Encyclopedia of Plants and flowers

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PLANT DICTIONARY

A complete listing of more than 8,000 plants, suitable for growing in temperate
gardens worldwide. Includes full descriptions of the characteristics and cultivation

of over 4,000 plants not already described in the Plant Catalog.

A erect cones that ripen in their first fall A. grandis, illus. p.98. ‘Thompsonii’, illus. p.325.
to release seeds and scales. See also A. homolepis (Nikko fir). Conifer that A. striatum. See A. pictum of gardens.
ABELIA CONIFERS. is conical when young, later columnar. A. x suntense. Fast-growing, deciduous,
A. alba (European silver fir). Fast- H 50ft (15m), S 20ft (6m). Pink-gray bark upright, arching shrub. H 15ft (5m),
CAPRIFOLIACEAE growing, conical conifer. H 50–80ft peels in fine flakes. Has pale green leaves, S 10ft (30m) Has oval, lobed, toothed,
(15–25m), S 15–25ft (5–8m). Has silvery- silver beneath, and cylindrical, violet-blue dark green leaves. Produces an
Genus of deciduous, semievergreen or gray bark and dull green leaves, silvery cones, 3–5in (8–12cm) long. Tolerates abundance of large, bowl-shaped, pale
evergreen shrubs, grown for their foliage beneath. Cylindrical cones, 4–6in urban conditions. Z4–6 H6–4. to deep purple, occasionally white,
and freely borne flowers. Does best (10–15cm) long, ripen to red-brown. A. koreana, illus. p.104. flowers from late spring to early summer.
against a south- or west-facing wall at the Z5–8 H8–5. A. lasiocarpa (Subalpine fir). Narrowly Z13–14 H11–6. ‘Violetta’, illus. p.138.
limits of hardiness. Requires a sheltered, A. amabilis (Pacific fir). Conical conifer. conical conifer. H 30–50ft (10–15m), A. vitifolium. Fast-growing, deciduous,
sunny position and fertile, well-drained H 50ft (15m), S 12–15ft (4–5m). Dense, S 10–12ft (3–4m). Has gray or blue-green upright shrub. H 12ft (4m), S 8ft (2.5m).
soil. Remove dead wood in late spring and notched, square-tipped, glossy, dark leaves and cylindrical, violet-blue cones, Masses of large, bowl-shaped, purplish-
prune out older branches after flowering green leaves, banded with white beneath, 21/2–4in (6–10cm) long. Z5–6 H6–5. blue flowers are produced in late spring
to restrict growth, if required. Propagate are borne on hairy, gray shoots. Oblong, var. arizonica ‘Compacta’, H 12–15ft and early summer. Has oval, lobed,
by softwood cuttings in summer. violet-blue cones are 31/2–6in (9–15cm) (4–5m), S 5–6ft (1.5–2m), is a slow- sharply toothed, gray-green leaves. Z8–9
A.‘Edward Goucher’, illus. p.153. long. Z6–8 H8–6. ‘Spreading Star’, growing, ovoid to conical tree with corky H9–8. var. album, illus. p.113. ‘Veronica
A. floribunda (Mexican abelia). H 20in (50cm), S 12–15ft (4–5m), is a bark and blue foliage. ‘Roger Watson’, Tennant’, illus. p.114.
Evergreen, arching shrub. H 10ft (3m), procumbent form suitable for use as H and S 21⁄2ft (75cm), is dwarf and conical,
S 12ft (4m). Has oval, glossy, dark green a groundcover. with silvery-gray leaves. ACACIA A
leaves and, in early summer, drooping, A. balsamea (Balsam fir). f. hudsonia, A. nordmanniana (Caucasian fir).
tubular, bright red flowers. Z8–11 H11–8. syn. A. balsamea Hudsonia Group is a Columnar, dense conifer. H 50–80ft Wattle 497
A. x grandiflora, illus. p.113. ‘Francis dense, dwarf conifer of flattened to (15–25m), S 15ft (5m). Luxuriant foliage
Mason’ is a vigorous, semievergreen, globose habit. H and S 2–3ft (60cm–1m). is rich green. Cylindrical cones, 4–6in LEGUMINOSAE/MIMOSACEAE
arching shrub. H 6ft (2m), S 10ft (3m). Has Has smooth, gray bark and gray-green (10–15cm) long, are green-brown,
coppery-yellow young shoots and oval, leaves that are semi-spirally arranged. ripening to brown. Z4–6 H6–4. ‘Golden Genus of evergreen, semievergreen or
yellowish-green leaves, darker in centers. Z3–6 H6–1. Hudsonia Group. See A. Spreader’, H and S 3ft (1m), is a dwarf deciduous trees and shrubs, grown for
Bears a profusion of fragrant, bell- balsamea f. hudsonia. ‘Nana’ is another form with a spreading habit and bright their tiny flowers, composed of massed
shaped, white flowers, tinged with pink, dwarf form that makes a dense, globose golden-yellow leaves. stamens, and for their foliage. Many
from mid-summer to mid-fall. Z6–9 H9–6. mound with leaves that are spirally A. procera, illus. p.95. species have phyllodes instead of true
A. schumannii, illus. p.154. arranged. A. veitchii, illus. p.96. leaves. Requires full sun and well-drained
A. triflora, illus. p.113. A. cephalonica (Greek fir). Upright soil. Propagate by seed in spring.
conifer with a conical crown; old trees ABUTILON Red spider mite and mealy bug may
ABELIOPHYLLUM have massive, spreading, erect branches. be problematic.
H 70–100ft (20–30m), S 15–30ft (5–10m). Flowering maple A. baileyana, illus. p.92. ‘Purpurea’,
OLEACEAE Sharp, stiff, glossy, deep green leaves illus. p.84.
are whitish-green beneath. Cylindrical, MALVACEAE A. dealbata, illus. p.211.
Genus of one species of deciduous shrub, tapered cones, 4–6in (10–15cm) long, are A. juniperina. See A. ulicifolia.
grown for its winter flowers. In cold brown when ripe. Z5–6 H6–5. ‘Meyer’s Genus of evergreen, semievergreen A. longifolia (Sydney golden wattle).
regions grow against a south- or west- Dwarf’ (illus. p.105), H 20in (50cm), or deciduous shrubs, perennials and Evergreen, spreading tree. H and S 20ft
facing wall. Requires plenty of sun and S 5ft (1.5m), has short leaves and forms a annuals, grown for their flowers and (6m). Has narrowly oblong, dark green
fertile, well-drained soil. Thin out excess spreading, flat topped-mound. foliage. Needs full sun or partial shade phyllodes. Bears cylindrical clusters of
older shoots after flowering each year A. concolor (White fir). Upright conifer. and fertile, well-drained soil. Water golden-yellow flowers in early spring.
to encourage vigorous, young growth. H 50–100ft (15–30m), S 15–25ft (5–8m). Has containerized specimens freely when in Z9–11 H12–1.
Propagate by softwood cuttings widely spreading, blue-green or gray full growth, less at other times. In the A. podalyriifolia (Mount Morgan
in summer. leaves and cylindrical, green or pale blue growing season, young plants may need wattle, Queensland silver wattle).
A. distichum (Korean abelialeaf). cones, 3–5in (8–12cm) long. Z3–7 H7–1. tip pruning to promote bushy growth. Evergreen, arching shrub. H 10–15ft
Deciduous, open shrub. H and S 4ft ‘Argentea’, illus. p.95. ‘Compacta’, Mature specimens may have previous (3–5m), S 10–12ft (3–4m). Has blue-green
(1.2m). In late winter produces fragrant, syn. A. concolor ‘Glauca Compacta’ season’s stems cut back hard annually phyllodes and produces racemes of bright
star-shaped, white flowers, tinged with (illus. p.105), H 6ft (2m), S 6–10ft (2–3m), in early spring. Tie lax-growing species yellow flowers in spring. Z11 H11–10.
pink, on bare stems; flowers may be is a cultivar with steel-blue foliage. to a support if necessary. Propagate A. pravissima, illus. p.92.
damaged by hard frosts. Leaves are oval ‘Glauca Compacta’. See A. concolor by seed in spring or by softwood, A. pulchella, illus. p.458.
and dark green. Z5–9 H9–1. ‘Compacta’. greenwood or semiripe cuttings in A. ulicifolia, syn. A. juniperina.
A. delavayi (Delavay’s fir). Upright summer. Whitefly and red spider mite Evergreen, bushy shrub. H 3ft (1m),
ABIES conifer producing tiered, spreading may be troublesome. S 5ft (1.5m). Has very narrow, cylindrical,
branches. H 30–50ft (10–15m), S 12–20ft A. ‘Ashford Red’, illus. p.137. spine-like, rich green phyllodes and,
Silver fir (4–6m). Has maroon shoots and curved, A. ‘Golden Fleece’. Strong-growing, in mid-spring, globular clusters of pale
bright deep green leaves, spirally evergreen, rounded shrub. H and S 6–10ft yellow flowers. Z11–15 H12–10.
PINACEAE arranged, with vivid silver bands beneath (2–3m). Has maple- to heart-shaped, A. verticillata (Prickly Moses).
and rolled margins. Cones are narrowly serrated, rich green leaves. Pendent, Evergreen, spreading tree or bushy
Genus of tall conifers with whorled cylindrical, 21/2–6in (6–15cm) long, and bell-shaped, yellow flowers are borne shrub. H and S 28ft (9m). Has needlelike,
branches. Spirally arranged leaves are violet-blue. Z8–9 H9–8. from spring to fall. Z12–11 H10–1. dark green phyllodes and, in spring,
needlelike, flattened, usually soft and A. forrestii, illus. p.100. A. ‘Kentish Belle’, illus. p.162. dense, bottle brushlike spikes of bright
often have silvery bands beneath. Bears A. megapotamicum, illus. p.203. yellow flowers. Z11 H11–10.
A. pictum of gardens, syn. A. striatum.

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ACAENA A. venustum. Evergreen, cushion- cultivars by various grafting methods in ‘Aureum’. See A. shirasawanum ‘Aureum’.
forming perennial. H and S 4in (10cm). late winter or early spring, or by budding ‘Vitifolium’, illus. p.77.
New Zealand burr Small spikes of star-shaped, pink flowers, in summer. Leaf-eating caterpillars or A. laxiflorum, syn. A. pectinatum subsp.
on 11/4in (3cm) stems, are produced from aphids sometimes infest plants, and maple laxiflorum, illus. p.92.
ROSACEAE late spring to early summer amid rosetted, tar spot may affect A. platanoides and A. lobelii. See A. cappadocicum subsp.
spear-shaped, spiny, blue-green leaves A. pseudoplatanus. lobelii.
Genus of mainly summer-flowering that are edged with silver. Needs a very A. buergerianum (Trident maple). A. macrophyllum, illus. p.60.
subshrubs and perennials, evergreen in all hot, well-drained site. Makes an excellent Deciduous, spreading tree. H 30ft (10m) or A. maximowiczianum, syn. A. nikoense
but the severest winters, grown for their alpine house plant. Z7–9 H9–7. more, S 25ft (8m). Has 3-lobed, glossy, dark (Nikko maple). Slow-growing, deciduous,
leaves and colored burs and as groundcover. green leaves, usually providing long-lasting round-headed tree. H and S 40ft (12m).
Has tight, rounded heads of small flowers. Is Acanthopanax. See Eleutherococcus, display of red, orange and purple in fall. Leaves have 3 oval, bluish-green leaflets
good for a rock garden. Some species may except for A. ricinifolius, for which see Z5–9 H9–5. that turn brilliant red and yellow in fall.
be invasive. Needs sun or partial shade and Kalopanax septemlobus. A. capillipes, illus. p.77. Z6–9 H9–6.
well-drained soil. Propagate by division A. cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple). A. monspessulanum (Montpelier maple).
in early spring or by seed in fall. ACANTHUS Deciduous, spreading tree. H 70ft (20m), Deciduous, usually compact, round-headed
A. anserinifolia. See A. novae-zelandiae. S 50ft (15m). Has 5-lobed, bright green tree or shrub. H and S 40ft (12m). Small,
A. buchananii. Vigorous, evergreen, Bear’s breeches leaves that turn yellow in fall. Z5–7 H7–5. 3-lobed, glossy, dark green leaves remain
prostrate perennial. H 3/4in (2cm), S 30in ‘Aureum’ has bright yellow young leaves on tree until late fall. Z7–9 H9–7.
(75cm) or more. Bears glaucous leaves ACANTHACEAE that turn light green in summer and A. negundo (Ash-leaved maple, Box
composed of 11–17 oval, toothed leaflets. assume yellow fall tints. Z5–7 H7–5. subsp. elder). Fast-growing, deciduous, spreading
Globose, green flower heads are borne Genus of perennials, some of which are lobelii, syn. A. lobelii (Lobel’s maple) tree. H 50ft (15m), S 25ft (8m). Bright green
in summer and develop into spiny, yellow- semievergreen, grown for their large, illus. p.62. leaves have 3–5 oval leaflets. Clusters of
green burs. Z6–8 H8–6. deeply cut leaves and their spikes of A. carpinifolium, illus. p.88. inconspicuous, greenish-yellow flowers
A. caerulea. See A. caesiiglauca. flowers. Prefers full sun, warm conditions A. circinatum (Vine maple). Deciduous, are borne in late spring. Z5–8 H8–3.
A. caesiiglauca, syn. A. caerulea, illus. and well-drained soil, but will tolerate spreading, bushy tree or shrub. H 15ft (5m) ‘Variegatum’, illus. p.74. var. violaceum
p.374. shade. Protect crowns in first winter after or more, S 20ft (6m). Rounded, 7–9-lobed, has purplish branchlets covered in a
A. microphylla, illus. p.374. planting. Long, thong-like roots make mid-green leaves turn brilliant orange and glaucous bloom and prominent clusters
A. novae-zelandiae, syn. A. anserinifolia plants difficult to eradicate if wrongly red in fall. Bears clusters of small, purple- of tassel-like, purplish-pink flowers.
of gardens. Vigorous, evergreen, prostrate placed. Propagate by seed or division in and-white flowers in spring. Z6–9 H9–4. A. nikoense. See A. maximowiczianum.
subshrub. H 4in (10cm), S 30in (75cm) or early fall or spring, or by root cuttings A. cissifolium (Ivy-leaved maple). A. opalus (Italian maple). Deciduous,
more. Has brown-green leaves, divided into in winter. Deciduous, spreading tree. H 25ft (8m), round-headed tree. H and S 50ft (15m).
9–13 oval, toothed leaflets. In summer, red- A. balcanicus. See A. hungaricus. S 40ft (12m). Leaves consist of 3 oval, Clusters of small, yellow flowers emerge
spined, brownish burs develop from A. dioscoridis. Upright, architectural toothed leaflets, bronze-tinged when from early to mid-spring, before foliage.
spherical heads of greenish-brown flowers. perennial. H to 3ft (1m), S 18in (45cm). Has young, dark green in summer, turning Leaves are broad, 5-lobed and dark green,
Z6–8 H8–6. oval, deeply cut, rigid, basal leaves and red and yellow in fall. Prefers partial turning yellow in fall. Z5–8 H8–5.
A. ‘Pewter’. See A. saccaticupula ‘Blue hairy stems. Dense spikes of small, funnel- shade and neutral to acid soil. Z4–8 H8–1. A. palmatum (Japanese maple).
Haze’. shaped, purple-and-white flowers are subsp. henryi. See A. henryi. Deciduous, bushy-headed shrub or tree.
A. saccaticupula ‘Blue Haze’, syn. produced in summer. Z6–9 H9–6. A. crataegifolium (Hawthorn maple). H and S 20ft (6m) or more. Palmate, deeply
A. ‘Pewter’. Vigorous, evergreen, prostrate A. hungaricus, syn. A. balcanicus, Deciduous, arching tree. H and S 30ft (10m). lobed, mid-green leaves turn brilliant
perennial. H 4in (10cm), S 30in (75cm) or A. longifolius (Balkan bear’s breeches). Branches are streaked green and white. orange, red or yellow in fall. Clusters of
Upright perennial. H 2–3ft (60cm–1m), Small, oval, mid-green leaves turn orange small, reddish-purple flowers are borne in
A more. Leaves are divided into 9–15 oval, S 3ft (1m). Has long, deeply cut, basal, in fall. Z6–8 H8–6. ‘Veitchii’ illus. p.85. mid-spring. Z6–8 H8–2. ‘Atropurpureum’,
toothed, steel-blue leaflets. Produces dark green leaves. Spikes of white or pink- A. davidii (David’s maple, Snakebark illus. p.89. ‘Bloodgood’, illus. p.138.
spherical, brownish-red flower heads flushed flowers, set in spiny, red-purple maple), illus. p.78. Deciduous tree with ‘Butterfly’ has gray-green leaves edged
that develop in fall to dark red burs with bracts, are borne in summer. Z6–9 H9–5. upright branches. H and S 50ft (15m). with cream and pink. ‘Chitose-yama’ has
pinkish-red spines. Z7–9 H9–7. A. longifolius. See A. hungaricus. Branches are striped green and white. mid-green foliage that gradually turns
A. mollis (Common bear’s breeches). Oval, glossy, dark green leaves often brilliant red from late summer to fall.
ACALYPHA Semievergreen, stately, upright perennial. turn yellow or orange in fall. Z5–7 H7–5. ‘Corallinum’, illus. p.123. var. coreanum
H 4ft (1.2m), S 18in (45cm). Has long, oval, subsp. grosseri. See A. grosseri. has mid-green leaves turning brilliant
EUPHORBIACEAE deeply cut, bright green leaves and, in ‘Madeline Spitta’, illus. p.76. red in fall. ‘Dissectum Atropurpureum’,
summer, produces many spikes of funnel- A. ginnala. See A. tataricum subsp. ginnala. syn. A. palmatum ‘Ornatum’ illus. p.156.
Genus of evergreen shrubs and perennials, shaped, mauve-and-white flowers. Z7–11 A. giraldii. Deciduous, spreading tree. var. heptalobum, illus. p.117. var.
grown for their flowers and foliage. Needs H11–7. ‘Hollard’s Gold’, illus. p.219. H and S 30ft (10m). Shoots have blue-gray heptalobum ‘Lutescens’ has large leaves
partial shade and rich, well-drained soil. A. spinosus (Spiny bear’s breeches), bloom. Large, sycamore-like, shallowly that become clear yellow in fall. Winged
Water container plants freely when in illus. p.239. lobed leaves, with long, pink stalks, are fruits follow flowers. var. heptalobum
full growth, much less at other times and dark green above, blue-white beneath. ‘Rubrum’, illus. p.115. ‘Lorbergii’. See
in low temperatures. Stem tips of young ACCA Z7–9 H9–7. A. platanoides ‘Palmatifidum’. ‘Ornatum’.
plants may be removed in growing season A. grandidentatum. See A. saccharum See A. palmatum ‘Dissectum
to promote branching. Propagate by SYN. FEIJOA subsp. grandidentatum. Atropurpureum’. ‘Osakazuki’, illus. p.90.
softwood, greenwood or semiripe cuttings MYRTACEAE A. griseum (Paperbark maple), illus. p.78. ‘Sango-kaku’, syn. A. palmatum ‘Senkaki’
in summer. Red spider mite, whitefly and Deciduous, spreading tree. H and S 30ft (Coralbark maple), illus. p.78. Young winter
mealy bug may be troublesome. Genus of evergreen, opposite-leaved (10m). Has peeling, orange-brown bark. shoots are coral-pink; the orange-yellow
A. hispida (Chenille plant). Evergreen, shrubs, grown for their shallowly cup- Dark green leaves have 3 leaflets and turn leaves turn green, becoming pink and
upright, soft-stemmed shrub. H 6ft (2m) shaped flowers. Needs a sheltered, red and orange in fall. Z4–8 H8–1. finally yellow in fall. Z6–8 H8–2. ‘Senkaki’.
or more, S 3–6ft (1–2m). Has oval, toothed, sunny site and light, well-drained soil. A. grosseri, syn. A. davidii subsp. grosseri See A. palmatum ‘Sango-kaku’.
lustrous, deep green leaves. Tiny, crimson Propagate by seed sown as soon as ripe (Snakebark maple), illus. p.78. Deciduous, ‘Shindeshojo’, illus. p.123.
flowers hang in long, dense, catkin-like or by semiripe cuttings in summer. upright and spreading tree. H  and S 30ft A. pectinatum subsp. laxiflorum. See
spikes, intermittently year-round. May be A. sellowiana, illus. p.203. (10m). Has white-striped trunk and A. laxiflorum.
grown as a short-lived cordon. Z11 H11–6. branches. Broadly oval, deeply lobed, bright A. pensylvanicum, illus. p.79.
A. wilkesiana, illus. p.456. ACER green leaves turn red in fall. Z5–7 H7–5. ‘Erythrocladum’ (illus. p.78), is a
A. henryi, syn. A. cissifolium subsp. deciduous, upright tree. H 30ft (10m),
498 ACANTHOLIMON Maple henryi, illus. p.76. S 20ft (6m). Has brilliant candy-pink, young
A. japonicum (Fullmoon maple, Japanese shoots in winter and large, boldly lobed,
Prickly thrift ACERACEAE/SAPINDACEAE maple). Deciduous, bushy tree or shrub. mid-green leaves that turn bright yellow
H  and S 30ft (10m). Rounded, lobed leaves in fall. Z3–7 H7–1.
PLUMBAGINACEAE Genus of deciduous or evergreen trees are mid-green, turning red in fall. Clusters A. platanoides (Norway maple).
and shrubs, grown for their foliage, which of small, reddish-purple flowers open in Vigorous, deciduous, spreading tree.
Genus of evergreen perennials, grown for often colors brilliantly in fall and, in some mid-spring. Shelter from strong winds. H 80ft (25m), S 50ft (15m). Has large, broad,
their flowers and tight cushions of spiny cases, for their ornamental bark or stems. Z5–7 H7–1. ‘Aconitifolium’, illus. p.90. sharply lobed, bright green leaves that
leaves. Is suitable for rock gardens and Small, but often attractive flowers are
walls. Prefers sun and well-drained soil. followed by 2-winged fruits. Requires sun
Dislikes damp winters. Seed is rarely set in or semi-shade and fertile, moist but well-
cultivation. Propagate by softwood cuttings drained soil. Many acers produce their best
in late spring. fall color on neutral to acid soil. Propagate
A. glumaceum, illus. p.363. species by seed as soon as ripe or in fall;