145 The Centering Diphthongs: /ɪə/:- peer, pier, rear, mere, cheer /ʊə/:- sure, your, lure, moor, doer /eə/:- vary, aerial, dairy, air, scarce The centering diphthongs glide towards the (schwa) vowel, as the symbols indicate. (example words: 'beard', 'weird', 'fierce') the starting point is a little closer than I in 'bit', 'bin', e with a vowel sound that is more open than the e of 'get', 'men'.
146 (example words: 'moored', 'tour', 'lure') for speakers who have this diphthong, this has a starting point similar to in 'put', 'pull'. Many speakers pronounce c: instead. The front Diphthongs /eɪ/:- bait, raid, pain, wane, tale (the letters a and e is what gives us the sound.) /aɪ/:- bite, pine (the letters i and e is what gives us the sound),light, piper, aisle /ɔɪ/:- oil, boy, buoy, foil, oyster The back Diphthongs /aʊ/:- shout, down, proud, rout, pout /əʊ/:- show, toe, low, doe, code The closing diphthongs have the characteristic that they all end with a glide towards a closer vowel. Because the second part of the diphthong is weak, they often do not reach a position that could be called close. The important thing is that a glide from a relatively more open towards a relatively closer vowel is produced. Three of the diphthongs glide towards as described below: (example words: 'paid', 'pain', 'face') the starting point isthe same as the e of 'get', 'men', (example words: 'tide', 'time', 'nice') This diphthong begins with an open vowel which is between front and back; it is quite similar to the n of the words 'cut', 'bun', (example words: 'void', 'loin', 'voice') the first part of this diphthong is slightly more open than c: in 'ought', 'born'.
147 Two diphthongs glide towards U, so that as the tongue moves closer to the roof of the mouth there is at the same time a rounding movement of the lips. This movement is not a large one, again because the second part of the diphthong is weak. (example words: 'load', 'home', 'most') the vowel position for the beginning of this is the same as for The lips may quite noticeable lip-rounding. (example words: 'loud', 'gown', 'house') this diphthong begins with a vowelsimilar to aI. Since this is an open vowel, a glide to would necessitate a large movement, and the tongue often does not reach the u position. There is only slight lip-rounding. The easiest way to remember them is in terms of three groups divided as in this diagram
148 List examples of Diphthong: No. vowels Transcription 1 bay beɪ 2 buy baɪ 3 boy bɔɪ 4 go gəʊ 5 cow kaʊ 6 hear hɪə 7 there ðeə 8 poor pʊə
149 PLAN OF UNIT 15 Aim Students will be able - To make /eɪ/sound - To identify the /eɪ/ sound in words - To read words contain the /eɪ/ sound in the sentences Activities - Practise /eɪ/ sound - Practise the dialogue - Practise intronation of /eɪ/ sound - Practise words stress of /eɪ/ sound Assessment Write Transcription of words or sentences
150 UNIT 15 /eɪ/ MALE /eɪ/ is a diphthong sound which means it is a combination of two vowel sounds that are pronounced within the same syllable. The /eɪ/ sound is a combination of /e/ and /ɪ/ or /i:/. Like vowels the diphthongs are all made through the mouth and are voiced which means that you vibrate you vocal chords to make the sound. Unlike with vowels and consonants, when you pronounce a diphthong sound, your mouth will change position and shape as you say the sound, because they combine two vowel sounds. So as you say the /eɪ/ sound your mouth will start on the position of the /e/ sound and finish on the position of the /ɪ/ or /i:/ sound. In this case both the sounds are unrounded so we keep our lips stretched like we are smiling but our mouth closes a little as we move to the /i:/ sound. I'm afraid I've made a mistake on this form. Is your name spelt J-A-C-K? No. It’s J-A-H-K. And here’s another mistake My occupation. I'm not a wine taster. I'm a food tester. A. Listen and repeat the target sound /eɪ/. The second part of the sound is shorter. Spellings: a – late / leɪt/, game / geɪm/ ay – day / deɪ/, may / meɪ/ ai – aim / eɪm/, waist / weɪst/ ei – eight / eɪt/, vein / vein/
151 ey – they / ðeɪ/ ea – great / greɪt/, break / breɪk/ Examples: Words Transcription pay /peɪ/ shade /ʃeɪd/ tail /teɪl/ eight /eɪt/ steak /steɪk/ hey /heɪ/ face /feɪs/ raise /reɪz/ amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ straight /streɪt/ hate /heɪt/ baby /ˈbeɪbi/ feign /feɪn/ paper /ˈpeɪpə(r)/ later /'leɪtə(r)/ potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
152 Here are some words that start with the eɪ sound. able /eɪdʒ/ age /eɪdʒ/ eight /eɪt/ agent /ˈeɪdʒənt/ Here are some words with the /eɪ/ sound in the middle. game /geɪm/ state /steɪt/ later /ˈleɪtə/ change /tʆeɪndʒ/ Here are some words with the /eɪ/ sound at the end. day /deɪ/ play /pleɪ/ away /əˈweɪ/ stay /steɪ/
153 Minimal pair Sound1 Sound 2 /e/ /eɪ/ pen pain What an awful pen! What an awful pen! shad shade The dog’s in the shad The dog’s in the shade edge age It’s difficult edge It’s difficult edge test taste Test this food Taste this food pepper paper That's too much pepper That's too much pepper
154 Minimal pair words - Listen and repeat the words. - You will hear five words from each minimal pair. For each word, write 1 for /e/ (sound 1) or 2 for /eɪ/ (sound 2). EXAMPLE Pair 1: 1,1,2,2,1. Sound 1 Sound 2 Pen Pain Shed Shade Tell Tail Wet Wait Test Taste Pepper Paper Minimal pair sentences - Listen to the minimal pair sentences. - Listen to six of the sentences and write 1 for /e/ (sound l) or 2 for /eɪ/ (sound 2). Sentence stress First read the minimal pair sentences and try to guess which words will be stressed. Notice which words are nouns, adjectives or main verbs. These are often important, and the most important words for the meaning of a sentence are stressed. Then listen to the sentences again and underline the sentence stress
155 EXAMPLE: What an awful pen! / What an awful pain! Tick the words a) or b) that you hear in the sentences 1 a) pen b) pain 2 a) shed b) shade 3 a) pepper b) paper 4 a) let b) late 5 a) letter b) later 6 a) get b) gate Dialogue a. First practice the target sound /eɪ/ in some words from the dialogue. Read the words aloud or visit the website to practice. Made late changed may say train waiting eight Grey timetable April station ages Baker eighteen afraid mistake today b. Listen to the dialogue, paying attention to the target sound. At the railway station (Mr. Grey is waiting at the railway station for a train.)
156 MR CREY: This train' s late! I've been waiting here for ages. PORTER: Which train? MR CREY: The 8. l8 to Baker Street. PORTER: The 8. l8? I’m afraid you've made a mistake, sir. MR GREY: A mistake? My timetable says: Baker Street train -8.18. PORTER: Oh no. The Baker Street train leaves at B.OB. MR GREY: At 8.08? PORTER: They changed the timetable at the end of April. It's the first of May today MR CREY: Changed it? May I see the new timetable? What does it say? PORTER: It says: Baker Street train - 8.08. MR GREY: Oh no, you're right. The train isn't late. I am. c. Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your production of the target sound with the recording. Listen and repeat Hey! Made late Say afraid waiting Mr Grey train eight-eight May timetable station They ages baker street Today changed April Railway
157 Intonation In a conversation we can show surprise by repeating the other person's words with the intonation going up. Listen. EXAMPLES: Listen and repeat: the eight? by plane? Today? Going away? To Spain? She’s eighty-eight? A: I'm afraid you've made a mistake, sir. B: A mistake? A: They changed the timetable. B: Changed it? Assessment Spelling Look back over this unit at words with the /eɪ/ sound, and write what you noticed about spelling the sound /eɪ/ Words Transcription rain tail /treɪn/ /peɪnt/ bail /beɪl/ hail mail
158 nail /seɪl/ /meɪd/ /əˈfreɪd/ /weɪt/ Read the sentences 2. He came a day later. /hi keɪm ə deɪ ˈleɪtər/ 3. It was the grey day in May. /ɪt wəz ðə ɡreɪ deɪ ɪn meɪ/ 4. Is this the way to the station? /ɪs ðɪs ðə weɪ tə ðə ˈsteɪʃn/ 5. We pray the grey day will go away. /wi preɪ ðə greɪ deɪ wɪl ɡəʊ əˈweɪ/ 6. Wait at the gate, I'll be there at eight. /weɪt ət ðə geɪt aɪl bi ðeər ət eɪt/
159 PLAN OF UNIT 16 Aim Students will be able - To make /ɑɪ/ sound - To identify the /ɑɪ/ sound in words - To read words contain the /ɑɪ/ sound in the sentences Activities - Practise /ɑɪ/ sound - Practise the dialogue - Practise intronation of /ɑɪ/ sound - Practise words stress of /ɑɪ/ sound Assessment Write Transcription of words or sentences
160 UNIT 16 /ai/ FINE /ɑɪ/ is a diphthong, which is a combination of two different vowel sounds. To begin, place your tongue low in your mouth, and shifted toward the back, to say /ɑ/. Then, as you vibrate your vocal cords, lift your tongue high in the mouth and shift it forward, to say /ɪ/. The transition between these two positions should be very quick. A. Listen and repeat the target sound /aɪ/. The second part of the sound is shorter. … er ... Hi! ... Are you all right? ... er ... Would you like a ride in my cart? No thinks. I'm fine. I'm just flying my kite. and enjoying the sunshine. Oh... er ... alright! Have a nice time! Spelling: i – five / faɪv/, mine / maɪn/, file / faɪl/ u – buy / baɪ/, guy / gaɪ/ ie – tie / taɪ/, die / daɪ/ y – fly / flaɪ/
161 Example: right / raɪt / lie / laɪ / fly / flaɪ /
162 Minimal pairs Sound 1 Sound 2 /ɑː/ /aɪ/ bar buy That was a good bar That was a good buy bark bike What a noisy bark What a noisy bike Pa pie He loves his Pa He loves his pie R eye It's got two R's It's got two eyes cart kite It's a cart It's a kite Minimal pair words - Listen and repeat the words. - You will hear five words from each minimal pair. For each word write 1 for /ɑː/ (sound 1) or 2 for /aɪ/ (sound 2).
163 EXAMPLE Pair 1: 2,2, 1,1,1. Sound 1/ɑː/ Sound 2 /aɪ/ Bar Buy Star Sty Darn Dine Lark Like Cart Kite Heart Height Minimal pair sentences - Listen to the minimal pair sentences. - Listen to six of the sentences and write 1 for /ɑː/ (sound l) or 2 for /aɪ/ (sound 2). - Sentence stress Listen to the minimal pair sentences again and underline the sentence stress. Strongly stressed words are LOUDer and s I o w er. Weakly stressed words are quieter and quicker. Example: That was a good buy. Tick the words a) or b) that you hear in the sentences. 1 a) cart b) kite 2 a) darning b) dining 3 a) star b) Stay 4 a) laugh b) life
164 5 a) hard b) hide 6 a) Pa b) pie Dialogue a. First practice the target sound / aɪ / in words from the dialogue. Read the words aloud or visit the website to practice. hi right ride smile five nine drive Miles Heidi Riley Nigel Caroline bike nice type iced mobile climbing spider Friday library tonight b. Read the Dialogue below Mike, Myra and Violet (Myra and Violet are typists in the library) Myra: (Smiling) Hello, Mike! Mike: Hello, Myra. Hello, Violet! You’re Looking nice, Violet. (Silence) Mike: Would you like some ice-cream, Violet? Violet: No thank, Mike. I’m busy typing. Talk to me some other time. I have ninety- nine pages to type by Friday Mike: Never mind. Do you like riding, Violet? Violet: Sometime. Mike: Would you like to come riding with me tonight, Violet? Violet: Not tonight, Mike. I’m going for a drive with Nigel. Mike: What about Friday? Violet: I’m going climbing with Miles. Mike: Hm! Oh, all right. Bye! Myra: Violet, he’s put something behind your typewriter. Violet: Is it something nice, Myra?
165 Myra: No. It’s a spider. c. Listen and repeat I’m Myra ice Tonight Bye Violet Nice all right time Riding like type Mind climbing Mike Typist Miles ninety-nine Nigel typewriter Word stress Listen and repeat. flying ice skating sky diving driving horse riding wine tasting kite flying climbing cycling Use the words above to practice this conversation. A: I think………….. is quite exciting. Do you like it? B: Yes. Would you like to come…………….. with me on Friday? A: I'd really like to But I'm busy on Friday. Would some other time be all right?
166 Assessment Spelling Look back over this unit at words with the /aɪ/ sound, and write what you noticed about how to spell the sound /aɪ/. Words Transcription time /taɪm/ life /laɪf/ /waɪ/ find /faɪnd/ quite /kwaɪt/ /haɪ/ /naɪt/ /ˈɹaɪt/ like /laɪk/ side child /͡tʃaɪld/ society /səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/ line /laɪn/ likely /ˈlaɪkli/
167 REVIEW UNIT 1 2 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ Bay buy Ale isle Paint pint Race rice Listening practice When you hear one of these words or sounds, say which number it is. Example: /aɪ/ Students: Sound 2 Boy Students: sound3 Reading: A painting of a boy Jay: Do you like painting? Joy: Yes. I’m trying to paint a boy lying beside a lake. Do you like it? Jay: Hm…Why don’t you buy some oil paints? Joy: I don’t enjoy painting with oils. Jay: Your painting is quite nice, but why are you painting the boy’s face grey? Joy: (pointing) It isn’t grey. It’s white.
168 Now listen and repeat Break cry Bail seismic Bargain livid Save kind Today height Stay delightful Read and circle the correct answer 1. Choose sound word of /eɪ/ a. Wait c. rice b. Pie d. squire 2. Choose sound word of /aɪ/ a. Date c. pay b. Paper d. island 3. Choose different sound A. Manner C. came B. Fame D. flame Conversation Practise the words below, then use them in the dialogue in pair Flying ice-skating Driving horse riding Climbing bicycle riding A: do you like…? B: Yes. It’s quite exciting. A: Would you like to come………with me on Friday? B: Not Friday. Some other time.
169 Read and underline sound words of /eɪ/, /aɪ/. Listen and select the correct words 1. a) Date b) Day 2. a) wait b) way
170 3. a) hate b) head 4. a) Down b) Drown 5. a) paper b) pepper
171 REFERENCES (n.d.). Ellis, M. (2022, November 28). Get Grammarly. Retrieved from What Are Vowels? Definition and Examples: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/vowels/ Fasakin, O. (2021, Jan 24). THE 20 VOWEL SOUNDS. Retrieved from Lingoville Learning Hub: https://medium.com/@lingovillelearninghub/the-20-vowel-sounds28d4349de0d5 Hub, E. (2021). A Complete Guide to the 12 Vowel Sounds and 8 Diphthongs of the English Language. Retrieved from : https://www.englishhub.co.in/2021/01/guideto-the-vowel-sounds-and-diphthongs-of-the-english-language.html Majewski, J. (2022, May 5). When you write. Retrieved from How Many Letters Are In The Alphabet?: https://whenyouwrite.com/how-many-letters-are-in-the-alphabet/ Munro, C. (2021, Sept 9). Retrieved from https://www.englishlanguageclub.co.uk/i-sound/ Sana. (2022, June 17). Literary English. Retrieved from Introduction to Vowel sounds: https://literaryenglish.com/introduction-to-vowel-sounds-english-vowels/ Singh, G. (2020, May 7). Vowels. Retrieved from TrueBlueGuide: https://www.trueblueguide.com/2020/05/vowels-vowels-words-monophthongsor.html tienganh. (2015). Diphthong . Retrieved from Unit 13 Diphthong /eɪ/: https://www.tienganh123.com/phat-am-tieng-anh-co-ban/1515-diphthong-einguyen-am-doi-ei.html What is Pronunciation? (1997-2023). Retrieved from English Club: https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/what.htm
172 COURSE OUTLINE
173 Pronunciation 1 This course is designed for using in the English pronunciation and a buildup stage of the students listening and speaking skill. Some knowledge of theory in basically producing the sounds of diphthongs and consonants properly
174 EXERCISES
175 Compare two sounds /u/ mand /u:/
176 Put the words in the box in the correct Colum Flaccid crazy leave peg At Pave bean leg rampant rave Meat men tramp spate heat egg stay lenient Revelation tree trepidation /æ/ /ei/ /i:/ /ɛ/ Match the words with correct phonetic sounds
177 Single vowel sounds phonetic 1 Single vowel sounds phonetic 2
178 Tick the boxes with the words with /e/ sound
179 Track your partner’s progress by writing down the word you chose so you can score the game after playing. 1. ……………….. 2. ……………….. 3. ……………….. 4. ……………….. 5. ………………… 6. ……………………… 7. ……………………… 8. ……………………… 9. ………………………. 10. …………………. Indicate words Words 1 Words 2
180 Write words that contain the sounds /ɜ:/ /ɔ:/ or /ɑ:/? /ɜ:/ /ɔ:/ /ɑ:/ Which word is the odd one out (has different pronunciation) in each group? 1. saw awful raw away 2. heart heard earn pearl 3. work worst wore worth 4. naughty taught laugh August 5. word short sword born 6. card warn hard part 7. talk walk fall salt 8. hurt fur cure Thursday 9. thirsty shirt first mirror 10. almond calm palm almost
181 English spelling and pronunciation can be very different, and there are often several ways to pronounce the same groups of letters. In the examples above, are these letters pronounced /ɜ:/ /ɔ:/ or /ɑ:/ ? or ar wor war ur ir au aw al alm How do you think we say these words? yawn worm flirt squawk award thorn curse barge laundry Underline syllable that contain /ə/ 1. Ago 2. Mother 3. The man 4. Fish and chips 5. Oh no Not again 6. What’s for lunch? 7. He can play football 8. Look at that funny man 9. What’s it all about then? 10. I’m sorry but she’s not in 11. Did they go to New York? 12. She can’t come from Sydney 13. Can she come back tomorrow? Listen to your teacher reading the sentences below. Circle the word you hear. /e/ /æ/ 1. It was made of ten/tin boxes. 2. It was a mess/miss! 3. They left/lift it here. 4. That is a dangerous pet/pit.
182 5. He hasn’t talked sense/since. 6. How well/will you do that !/? 7. They set/sit him down on the bed. 8. The bell/bill was very large. Intronation
183 Which words rhyme with SNAKE? Circle the words /i:/ and /e/ Change the vowel sound from /e/ to /i:/ in thses words write the new words
184 Then transcribe Find a way from start to finish you must pass a square only if the word in it has the sound/i:/ you can move horizontally( ) or vertically( ) only Fill in the gaps with a word represented by the phonetic sound symbol. 1. What word is represented by the phonetic symbol? __________________________ 2. What word is represented by the phonetic symbol? ___________________________ 3. What word is represented by the phonetic symbol? ____________________________________ 4. What word is represented by the phonetic symbol? _____________________________ 5. What word is represented by the phonetic symbol? _____________________________
185 Put the appropriate words in the blank that sound /ə/ 1. I went ___ work early. 2. What ___ you doing? 3. ___ it warm in Greece? 4. This card’s ___ my family. 5. ___ weren’t enough drinks. 6. Where ___ we buy a map? 7. ___ car’s broken down. 8. I’ll repeat ___ the last time! Underline the /ə/ sounds (1 in each word), the first 3 are done: Servant persist bacon picture commit alive jumper sublime London salad Peru structure suggest soldier persuade combine balloon terror cushion scripture tighten sofa Russia. Write words for the thing in the picture in the correct part of the table.
186 Which /i/ and /i:/ Notice 2 sounds what are the differences
187 /u/ /u:/ Write the missing words that complete the set base on the sound studies Find which word contain, A short monophthong Sea, fleece, hit, tea A long monopthong Cat, feet, game, plant /i:/ /i/ /ei/
188 Find the words containing the short vowels and long vowels: *Please, sit in the seat. *Potato chips are cheap. *Lynn ate lean meat. Find which word contains the sound / i / / i: / / e / / æ / / α /: Card Mix Table cable Fix Read Five boat Wood Seed Ten show Sad Fun Cake end Fade Sun Fine arm / U / / U: / / ^ / / ə / / З / cow few Put nail Draw Tool Pen pet Paint Up Test bat Draw Ago Boat toy Den Mail Bird paste