2023
PRONUNCIATION 1 Department of Foreign Language Pakse Teacher Training College Rewritten: Ms. Khamwen Sitthirath Editor: Ms. Sivilay Phommachanh Ms. Manomay Saysopha 2023
Introduction The pronunciation 1 is the English course for English students who will be English teachers in their hometown in the future. Students will learn how to make sounds especially the sounds of vowels which is the core in syllable of English. In this book contain of 2 sections with 16 units that 14 units talk about pure vowel sounds such as /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/, /ə/ /i:/, /ɑ:/,/ɔ:/,/ɜ:/, /u:/ and 2 units will present the diphthong /eɪ/ and /aɪ/ and also conclude some exercises to practise after their learning units. However, the book is produced under the time pressure, therefore, some errors coud not be avoided. The writer highly appreciates all comments and suggestion from textbook users and those are considered as a great contribution to the quality assurance of the book as well as to the development of the Lao National Education. I would like to take this opportunity to express its sincere thanks to all controbution.
CONTENTS Part 1 pure vowels or Monophthongs.............................................................................. 16 Unit 1 /i:/.............................................................................................................................. 21 Sheep ................................................................................................................................... 21 Unit 2 /i/............................................................................................................................... 32 Ship...................................................................................................................................... 32 Unit 3 /e/.............................................................................................................................. 43 Pen ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Unit 4 / æ / ........................................................................................................................... 54 Man...................................................................................................................................... 54 Unit 5 /˄/.............................................................................................................................. 63 Cup ...................................................................................................................................... 63 Unit 6 /a:/............................................................................................................................. 73 Heart .................................................................................................................................... 73 Unit 7 ................................................................................................................................... 82 Review................................................................................................................................. 82 Unit 8 / ɒ/............................................................................................................................. 88 Clock.................................................................................................................................... 88 Unit 9 /ɔː/............................................................................................................................. 97 Ball ...................................................................................................................................... 97 Unit 10 /ʊ/.......................................................................................................................... 107 Book .................................................................................................................................. 107 Unit 11/ uː/......................................................................................................................... 114 Boot ................................................................................................................................... 114 Unit 12 /ɜː/......................................................................................................................... 124 Girl..................................................................................................................................... 124 Unit 13 /ə/.......................................................................................................................... 132 Camera............................................................................................................................... 132 Unit 14 ............................................................................................................................... 139 Review............................................................................................................................... 139 Part 2 English Diphthongs................................................................................................. 144 Unit 15 /eɪ/......................................................................................................................... 150 Male................................................................................................................................... 150 Unit 16 /ai/......................................................................................................................... 160 Fine .................................................................................................................................... 160
REVIEW unit .................................................................................................................... 167 References ......................................................................................................................... 171 course outline..................................................................................................................... 172 Exercises............................................................................................................................ 174
1 Introduction to pronunciation What is pronunciation? "Pronunciation" refers to the way in which we make the sound of words. To pronounce words, we push air from our lungs up through our throat and vocal chords, through our mouth, past our tongue and out between our teeth and lips. (Sometimes air also travels through our nose.) To change the sound that we are making, we mainly use the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips to control the shape of our mouth and the flow of air. If we can control the shape of our mouth and the flow of air correctly, then our pronunciation is clearer and other people understand us more easily. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation. When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practising the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation improves. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including: word stress - emphasis on certain syllables in a word sentence stress - emphasis on certain words in a sentence linking - joining certain words together intonation - the rise and fall of our voice as we speak
2 Why do students need to learn English pronunciation? English is one of the most spoken languages around the world. It is also in high demand as a second language; this is not only for informal but also for formal use. Taking this into consideration, you could be speaking to someone halfway around the world and in your second language. As you can imagine, if everyone has their own way of pronouncing different words, it could lead to some serious miscommunication. There are numerous reasons to perfect your pronunciation. Here are a select few: It can help you with your reading, writing and general communication. It can make you feel more comfortable when holding a conversation and increase your confidence while speaking. How many letters of the alphabet are there in English? The English alphabet consists of 26 letters. Each letter has an uppercase "capital letter" and a lowercase "small letter" form. Five of the letters in the English Alphabet are vowels: A, E, I, O, U. The remaining 21 letters are consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The English Phonetics
3 What are Vowels? In phonetic terms, "vowels" are defined as the speech sound in the production of which there is, in the pharynx and the mouth, no obstruction or narrowing of a degree that would cause audible friction. Three major factors in the production of vowels are the openness or height of the mouth, the position of the words like: Seen - /siːn/ Cut - /kʌt/ Sit - /sɪt/ Vowels are letters that represent speech sounds where air leaves the mouth without any blockage by the tongue, lips, or throat. The vowels in the alphabet are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. Even though they’re only a few letters, vowels are important in spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. Every vowel sound is made by shaping the mouth in a specific way without blocking the airflow. You can create unique sounds by placing your tongue in various different positions (front, central, or back) and at various heights (high, mid, or low). You can also change the shape of your lips (rounded, neutral, or spread). Vowels play a major role in both spelling and grammar. They also have a direct impact on how consonants are used, such as spelling words with double consonants. Consider the difference between hop and hope—which, as present participles, become hopping and hoping. The presence of the silent e at the end changes the rules for how to conjugate certain words.
4 Why vowel sound? The vowel sound is the core of every word in English. There is no word without the vowel sound though we have words without the consonant sound like the indefinite article ‘a’. The vowel is central to the production of any word in English. In syllable, the vowel is the core. The obligatory part of the syllable. Syllables are what make up words in English and each syllable must have the obligatory part which is the vowel. A vowel sound is made by shaping air as it leaves the mouth. We use the articulators to shape the air - lips, jaw, tongue. GB English uses 12 positions of the mouth. So, we could say that, the vowels are very important. 12 positions of the mouth Definition The vowel sounds are produced with little to no obstruction to the air flow coming from the lungs into the mouth. It is produced with a vibration of the vocal cords but without any audible friction. The speech sound system of a language that forms the obligatory (nucleus) of a syllable.
5 The position of the tongue and the shape of the lips also play a crucial part in determining which vowel sounds we are about to produce. Among 26 letters, how many sounds are there? There are 20 vowel sounds in the English language. In that, there are 12 monophthongs and 8 diphthongs.
6 20 vowel sounds The Monophthong The Monophthong is from two greek words: MONO which means one and PHTHONG which means Sound The Monophthong is then explained to mean one sound. It made up of just a single sound. Out of the 20 vowel sounds, 12 are monophthongs. The Monophthong is then further divided into: 7 short vowels and 5 long vowels based on their pronunciation length The tongue positions of the English (pure vowels) monophthongs: The Monophthong is classified based on these classifications: 1. Vowel height 2. Vowel location 3. Lip shape and position 4. Duration
7 The Vowel Height This refers to the highest or lowest position of the tongue inside the mouth during the production of the Monophthongs. It is split into 3 parts based on the tongues position in the mouth. High The vowels are produced with the tongue raised high and close to the roof of the mouth. The sounds produced here are the: /i:/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /u:/ Mid The vowels are produced with the tongue mid-air or half way between the roof of the mouth and the floor of the mouth. The sounds produced here are the: /e/ /ɜ:/ /ə/ /ɔ:/
8 Low The vowels are produced with the tongue lowered and close to the floor of the mouth. The sounds produced here are the: /ʌ/ /ɑ:/ /æ/ /ɒ/ Front of the tongue The vowels are produced with the front part of the tongue raised high towards the hard palate. The Vowel Location This has to do with the parts of the tongue: the tip, blade, front, centre, and back, raised during the production of vowel sounds. The sounds produced here are the: /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ Centre of the tongue The vowels are produced with the centre of the tongue raised towards the hard palate. The sounds produced here are the: /ɜ:/ /ʌ/ /ə/ Back of the tongue The vowels are produced with the tongue pulled back in the mouth and the back of the tongue is raised high towards the velum(soft palate) The sounds produced here are the: /ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ɑ:/
9 The Lip Shape and Position: The vowels are also produced based on whether the lips are rounded, unrounded, or neutral. Rounded lips: When the lips are rounded and protruded, the following sounds are produced: /ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/. Unrounded lips: When the lips are unrounded or spread, the following sounds produced: /ɑ:/ /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ Neutral: When the shape of the lips are neither rounded nor unrounded, we say that it is in its neutral position. When the lips are neutral, they are slightly parted and the sounds produced are the: /ɜ:/ /ʌ/ /ə/ Some vowels when produced are sustained for a while and they are called Long Vowels. Long vowels There are 5 long vowel in English that are /ɔ:/ /ɜ:/ /ɑ:/ /u:/ /i:/ If we go to compare the long vowels with the cardinal vowels we would see that long vowel /i:/ is closer to cardinal vowel [i] than short vowel /I/.
10 Long vowel /з:/ is nearer to cardinal vowel 3 [ε] but it is more central. Long vowel /ɑ:/ is almost similar to cardinal vowel 5 [a] but is less back. Long vowel /ɔ:/ is found somewhere in between cardinal vowel 6 [ɔ] and 7 [o]. The nearest cardinal vowel this long vowel /u:/ is cardinal vowel 8 [u] but it less back and less close. Examples for long vowel sounds in words are given below: /ɔ:/:- water, talk, ward, author, awful /ɜ:/:- earth, term, err, first, work /ɑ:/:- ask, palm, star, fracas, laugh /u:/:- beauty, grew, ewe, view, tomb /i:/:- be, police, aesthetic, tea, feel Others are produced within a very short breathe and they are called Short Vowels. Short Vowels There are seven short vowels in English. They are: /I/, /e/, /æ//Λ/, /ɒ/, /ə/, /ʊ/. The sound /I/ is a close front one and is the mid sound of the words bit, pit, and fish. In comparison to cardinal vowel [i], this one is more open and closer to center. Mid vowel sound of the words ‘bet’ ‘men’ and ‘red’ is /e/. This front vowel can be traced between cardinal 2 [e] and cardinal vowel 3 [ε]. The lips remain a slightly spread.
11 The sound /æ/ is found in the words ‘man’, ‘bat’ and ‘tan’. The lips are slightly spread in producing this sound and it is not as open as cardinal vowel no. [a]. The sound /Λ/ is found in the words ‘but', ‘some' and ‘rush'. This one is a central vowel and relatively open. The middle sound in the words ‘pot', ‘gone' and ‘cross' is /ɒ/. This vowel is almost at the back. The lips are slightly rounded. The sound /ʊ/ is found in the words ‘pull’ ‘push’ and ‘put’. The cardinal vowel 8[u] is the nearest to it but it is more open and nearer to center. The lips are rounded. The initial vowel sound of the words ‘about’ ‘above’ and ‘oppose’ is /ə/. It is called schwa. This vowel sound is most frequently used and shortest among all other vowels. Examples: /ɪ/:- village, effect, sit, captain, Monday /e/:- any, end, said, says, spread /ə/:- about, metabolism, direct, today, focus /æ/:- at, plait, impasse, quack, man /ʌ/:- but, son, blood, does, touch /ʊ/:- put, wolf, took, could, woman /ɒ/:- want, en route, pot, cough, knowledge
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16 Part 1 pure vowels or Monophthongs The Monophthongs First, let us take up the 12 pure vowels. When pronounce, they do not change quality and that is why they are turned as ‘monophthongs’ For ease of study, they are given in the forn of a table, below: Please refer this table for the symbolic representation of the vowels according to their respective serial number. 1 is the vowel found in neat, seat, sheet, each 2 occurs in words like: in, if, bid, city 3 as in set, head, net 4 occurs in bat, cat, ant 5 in ask, car, aunt 6 in words like: on, not, cot, odd 7 in caught, horse, law 8 in put, book, hook 9 in boon, two, move, group 10 in cup, come, does 11 in bird, earn, learn 12 in ago (first syllable)
17 The Monophthongs can be divided into front, back, and central. The Monophthong is also called Pure vowels
18 Parameters for describing English Monophthongs Having considered the parameters for describing the monophthongs, each monophthong can now be classified as Vowel No Phonetic Symbol Description Word example 1 /i:/ Close front unrounded tense vowel Beach/bi:ʧ/ 2 /ɪ/ Half-close front unrounded lax vowel City/ˈsɪti/ 3 /e/ Half-open front unrounded lax vowel Test/test/ 4 /æ/ Open front unrounded lax vowel Apple/ˈæpl/ 5 /ɑ:/ Open back unrounded tense vowel Farm/fɑ:m/ 6 /ɒ/ Open back rounded lax vowel Orange/ˈɒrɪŋʤ/ 7 /ɔ:/ Half-close back rounded lax vowel Form/fɔ:m/ 8 /ʊ/ Half-close back rounded lax vowel Cook/kʊk/
19 9 /u:/ Close back rounded tense vowel Cool/ku:l/ 10 /ʌ/ Half-open central unrounded lax vowel Love/lʌv/ 11 /ɜ:/ Mid central unrounded tense vowel Firm/fɜ:m/ 12 /ə/ Mid central unrounded lax vowel Ago/əˈgəʊ/
20 PLAN OF UNIT 1 Aim Students will be able - To make /i:/ sound - To identify the /i:/ sound in words - To read words contain the /i:/ sound in the sentences Activities - Practise /i:/ sound - Practise the dialogue - Practise intronation of /i:/ sound - Practise words stress of /i:/ sound Assessment - Write Transcription of words or sentences
21 UNIT 1 /i:/ SHEEP sweet tea with Three sugars, please /i:/ is a pure vowel long sound. The front of the tongue is raised. It is raised to a height slightly below and behind the close position. Open your mouth very little to make the sound /i:/. The /i:/ phoneme Words Transcription Sheep /∫i:p/ Meal /mi:l/ Marine /mə'ri:n/ See /si:/ Bean /bi:n/ Heel /hi:l/ Peel /pi:l/
22 Cheap /t∫i:p/ Seat /si:t/ Eat /i:t/ Leek /li:k/ Cheek /t∫i:k/ Meat /mi:t/ Cheese /t∫i:z/ Tea /ti:/ Pea /pi:/ Listen and repeat: /i:/ sheep leak look out for that sheep stop it leaking cheeks peel what lovely cheeks! This peel’s got bean leave Throw out that bean He’s going to leave Spellings: The /i:/ phoneme is normally spelled with the letter ‘e’ or e-e’ as in the words:
23 three /θriː/ see /siː/ these /ðiːz/ But it can also be spelled with the letters ‘e-a’. As in the word: leave /liːv/ Examples A. First practice the sound /i:/ in some of the words from this unit. Read the words aloud to practice. Here are some words that start with the /i:/ phoneme: each /iːtʆ/ easy /ˈiːzi/ eat /iːt/ east /iːst/ Here are some words that have the sound in the middle: feel /fiːl/ keep /kiːp/ seem /siːm/ between /bɪ’twiːn/ Here are some words with the /i:/ at the end: he /hiː/ she /ʆiː/ we /wiː/ free /friː/
24 One-syllable words: Sheep /ʃiːp/ See /siː/ Bean /biːn/ Eat /iːt/ Key /kiː/ Two-syllable words: Agree /əˈɡriː/ Complete /kəmˈpliːt/ Receive /rɪˈsiːv/ Believe /bɪˈliːv/ Vietnamese /vjetnəˈmiːz/ Sentences: Peter’s in the team. /ˈpiːtərz in ðə ti:m/ Can you see the sea? /kæn ju siː ðə siː/ A piece of pizza, please. /ə piːs əv ˈpiːtsə pliːz/ She received her teaching degree. /ʃiː rɪˈsiːvt hər tiːtʃɪŋ dɪˈɡriː/ There are only three people in the museum. /ðer ər ˈəʊnli θriːˈpiːpl ɪn ðə mjuˈziːəm/
25 Practice 1 Listen and repeat Bean heel Meal Peel Sheep Cheap Seat Eat leak cheeks Practice 2 Dialogue A. In a restaurant Peter: Edith: Peter: Jean: Waiter: Peter: Edith: Waiter: What would you like to eat Edith? A meat sandwich Jean? Would you like meat sandwich or cheese sandwich? A cheese sandwich, please, Peter Good evening Good evening. We’ll have one meat sandwich and two cheese sandwiches. And three teas, please (writing down the order) one meat sandwich…. Two cheese sandwiches… and three teas.
26 B. Listen to the dialogue, paying attention to the target sound. Then read the dialogue and fill the gaps (1-10) with the correct words from the box. In a cafe: “It's cheaper to eat at Marguerite's” CRISTINA: What would you like to eat, 1) ………….? The cheese sandwiches are the cheapest. PETER: Er…mm…oh, 2) ……………. a sandwich please, Christina CRISTINA: Cheese…mm…Janine? Would you like, 3)……………a sandwich or a cheese sandwich? JANINE: A cheese sandwich, 4) …………… PETER: What about you, Christina? Would you like cheese or, 5) ………………..? WAITRESS: Are you ready to order? What would you like to, 6) …………….? CRISTINA: Er, we’ll have one beef sandwich, two cheese sandwiches and mmm, 7) ……………….. for me. JANINE: Tea for, 8) ………………too, please. WAITRESS: (Waiting down the order) One beef sandwich, two cheese sandwiches and, 10)…………………teas. C. Listen to the dialogue again to check your answers. Practice reading the dialogue aloud, and record your voice to compare your production of the target sound with the recording. Cheese Peter eat please tea beef three me teas beef
27 Intonation (Question with ‘Or’) - Intonation is the voice going up or down. - This movement up or down begins on the most important word in a phrase or sentence. In questions with 'or' the intonation usually goes down at the end. Listen and repeat. Would you like veal or beef? Would you like coffee or tea? Would you like coffee, tea or milk? Now practice with somebody, using this menu below. Example: Would you like leek soup or pea soup? Leek soup please. EASTFIELD RESTAURANT MENU Soup: Leek or pea soup Meat: Veal or beef Vegetables: Beans or peas Sweets: Cheesecake or ice cream or peaches Coffee or tea Biscuits and cheese Edam cheese on Brie
28 Word stress a) Nationalities ending in 'ese' As you listen to the sentences about these nationalities, draw a line connecting the country and nationality in the two lists below: Countries Nationalities (Note the stress on the last syllable.) China Vietnamese Bali Maltese Malta Balinese Portugal Japanese Lebanon Chinese Japan Nepalese Nepal Lebanese Vietnam Portuguese b) Moving stress The stress of these 'ese' nationalities changes if the next word is strongly stressed. So, we say, this beef is Japanese but, It's Japanese beef. Listen and respond, like the example: EXAMPLE: Is this bread from Beirut? Response: Yes, it's Lebanese. It's Lebanese bread
29 Assessment Spelling Look back over this unit at words with the /i:/ phoneme, and write what you noticed about how to spell the sound /i:/ Exercise 1 Words Transcription Meaning Sheep /∫i:p/ Tea /ti:/ Exercise 2 Words Transcription Meaning Grief /gri:f/ Chief Believe Belief
30 Relieve Relief Exercise 3 Words Transcription Lao meaning Sheep /∫i:p/ /mi:l/ /mə'ri:n/ See Bean /bi:n/ /hi:l/ /pi:l/ Cheap Seat /si:t/
31 PLAN OF UNIT 2 Aim Students will be able - To make /i/ sound - To identify the /i/ sound in words - To read words contain the /i/ sound in the sentences Activities - Practise /i/ sound - Practise the dialogue - Practise intronation of /i/ sound - Practise words stress of /i/ sound Assessment - Write Transcription of words or sentences
32 UNIT 2 /i/ SHIP /I / is a short sound The /ɪ/ vowel is a high-front sound. Your tongue should be positioned high in your mouth, and shifted toward the front. Your lips should be relaxed, and only slightly open. Vibrate your vocal cords with your mouth in this position. The /i/ phoneme Words Transcription him /hɪm/ hymn /hɪm/ sin /sɪn/ ship /∫ɪp/ bin /bɪn/ it /ɪt/ sit /sɪt/ lick /lɪk/ chick /t∫ɪk/
33 Spelling The /ɪ/ sound is normally spelled with the letter ‘i’ as in the words: this /ðɪs/ give /gIv/ But it can also be spelled with the letter ‘e’. As in the words: become /bɪ’kʌm/ because /bɪ’kɒz/ Like with all vowels in English, the spelling can be very inconsistent and you will always find alternative and unusual spellings of the vowels sounds. It is one of the most difficult things in English but you just have to learn it. Here are some words that start with the ɪ sound if /ɪf/ into /’ɪntʊ/ include /ɪnˈkluːd/ enough /ɪˈnʌf/ Here are some words that have the ɪ sound in the middle: which /wɪtʆ/ his /hɪz/ think /θɪŋk/ will /wɪl/ Listen and repeat What about this fish? Can I eat it? Yes. Eat it What about this cheese? Can I eat it? No, don't eat it. It's six weeks out of date
34 Minimal Pairs Sound 1 Sound 2 /i:/ /I/ sheep ship Look out for that a sheep Look out for that a ship leak lick Stop it leaking Stop it licking cheeks chicks What lovely cheeks What lovely chicks peel pill This peel’s got Vitamin C in it This pill’s got Vitamin C in i Spellings: ɪ – sit / sɪt/, with / wɪð/ e – become / bɪk˄m/, y – city / sɪtɪ/, sympathy / sɪmpəɵɪ/ a – village / vɪlɪdƷ/, private / praɪvɪt/, cabbage / kæbɪdƷ/ ie – cities / sɪtɪs/, ladies / leɪdɪs
35 Examples: First practice the sound /i/ in some of the words from the dialogue. Read the words aloud to practice. One-syllable words: film miss quick Bill ill kids Kim Two-syllable words: 1 st syllable 2 nd syllable cricket tickets children Minutes quickly listen pity begins decide passage luggage Three-syllable words: 1 st syllable 2 nd syllable history festival cinema interesting prize-winning Africa gymnastics Olympic Excited beginning terrific gorilla
36 Practice 1 Minimal pair words Listen and repeat the words. You will hear five words from each minimal pair. For each word, write l for /i:/ (sound l) or 2 for /I/ (sound 2). Sound 1 Sound 2 Sheep Ship Bean Bin Eat It Seat Sit Leek Lick Cheeks Chicks Practice 2 Listen and repeat: It’s time Isn’t film Ill minutes Indians beginning Interesting Mrs Smith Fifty sixty build guinea guilt guitar quilt colloquial
37 Practice 3 Tick the words you recognize that you hear: 1. a) sheep b) ship 2. a) bean b) bin 3. a) check b) chicks 4. a) cheap b) chip 5. a) heel b) hill 6. a) peel b) pill 7. a) leek b) lick 8. a) seat b) sit 9. a) eat b) it 10. a) leave b) live Dialogue An interesting film Bill: Lyn: Mrs Smith: Bill: Tim: Lyn: Tim: Lyn: Bill: Mrs Smith: Tim: Is Tim in? Is he coming to the pictures? Tim’s ill Here he is! Hello, Tim Hello, Bill Are you ill, Tim? Is it interesting film? It’s ‘big Jim and the Indians’ And it begins in six minutes If you are ill, Tim…. Quick! Or we will miss the beginning of the film! Listen to the dialogue, paying attention to the target sound. Then read the dialogue and fill the gaps (1-8) with the correct three-syllable words in the first practice.
38 Three interesting films BILL: Good evening, Mrs. Lee GINA: Is Kim in? BILL: Is he coming to the cinema, Mrs. Lee? It's the Children's Film1)……………. MRS LEE: Kim's ill. BILL: Here he is! GINA: Hi, Kim! KIM: Hi, Gina! Hi, Bill BILL: Kim, we've got these three free tickets to see three 2)…………… films for children! MRS LEE: Listen, Kim… KIM: Is it 3)………….. ? GINA: We think it is First there's a short film about gorillas and 4)……………. in Africa, and… BILL: …then the next film is about the six best Olympic 5)……………… competitions, and then… GINA: … then it's the big film - the 6)……………….. of English Cricket. KIM: Cricket! BILL: It's a 7)………………… film. MRS LEE: If you're ill, Kim… GINA: It would be a pity to miss it. MRS LEE: Now listen, you kids… BILL: And it begins in fifty minutes. MRS LEE: KIM! KIM: Quick! Or we'll miss the 8)……………. of the gorilla film
39 STRESS Numbers Listen and repeat: Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Moving stress The stress in these ‘teen’ numbers is different when we are counting. Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen etc. Other moving stress The stress in these 'teen' numbers is also different when there is a strong stress in the next word. Tim lives at number fifteen. Tim lives at number fifteen Green Street GAME Mini Bingo game Play in a group of 3-5 people. One person calls out the numbers but in a random order. (Take turns to call the numbers.) The others each choose one of the boxes A, B, C or D below.
40 Listen to the numbers and if a number is in your box, cover it with a small piece of paper. When all the numbers in your box are covered, you are the winner and you shout, BINGO! A B C D Self-study student: first make a recording, saying clearly all the numbers but in a random order. Then listen and play as many boxes as you can simultaneously. ASSESSMENT Look back over this unit at words with the /i/ sound, and write what you have learned about how to spell the sound /i/. Words Transcription Meaning Him /hɪm/ Hymn /hɪm/ /sɪn/ /∫ɪp/ /bɪn/ /ɪt/ /sɪt/ /lɪk/ 13 3 80 7 19 50 17 90 8 60 4 16 20 30 13 70 5 90 5 15 16 70 90 3 40 7 18 60 6 15 8 14 17 9 90 80
41 Complete the sentence /i/ is a ……….. vowel sound. Make your ………….. a bit less wide than for /…/. Your ………… is a bit further back in your mouth than for /i:/. It's pronounced /……/ Write the Transcription of the words Bin /……./ Fish /……/ Him /……/ Gym /……/ Six /……./ Begin /………./ Minute /……../ Dinner /……./ Chicken /…../ Fifty /………/ Read the sentences Miss Smith is thin. /mɪs smɪθ ɪz θɪn/ Jim is in the picture. /dʒɪm ɪz ɪn ðə ˈpɪktʃər/ Bring chicken for dinner. /brɪŋ ˈtʃɪkɪn fər ˈdɪnər/ Listen to this ridiculous list. /ˈlɪsn tə ðɪs rɪˈdɪkjələs lɪst/ The pretty women are busy in the gym. /ðə ˈprɪti ˈwɪmɪn ər ˈbɪzi ɪn ðə gɪm/
42 PLAN OF UNIT 3 Aim Students will be able - To make /e/ sound - To identify the /e/ sound in words - To read words contain the /e/ sound in the sentences Activities - Practise /e/ sound - Practise the dialogue - Practise intronation of /e/ sound - Practise words stress of /e/ sound Assessment - Write Transcription of words or sentences
43 UNIT 3 /e/ PEN The front of the tongue is raised. It is raised to a position between half-close and half-open. First practise the sound I then open your mouth a little more e is a short sound Listen and repeat Listen and repeat both sounds together: /I/ and /e/. Is this milk fresh? Yes. Everything in this fridge is fresh. The / e / phoneme Words Transcription hen /hen/ men /men/ ten /ten/ head /hed/ pen /pen/
44 ben /ben/ peg /peg/ bell /bel/ cheque /tʃek/ hell /hel/ gel /dʒel/ dead /ded/ pedal /'pedəl/ shell /ʃel/ Spelling The e sound is normally spelled with the letter ‘e’ as in the words: well /wel/ tell /tel/ But it can also be spelled with the letter ‘a’ as in the words: many /’meni/ again /ə’gen/ Examples: Here are some words that start with the e sound: every /’evri/ any /’eni/ ever /ˈevə/