos
Maka -tao
Makakalikasan at
Makabunsa
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................... ..... ........ ...................................... ........................................... iii
Officers of the 1986 Constitutional Commission............................................. tv
The 48 Members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission ............................. vii
Pambansang Awit ng Pilipinas .......................................................................... vm
Bayan Ko ............................................................................................................... ix
Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine i<'lag ...................... ............. .................. x
INTRODUCTION 1
1
A. THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 2
4
1. Meaning of political science...................................................................... 4
2. Scope of political science ...... .............................. .... .. ......... ................ ........
3. Interrelationship with other branches of learning................................ 5
.¥, Function and importance of political science ..... ... .................................
5. Goal in the study of political science courses......................................... 5
6
B. CONCEPTS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT 7
1. Meaning of state.............................................................................................. 7
2. Elements of state ........................................................................................ 8
3. Origin of states ........................................................................................... 8
4. State distinguished from nation ............... .... .... ........ ................. ..............
10
5. State distinguished from government..................................................... 11
12
6. Purpose and necessity of government..................................................... 14
7. Forms of government................................................................................. 15
16
C. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 17
IN TRANSITION
18
1. The pre-Spanish. government.................................................................... 19
2. Government during the Spanish period.................................................. 19
3. Governments during the Revolutionary era........................................... 20
4. Governments during the American regime ............................................ 21
5. Governments during the Japanese occupation........................ .............
6. The previous Philippine Republics .......................................... ................
7. The Provisional Government of 1986 .... .............. ........ ........ .... ...............
D. CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION
1. Meaning of constitution.............................................................................
2. Nature and purpose or function of constitution.....................................
3. Meaning of constitutional law..................................................................
4. Kinds of constitution..................................................................................
5. Advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution....................
xi
6. Requisites of a good written constitut ion ............. ..... ............................. 21
7. Constitution distinguished fr om statute ................................................ 22
8. Authority to interpret the Constitution. ...... .... .... ............. .. ... ... .... .. ........ 22
9 . P urpose in int erpreting the Constitution ... ............................................ 23
E. CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
1. The 1935 Con st itution .............................................................................. . 23
2. The 1973 Constitution ..... ........ ... ........................ .... ..... ....... .. .... ....... .... ...... 24
3. The 1987 Constitution ............................................................................... 26
4. Basic p rinciples underlying the new Constitution ................................ 28
5 . Rule of t he majority ........ .... ... ......... ............ .. .......... .. ........... ....... ............. .. 29
6. Crt>vernment of law and not of meu .......................................................... 30
PREAMBLE
1. Meaning of P reamble ......... ......... ....... ...................... ............ .. ...... :... .......... 32
2. Preamble not essential in a constitution ................................................ 32
3. Object and value of Preamble................................................................... 32
4. Source of Constitu~io n's aut hority.. ...... .... ..... ..... ... .. ..... ... ..... ..... .. ....... ..... 33
5. Belief in Crt>d stressed ................................................................................ 33
6. N ational purposes and aims in adopting the Constitution.................. 34
7. Attainment of the constitutional goals ... ......... .... ........... ... ........ .... ......... 34
8. Changes in the Preamble .......... ......................................... ....................... 35
ARTICLE I - NATIONAL TERRITORY
SECTION 1
1. Necess ity of constitutional pr ovision on National Territory ............... 38
2. National Territory of the Philippines................ ...................................... 39
3. Meaning of a rchipelago .. ...... .... ... ...... ......... ... ... .... .... .... .... ... ..... .. .. ........ .. ... 39
4. Other territories over which the PQilippines has
39
sovereignty or jur isdiction ................................................ ....... ........ .. 40
5. Other a reas included in the Philippine archipelago. ...... ....... .... .. .. ....... 41
6. Three-fold division of navigable waters......................................... ........ 41
7. Jurisdiction over n avigable w&.ters ... ....... ......................... .... ........ .. ........ . 42
8 . The archipelagic concept or principle of terr itoriality.. .. ... ..... .... ........ .. 42
9. The Philippine position .............................................................................
ARTICLE II- DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES 44
AND STATE POLICIES 44
45
PRINCIPLES 45
SECTION 1
1. Th e Philippines , a democratic a nd republican state.............................
2. Manifestations of a democratic a nd republican state. ...... ............ ........
3. Sovereignty of the people .... ........ ...... ............. ....... ... .. ...... .. .... .... ............. ..
4. Right of the people to revolt ...................................... ........ .......................
SECTION 2 46
1. Renunciation of war as an instrument of nationa l policy ....................
xii
2. Adoption of the generally accepted principles 4-6
of international law as part of our law ........... ...................... ........... 47
3. Adherence to t he policy of peace, etc. , with all nations.................... .... 48
48
SECTION 3
49
1. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military.......... .. .... ................ 50
2. Armed Forces of the Philippine<>, protector of the people 50
and the State........ ..... ........ ................................... .... ............................ 51
SECTION 4 52
52
l. Prime duty of the Government.......................... ....................................... 53
2. Defense of the State by the people against foreign aggr ession ...........
3. Military and civil service by the people.............. ................ ... ..... ... ......... 54
SECTION 5 56
1. Mai ntenance of peace and order, etc. ......................... ..... .. ..... ... .............. 57
SECTION6 57
1. Principle of separation of the church and State ..................... ...... ......... 57
2. Meaning of "establishment of religion clause".......... .............................
3. No hostility towards religion .................... ................................................ 58
58
STATE POLICIES
SECTION7
1. Foreign policy of the Philippinl:lS ..................... ........... ........................ .....
SECTIONS
1. Freedom from nuclear weapons policy ........ ................................. ...........
SECTION9
1. Just and dynamic social order... ................. ............ .......... ...................... .
SECTION 10
1. Social justice ............ ....... .. .... .... ............................................ .....................
SECTION 11
1. Human dignity and human rights................................ ........... ................
SECTION 12
1. Strengthening the famil y as a basic autonomous
social institution ....... ... ..... ... ..... ................... ..... ...... ...... .......................
2. Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother ...........
xiii
3. Rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and development 59
of moral character ... ............................................................... ..... ........ 60
SECTION 13 62
64
1. Role of the yout h in nation-building.................... ............. ............ ........... 64
SECTION 14
66
1. Role of women in nation-building. ....... ...... ............. ......... ... ......... ...... ...... S-1
SECTION 15 66
66
1. Right r,f the people to health .................................................................... 67
SECTION 16 67
1. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology ...................... 68
SECTION 17
69
1. Priority to education, science and technology, arts,
culture and sports .......................................... ............. .......................
SECTION 18
1. Labor as a primary social economic force .......... .... ......... .... .... .. ....... .. .. ...
SECTION 19
1. Self-reliant and independent national economy....................................
SECTION 20
1. Role of the private sector i n the economy .... ......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ...
SECTION 21
1. Comprehensive Tural development and Ul(Tarian reform.....................
SECTION 22
l. Rights of indigenous cultura l communities ............................................
SECTION 23
1. ~on-governmenta l , community-based or sectoral
organizations ............ ..............................................:............. ...............
SECTION 24
1. Vital role of communication and information
in nat.ion-building ....... .. .. ...... .. .... ... ........... .... ................ .. ..... ....... .........
xiv
SECTION23 69
1. Autonomy of local governments ............................................................... 70
SECTION 26 71
1. Equal access to opporlunities tor public service.................................... 72
SECTION27 73
73
1. Honesty and integrity in public service .................................................. 74
75
SECTION 28
76
1. Full disclosure by the State of all its transactions ............................... 76
77
ARTICLE III -BILL OF RIGHTS 78
78
1. Concept of a bill of rights .......................................................................... 78
2. Classes of rights ..... ............ .............. .............. ........ ..... ............................... 78
3. Classification of constitutional rights..................................................... 79
4. State authority and individual freedom.................................................. 79
79
SECTION 1 80
80
1. Meaning of due process of law..................................................................
2. Aspects of due process of law.................................................................... 81
3. Procedural due process.............................................................................. 81
4. Substantive due process............................................................................
5. Persons protected ......... ......... ...................... ... ..... .... ..... ................. .... ..... .... 8~
6. Meaning of life............................................................................................
7. Meaning of liberty...................................................................................... 82
8. i\.feaning of property................................................................................... 83
9. What constitutes deprivation ................................................................... 83
10. Meaning of equal protection of the laws................................................. 83
11. Reasonable classificat.ion permitted........................................................ 84
12. Scope of the guarantee............................................................................... 85
85
SECTION2
86
1. Meaning of search warrant and warrant of arrest.............................. ..
2. Scope of the protection...............................................................................
3. When search and seizure unreasonable..................................................
4. Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest ....................
5. lVteaning of probable cause........................................................................
6. Sufficiency of affidavit. upon which warrant is based...........................
7. Sufficiency of de::;cription ..........................................................................
8. Right against unreasonable search and seizure, personal...................
9. When search and seizure may be made without warrant ....................
10. When arrest may be made without warrant..........................................
SECTION 3
1. Meaning of right of privacy.......................................................................
KV
2. Basics and purpose of the provision ....... .. .... ...... ... ............ ....... ... .. ......... . 86
a. Relationship with right againBt. unreasonable 86
87
searches and seiz !lres ...... ........ .................... ........ .. ......... ........... ......... 87
4. Limitations on the right ......................................... ...................................
5. Evidence illegally obtained ....................................... ..... ..... ...................... 88
88
SECTION 4 88
88
1. Meaning of freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press ........ ... 89
2. Scope of freedom of expression................................................................. 89
3. Scope of t erms "speech,'' "expression" and "press" ...... ...................... .... 90
4. Importance of the guarantee .............. .... ........................................... ....... 90
5. Freedom of expression not absolute ... ......... ........................................... .
6. Abridgment of ireedom of speech and of the press................ ... ..... ........ 91
7. Meaning of right of assembly and r ight of petition............................... 91
8 . Relationship with freedom of s peech and of the press.......... .. .. ............ 91
92
SECTION 5 92
93
1. Meaning of religious freedom ......... ................. ..................................... .... 93
2. Meaning of religion ..... ..... ......... .... ........ ................ ...... ......... ......... .............
3. Aspects of religious freedom ..................... .. .............................................. 94
4. Freedom of religious profession and worship......................................... 94
5. Dissemination of religious beliefs ....... ....... .. ............ ...... .... ............ ..........
6. License fee or tax on sale of religious articles ....................................... 95
7 . Religious test prohibited .. ............. ...................... ....... .......... ........ ... .... ...... 96
96
SECTION 6
96
1. Meaning of liberty of abode and travel ................. .... .............................. 97
2. Limitations on the right ............. .... .................. .... ...... ..... .. ............. ........... 97
SECTION 7 97
98
1. Right to information on matters of public concern................................ 98
2. Scope of the right. .... ........ ... ........... .................. ... ........................................ 99
3. Limitations on t he rig ht. ...... ...... .... .... ....................................................... 99
99
SECTION 8 100
1. J\.ieaning of right to form associations, etc. ........ ....................... .. ....... ....
2. Purposes of the guarantee.. ..... ......... .... .. ....... .................... ......... ..............
3. Limitation on the right.......................... ....................................................
SECTION9
1. Essential or inherent powers of government .................................. .......
2. Meaning of eminent domain ............................ ...........,.............. ..... ..........
3. Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise... ...................................
4 . Meaning of "taking" ............... ...................... ............................... ........ .......
5. Meaning of police power ................. ................................ ........................ ...
6 . Basis of police power ..... .............. ...... ............... .. ....... ...... ............... ............
7. Illustrations of police power laws ............................................................
"vi
8. Meaning of taxation................................................................................... 100
9. Theory and basis of taxation .................................................................... 100
10. Meaning of taxes......................................................................................... 101
11. Distinctions among the three powers...................................................... 101
SECTION 10 102
102
1. Meaning of obligation of a contract ....... .................................................. 102
2. Scope of terms "law" and "contract" ........................................................ 103
3. Purpose of non-impairment prohibition.................................................. 103
4. Wben obligation of contract impaired.....................................................
5. Freedom to contract not absolute............................................................. 103
104
SECTION 11 105
105
1. Constitutional tights of the accused in criminal cases.........................
2. Reasons for constitutional safeguards ......... .... ....................................... 106
3. Right to free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies................ 106
4. Right to adequate legal assistance .......................................................... 107
107
SECTION 12
107
1. Rights of person under investigation ...................................................... 108
2. Effect of violation of the rights................................................................. 108
3. When rights can be invoked...................................................................... 109
4. Waiver of right of silence and to counsel................................................ 109
SECTION 13 110
110
1. Meaning of bail .................................................. ......................................... 111
2. Purpose and for1n of bail ........................................................................... 111
3. Who may not invoke the right to bail...................................................... 112
4. Meaning of capital offense ........................................................................ 112
5. Excessive bail prohibited ..........................................................................
112
SECTION 14 113
114
1. Right to due process of law in criminal cases ........................................
2. Right to presumption of innocence .......................................................... 114
3. Statutory presumptions of guilt............................................................... 115
4. Right to be heard by himself and counsel...............................................
5. Meaning and purpose of arraignment .................................. .... .... ........... 115
6. Importance of the right to counsel...........................................................
7. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him .... ..... .... ......... .. ......... ..... .......................... .... .... ................. .
8. Right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial..............................
9. Right to confrontation.of witnesses.........................................................
10. Right to compulsory production of witnesses
and evidence.........................................................................................
11. Trial in the absence of the accused..........................................................
SECTION 15
1. Meaning of writ of habeas corpus ............................................................
xvii
2. Purpose of the writ.. .................................... ............................ ................... 116
3. How writ operates .................... .... ................ ..................... ............... .......... 116
4. S uspenflion of the privilege ofthe writ...... .... .. ............. ...... .... ........ .. .. .... 116
SECTION 16 117
1. Right to speedy dispos ition of cas es .... ....... ................ ..... ................. .... ... 118
118
SECTION 17 118
:i 19
1. Right agai nst self-incrimination ..............................................................
2. S cope of guarantee .. ........... .... .. .. ......... ......... .. ..... ... ......... ... ..... .... ...... ...... .. . 120
3. Nature of guarantee .... .......... ..... .... ......... .............. .. ............ ... .. ...... ............ 120
4. Form of t estimony prohibited ................................................................... 12 1
12 1
SECTION 18
122
L Right against detention soleiy by reason of political beliefs 122
and a spiraticns .................................................................................... 123
12:3
2. Meaning of involuntary servitude .... ............ ..................... ............... ........
3. Purpose and basis of the prohibition ... .. .... .. .. .... .. ... .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 125
4. Exceptions to prohibition.... ...... ... .. .... .. ........... ........... .... ....................... .... 125
125
SECTION 19 126
126
1. Right again st excessi ve fines ...... .. ... .......... .......... ...... .... ... ...... ......... .. ... .. ..
2. Right aga ins t cruel , degrading, or inhuman punishments .................. 126
3. Purpose of the guarantee .......................................................................... 127
4. Imposition of the death penalty ........................ ....................... ............ .... 127
127
SECTION 20
128
1. J\.leaning of debt .......................................................................................... 128
2. P urpose of prohibition against imprisonment for debt ........... ......... .... . 128
3. Prohibition limited to contractua l obligations only ............ ......... .... .. ... 129
4. Meaning of poll t ax .....................................................................................
5. Purpose of prohibition against imprisonment for
non-payment of poll tax ..... ......................................... ........ ......... ..::-:..
SECTION 21
1. Right against double jeopardy..................................................................
2. Requisites for existence of double jeopardy.................. ..................... .. ...
3. Right to appeal in criminal cases .. ... ......... ...... ............ .. .. .. ... ........... .. .. .. .. .
4. Classes of double jeopa rdy ..... ..... .................. .. ..........................................
SECTION 22
1. Meaning of ex post facto law ... .. .. ... .. ......... .. ... ... .... ...... ... ... .. ....... .. ........ .. ...
2. Character istics of ex post facto law ................................. .........................
3. Meaning of bill of attainder......... ............................................... ..............
4. P urpose of prohibition against bill of attainder ....... ....... ................ ..... .
xviii
ARTICLE IV- CITIZENSHIP 130
130
SECTION 1 131
131
1. Meaning of citizenship and citizen ......................................................... . 131
2. Distinguished from nationality and nationals ....................................... 132
132
.....3. Meaning of subject and alien .................................................................... 132
General ways of acquiring citizenship .................................................... 133
5. Citizens by birth ......................................................................................... 134
6. Citizens at the time of the adoption of the Constitution ...................... 134
7. Citizens by blood relationship .................................................................. 134
8. Citizens through el~ction under the 1935 Constitution .......................
9. Citizens by naturalization ........................................................................ 135
10. Meaning of naturalization ........................................................................
11. Nature of naturalization ........................................................................... 136
12. Ways of acquiring citizenship by naturalization ................................... 137
SECTION2 137
1. Kinds of citizens under the Constitution ................................................ 137
1:18
SECTION3 139
140
1. Loss of citizenship ................................................. .... .................................
2. Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship ...........................................
SECTION4
1. Effect of marriage of citizen to an alien..................................................
SECTION5
1. Dual allegiance of citizens ........................................................................
2. Retention and reacquisition of citizenship ...................... .......................
3. Rights with corresponding obligations....................................................
4. Duties and obligations of citizens............................................................
ARTICLE V- SUFFRAGE 144
144
SECTION 1 144
145
1. Meaning of suffrage ........ .................. ... ..... ..................... ...... .... ..... .... .... .... . 145
2. Nature of suffrage ...................................... .............................. .... ... .. .... ..... 146
3. Scope of suffrage......................................................................................... 146
{. Qualifications of voters..............................................................................
5. Age qualification......................................................................................... 147
6. Residence qualification.............................................................................. 147
7. Persons disqualified td' vote...................................................................... 148
8. Arguments justifying the lowering of voting age 149
150
from 21 to 18 ........................................................................................
9. Arguments justifying removal of literacy requirement........................
10. Property requirement prohibited.............................................................
11. Other substantive requirements prohibited...........................................
12. Compulsory suffrage ..................................................................................
xix
SECTION 2 151
152
1. System for securing the secrecy and sanctity
of the ballot ........ .... .. ............. ............................................................... 153
153
2. System for absentee ,·oting by qualified Filipinos ................................ 153
154
ARTICLE VI- LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 154
154
SECTION 1 155
155
1. Meaning of legisla tive pov1er .......................................................... .......... 156
'2. Meaning of law ... .. .. .... ........ ............. .... ........ ............. ... ........... ........... ... ....... 157
3 . Function of Ia v;.s ...... ......................... ....................................................... ...
4. Legislative power vested in Congr ess ....... .............................................. 158
5. Advantages of bicameralism.......... ............ .... ........ ............... ............ ........ 159
6. Dis adv ant ages of bicameralism ................................................................
7. Scope of legislative power of Congress .......... ........ .... ..................~. . .... ..... 160
8 . Clas5ification of powers of C ongress ........... ...... .. .. ... ...... .. ........... ............ 161
9. Principle of separation of powers............................................................. 162
10. Principle of checks and balances. ......................... ...... ...... ............ ............ 163
SECTIONS 2-4 164
1. The S enate. ...... ........ .... .. ...... ............. ........ ....... ............ ....... ..... ........ .. .......... 165
2. Meanin g of r egistered voter and r esidence .............................................
165
SECTIONS 5-7 166
166
1. The House of Repre~ entative s .... ...... ... ... ... .......... ........ .. .. ................ ......... 166
2. Number, el ection/selection a nd classificat ion of members ...................
3. Apportionmen t of elected representatives ........................ ...................... 167
4. Party-list and sector a l ;:epre sentation .... ............. ............ ... ....... .. .. .........
167
SECTIONS 8-9
1. Kinds of election for member s of Congress .............................................
SECTION 10
1. Salariel:l of members of Congress .... .........:............ ............ ................. ......
SECTION 11
1. Freedom fro m arrest of members of Congress ....... ......... .... ..... .... ..... .....
2. When immunity cannot be invoked ........................................ ............. ....
3. Freedom from being quest ioned for speech and debate ........................
4 . When immunity cannot be claimed ........ .. .. ............. ..... .. .... ... .... ............ ..
SECTION 12
1. Disclosure of financial and business interests .......................................
SECTION IS
1. Disqua lification to hold any other office or employment ........ ..............
XX
SECTION 14 169
1. Fiduciary position of members ...... .................. .. ... .... ........ .... .................... 170
SECTION 15 171
171
l. Sessions of Congress .... .................................... ............. ........ .... ................. 172
172
SECTiON 16 172
173
1. Officers of Congress .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .. ... .. .. ... .. ..... .. ........ .. .... .... ..... ..... . 173
2. Powers and functions of Senate President and House Speaker .......... 173
3. Meaning of quorum .. ..... .. ........ .. ... .................. ........................... .. ............... 174
4. Basis of quorum in each House ................ ................................................ 174
5. Adjournment in absence of quorum ............ ............................................. 174
6. Meaning and function of rules of procedure........................................... 174
7. Limitation"t on power to determine rules......................... ....................... 175
8. Nature of power of each House to punish its members........................ 175
9. Votcsrequired................... ................................................ ..........................
10. Each House sole judge of disorderly behavior............... .... ..................... 176
11. Meaning of legislative journa l .......................................... ........................· 177
12. Purpose of journal-keeping requi rement........... .............................. .......
13. Matters to be entered in the journal ............................. ........ .................. 178
14. Adjournment by either House without consent of the other................
179
SECTIONS 17·19 179
1. Electoral Tribunal in each House .... .................................... .................... 180
2. The Commission ~n Appointments in Congress .. ..... .............................
181
SECTION 20 181
181
1. Records of Congress open to public................................ ...................... ....
182
SECTION 21 182
1. Power oflegislative inquiry and jnvestigation ........ ..... .... .......... ...........
2. Scope of the power....................................................................... ......... ......
SECTION 22
1. Appearance of heads of departments before each House .....................
SECTION 23
1. Power to declare existence of a state of war... ........ .. ... ................ ...........
2. War contemplated ..... ... ... ... ........ .. .................... .............. ..... ......... ..............
3. Delegation of cmerge11cy powers .............. .................. ....... .......................
SECTION 24
1. Meaning of appropriations bill.................................................................
2. Kinds of appropriations ..... ... ..... .... ......... ..... ........ .................. ....................
xxi
3. :Meaning of other bills.............. .... .... ............................................... ........... 183
4. Bills which must originate exclu ~ ively in the H ouse
183
of Representa tives.......................... ............. ................................... .....
185
SECTION 25 185
185
1. Meaning of bu dget....... ................................... .... .......................... ............. 186
2. Submission of proposed budget by the President...................... ............ 186
3. lncreaae of appropriation recommended by the President.. ............ ..... 187
4. Prohibition agains t riders........ .. .... ....... .............. ... ......... .... .... ........ .......... 187
5. Procedure in approving appro priations ........... ........... .... .. ............ .. ...... .. 187
6. Requir ements with respect io special appropriations bill.................... 187
7. Requir ement t o insure a balanced budget.............................. ........ ....... 188
8. Prohibition against transler of fun ds .......................... ................. ......... ..
9. Rule as to discretionary funds ....... ......................... .............. .... .... .. .......... 188
10. Automatic reap propriation ...... .. ...... .............. .. .. .. ..... ........ ....... ....... .... ...... 189
189
SECTION 26 190
190
1. Limitations on the power of Congress ................ ................ ..................... 190
2. Prohibition agains t delegation oflcgislative powers ..... ....... .. .............. 191
3. Prohibition agains t the enactment of irrepealable laws.. .... .. .. .. .. ... ..... 191
4. Requirements a~:~ to subject a nd ti tle of bills.............. ..... ................... .. .. l92
5. Meanin g of hodge-podge or log-r olling legislation ...... ...... ... .............. .... 193
6. Effect of violation of requirem~n t ..................................... .. ............ ... .. ....
7. Exceptions to the requirement ..................... .... ..................... .......... ..... .... 193
8. Steps in the pa8sage of a bill .. .. ..... ....... ...... .... .................... ......... .... ... ... ..
9. Purpose of provision requiring three readings of bill .. ........ .. .. .... ...... ... 194
10. Certifica tion of bills by the President ............... .......................... ............ 194
11. Purpose of requirement that yea:; a nd nays be en tered 194
194
in the journa l .. ..................... ......... ............. ..... .... ..................... .... ........ 195
195
SECTION27 196
196
1. Meaning of bill ..... .................... ......... ..... ........ ........ .. ............ ..................... .. 196
2. Meaning of stat u te ...... ......... ......... ............................. .... ..................... ....... 196
3. How statutes identified ............................... ....... ............................. ... ...... 197
4. Forma] parts of a Ja w................ .... .... .......................... .............................. 197
6. When bill may become a law ..... .. ... ... ............ .. .. .......... ......... .. .. .. .. ...... .......
6. Veto power of the President .. ............. ..... .......... ....... .. .. ......... .... .... .. .. .. .. .... 1.98
7 . P urpose of veto .. .. .. .... ......... .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .... ...... .... .. ...... .......... .... .... .... ........ 198
8. Pock et veto not a llowed ..... ......... .... ... ..... .... ...... ... ..... .... .... ...... .... ... .. .. .... ... 199
9. When partial veto aJlowed ............ ....... ....... ....... ...... ... ......... .... ...... ... ...... 199
10. Mea n ing of resol ution.... ..... .... ....... .. .... ....... .. ... ................. .. .. ........ ..... ..... 199
11. UAe of resolutions .. .. ............ ....... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. ............... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ........ .....
12. Kin ds of r esolutions .... .......... .. .. ... ....... ............. ............ ...... ................ .. .... ..
SECTION 28
1. U niformity in taxa tion...................... .............. .......... .. ..... ........... ....... .. ......
2. Equity in taxation .. .................. ...... .. .................. .. ... .. ..... ........ .. ...... ... .. .......
3. Progr essive syst em of taxation.... .. .. ...... ............ ... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ......... ..
4. Delegation of taxing power t o fix t a riff rat es, etc. .. ............. .................
5. Exe mption of certain entities and properties from property taxes.....
xxii
6. Votes req uired for grant of t ax exemption .............................................. ~00
SECTION 29
1. The powe r of appropriation ............ ........... ....... .... .... .... ........ ......... ......... ... 200
2 . Meanin g of ~ app ropria~ion made by law" .................... .............. .............. 201
3. P rohibition against "JSe of public money or property
20 1
for religious rurpose ..... ............ .... .... ...... ........ .... ............ ..... .... ..... ...... 202
4. Expenditure of special fund........ ...................... .... ....................................
SECTION 30
1. Law increasing appellate juris diction of Supreme Court ................. .... 203
SECTION 31
1. P r ol-.ibitiun against gr anting title of royalty or nobility.. ....... ...... .. ...... 20~
SECTION 32
1. Mean ing of initiative a nd referendu m ........ ..... .. .. .... ..... .......... ..... .. ......... · 204
2. C ongress to provide a system of initiative and referendu m ... .... .. ....... 204
ARTICLE VII- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 206
SECTION 1 206
1. President, t he E xecutive ................................................ ........................... 207
2. Meaning of executive pow'3r ................................................. .. ....... ... .. .......
207
SECTION 2
208
1. q ualifications of the President and Vice-President.... .. ........ ... ... .... ...... 209
209
SECTION 3 210
210
1. The Vice-President ...................... .......................... ............................. ........ 211
212
SECTION 4
212
1. E lection of t h e Presi den t and Vice -P resident ................................. ...... .
2. Term of office of t h e President and Vice-Pre ~ident ...................... ....... ..
3. Term of office distinguished from tenure of office; right
L(> hold office; and office... ..... .. .. ... .............. .... .. .... .. ......... .... ...... .... ......
4 . Reelection of President a nd Vice-Presi dent ............ ...... .. ... .... ..... ........ ...
5. Reasonll for proh ibition 2.gainst r e-election of Pr esident ...... .. .............
6. Canvassing of r eturns and proclamation ............. ....... ... .... . ..... .............
7. Election contest involving the position of President
or Vice-President ................. ...................... ....... .... .............. .... .............
SECTION 5
1. Oath or affirmation of the President, Vice-Pr.esident ,
or Acting President...................... ............. .... .......................... .... ........
xxiii
SECTION 6 213
1. Official r esidence and compensation of the Presid~nt 214
and Vice-President...... ... ................. ................................................. ... 215
215
SECTIONS 7-8 215
1. Classes of Presidenti al succe!!sion ......... .......... ....... ... .............. ..... .... .... .. . 216
2. When Vice-President s h all act as President .... .................. ....................
3. When Vice-President shall become Prc!:!ident ....................... ................. 216
4. Where there a re no President and Vice-President.......... .. .. .............. ....
217
SECTION9
218
1. Vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President ........................... .. ... ......... .
219
SECTION 10 220
1. Vacancy in the Offices of both the President and Vice-President....... 220
SECTION 11 221
1. Rules in case of temporary disability of the Presiden t.. .......... ..... ........ 222
222
SECTION 12 222
223
1. When public to be informed of Prt~sident's state of health................... 224
224
SECTION 13 224
225
1. Disabilities of President , Vice-President, Ml~m bc rs 225
of Cabinet. and their d eputies a nd assistants ..............·.... ..............
2. Rule on nepotis m .. ..................... ......................... ........................................
SECTION 14
1. Appoint ments extended h.v an Acting President..... ....... ............. ... ...... ..
SECTION 15
1. Appointments preceding a presidential el<:>ction . ........ ............ ............
SECTION 16
1. Meaning of appointment ... .... ... ... ... .. ............ ....... .. .... ....... ........ .. .. .. .. ......
2. Nat.t..re of power to appoint .. ....... .. .. .. ....... .. ................ ... .. .............. .. .... ... ..
3. Officials whose appointments are vested in the President..................
4. Confirm ation of appoint ments by Commission on Appointments .......
5. Appointment by other officials......... ........... ..... ...... ..................... ..........
6. Kinds of presidential appointments ........................ ........................... .....
7. Ad interim appointments ............................. .......... ............. .................... ..
8. Kinds of appointment in the career services .. .. ..... ............................... ..
9. Steps in the a ppointing process .......... ..... ............................. .. ........... .. .. ..
xxiv
10. Kinds of acceptance.......... .......................... ........ ........................................ 226
11. Meaning of designation ......................................................... ..... ... ............ 226
12. Removal power of t he President............................................................... 226
13. Extent of the President's power to remove............................................. 227
SECTION 17 227
228
l.. Power of control over all executive departments, 228
bureaus and offices ... .................. ............................ ..................... .......
229
2. Nature and extent of the power of control................... ................. ..........
3. Power to insure that the laws be faithfully executed.. .. ..................... .. 230
230
SECTION 18 230
231
1. Military power of the President ............................................................... 231
2. Powers of President as Commander-in-Chief 231
232
of the Armed Forces ............................................................................ 233
3. Authority of Congress over the armed forces........ .................................
4. Power to suspend privilege of writ of habeas corpus ............................ 234
5. Power to declare martial law ...................................................................: 234
6. Meaning of martial law ............................................................................. 234
7. Basis, object, and duration of martial law.. ............................................ 234
8. Restr ictions on the exercise of the two powers ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .... ... .. ...... 235
9. Effects of a state of martial law............................................................... 235
235
SECTION 19 235
236
1. Pardoning power ......................................................................................... 236
2. Meaning of reprieve and suspension of sentence .................................. 236
3. Meaning of commutation .. ..... ..................... ........ ...... ...... ........................... 236
4. Meaning of pardon ........................................................................... ..........
5. Object of pardoning power ..................................................... ................... 237
6. Kinds of pardon ..... ...... ..................... .......................... ................... .............
7. Limitations upon the pardoning power................................ .............. ..... 238
8. Effects of pardon.... .. ......... ..... ............................................. ..... ....... ............
9. Remission of fines and forfeitures .................................................... ....... 238
10. Meaning of amnesty............................................................... .... ................ 239
11. Effect of amnesty........................................................................... .............
12. Pardon and amnesty distinguished......................................................... 239
SECTION 20
1. Authority to contract and guarantee foreign loans ...............................
SECTION21
1. Meaning of treaty ...... ,.......................................... ....... ........ ..... ..... .............
2. Distinguished from international agreement
and ex~utive agreement ........................................ ...........................
3. Steps in treaty-making..............................................................................
SECTION22
1. Budgetary power of the President...........................................................
XXV
SECTION 23 240
1. Prerogative to address and appear before Congress............................. 241
241
ARTICLE Vlll- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 242
243
SECTION 1 243
244
1. Meaning of judicial power......................................... ........... ..................... 244
2. Scope of judicial power ................................... ... .... .... .... ... ........... .............. 245
3 . Giving of advisory opinions not a judicial function. ... ...........................
4. Judicial power vested in one Supreme Court and in lower courts...... 246
5. Organization of courts ...... .............. .... ............. ............................. ............. 247
6. Quasi-judicial agencies........ ................... ......... ...... ....................................
7. Importance of the judicia ry .................................. ....... ................. ............. 247
8. Independence of the judiciary ..................................................................
248
SECTION 2 248
249
1. Power to apportion jurisdiction of various courts 250
vested in Congress .................................................. ... ......................... 250
250
2. Jurisdiction of courts ....... ............ ........................... ....... ..................... ....... 251
251
SECTION 3
1. Fiscal autonomy ......... ... .................. .. .... ...................... ..... ... .. .............. ........ 253
SECTION 4 254
255
l. Composition of the Supreme Court.......................................................... 255
2. Sitting procedure ............................................................ ...... ...................... 256
3. Cases to be heard or decided en bane and vote required...................... 256
4. Meaning of executive agreement............................ .................................. 258
5. Classes of executi ·1e agreements ........................ ...................................... 259
6. Meaning of power of judicial review.......................... .................. ............ 259
7. Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review ....................... .......
8. Justiciable question disti n guished from political question .............. .... 260
SECTION 5
1. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over cases
affecting ambassadors, etc. ................................................................
2. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over petitions
for certiorari, etc. ....... ................. ............. ....... ..................... ...............
3. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court............. ...........
4. Assignment of judges of lower courts to other stations ..................... ...
5. Change of venue or place of trial ........ ................... ........................ ..........
6 . Rule-making power of the Supreme Court ..............:..............................
7. Limitations on the rule-making power of the Supreme Court ............
8. Substantive and procedural law/rights distinguished..........................
9. Appointment of officials and employees ..................................................
SECTIONS
1. Administrative supervision over lower courts .................. .....................
xxvi
SECTION 7 261
261
1. Qualifications for members of the Suprem~ Court 26 1
and any lower collegiate court........................................................... 262
2. Authority of Congress to alter qualifications of certain 264
constitutional officers ................. ............. ..... .. .................. ....... ........ ...
265
3. Qualifications of judges of lower courts ..... ............ .................................
4. The admini stration of justice ................................................................... 266
267
SECTIONS 8-9 267
1. Appointment of members of the Supreme Court 267
and judges of lower courts .................................................................
268
SECTION 10 269
1. Compensation of members of the judiciary ............................................ 269
269
SECTION 11
271
1. Tenure of office of members of t he judiciary .......................................... 27 1
2. Meaning of good behavior .........................................................................
3. Disciplining or dismissal of judges of lower courts ........................... .... 272
SECTION 12 273
1. Prohibition against designation to quasj-judicial
and/or administrative agencies.................................. ....... ............. ...
SECTION 13
1. Procedure in rendering decisions .................. ...........................................
2. Requirement in case of non-participation, dissent, or abstention..... .
SECTION 14
1. Meaning of decision......................... ............................................ .............. .
2. Form of decision of court ..... .................................... .................. .... ........ ....
SECTION 15
1. Maximum periods for rendition of decisions................................... .......
2. Time limitations mandatory..... ............................................ .. ..................
SECTION 16
1. Submission of annual report............................. .................. ......................
AR'l'ICLE IX- CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
SECTION 1
1. Independent constitutional bodies...........................................................
xxvii
SECTION2 274
1. Disabilities of members of Constitutional Commissions...................... 274
SECTION 3 27 4
275
1. Compensation of members of Constitutional Commissions .................
276
SECTION4
276
1. Appointment and removal of officials and employees...........................
2. Other common features............................................................................. 276
SECTION 5 27i
1. Fiscal autonomy.......................................................................................... 277
278
SECTION 6 278
278
1. Rules of procedure...................................................................................... 279
SECTION7 280
280
1. Rendition of decision and judicial review............................................... 280
281
SECTION 8 282
283
1. Additional functions under the law......................................................... 283
284
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 284
SECTION 1 285
285
1. Composition of the Civil Service Commission........................................ 286
2. Qualifications ofmembers ........................................................................
3. Appointment and terms of office ..............................................................
4. Rotational scheme of appointment ....................... ...................................
5. Reasons for creation of the Commission.................................................
SECTION2
1. Meaning of Civit Service ...........................................................................
2. Scope of the Civil Service ..........................................................................
3. Constitutional classification of positions in the Civil Service.............
4. The merit system........................................................................................
5. Non-competitive positions.........................................................................
6. Guarantee of security of tenure .................................~.............................
7. Meaning of"for cause provided by law"..................................................
8. Abolition of position ................... ................................................................
9. Prohibition against electioneering and other partisan
political campaign...............................................................................
10. Meaning of electioneering or partisan political campaign...................
11. Activities not covered.................................................................................
12. Right of government employees to self-organization ............................
xxviii
13. Right of government employees to strike ..... .......................................... 286
14. Protection oftemporttry employees.................... ......... ............................. 287
SECTION 3 287
288
1. Powers and functi on~; of the Commission ............................................... 289
2. Importance of a permanen t civil service ................................................. 289
3. Purpose of providing a civil service system. ...........................................
4. Basic requisites of a civil service system............ .......... ........... ............... 290
SECTION 4 290
1. Oath to dt!fend and support the Con:~titution ........................................ 291
SECTION 5 292
292
1. Standardization of compensation............... ..... .........................................
293
SECTION 6 293
294
1. I neligibility for appointment of defeated candidate
in an election ... .. .. ........... .. ... ...... .. ..... .................. .. ... .. ............ .. ........... 295
295
SECTION 7 296
296
1. Ineligibility for a ppointment of e lective officials ....... .......................... ..
2. P rohibition ag ain ~t hol ding more than one position 298
300
by appoin tive officials ............... ... ........ ...... ......................... ................ 301
SECTION 8 301
1. Prohibition agains t additional, double, or ind irect compensation......
2. E"c 2ptions to the prohibition ........ .. .. ........... .. ...... .... ...... .................... ... ...
3. Prohibition again,-.t acceptance of any present, etc. from
any foreign st.ate ................................. .................................................
C. T HE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
SECTION 1
1. Composition of the Commission on Elections ........................................
2. Qualifications of members ....... ................................. ..................... ...........
3. Appointment and terms of office ....... ......................... ............ ............ ......
4. P urpose of the Commission ............................... ....... .......... .. ..... ................
SECTION 2
1. Powers and functions Ofthe Commission...............................................
2. Finality of decisions ............... ........ ........ ......... ..... ................................... ...
3. Rationale of r egistration of political parties .............................. ............
SECTION 3
1. Hearing of election cases.......... ............................ .....................................
xxix
SECTION 4 302
1. Regulation of public utilities a nd media ............................. ............ ........ 303
303
SEC'flON 5 303
1. Pardon, etc., of violators of eleetion laws ............. ............. .................. ... 30:3
2. Meaning of parole ..... ..... ........................................... ..... ..... ........................ 303
3 . Meaning of suspension of se ntence............................... .. .... ........ ............. 306
SECTIONS 307
1. Meaning of pol itical party .... .. .................. .. ... .. .. .. .. .................... ........ .. .. .... 308
2. F r ee and open party system.. ..... .. .......................... ....... .... .. .. ..... ....... ........ 308
SECTION 7 308
1. Party-list. ~-;ystem ... ... ........................................................ ..........................
309
SECTION 8
310
1. Membership ()f political pnrties, etc. in registration boards, etc. ....... 310
SECTION 9 :n 0
I . Election per iod ..... .... ... .. ... ...................... ................... ..... .......... ........... .. .. .... 311
2. Campaign period .............. ................................................. .. .......................
3 12
SECTION 10 314
1. Protection against harassment and discrimination ................... ........... 315
SECTION 11
1. AutomaLic relea~;e of appropriations .......... ................ .. ...........................
D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT
SECTION 1
l. Composition of the Commiss:on on Audit...............................................
2. <tualjfications of members................... .....................................................
3 . Appointment and terms of office.................................. ............................
4. Purpose of the Commi:;sion................ ......................... .............................
SECTION 2
1. PowerH and function s of the Commission .............. ... ....... .......................
2. Concept of examination , auditing, and settlement of accounts...........
SECTION 3
1. Exemption of any government entity or its subsidiary ........................
XXX
SECTION 4 315
1. Submission of report to t h e President and Congress.... ........................
ART ICLE X - LOCAL GOVERNMENT 3 17
317
GENERAL PROVISIONS 318
SECTION 1 3 18
1. Mea ni n g of local governm ~nt....... . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . ......... ... .... .. . .. ... . .. ..... . .... ....... . 3 19
2. Import a nce oflocal governments ....................... .......................... ............ 3 19
3. Territorial and political s u bdivisions of the Philippines.. .... .. ........ ..... . 319
4. Dual status of local governm ents........ ........ .. ............... .. ..........................
321
SECTION 2 321
1. Mean ing of!,Jca l a u tonomy ............... ................................................ ........ 322
2. Meaning of decentralization ............. ..... ..... ......... ..................................... 322
3 . Reasons for grant in g local autonomy ........ .. ... ......... ... ........ ......... .... ....... ..
32:3
SECTION 3
324
1. Enactme nt oflocal government code ........ ... ... ..... .. .. ...... .. ... ........ .... .........
2. Mechan isms of r ecall , initiative, and referen dum..... ................... ......... 324
SECTION 4 3 2o
1. S u pervi sor y power of P r esident over local governments ...................... 326
2. Supervisory power with r espect to component unit " ....... .................. ...
SECTION 5
1. Taxin g power of local government s con stitution ally gra n ted ........ ..... .
SECTION 6
l. Automatic release of share of nation a l taxes ....................................... ..
SECTION 7
J . Share in proceeds of utilization and development
of n ational wea lth .... .... .... ..... ... .... ......... .. ... .... ........ ... ..... .... .. ........... .. ..
SECTION 8
l. Term of office of e lecti~c local offic:als ... .. ..... ... .. ....... ........ ... ... ........... .....
SECTION 9
1. S ectora l representation in local leg isla tive bodies .. .. .. .. ................... .....
xxxi
SECTION 10 326
1. Creation, division, merger, etc. of any local unit ................................... 327
328
SECTION 11 328
1. Creation of special metropolitan political subdivisions............. .. ......... 329
SECTION 12 330
1. Component cities and highly urbanized cities ....................................... 330
SECTION 13 331
1. Grouping of local government units ............... .... .................. ............ .... ... 331
SECTION 14 332
1. Regional development councils or other similar bodies........................ 333
333
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS 334
SECTION 15
1. Creation of autonomou~ regions ... ............................................................
2. Composition and condition for creation of autonomous regions .... ......
SECTION 16
1. General supef"\isory power of the President over
auton o m ou~ regions .... .......... ........... ..... ... .. .. .... ... .... ... ... ... ..... ..... ...... .. .
SECTION 17
1. Residual powers vested in the National Government................. ... .......
SECTION 18
1. Enactmen t and ratification of an organic act for each
autonomous region .... ............. .... .... .... .......... ................. ............. .........
SECTION 19
1. Time frame for the passage of organic act~ .. ... ........ ..... .................. ......
SECTION 20
1. Legislative powers of autonomous regions .. .... .......:........... ....................
SECTION 21
1. Preservation of peace and order within the regions ......... .. ...... ............
xxxii
ARTICLE XI -ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
SECTION 1
1. Meaning of public office and public officer............................................. 335
2. Nature of public office ............................................................................... 335
3. Meaning of officer and employee.............................................................. 336
4 . Public oftice, a public trust................................ .... ................................... 336
5. Accountability to the people ......... .. .. .................. ..................... ........ ......... 337
6. Importance of maintaining public trust in public officers ............. ...... 338
SECTION2
1. Meani ng and nature of impeachme nt................. .......................... ......... .. 339
2. Purpose of impeachment ................. .................. .... .................... ................ 339
3. Officials removable by impeachment....................................................... 339
4. Removal of other officials................................................................ .......... 340
5. Grounds for impeachment......................................................................... 340
SECTION 3
1. Power to initiate and try impeachment vested in Congress .... .. ........ .. 342
2. P rocedure in impeachment cases............................................................. 343
3. Penalty in impeachment cases ........................................................ ......... 343
4. Effect of resignation....................... ......................... .......... ......................... 344
5. Rules on impeachment...... ......................... ........... ....................... .............. 344
SECTION 4
L The anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan ............................... 344
SECTIONS 5-11
1. Office of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan ........................ 346
2. Rationale for creation of the two bodies.................................................. 347
SECTIONS 12-13
1. Powers, functions, and duties of the Ombudsman.................... ............ 349
SECTION 14
L Fiscal autonomy............ .. ................. ..................... ... .......... ............. ............. 351
SECTION 15
1. Right of the State to recover ill-gotten wealth....................................... 351
SECTION 16
1. Prohibition against grant ofloan , guaranty or other form 352
of financial accommodation ........................ .............................. .........
xai ii
SECTION 17 352
1. Declaration of assets, liabilities and net worth ...... ............................... 353
SECTION 18
1. Duty of allegiance to the State and the Constitution ...........................
ARTICLE XII- NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
SECTION 1
1. Concept of national economy and patrimony ........... ................. ............. 354
2. Three-fold goals of the national economy ..................... .......................... 355
3. Strategies to accomplish goals ...:....... ................... .... .... .............. ............. 356
4. Guidelines in the development of the national economy ...................... 356
5. Promotion of industrialization and full employment............................ 357
6. Protection of Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign
359
competjtion and trade practices........................................................
SECTION2
1. State ownership of natural resources...................................................... 361
2. Objectives of policy on natura] resources ............................................... 362
3. Alienation of agricultural lands of the public domain ...... .................... 362
4. Exploration, development and utilization of natural resou:rc2s .......... 363
5. Period of agreement for exploration, etc., of natural resources .......... 363
6. Agreement for exploration, etc., of natural resources
364
limited to Filipinos.............................................................................. 364
7. Protection of marine wealth ................................ ............ .. .......... .. .... .......
8. Small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipinos 365
to be allowed ....................................................... ..... ..... ....................... 365
9. Technical or financial assistance agreements
with foreign-owned corporations.......................................................
SECTION 3
1. Classification of lands of the public domain........................................... 366
2. Basis and 1·ationale of classification........................................................ 367
3. Determination of size of landholdings and conditions
367
therefor ... .................................. ........ .... ..... ..... ...................................... 367
4. Maximum size of landholdings................................................................. 368
5. Grant, now a mode for the aequisition of public lands .........................
SECTION 4
1. Congress to determine specific limits of forest lands 370
and national parks..............................................................................
SECTION5
1. Protection of rights of indigenous cultural 371
communities to their ancestral lands...............................................
x.xxiv
SECTION"S 372
373
1. Use of property bears a social function...................................................
2. Right to own, Cl:ltablish and operate economic enterprises................. . 374
374
SE CT10N7 3 75
1. Acquisition of pri vate lands.............. ...................... .................................. 375
2. Proh ibition aga inst alien landholding...................... .... .. .........................
3. Consequence of violation of prohibition... ............................. ..................
SECTION 8
1. Right of natural-born citizens who have lost their
citizenship to acquire private lands ......... ........ ............... ....... ........ .
SECTION9 377
1. Independe nt t.1conomic and planning agency headed 379
by the President. t.o be established ...................... .. .................. ..... .... . 379
SECTION 10 380
380
1. Filipinization of ce-rtai n areas of in vestmen ts ..... ............................ .....
2. Higher percentage of Filipino ownership.................. . ................ ............ 382
S. Existing laws limiting certain activities to Filipi n<• 382
383
citizens or corporations ..... .... .......... ............. .... ................................. . 383
4 . Regula t ion of foreign inve stm ent~ .. ........ ...... ..... . .. .. ... ... .... ....... ...... ...... ... . 383
384
SECTION 11
1. Meaning of franchise.. .................... ..... .................... .................. .... .............
2. Meaning of-public utility.. .......................................... .................. .... .........
3. Limitations upon grant of fra nchise, etc. ......... .... ........................... .......
4. Purpose oflimiti ng period of franc hise.......... ....... .... ... ....... ................... .
5. Equity participation in public utilities ........... ... ..... .. ........................ ......
6 . Foreign par ticipation in any public utility.. .. ........ .. .. .. .. ............ .. ........ ...
SECTION 12 384
l. Adoption of ''Filipino First" p olicy .. .... .....................................................
SECTION 13 385
l. P romotion of trade policy that serves t he general welfa re .................. 387
387
SECTION 14 388
389
1. Promotion of national talent pool of Filipinos ............ ...........................
2. Encouragem ent. of appropri ate technology .......... .................. ...... ...........
3. Regu lation of technology trans fer .... .. .. ................................ ....... ...... ...... .
4 . Practice of all professions limited t o F ilipino!' .................. ...... .... ........ .. .
XXXV
SI<~CTION 15 389
1. Agency to promot.e viability and growth of cooperatives 390
to he c!'eat.ed ......................................................................................... 391
SECTION J6 392
1. Formaliun. orgllnization. and regulation of corporations.................... 392
2. Creation of government-owned or -controlled corp0l'at1ons .................
393
SECTION 17 393
393
1. Temporary take-over or- direction of private busim!;;S S93
by the government .............................................................................. 394
394
SECTION 18
395
1. Go\•ernment ownership of husine!'is ............................ .... .. ....................
396
SECTION 19
396
1. Meaning of monopoly................................................................................
2. Regulatiun or prohibition of private monopolies ...................................
3. Meaning of restraint of trade...................................................................
4. Meaning of competition .............................................................................
5. Meaning of unfair competition.................................................................
6. Comhination!'i in test.r-aint. uf trade and unfair
compP.tition prohibited .......................................................................
SECTION 20
1. Central monetary authority to be established.......................................
SECTION21
1. Rules with respect to foreign loam;..........................................................
SECTION22
1. Act:; which circumvent or negate Articl(> XII .........................................
ARTICLE XIII- SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
SECTIONS 1-2
1. Concept of social justice............................................................................ 397
2. Duty of State to prc,motc social justice ..................,................................ 397
3. Beneficiary of social justice policy ........................................................... 398
4. Social justice and property rights............................................................ 399
5. Social jui<t.ice neither social/economic nor legal/political equality...... 400
6. Social justice through rc~;'lllation of property
400
and dif'fu;;ion of wealth.......................................................................
7. Social justice through promotion of equality 401
of opportunity ......................................................................................
xxxvi
8 . Constitut ional provisions on social j ustice .... .............. .............. .. ........... 401
LABOR 403
404
SECTION 3 405
407
1. Prot ect ion to labor................................ ... ............................... .................... 407
2. Promot.ion of full employment and equal work opportunities ............. 408
3. Rights of workers....... ....... ... ....... ...................................... ..... ... ..................
4. Principle of shared respon s ibility .................................... .......... .. ... .........
;). Methods for resolving labor di~p utes ... .............. .......... ........ .. ... ... .. .........
6. Roci procal rights of labor and en terprises............ ..... ..... .... ... .. ............ ...
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM 409
SECTION 4 411
1. Undertaking an agrar ian r eform pr ogram ............................................. 41 2
SECTION 5 412
413
1. P lanning, organi1.ation, and management of the program......... .......... 41 3
SECTION 6
1. Dis pos ition of othe r natural r esources an d of pu blic
a gr icultural es tate::> ........................................................... ..................
2. Resettlement of landless fa rme rs and farmworkt~rs ..... .. ......................
SECTION 7
1. Rights of subsistence fish e r me n and fishworkerf-! ..... ... ...... .. ..... ...........
SECTION 8
1. Inves t ment incen tives to landowners........... .. ........ ....... .. .. ... .... .. .. ........ ...
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING 414
SECTION 9 416
417
1. Undertakir..g a continuing urban land reform
a nd housing program ........... ......................................... ... .......... .........
SECTION 10
1. Ej ectm~nt and rese t tle ment of ur ban 0 1· rural
poor dwellers.. ........ ................... ........ ........ .. ...... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ...... ....
HEALTH
SECTIONS 11·13
J. Protection and promotion of the right to hE>alth ..... .... ...........................
xxxvii
WOMEN 420
SECTION 14 421
422
1. Protection of working women ....................... ............................................
422
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATIONS 423
SECTIONS 15-16
425
1. Role and righto of people's organizations...... ........ ..... ... .. ...... ...... ...........
2. Obligatlons impo:;ed on the State ............... ......... ............ ............ ............
HUMAN RIGHTS
SECTION 17
1. The Commission on Human Rights ................................ . .
2. Reasons for creation nf t.he Commissinn ........... ............
SECTIONS 18-19
1. Powers and functions of th(~ Commi;;sion ....... ........ .. .. ......... .............. .....
ARTICLE XIV- EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS
EDUCATION 427
427
SECTION 1 428
1. Concept of education............................................ ..... ... ........... .. ................ 42R
2. Ways for acquiring ed ucation ................ ........................... .......................
3. Goals in giving priority t-o (~duca tion, etc. .......... ................ .................... 429
4. Right of all citizen~; to quality education ...... ....... ...... ..... .......................
5. Duty of the State to protect and promote right
to quality educat.i1m .................. ............................. .... .. ...... ...........
SECTION 2
l. Complete, adequate, Hnd integrated system of educat.ion 430
to be established, maintained, and supported ................. ...............
431
2. System of education t o be relevant to the needs
of the people and society .................................. .... ............................. 440
440
3. System of a free publ ic education to be estabiished 441
and maintained... .. .. ... ................... ......... ............ ..... ............................. 441
4. Compulsory elementary education for all child,·en of schoo l age........ 442
5 . Natural right and duty of parcnLli to rear their ch ildren............ ....... ..
442
6. Righ t oft.he State to a ::;~1fficiently educated citizenry.. .. ........ .. ...........
·!45
7. System of scholan;h ip grants, e tc., t.o be estab lish ed
and maintained .......................... ..................... .... ...... .... ........ ...............
8. Non-formal, informal, and indigcnom; learning
;;ysterr.s. etc. , to he encouraged ............................. ........ .......... ..........
9. Training in civie:;, vocational cfficiem:y and other
skills to be provided....................................... ..... ... .................. ...........
xxxviii
SECTION 3 446
446
1. Study of Constitution to be part of school curricula ............................. 447
2. Educational a ims of schools...................................................................... 448
3. Importance of values education... .... ........ ...................... ......................... ..
-l. Role of other sectors in the educa tion of the youth........ .... ....... ...... ...... 449
5. Optional religious instruction in pub lic elementary
450
and h igh schools to be a ll owed ........ .. .......... .. ..... ..... .... .. ......... .. ......... 451
SECTION 4 452
1. Complementa ry roles of public and private educational 453
institutions recognized ..... ..... ... ........ ...... ....... ..... .... .................. .......... 453
2 . State power over educational in~ titutions........ .... .. .. ... .. ....................... .. 455
3. Ownership, co ntrol and administra tion of education al 456
456
ins tit u t ions by Fi lipino t-'itizcns ..... .... ......... .. .. ... ........... ........... ......... 157
4. Educational instit u t ions est abli shed exclusively 45 7
for aliens pr ohibited......... ....................................... ............................ 458
5. Exemption from taxes and duties .................... ........................................ 458
460
SECTION 5
461
1. Regioual and sectoral needs a nd conditions to b«:> taken 461
into account ....................... ............. ............. ........ ..... .......... ................. .
462
2. Institutions of hi gher !earning t o enjoy academic freedom ................. 462
3 . 'Meaning of academic freedom ... .... ....................... ... ..... ......... ................. .. 462
4 . Importance of g uarantee of aca demic freedom ...................................... 463
5. Guarantee not a cademic licens e .... ....................... ....... .. ............. .............. 464
6. Right of every citizen to select a profession or cou n;~
464
of study ...... ... ... .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .... .... .. ... .... .. .. ....
7. Right of teachers t o profession a l a dva ncement ...... ... .. .... .. .. ... ............... 465
8. Righ t of non-tea ching academic a n d non-academic per sonnel ........... . 465
9. State to assign the h ighest budget a ry priority 466
467
to education................. .......... .................. ... ......................................... .
10. Duty of State to improve lot of t eachers .... ....... .................. ............. .... ..
LANGUAGE
SECTION 6
1. Concept of lan guage ..............:......... ..... .... ............................... ................. ..
2. Importance of la nguage ............................... ..... .......................... ........ .... ..
3. National language is Filipino .. ..... .............................. .... ........................ ..
4. Pilipino not immediately abrogated ...... ............ ..... .... ..... .............. ....... ...
5 . Need for a oHtionallanguage .. ..................... ... ........ ..... .... .... .................. .. .
6. Use of Filipino as a medium of offici al communica tion
and langu age of instruction .... ............................... ............................
SECTION 7
l. Official languages ofthe Philippines ...................... ................................
2. Need for communication skills in E nglish...... ...... .. ............................... .
3. Auxiliary offi cia l languages.. .. ... ......... ................ .. .... .. ..... .... .. .............. .. ...
4. Difference bet ween officia l la ng uage and national lan guage ...... ...... ..
x.xxix
SECTION 8 467
467
1. Constitution oflicially promulgated in Filipino and English...... ........ .
2. Translation and interpretation ............................... ..... .... .... .................... 46R
SECTION 9
1. National language commi ~?s ion to be establi::;ht~d ..................................
SCIENCE &'lD TECHNOLOGY
SECTIONS 10-13
1. Concept of science and technology ... ....................................................... . 469
2. Science and technology essen tial for national
development and progress .................. . ................ ......................... .... 469
3. Promotion of science and t echnology................. ...................................... 4 71
4. Science and technology education and training ............ ................. ........ 472
5. Right to inventions, etc ., to be secured...................... ............. .......... ...... 473
'•,,,',,,
ARTS AND CULTURE \.
\\
SECTION 14
1. Conceptofart sand culture... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..................... .. ...... .. .... .................. 474
2 . Importance of culture ................................................................................ 4 74
3. Promotion of cultu re .... .......... .... .... .................. .... ...................................... 475
4. Preservation, enrichmen t, and dynamic evolution
476
of a Filipino national culture........ .. .................................. .................
SECTIONS 15-16 478
1. Cultural trea::;ures ofthe nation .............................. .. .. .......... .................. 479
480
SECTION 17
1. Rights of indigenous cult ural communities.......... .......................... .......
SECTION 18
1. Equal access to cultural opportunities....................................................
SPORTS 480
SECTION 19 48 0
1. Concept of sports .......................... ................ .................... ......... ............... .. 482
2. Promotion of s port;, ...... ............................ ....... .........:...... .. .. .............. .........
ARTICLE XV -THE FAMILY
SECTION 1
l. Concept of family ...... ................................................. ......... ........................
xl
Importance of the family to the State ..................................................... 482
The Filipino family, the fonr.clation of the nation .................................
~- Sphere of law on fan1ily ............................................................................. 483
SECTION 2 484
1. Concept of marri<tgf' ................................................................................... 484
2. Marriagt\ an inviolahle social institution .............................................. 484
SECTION 3 485
1. Duty of State to defend family right;;...................................................... 487
Sl<~CTION 4 489
491
1. Duty to ca!'e for eldel'ly members.............................................................
492
ARTICLE XVI -· GENERAL PROVISIONS 494
SECTION 1 494
495
1. The Philippine Flag................................................................................... 495
2. Exemption from flag een•mony on religious grounds............................ 496
SECTION 2 496
497
1. Adoption or a new name forth(~ country, a national
anthem, or a naLional f'C~al ............. ........................... .. ...................... 498
2. Playing or singing of the 1\ational Anthem............................................ 499
SECTION 3 501
1. Pri neiple of mnH;u abih ty of the State ... ... .. .. .... .... .... .... ............. .... .... ....
2. Bases of the principle;;;...............................................................................
:i. When suits against the State pf~rmi~siblf ..............................................
1. Waiver of immunity 110t admi!,:sion of liability......................................
SECTION 4
1. Armed Forces of lh~~ Phi hppinc;; to include a citi£en
arn1cd force...........................................................................................
2. The citi.,en ar·my {~onccpt.................................. ........................................
SECTION 5
1. Rules applicable tc the armt>d forcef<.......................................................
SECTION 6
l. One national and civilian police force~.................... .. ...............................
SECTION 7
l. Assistance to veterans. their widow;; <tnd orphans...............................
xli
SECTION 8 501
1. Review of pensions anrl other b<mefits du e to ret.in!eS ............ ......... .... 501
SECTION 9 502
1. Protection of cons umers .... ..... .. ............ .. .... ... ...... .... ... ..... .. ........ .. .... .... ..... 504
SECTION 10 ,.... .-
1. Filipino capability in comm~m ica tion ancl informati on ..... .. .... ....... ...... i'i05
fi05
SECTION 11
506
1. Ownership and management. of mm;s mNlia
by Filipino citi <,cns ... ...... .. .... ............. ... .. .. ...... .. ........ ... .. .... ..... .. .. .. ...... 506
2 . Regulation or prohib ition of mon opoli£•S in cc,mmtrcia l
mass media ........ ........ ............. ....... ..... ... .......... ... .... .................. ...... ......
3. Regulation of the a dve rtising indu.:.;t;·_v .. ............... .. ... ....... .............. .... ..
4. Ownership and munagement of a clverti:;ing ind w'tt'}' .. ....... ........ ...... ..
SF.CTION 12
1. Creation of consu ltative body ror indigcnou;; cultllra l
communities. .... .............. .... .. .. ......... ... .... ....... .. .... ....... ... ........ ... ..... ... ....
ARTICLE XVII- A..~ENDMENTS OR REVISIONS 508
508
SI!:CTION 1 509
1. Amendment and r evision distin g u ished ... .... .... ........ .. ... ...... .................. :309
2. Importance of the a mending proeedurP .... ......................... .. .. ...............
3. Methods hy which a mendments or revi.:;ion 510
511
may be propos ed .......... .... ... ........ ..... ..... ....... ....... .... .... ...... ... .. .. .. ........ .. 511
SECTION 2 512
L Amendments propo!:!ed by the people th rough in itiative.............. ........ 5 13
SECTION 3
1. Methods by which a constitutional con v(~ 1Hio·1 n; ,;y be callf>d .
2. Meaning of constitutional con vent ion .. .. .... ... .. ... . ... ...... ..... .. ... .. ... ..... .....
3. Cons titution drafted by an appointive Con .:;titutionnl
Commission... .................. .................... .... ... .... ... .... .. ... .. ... ... ... ...... ..... .
SECTION 4
1. Rati5 ca t.ion by the people ...... ............... ..... .. ..... ....... ..... ..... .... ............. .....
ARTICLE XVIII - TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
l. Meaning and purpo~e of t ransitory pr ovision s ....... ........ ........ ..... ... ..... ..
xlii
SJ<-:CTIO!"'J 1 513
514
1, Fir:;t el{•ction under the Con,titut.ion ............, ....................................... 514
515
S.J<:CTION 2 515
1. Term of office of .Senator~, Hevrt:·sentatives, and locul 517
of'l'iciais first ele('tcd ............................ ,............................................... 517
SECTlON 3
1. All exist.\ng law!', ete.. remain valid until amended,
l"t~pealed or revoked.............................................................................
SECTION 4
L Renewal vr extension of exi~ting treaties or international
agreen1cntil ......... ..................................................................................
SECTiON 5
L Six-year term for incumbeilt President. and Vice-President
extended......................................... ................................................... ....
SECTION 6
1. Transitory legislative power of President...............................................
SECTION 7
1. Appointment of nominee::; to sectoral seats ...........................................
SECTION 8 517
1. Metropolitan Authority may be eon:-:tituh:d ........................................... 518
SECTION 9
J. Sub-provinces to continue to exi~t Hnd operate.....................................
SECTION 10 518
1. Existing courts to <:ontinur. .......................................................................
SECTION ll 519
1. ln(;umbent members of the judicil.lry to continue in office...................
SECTION 12 519
1. Adoption of a sy~;tematic p!an to expedite re~olution
of pending cases in coLtrts ..................................................................
xliii
SECTION 13
1. Lega l effect of lap;;c uf maxim\HO period Cor l'CIHlering 519
j u d icial decision .......... ..... .... ................ ... ... ....... ....... ....... ....... .. ........
SECTION 14
1. Wl1erc applicable period for rendition of judicial deci:;ion 5:l0
lapsel! after ratificat-i on of C(tnstitution ...... .. ... ...... ... .................. ..
SECTION 15
l. Incumbent members of the Constitutional Commi;;::~ions 520
to continue in office..................... ........................ .... ... .... ........ .... .......
!
SECTION 16 ,/
. ~·/ /
1. R ight. of separated civil ~;crvir.e employnt!~ ttnd career (Jfficc!'s ... ........ 521
SECTION 17 521
l. An nual sa larie~ of con stit.ut.ional officers.. .... ............ ...... ............... ..... ... 51:2
;)22
S ECTION HI 522
1. Incr ease of salary scales of olht!r offi cials an d employee:< ............ .......
SECTlON 19
l . Disposition of p roperties, rec:tlt'd::< . et<:. .......................... .... ......................
SECTIO~ 20
1. Full im plementation of free puhlic seconda 1·y educai.ion ........... .. .. ......
SECTION 21 523
1. Reversion to State of illegally ucq Llin~d p11b!ic lands
and rea_l rights cunnected t.hc1·cwith .. .. ........ ... ....... ..... ............. ........
SJ-.;CTlON 22 523
1. Expropriation of idh! or aba ndotH1d la nds ... ...... ............... ..... .......... ...... .
SECTION 23 524
524
1. Compliance hy adYertising compa nies with min im um
Filipino ownership requirement .............. ... .............. .... ............ .... ....
S:f~CTION 24
l. Private armies and other armed groups t.o be d isman tled ...... .. .. ..... ....
Jtl!v
SECTION25 525
1. Requirements for allowing foreign military base!!
526
in the Philippines............. ...... .............................. ...............................
SECTION 26 527
528
1. Sequestered or frozen properties .................................. ..... ......................
SEC1'ION 27
L Effectivity of the ne"v Constitution....................................................... ...
ORDINANCE.......................................... .............................................................
- oOo-
xlv
INTRODUCTION
A. THE STUDY OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE
Meaning of political science.
Reduced to its simplest terms, political science is the systematic study
of the stat~:!! and government. The word "political" is derived from the
Greek word polis, meaning a city, or what today would be the equivalent of
sovereign state; the word "science" comes from the Latin word :~eire, "to
know."
c1) The scienc(~ of politics. therefore, has, as its formal object, a basic
knowledge and understanding of the state and of the principles and ideals
which underlie 1t::; organization and activities .
. (2} It is primarily com:erned with the association of human beings into
a "body politic," or a politl<:al community (one o1·ganized under government
and law}.
(3) As such, 1t deals with those relatiom> among men and groups which
are subject to control by the state, with the relations of men and groups to
the state itself, and with the 1·elations of the state to other states.2
Scope of political science.
Political science is a very <:omprehen~ive field. Its curriculum is almost
certain to include courses in political theory, public law, and public admin-
istration as well as in various monl specialized subjects.:i
d) Political theory. --- The entire body •)f doctrines relating to the
!Tht! word ''state" should not be wnfu;;ed with t.he states such as tho::;e which comprise
the Unitc,d States. As used above, the term is equivalent to "nation" or "country," for
E-!Xcllnple. lhc United States, Gr~at Britain, Philippines, Japan, etc. which are state!i in the
polit.it:al scientist's sense. tRode:;;, Ander!i>on, and Christo!, Introduction to Political Science,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1967 ed.. p. 4.)
2Schmandt and Steinbirker..t'andamentllls of Government, The Bruce Publishing Co.,
1954 ed., pp. 17-18.
"Such as local ~ovcrnmcnt, political p.:rties, elections, public opinion, public finance,
government. and business, comparative political institutions, international relation!> includ-
ing diplomucy (or international politicb} and intern~tional organizations.
1
2 TEXTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
origin , form , behavior , and purposes of t h e s ta te are dealt with in the stu dy
of polit ical theory.
(2) Public law. - ·· The (aj orga nization of governments, (b) the limita-
tions upon gover nmen t authority, (c) the power s a nd dutie~ of governmen-
tal offices a nd officers, and (d) th e obligation s of one state to another ar c
handled in the study of public la w. In contradistinction to the rules of
private law, which govern the rel~tions among individuals, public law is so
specialized that separate courses are offered in each of its subdivisions -
constitutional la.w (a , b ), admin istrative law (c ), a nd international law (d ).
(3) Public administration. - In the study of public administration,
attention is focused upon the methods and techniques used in the actua l
management of st a te a ffa irs by executive, legislative, a nd j udicial branches
of governmen t. As t he compleY.ity of government activities grows, the
traditional distinctions a mong t h e powers of these br a nches become even
less clear-cut.4 Today, le gislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater
dis cr etion to executive officers r esponsible for t he conduct of gover nment
poli cies and powers. Thus , we fin d many a dministr ative agencies exercis -
ing quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial power s , i.e., powers which a re legis-
lative (see Ar t . VI, Sec. 1.) and judicial (se~ Art. VIII, Sec. 1.) in na ture.
Administr ative law, a lr eady r efe rred to , nlso fall~~:~vithffi..-~ scope of
any broad study of public a dminist r ation.s "-
Interrelationship with other branches
of learning.
No precise a nd definitive bouudal"ies can be placed a round a subject as
comprehensive a s poli tical science . lt shares many points of common inter -
est with ot her s ocial disciplines.
(1 ) H istory. -The bond between the political scientist and the histo-
rian is obvious in the observation t hat "history is past politics and politics
present history .'' 'fh.e political sci entist fr eq uently a d opts a "his tori cftl
approach" and employs knowledge of the past when h e s eek s t o interpret
present and probable developments in politica l phenomena.
(2) Economics. - - U ntil late in the 19th century, political science and
economics (the study of t he production, distribution, a nd conserva tion, an d
consum ption of wealthj were coupled under the name of politica l economy.
Today, these fields are j ointly concerned with the fact that economic condi-
tions affect the organization, deve lopment, and activities of states, which in
turn modify or even pr escribe economic conditions. The political scientis t
regularly adopts an "economic approach" when seeking to inter pret such
matter s as "public fin ancial policies'' and government r egulation of business.
'See Jacobsen an d Lipma n , Polit ica l Science, Barnes a nd Noble College Outli ne Seri c~.
1965 ed., pp. 2·3.
-'•See Rodee, Anderson. a nd Christ.ol, not~ J, op. c:it.• pp. 14-15.
I N'rROOUCT!ON 3
A. The Study of Political Science
@ Geography. - Geopolitics (a science concerned with the study of the
influences of physical factors such as population pressures, sources of raw
materials, geography, etc., upon domestic and foreign politics) indicates
one approach which a political scientist frequen t ly must adopt to help
explain such phenomena as the early growth of democracy in Great Britain
and the United States and its retarded growth in certain Continental
Europe, and the rise of authoritarian governments in developing countries.
(4) Sociology and anthropology. - The political scientist, the sociolo-
gist (who specializes in the study of "sudety as a whole"), and the anthro-
pologist (who studies ''mankind'' in relation to physical, social, and cultural
development) are all deeply concerned with the origins and nature of social
control and governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race
and culture upon society, and with the patterns ofcollective human behavior.
(5) Psychology. - The political scientist as well as the psych9logist
promote:.; studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the
political behavior of individuals and groups. One of the many topics which
the political scientist handles from a "psychological approach" is that of
public opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
(6) Philosophy. - 1'he concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle and
Locke (and other universal thinkers about the state) are important to the
specialist in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist. These
concepts arc the underlying forces in the framing of constitutions and laws.
The political scienti st considers the branch of philo~:;ophy called ethics, too,
when he contempl ates the moral background of proposed changes in soc.-ial
legislation.
(7) Statistlcs and logic. -The political theorist must possess a broad
scientific background and a knowlf!dge of current political problems, and
he must employ scientific methods in gathering and evaluating data and in
drawing conclusions. These invo~ve a proper application of statistical pro-
cedures for the quantitative measurement of social phenomena and of
logical procedures for the analysis of reasoning.'~
(8) Jurisprudence. --This branch of public la.\v is concemed wit.h the
analysis of existing legal systems and also with the ethical, historical,
sociological, and psychological foundations oflaw."'A comprehension of the
nature of law (whether the ''natural law" or the ''divine law") a nd of
statutes enacted by legislatures is indispensable to the political theorist.~
Law and state are inseparable . A:'tf:...states proclaim laws, effective
within their jurisdictions, and enforce them through a system of penalties
or sanctions. To maintain a fu11 understanding of the facts of politka l life,
6Sce Jacobsen and Lipman, note 4, op. cit., pp. ~~- 5.
7Rodee, Anderson, an d Christo!, not e 1, up. cit ., p. 14.
6See Jacobs en and Lipman, note 4. op. ci t. ., p. 4.
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