Encyclopedia of Plants and flowers

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MICHAELMAS DAISIES

Invaluable border plants, Michaelmas daisies (Aster species
and cultivars; mostly A. novae-angliae and A. novi-belgii)
flower later than many other perennials and continue the
display until late fall. The smaller-flowered species and
selections associate well with grasses and naturalistic
planting schemes, while the larger flowers are excellent
for cutting. The daisylike, single or double flowers range
in color from white, pink, and red, to purple and blue.
Michaelmas daisies thrive in sun or partial shade and
well-drained soil, and tall cultivars may need staking. For
large flowers, pinch out weaker shoots in spring; to produce
bushier plants with a greater number of smaller flowers,
pinch out the top 1–2in (2.5–5cm) of all shoots in late spring.

A. ‘Coombe Fishacre’ A. ‘Photograph’ A. novi-belgii ‘Chequers’

A. novi-belgii ‘Apple Blossom’ A. x frikartii ‘Wunder von Stäfa’ A. novae-angliae ‘Violetta’ A. novi-belgii ‘Marie Ballard’

A. divaricatus A. novae-angliae A. novae-angliae ‘Rosa Sieger’ A. ‘Little Carlow’
‘Harrington’s Pink’

A. ericoides ‘Golden Spray’ A. cordifolius ‘Silver Spray’ A. ‘Sunhelene’

A. novi-belgii ‘Carnival ’

249

A. ericoides ‘White Heather’ A. novi-belgii ‘Freda Ballard’ A. novi-belgii ‘Orlando’ A. novi-belgii ‘Professor Anton Kippenberg’

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FALL PURPLE

BLUE

Strobilanthes atropurpureus Aster amellus ‘King George’ Gentiana asclepiadea Eryngium x tripartitum
Upright, branching perennial with Bushy perennial with oval, rough leaves. (Willow gentian) Perennial with wiry stems above a
oval, toothed leaves. Spikes of In fall produces many large, terminal, Arching perennial with narrow, oval basal rosette of coarsely toothed,
numerous, violet-blue to purple daisylike, deep blue-violet flower heads leaves to 3in (8cm) long. In late summer gray-green leaves. Conical, metallic-
flowers appear in summer–fall. with yellow centers. H and S 20in (50cm). to fall has arching sprays of trumpet- blue flower heads on blue stems are
H to 4ft (1.2m), S to 2ft (60cm). shaped, deep blue flowers, spotted borne in summer–fall and may be dried
BD Z5–8 H8–1 and striped inside. H to 36in (90cm), for winter decoration. H 3–4ft (1–1.2m),
BD Z5–9 H9–5 S to 24in (60cm). S 20in (50cm).

BE Z6–9 H9–6 AD Z5–8 H8–5

SALVIAS S. pratensis ‘Pink Delight’ S. x sylvestris ‘Mainacht’ S. nemorosa ‘Caradonna’

Hardy perennial salvias are useful
plants, many flowering profusely in
late summer and lasting well into fall.
The genus is quite diverse, with plants
in a range of sizes and flower colors,
including white, true blue, purple, pink,
and red. A few, such as S. argentea, are
also grown for their foliage, which in
many species is aromatic. Salvias thrive
in hot, sunny sites and free-draining
soil, and grow quickly, many developing
into shrublike plants within a season. To
ensure that they survive cold winters, in
fall spread thick mulch over the plants
to protect the roots.

S. pratensis ‘Indigo’ S. x sylvestris ‘Blauhügel’ S. nemorosa ‘Lubecca’

S. pratensis ‘Swan Lake’ S. uliginosa S. guaranitica ‘Black and Blue’

250 S. nemorosa ‘Amethyst’ S. nemorosa ‘Ostfriesland’ S. verticillata ‘Purple Rain’ S. patens S. glutinosa

S. argentea

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RUDBECKIA

The golden daisy flowers of Rudbeckia illuminate late
summer and early fall borders, perennial schemes, and
gravel gardens. Most are just over knee height, but some
forms of R. hirta are small and compact, ideal for the front of
beds or containers, while others, like R. ‘Herbstonne’, tower
above the rest, reaching up to 8ft (2.5m) in height. R. maxima
also has attractive glaucous blue foliage. All types produce
large flowers on sturdy stems that seldom need staking, and
the blooms also attract beneficial insects. Rudbeckia thrive
in an open, sunny situation, and moist but free-draining soil.

Kirengeshoma palmata
Upright perennial with rounded, lobed,
bright green leaves, above which strong
stems bearing clusters of narrowly
funnel-shaped, creamy yellow flowers
appear in late summer to fall. H 3ft (1m),
S 24in (60cm).

BEM Z5–8 H8–5

R. maxima R. triloba

Kniphofia ‘Percy’s Pride’ Euphorbia schillingii R. occidentalis ‘Green Wizard’
Upright perennial with large, terminal Robust, clump-forming perennial R. fulgida var. speciosa
spikes of creamy flowers, tinged green that produces long-lasting, yellow
and yellow, borne on erect stems in cyathia and rounded, greenish-yellow
fall. Protect crowns with winter mulch. bracts from mid-summer to mid-fall.
H 3ft (1m), S 20in (50cm). Stems are erect and leaves are dark
green with pale green or white veins.
AD Z6–9 H9–6 H 3ft (1m), S 12in (30cm).

BEt Z7–9 H9–7

Solidago ‘Goldenmosa’ R. fulgida var. sullivantii 251
Clump-forming perennial. Sprays of ‘Goldsturm’
tufted, mimosa-like, yellow flower heads
are carried in late summer and fall above R. laciniata ‘Herbstsonne’ R. fulgida var. deamii
lance-shaped, toothed, hairy, yellowish-
green leaves. H 3ft (1m), S 24in (60cm). www.ebook777.com

AD Z5–9 H9–5

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CHRYSANTHEMUMS

Florist’s chrysanthemums, as well as those that are grown as hardy garden
plants, are grouped according to their differing flower forms, approximate
flowering season (early, mid- or late fall), and habit. The best groups for
garden decoration are the sprays, pompons, and semi-pompons, the hardy
Korean, and early, reflexed chrysanthemums. The dwarf Charm-types, forming
dense, domed masses of flowers, are most attractive displayed in pots for both
indoor and outdoor use in fall. Most of the various flower forms are described
below, with further details provided in the Plant Dictionary under Chrysanthemum.

Incurved—fully double, Single—flowers each C. ‘Innocence’ t [single] C. ‘Pennine Oriel’ t
dense, spherical flowers have about 5 rows of flat
have incurved petals petals, borne at right [spray, anemone]
arising from the base angles to the stem, that
of the flower and closing may incurve or reflex at C. ‘Purleigh White’ t
tightly over the crown. the tips; the prominent
central disk is golden [semi-pompon]
Fully reflexed—fully throughout or has a
double flowers have small, green center. C. ‘Enbee Wedding’ t
curved, pointed petals
reflexing outward and Pompon—fully double, [spray, single]
downward from the dense, spherical,
crown and back to touch or occasionally
the stem. hemispherical, flowers,
have tubular petals
with flat, rounded tips,
growing outward
from the crown.

Reflexed—fully double Spoon-type—flowers
flowers are similar to are similar to those of
those of fully reflexed single forms except
forms except that the that the ray petals are
petals are less strongly tubular and open out
reflexed and form at their tips to form
an umbrella-like or a spoon shape.
spiky outline.

Intermediate—fully Spider-form—double C. ‘Nell Gwynn’ t
double, roughly flower heads with long,
spherical flowers have thin ray-florets; the [Korean Group]
loosely incurving petals, outer ray-florets are
which may close at the more or less pendent, C. ‘Emperor of China’ t
crown or may reflex the inner ones
for the bottom half of curling upward. [double]
each flower.
Quill-shaped—double
Anemone-centered— flower heads with
single flowers each have tubular ray-florets that
a central, dome-shaped open out at their tips
disk, up to half the to form spoon shapes.
diameter of the bloom,
and up to 5 rows of flat,
or occasionally spoon-
type, ray petals at right
angles to the stem.

252 C. ‘Spartan Seagull’ t [Korean Group] C. ‘Aunt Millicent’ t [Korean Group]
C. ‘Chesapeake’ t [spray, quill]

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C. ‘Anastasia’ t C. ‘Tapestry Rose’ t C. ‘Ruby Mound’ t [Korean Group] C. ‘Mary Stoker’ t [single] C. ‘Nantyderry Sunshine’ t

[semi-pompon] [Korean Group] [semi-pompon]

C. ‘Carmine Blush’ t [single] C. ‘Rumpelstilzchen’ t [Korean Group] C. ‘Golden Chalice’ t [charm] C. ‘Yellow John Hughes’ t

[incurved]

C. ‘Grandchild’ t [double] C. ‘Perry’s Peach’ t C. ‘Chelsea Physic Garden’ t C. ‘Bronze Elegance’ t C. ‘Sea Urchin’ t

[Korean Group] [double] [semi-pompon] [Korean Group]

C. ‘George Griffiths’ t C. ‘Doctor Tom Parr’ t C. ‘Cottage Apricot’ t [Korean Group]

[reflexed] [semi-pompon]

C. ‘Mrs. Jessie Cooper’ t [single]

253

C. ‘Apollo’ t [Korean Group] C. ‘Duchess of Edinburgh’ t [Korean Group] C. ‘Paul Boissier’ t [semidouble]
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MEDIUM SMALL
RED-HOT POKERS
FALL SPRING
Red-hot pokers (Kniphofia) are dramatic hardy
perennials, their upright forms providing focal points in ORANGE WHITE
borders, gravel gardens, and perennial schemes. Spires
of tubular flowers in a range of fiery colors, or more
muted shades of green, ivory, and pale yellow, rise from
clumps of slender, often evergreen, foliage. Selections
flower from mid-summer to late fall, and they enjoy an
open site in full sun, with shelter from cold winds, and
fertile, well-drained soil that does not dry out. Give them
space to spread, as too much competition may limit their
success. Protect plants over winter with a deep mulch.

Epimedium x youngianum ‘Niveum’
Compact, groundcover perennial with
heart-shaped, serrated, bronze-tinted
leaflets that turn green in late spring,
when small, cup-shaped, snow-white
flowers are borne. H 6–12in (15–30cm),
S 12in (30cm).

BD Z5–9 H9–5

K. ‘Royal Standard’

K. ‘Green Jade’ K. ‘Wrexham Buttercup’ K. ‘Atlanta’

Helenium ‘Moerheim Beauty’ Lamium maculatum ‘White Nancy’
Upright perennial with strong, Semievergreen, mat-forming perennial
branching stems bearing sprays of with white-variegated, mid-green foliage
daisylike, rich reddish-orange flower and spikes of hooded, white flowers in
heads in early fall above dark green late spring and summer. H to 6in (15cm),
foliage. Needs regular division in spring S to 3ft (1m).
or fall. H 3ft (1m), S 24in (60cm).

ADt Z4–8 H8–1 CE Z4–8 H8–1

K. caulescens

K. ‘Toffee Nosed’ K. thomsonii var. snowdenii
K. rooperi
254 Aster linosyris (Goldilocks) Pulmonaria ‘Sissinghurst White’
Upright, unbranched perennial Semievergreen, clump-forming
K. ‘Bees’ Sunset’ with numerous small, dense, single, perennial that bears funnel-shaped,
golden-yellow flower heads in late white flowers in spring above long,
summer and fall. Leaves are narrowly elliptic, mid-green, paler spotted leaves.
lance-shaped. H 24in (60cm), H 12in (30cm), S 18–24in (45–60cm).
S 12in (30cm).
CD Z6–8 H8–6
BD Z3–8 H8–1

K. ‘Prince Igor’

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Anemone narcissiflora Trillium grandiflorum (Wake-robin) Lamium maculatum ‘Album’ Bergenia ‘Silberlicht’
Leafy perennial that in late spring and Clump-forming perennial. Large, Semievergreen, mat-forming perennial Evergreen, clump-forming perennial
early summer produces cup-shaped, pure white flowers that turn pink that has dark green leaves with central, that has flat, oval, mid-green leaves
single, white flowers with a blue or with age are borne singly in spring white stripes. Bears clusters of hooded, with toothed margins. Clusters of white
purplish-pink stain on reverse of petals. just above large, 3-parted, dark green white flowers in spring–summer. flowers, sometimes suffused with pink,
Leaves are dark green and deeply leaves. H 15in (38cm), S 12in (30cm). H 8in (20cm), S 3ft (1m). are borne on erect stems in spring.
divided. H to 24in (60cm), S 20in (50cm). H 12in (30cm), S 20in (50cm).

BDt Z5–8 H8–5 BD Z4–7 H7–3 BE Z4–8 H8–1 AD Z3–8 H8–1

Convallaria majalis (Lily-of-the-valley) Sinopodophyllum hexandrum Pachyphragma macrophyllum Trillium ovatum
Low-growing, rhizomatous perennial (Himalayan Mayapple) Creeping, mat-forming perennial with Clump-forming perennial with white
with narrowly oval, mid- to dark green Perennial with pairs of 3-lobed, brown- rosettes of rounded, long-stalked, glossy, flowers, later turning pink, that are
leaves and sprays of small, very fragrant, bright green leaves, each to 4in (10cm) carried singly in spring just above
pendulous, bell-shaped, white flowers. mottled leaves followed by white or long. Bears many racemes of tiny, white red-stalked, 3-parted, dark green foliage.
Likes rich soil. H 6in (15cm), S indefinite. flowers in spring. H to 12in (30cm), H 10–15in (25–38cm), S 8in (20cm).
pink flowers in spring and fleshy, red S indefinite.
fruits in summer. H 12–18in (30–45cm),
S 12in (30cm).

BEt Z2–7 H7–1 BEtZ6–8 H8–5 BE Z5–9 H9–5 BD Z5–8 H8–5

Trillium chloropetalum Anemone sylvestris Helleborus x ericsmithii ‘Bob’s Best’ 255
Clump-forming perennial with reddish- (Snowdrop windflower) Evergreen, clump-forming perennial
green stems carrying 3-parted, gray- Carpeting perennial that may be with toothed, dark green leaves flushed
marbled, dark green leaves. Flowers invasive. Fragrant, semi-pendent, white in pewter and divided into 3–5 leaflets.
vary from purplish-pink to white flowers with yellow centers are borne in From mid-winter to late spring bears
and appear above foliage in spring. spring and early summer. Has divided, saucer-shaped, pink-tinted, white flowers,
H and S 12–18in (30–45cm). mid-green leaves. H and S 12in (30cm). often striped in green and with darker
petal backs. H 15in (38cm), S 18in (45cm).
BD Z6–9 H9–6 BDt Z3–9 H9–1
BDtZ6–9 H9–6

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SPRING PINK

WHITE

Chrysosplenium macrophyllum Cypripedium Ulla Silkens gx Geranium macrorrhizum Heloniopsis orientalis
Evergreen, groundcover perennial with Deciduous, terrestrial orchid with 1–3 ‘Ingwersen’s Variety’ Clump-forming perennial with
large, rounded, fleshy, mid green leaves pouched, pastel white and pink flowers, Compact, carpeting perennial, useful as basal rosettes of narrowly lance-
covered in silvery hairs. Lacy heads of 2–3in (5–7cm) long, borne in spring. weed-suppressing groundcover. Small, shaped leaves, above which rise
flattish, pink-tinted, creamy flowers are Has broadly lance-shaped leaves, soft rose-pink flowers appear in late nodding, rose-pink flowers in
borne in early spring. Spreads freely to 12in (30cm) long. H 12in (30cm), spring and early summer. Aromatic spring. H and S 12in (30cm).
by runners. H 8in (20cm), S 36in (90cm). S 24in (60cm). leaves turn bronze- and scarlet-tinted
in fall. H 12in (30cm), S 24in (60cm). BE Z7–9 H9–7
CEZ6–8 H8–5 BDZ3–7 H7–1
AD Z4–8 H8–1

Helleborus x ericsmithii Dicentra ‘Spring Morning’
IVORY PRINCE (‘Walhelivor’) Neat, leafy perennial with
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial small, heart-shaped, pink flowers
with silver-veined, bluish-green leaves hanging in arching sprays in late
divided into 3–5 leaflets. From mid-winter spring and summer. Attractive,
to spring bears pink-tinted cream flowers, fernlike foliage is gray-green and
often striped in green and with darker finely cut. H and S 12in (30cm).
petal backs. H 15in (38cm), S 18in (45cm).
BDt Z3–9 H9–1
BDtZ6–9 H9–6

256 Bergenia ciliata Bergenia ‘Beethoven’ Helleborus thibetanus
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial Evergreen, groundcovering perennial Clump-forming perennial with palmate,
with attractive, large, rounded, hairy with masses of pink-tinged, white mid-green leaves deeply divided into 7–9
leaves. In spring bears clusters of white flowers, borne in branched panicles, toothed lobes. Bears deeply cup-shaped
flowers that age to pink. Leaves are often in spring. Has spoon-shaped, leathery, flowers, 4–6.5cm (1½–2¾in) across, in
damaged by frost, although fresh ones mid-green leaves. Protect from spring late winter–early spring that vary from
will appear in spring. H 12in (30cm), frosts. H 16in (40cm), S 24in (60cm) white to white with pink veins, which
S 20in (50cm). or more. darken with age. H and S 12in (30cm).

AD Z5–8 H8–1 AD Z4–8 H8–1 BEtZ5–8 H8–5

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PRIMULAS

There are primulas to suit most garden situations, ranging
from boggy areas and pond margins to woodlands, rock
gardens, and containers. Of the various botanical groups,
Candelabra, Auricula, and Primrose-Polyanthus primulas
are the most widely grown. Auriculas are compact evergreen
plants with leathery leaves and flowers with beautiful
markings; they grow well in moist but well-drained soil.
Candelabras prefer damp soil, and are taller and deciduous,
with flowers arranged in rings up sturdy stems. The Primrose-
Polyanthus group includes a diverse range of small winter-
to spring-flowering plants, often sold as bedding or for
containers, that thrive in moist soil. Most prefer some
shade. For full cultivation details, see the Plant Dictionary.

P. ‘Guinevere’

P. denticulata var. alba P. allionii P. frondosa

P. ‘Lady Greer’ P. japonica ‘Miller’s Crimson’

P. ‘Dawn Ansell’ P. Husky Series [white] P. ‘Woodland Walk’

P. Crescendo Series ‘Crescendo
Pink and Rose Shades’

257

P. vulgaris ‘Alba Plena’ P. japonica ‘Postford White’ P. sieboldii ‘Geisha Girl’ P. ‘Charisma Red’

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P. sieboldii P. ‘Elizabeth Killelay’

P. vulgaris subsp. sibthorpii P. ‘Mark’ [Auricula]

P. pulverulenta P. ‘Inverewe’ P. Barnhaven Blues Group P. Charisma Series P. Crescendo Series
‘Charisma Blue’

P. Crescendo Series ‘Crescendo Bright Red’ P. polyneura P. beesiana P. Belarina Series
‘Belarina Cobalt Blue’

258 P. ‘Matthew Yates’ [Auricula] P. ‘Miss Indigo’

P. ‘Don Keefe’

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P. ‘Fransisca’ P. sikkimensis P. chungensis

P. palinuri P. ‘Margaret Martin’ [Auricula] P. ‘Blairside Yellow’ [Auricula] P. forrestii

P. aureata P. elatior P. bulleyana

P. verticillata P. kewensis P. veris ‘Katy McSparron’ P. Gold-laced Group

259

P. alpicola P. vulgaris P. ‘Trouble’ [Auricula]

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SPRING PURPLE

RED

Epimedium x rubrum Glaucidium palmatum Helleborus purpurascens Epimedium epsteinii
Carpeting perennial with dense, heart- Leafy perennial that has large, lobed Neat, clump-forming perennial with Rather compact, semievergreen,
shaped, divided leaves that are dark leaves and, in spring, large, delicate, small, nodding, cup-shaped, pure deep rhizomatous perennial with glossy
brownish-red in spring, when clusters cup-shaped, lavender flowers. A purple or green flowers, splashed with green leaves divided into narrowly oval,
of cup-shaped, crimson flowers with woodland plant, it requires rich deep purple on outside, in early spring. toothed leaflets. Has clusters of pendent,
yellow spurs appear. H 12in (30cm), soil and a sheltered position. H and Dark green leaves are palmate and deeply long-spurred, white-and-purple flowers
S 8in (20cm). S 20in (50cm). divided into narrowly lance-shaped, in spring. Good for groundcover.
toothed segments. H and S 12in (30cm). H 12in (30cm), S 16cm (40cm).
BD Z4–8 H8–1 BE Z6–9 H9–6
BEt Z4–8 H8–3 BDZ5–10 H9–4

Trillium erectum Cardamine pentaphyllos Lathyrus vernus
(Birthroot, Squawroot) Upright perennial spreading by Clump-forming perennial bearing in
Clump-forming perennial with fleshy, horizontal rootstocks. Produces spring small, pealike, bright purple and
3-lobed, mid-green leaves and bright clusters of large, white or pale purple blue flowers veined with red, several on
maroon-purple flowers in spring. flowers in spring. H 12–24in (30–60cm), each slender stem. Leaves are soft and
H 12–18in (30–45cm), S 12in (30cm). S 18–24in (45–60cm). fernlike. Proves difficult to transplant
successfully. H and S 12in (30cm).
BD Z4–7 H7–3
BE Z5–9 H9–5 ADt Z5–7 H7–5

260 Trillium sessile Scopolia carniolica Lathraea clandestina (Toothwort) Lamium orvala
(Toadshade, Wake-robin) Clump-forming perennial that Spreading perennial that grows as Clump-forming perennial that
Clump-forming perennial that in carries spikes of nodding, purple- a parasite on willow or poplar roots. forms a mound of mid-green leaves,
spring bears red-brown flowers, brown flowers, yellow inside, in Fleshy, underground stems have sometimes with central white stripes.
nestling in a collar of 3-lobed early spring. H and S 24in (60cm). colorless scales instead of leaves. Clusters of pink or purple-pink flowers
leaves, marked white, pale green Bears bunches of hooded, purple open in late spring to early summer.
or bronze. H 12–15in (30–38cm), CDt Z5–8 H8–5 flowers from late winter to early H and S 12in (30cm).
S 12–18in (30–45cm). spring. H 4in (10cm), S indefinite.
BD Z4–8 H8–1
BD Z4–8 H8–1 BE Z5–9 H9–5

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BLUE

Erysimum ‘Bowles’s Mauve’ Mertensia virginica Omphalodes cappadocica Brunnera macrophylla ‘Jack Frost’
Shrubby, short-lived perennial with Elegant perennial with rich blue ‘Cherry Ingram’ Groundcover perennial with heart-
many clusters of purple flowers, each flowers, hanging in clusters in spring. Clump-forming, rhizomatous perennial shaped, silvery-gray leaves. Delicate
with 4 spreading petals, from early Leaves are soft blue-green. Dies with oval, deeply veined, pointed, mid- sprays of small, star-shaped, forget-
spring to early summer. Has narrowly down in summer. Crowns are prone green leaves. In spring bears loose menot-like, blue flowers are produced
lance-shaped, dark green leaves. Is best to slug damage. H 12–24in (30–60cm), racemes of 5-petaled, dark blue flowers. in spring. Is ideal in the front of a border.
in poor soil. H 24in (60cm), S 16in (40cm). S 12–18in (30–45cm). H 12in (30cm), S 24in (60cm). H 24in (60cm), S 24in (60cm) or more.

AD Z6–10 H10–3 CD Z3–7 H7–1 BD Z6–8 H8–6 AD Z3–7 H7–1

LUNGWORTS

Invaluable shade-loving perennials,
lungworts (Pulmonaria) produce
clusters of bell-shaped spring flowers
and hairy, groundcovering foliage.
Selections are available in a range
of colors, from white through to
pink, blue, and purple; P. rubra has red
blooms. Some cultivars have also been
selected for the beauty of their foliage,
which may be spotted or streaked with
white or silver or variegated. Easy to
grow, lungworts thrive in cool areas
in soil that does not dry out. During
summer, trim off the old foliage and
fresh leaves, often more prominently
marked, will soon appear.

P. rubra ‘David Ward’ P. rubra P. ‘Lewis Palmer’

P. ‘Margery Fish’

261

P. ‘Excalibur’ P. OPAL (‘Ocupol’) P. ‘Mary Mottram’ P. ‘Mawson’s Blue’

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SPRING YELLOW

GREEN

Helleborus argutifolius ‘Pacific Frost’ Euphorbia amygdaloides var. robbiae Anemone x lipsiensis Valeriana phu ‘Aurea’
Clump-forming perennial with Evergreen, spreading perennial with Prostrate, carpeting perennial that in Perennial with rosettes of lemon- to
pink shoot tips and evergreen, rosettes of dark green leaves, useful spring has many single, pale yellow butter-yellow young foliage that turns
divided, spiny, dark green leaves as groundcover even in poor, dry soil flowers with bright yellow stamens. mid-green by summer, when heads
densely speckled in cream. Produces and semi-shade. Bears open, rounded Leaves are deeply cut with long leaflets. of insignificant, white flowers appear.
large clusters of cup-shaped, pale heads of lime-green flowers in spring. H 6in (15cm), S 12in (30cm). H 15in (38cm), S 12–15in (30–38cm).
green flowers in winter–spring. H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 24in (60cm).
H 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm). AD Z5–9 H9–5
BDt Z6–9 H9–2 BDt Z5–8 H8–5
BDt Z6–9 H9–6

Helleborus x sternii Epimedium x versicolor Adonis vernalis
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial ‘Neosulphureum’ Clump-forming perennial that in
with divided leaves and cup-shaped, Carpeting perennial with dense, heart- early spring produces buttercup-like,
often pink-tinged, pale green flowers shaped, divided leaves, tinted reddish- greenish-yellow blooms singly at the tips
borne in terminal clusters in winter purple in spring when it bears cup- of stems. Mid-green leaves are delicately
and early spring. H and S 18in (45cm). shaped, pale yellow flowers in small, dissected. H and S 9–12in (23–30cm).
pendent clusters on wiry stems.
BDt Z5–8 H8–5 H and S 12in (30cm). AD Z4–7 H7–1

BD Z5–9 H9–4

Euphorbia cyparissias Helleborus argutifolius ‘Silver Lace’ Uvularia grandiflora Euphorbia polychroma
Rounded, leafy perennial with a mass Clump-forming perennial with (Bellwort, Merrybells) Rounded, bushy perennial with mid-
of slender, gray-green leaves and evergreen, divided, spiny, bluish- Clump-forming perennial. Clusters of green leaves and heads of bright yellow
umbels of small, bright lime-green green leaves and flared, cup-shaped, flowers carried for several weeks in
flowers in late spring. May be invasive. pale green flowers borne in large long, bell-shaped, yellow flowers hang spring. H and S 20in (50cm).
H and S 12in (30cm). clusters in winter–spring. H 24in (60cm),
S 18in (45cm). gracefully from slender stems in spring.
262 ADt Z4–9 H9–1 H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 12in (30cm).

BDt Z6–9 H9–6 BD Z3–7 H7–1 AEt Z5–9 H9–5

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SUMMER

ORANGE WHITE

Primula veris (Cowslip) Epimedium x warleyense Leucanthemum x superbum
Very variable, rosette-forming, Carpeting perennial with heart-shaped, ‘Esther Read’
evergreen or semievergreen perennial divided, light green leaves, tinged Robust perennial with large,
with tight clusters of fragrant, tubular, purple-red, and cup-shaped, rich orange daisylike, double, white flower
yellow flowers produced on sturdy flowers borne in clusters on wiry stems heads borne singly on strong stems
stems in spring. Leaves are oval to in spring. H and S 12in (30cm). in summer. H and S 18in (45cm).
lance-shaped, toothed and mid-green.
H and S 10in (25cm). BD Z5–9 H9–5 AD Z5–8 H8–1

BE Z3–8 H8–1

Doronicum orientale ‘Magnificum’ Meconopsis cambrica (Welsh poppy) Anthericum liliago (St Bernard’s lily) Galium odoratum (Sweet woodruff)
Clump-forming perennial with heart- Spreading perennial that in late spring Upright perennial that in early summer Carpeting perennial that bears whorls
shaped, lush, soft green leaves. Short carries lemon-yellow or rich orange bears tall racemes of trumpet-shaped, of star-shaped, white flowers above neat,
stems bear daisylike, bright yellow blooms. Double forms are available. white flowers above clumps of long, whorled leaves in summer. All parts
flower heads in spring. Plants may die Has deeply divided, fernlike foliage. narrow, gray-green leaves. H 18–24in of plant are aromatic. H 6in (15cm),
down by late summer. H 18in (45cm), H 12–18in (30–45cm), S 12in (30cm). (45–60cm), S 12in (30cm). S 12in (30cm) or more.
S 16in (40cm).
CE Z6–8 H8–6 AD Z7–9 H9–7 BD Z5–8 H8–5
AD Z4–8 H8–1

Anemone ranunculoides Epimedium ‘Amber Queen’ Tradescantia Andersoniana Group Geranium clarkei ‘Kashmir White’ 263
Spreading perennial for damp Evergreen, clump-forming perennial ‘Osprey’ Carpeting, rhizomatous perennial with
woodland, bearing buttercup-like, with clusters of spidery, pendent, Clump-forming perennial with divided leaves and loose clusters of
single, deep yellow flowers in spring. long-spurred, orange flowers, held on narrow, lance-shaped leaves, 6–12in cup-shaped flowers, white with pale
Divided leaves have short stalks. wiry stems, in spring. Dark green leaves (15–30cm) long. Has clusters of white lilac-pink veins, borne for a long period
H and S 8in (20cm). are mottled when young and divided flowers with purple-blue stamens, in summer. H and S 18–24in (45–60cm).
into rounded heart-shaped, toothed surrounded by 2 leaflike bracts, in
BEt Z4–8 H8–1 leaflets. H 12in (30cm), S 16in (40cm). summer. H to 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm). AD Z5–8 H8–5

BEZ5–9 H9–5 AEt Z5–9 H9–5

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SUMMER PINK

WHITE

Deinanthe bifida Diplarrhena moraea
Slow-growing, clump-forming Clump-forming perennial with fans
perennial with nodding, cup-shaped, of long, strap-shaped leaves and
white flowers. Has oval, bristly, clusters of iris-like, white flowers,
soft green leaves on short stems. with centers of yellow and purple,
H 16in (40cm), S 12in (30cm). borne on wiry stems in early summer.
H 18in (45cm), S 9in (23cm).
BD Z4–8 H8–1
AD Z9–10 H10–9

Anthemis punctata subsp. cupaniana Geranium renardii Mimulus naiandinus
Evergreen, carpeting perennial with Compact, clump-forming perennial Spreading perennial, with hairy
dense, finely cut, silvery foliage that with lobed, circular, sage-green leaves leaves, that in summer bears
turns green in winter. Small, daisylike, and purple-veined, white flowers, borne snapdragon-like, rose-pink flowers
white flower heads with yellow centers in early summer. H and S 12in (30cm). tipped with creamy-yellow and spotted
are borne singly on short stems in early deep pink. H 9in (23cm), S 10in (25cm).
summer. H and S 12in (30cm).

AD Z6–9 H9–6 AD Z6–8 H8–6 AEZ9–11 H11–8

Crambe maritima (Sea kale) Melittis melissophyllum Erigeron ‘Charity’ x Heucherella tiarelloides
Robust perennial with a mound of (Bastard balm) Clump-forming perennial with a mass Evergreen, groundcover perennial that
wide, curved, lobed, silvery-green Erect perennial that in early summer of daisylike, light pink flower heads has dense clusters of leaves and feathery
leaves. Bears large heads of small, with greenish-yellow centers borne sprays of tiny, bell-shaped, pink flowers
fragrant, white flowers, opening bears white flowers with purple lower for a long period in summer. May need in early summer. H and S 18in (45cm).
into branching sprays in summer. some support. H and S to 24in (60cm).
H and S 24in (60cm). lips in axils of rough, oval, mid-green
leaves. H and S 12in (30cm).
264 AD Z6–9 H9–6
BD Z6–9 H9–6 AD Z5–8 H8–5 BD Z5–8 H8–5

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Geranium x oxonianum Persicaria macrophylla Lychnis flos-jovis Osteospermum jucundum
‘Wargrave Pink’ Compact perennial carrying neat Clump-forming perennial with rounded Evergreen, neat, clump-forming
Semievergreen, carpeting perennial spikes of rich rose-pink blooms above clusters of deep rose-pink flowers, perennial with mid-green leaves. In late
with dense, dainty, lobed, basal leaves narrow, lance-shaped, glaucous leaves opening in mid-summer, that are set off summer, soft pink flower heads, mostly
acting as weed-suppressing groundcover. in late summer. H 18–24in (45–60cm), by gray foliage. H and S 18in (45cm). dark-eyed, are borne singly but in great
Cup-shaped, bright salmon-pink S 12in (30cm). abundance. H and S 12in (30cm).
flowers are borne throughout summer.
H 18in (45cm), S 24in (60cm). AEt Z5–9 H9–5 AD Z4–8 H8–1 AD Z9–11 H6–1

AD Z4–8 H8–1

Potentilla nepalensis ‘Miss Willmott’ Centaurea hypoleuca ‘John Coutts’ Incarvillea delavayi
Clump-forming perennial with palmate, Upright perennial. Deep rose-red flower Clump-forming perennial with
strawberry-like, bright green leaves. heads, with thistle-like centers encircled deeply divided leaves and erect stems
Numerous slender, branching stems by star-shaped ray petals, are borne bearing several trumpet-shaped,
carry cherry-red-centered, pink flowers on slender stems in summer. Deeply pinkish-red flowers in early summer.
throughout summer. H 20in (50cm), divided leaves are white-gray beneath. Has attractive seed pods. H 18–24in
S 24in (60cm). H 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm). (45–60cm), S 12in (30cm).

AD Z4–7 H9–4 AD Z3–9 H9–1 AD Z6–10 H9–3

Erodium manescavii Incarvillea mairei Dactylorhiza foliosa Lychnis viscaria ‘Splendens Plena’
Mound-forming perennial with divided, Compact, clump-forming perennial Deciduous, terrestrial orchid with spikes Clump-forming perennial bearing
ferny, blue-green leaves. Produces loose that has short stems bearing several of bright purple or pink flowers, ½–¾in spikes of double, magenta flowers in
clusters of single, deep pink, darker trumpet-shaped, purplish-pink flowers (1–2cm) long, borne in spring-summer. early summer. Stems and large, oval to
blotched flowers throughout summer. in early summer. Leaves are divided into Has lance-shaped or triangular leaves, lance-shaped, basal leaves are covered
H 18in (45cm), S 24in (60cm). oval leaflets. Protect crowns with winter 4–8in (10–20cm) long, arranged spirally in sticky hairs. H 12–18in (30–45cm),
mulch. H and S 12in (30cm). on stem. H 24in (60cm), S 6in (15cm). S 9in (23cm) or more.

AD Z6–8 H8–6 AD Z4–8 H8–1 BD Z7–8 H8–7 AD Z3–7 H7–1 265

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CARNATIONS AND PINKS

Although perhaps best known for providing excellent,
long-lasting cut flowers, carnations and pinks (Dianthus
cultivars) are highly ornamental border subjects, valued
for their usually fragrant, clove-scented blooms, produced
over a long period in summer, and their distinctive silvery-
or gray-green foliage. Shorter-growing cultivars—the
old-fashioned and modern pinks—make excellent edging
plants. Many of the flowers are attractively marked or have
fringed petals. Carnations and pinks need an open, sunny
position, preferably in alkaline soil. All except the perpetual-
flowering carnations are frost-hardy, and most can be easily
propagated from cuttings. The myriad of carnation and
pinks cultivars are divided into the following groups:

Border carnations—plants are of upright habit and flower D. ‘Coquette’ Dianthus CANDY FLOSS (‘Devon
prolifically in mid-summer in a single flush; each stem bears
5 or more flowers. Picotee-flowered forms, with petals [perpetual-flowering carnation] Flavia’) [modern pink]
outlined in a darker, contrasting color, are available.
D. ‘Milky Way’
Perpetual-flowering carnations—similar in habit to [perpetual-flowering carnation]
border carnations, they are usually grown for cut flowers
and bloom year-round under glass. Plants are normally D. ‘White Ladies’ D. ‘Lady Madonna’ D. ‘Becky Robinson’
disbudded, leaving one flower per stem, but spray forms [old-fashioned pink] [modern pink] [modern pink]
have up to 5 flowers per stem.

Malmaison carnations—these produce intensely fragrant
flowers sporadically throughout the year under glass.

Old-fashioned pinks—these have a low, spreading habit
and form neat cushions of foliage; masses of fragrant
flowers are produced in mid-summer. Good for border
edging and cutting.

Modern pinks—usually more vigorous than old-fashioned
pinks, they are repeat-flowering and produce 2 or 3 main
flushes of flowers in summer. Cut or deadhead to encourage
further flowering.

Alpine pinks—in early summer, these plants form cushions
of small, scented flowers. Good for edging, or in a rock
garden, raised bed, trough, or alpine house.

D. ‘Mrs. Sinkins’ D. ‘Musgrave’s Pink’
[old-fashioned pink] [old-fashioned pink]

D. ‘Gran’s Favourite’ D. ‘Haytor White’ [modern pink] D. ‘Doris’ [modern pink] D. ‘Duchess of Westminster’ D. ‘Dad’s Favourite’ D. ‘Brilliant Star’ [modern pink]
[old-fashioned pink] [Malmaison carnation] [old-fashioned pink]

266 D. ‘Evening Star’ [modern pink]

D. ‘Cranmere Pool’ [modern pink] D. ‘Devon Dove’ [modern pink] D. ‘Inchmery’ [old-fashioned pink]

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D. ‘Neon Star’ [modern pink] D. ‘Fusilier’ [modern pink]

D. ‘Rose de Mai’ Dianthus STARLIGHT (‘Hilstar’) D. ‘Tickled Pink’ [modern pink] D. superbus ‘Crimsonia’
[old-fashioned pink] [modern pink] [old-fashioned pink]

D. ‘Monica Wyatt’ [modern pink] D. ‘Feuerhexe’ [alpine pink] D. ‘Valda Wyatt’ [modern pink] D. ‘Tayside Red’
[Malmaison carnation]

D. ‘India Star’ [modern pink] D. ‘Pixie Star’ [modern pink]

D. ‘Moulin Rouge’ D. ‘Queen of Sheba’ D. ‘Prado Mint’
[modern pink] [old-fashioned pink] [perpetual-flowering carnation]

D. ‘Lily the Pink’ [modern pink]

267

D. ‘Devon Wizard’ [modern pink] D. ‘Pink Jewel’ [alpine pink] D. ‘Passion’ [modern pink] D. ‘Golden Cross’ [border carnation]

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SUMMER RED

PINK

Glandularia ‘Sissinghurst’ Dicentra ‘Stuart Boothman’ Lychnis coronaria
Mat-forming perennial that throughout Tufted perennial with oval, finely Clump-forming perennial, often grown
summer bears heads of brilliant pink cut, deep gray-green leaves. In as a biennial. From mid-to late summer,
flowers above mid-green foliage. Is spring–summer, produces arching brilliant rose-crimson flowers are borne
excellent for edging a path or growing in sprays of heart-shaped, carmine in panicles on branched, gray stems that
a tub. H 6–8in (15–20cm), S 18in (45cm). flowers. H 12in (30cm), S 16in (40cm). rise from neat, gray leaves. H 18–24in
(45–60cm), S 18in (45cm).
AD Z7–11 H11–1 BDt Z3–9 H9–1
AD Z3–8 H8–1

Dianthus ‘Houndspool Ruby’ Potentilla ‘Arc-en-ciel’ Crusea coccinea
Modern pink with compact growth Clump-forming perennial with arching Prostrate, creeping perennial with ovate,
and an abundance of strongly scented, stems bearing loose sprays of large, ribbed, light green leaves, 1¼–2in
semidouble, ruby-pink flowers, each saucer-shaped, double, yellow-centered, (3–5cm) long. Trumpet-shaped, bright
with a deeper eye. H 12–18in (30–45cm), red flowers in late spring and summer. red flowers, 1–1½in (2.5–4cm) long,
S 9–12in (23–30cm). Has rounded, 3-lobed, toothed, mid- in long-stalked, few-flowered, axillary
green basal leaves. H and S 12in (30cm). clusters, are borne in summer–fall.
ADZ5–9 H8–1 H 6in (15cm), S 8–16in (20–40cm).
ADZ4–8 H8–1
CDZ10–11 H8–1

Stachys officinalis ‘Hummelo’ Geum ‘Bell Bank’ Rhodiola heterodonta Coreopsis ‘Limerock Ruby’
Mat-forming perennial with oblong, Clump-forming perennial with cup- Clump-forming perennial with heads Upright perennial producing
round-toothed, hairy, dark green leaves. shaped, nodding, semidouble, pink of yellow or red, sometimes greenish masses of daisylike, ruby-red flower
Upright, sturdy stems bear whorls of flowers, borne on slender, branching, flowers from spring to early summer. heads, on branched, slender stems,
small, tubular, 2-lipped, pink flowers hairy stems, in early summer. Has Stems bear toothed, blue-green leaves. throughout summer. Has small
in summer. H and S 24in (60cm). pinnate, lobed, mid-green leaves. Is H 18in (45cm), S 10in (25cm). lance-shaped, dark green leaves.
easily grown in any soil that does not H 16in (40cm), S 18in (45cm).
268 BD Z5–8 H8–4 dry out. H 24in (60cm), S 12in (30cm).
AD Z5–9 H9–5 ADZ7–9 H9–1
AEZ5–8 H8–5

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PURPLE

Polemonium carneum Geranium macrorrhizum Platycodon grandiflorus
Clump-forming perennial that carries Semievergreen, carpeting perennial (Balloon flower)
clusters of cup-shaped, pink or lilac-pink bearing magenta flowers in early Neat, clump-forming perennial that in
flowers in early summer. Foliage is finely summer. Rounded, divided, aromatic summer has clusters of large, balloon-
divided. H and S 18in (45cm). leaves make good, weed-proof like buds opening to bell-shaped, blue
groundcover and assume bright tints in or purplish flowers. Stems are clothed
fall. H 12–15in (30–38cm), S 24in (60cm). with bluish-green leaves. H 18–24in
(45–60cm), S 12–18in (30–45cm).
ADZ4–8 H8–1 BD Z4–8 H8–1
AD Z4–9 H9–1

Ourisia coccinea Verbena rigida Berkheya purpurea Tradescantia Andersoniana Group
Mat-forming, evergreen perennial Neat, compact perennial bearing heads Clump-forming perennial with ‘Purple Dome’
with rosettes of oval, toothed, strongly of pale violet flowers from mid-summer large, daisylike, lavender flower Clump-forming perennial with narrow,
veined, bright green leaves. Loose onward. Has lance-shaped, rough, heads in summer. Has oblong-lance- lance-shaped leaves, 6–12in (15–30cm)
racemes of tubular, nodding, rich red mid-green leaves borne on flower stems. shaped, spiny, silvery-gray basal long. Has clusters of rich purple flowers,
flowers are borne in mid- to late H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 12in (30cm). leaves. H 24in (60cm), S 12in (30cm). surrounded by 2 leaflike bracts, in
summer. H 8in (20cm), S 12in (30cm). summer. H to 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm).
AD Z8–15 H12–1 AD Z9–10 H10–9
CE Z7–9 H9–1 AEt Z5–9 H9–5

Potentilla atrosanguinea Centaurea montana Geranium x magnificum Stokesia laevis
Clump-forming perennial with hairy, Spreading perennial with many rather Clump-forming perennial with hairy, Perennial with overwintering, evergreen
palmate, strawberry-like leaves. Loose lax stems carrying, in early summer, deeply lobed leaves and cup-shaped, rosettes. In summer, cornflower-like,
clusters of dark red flowers are borne one or more large, purple, blue, white prominently veined, violet-blue flowers lavender- or purple-blue flower heads
throughout summer. H 18in (45cm), or pink flower heads with thistle-like borne in small clusters in summer. are borne freely. Leaves are narrow and
S 24in (60cm). centers encircled by star-shaped ray H 18in (45cm), S 24in (60cm). mid-green. H and S 12–18in (30–45cm).
petals. H 20in (50cm), S 24in (60cm).
AD Z5–8 H8–5
AD Z3–9 H9–1 AD Z4–8 H8–1 AD Z5–9 H9–5 269

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SUMMER BLUE

PURPLE

Geranium ‘Johnson’s Blue’
Vigorous, clump-forming perennial
with many divided leaves and cup-
shaped, deep lavender-blue flowers
borne throughout summer.
H 12in (30cm), S 24in (60cm).

AD Z4–8 H8–1

Stachys macrantha ‘Superba’ Eryngium bourgatii Polemonium caeruleum
Clump-forming perennial with heart- Clump-forming perennial that, (Jacob’s ladder)
shaped, soft, wrinkled, mid-green from mid- to late summer, carries Clump-forming perennial. Clusters
leaves, from which arise sturdy stems heads of thistle-like, blue-green, of cup-shaped, lavender-blue flowers
producing whorls of hooded, purple- then lilac-blue, flowers on branched, with orange-yellow stamens open in
violet flowers in summer. H 12–18in wiry stems well above deeply cut, summer amid finely divided foliage.
(30–45cm), S 12–24in (30–60cm). basal, gray-green leaves. H 18–24in H and S 18–24in (45–60cm).
(45–60cm), S 12in (30cm).
AD Z5–8 H8–4 AD Z4–9 H9–1
AD Z5–9 H9–5

Nepeta x faassenii (Catmint) Anemonopsis macrophylla Catananche caerulea ‘Major’ Polemonium caeruleum
Bushy, clump-forming perennial, (False anemone) Perennial forming clumps of grassy, BRISE D’ANJOU (‘Blanjou’)
useful for edging. Forms mounds Clump-forming perennial with gray-green leaves, above which rise Clump-forming, short-lived perennial
of small, grayish-green leaves, from waxy, nodding, purplish-blue flowers, wiry, branching stems each carrying with clusters of cup-shaped, lavender-
which loose spikes of tubular, soft borne on slender, branching stems a daisylike, lavender-blue flower head blue flowers in summer. Has finely
lavender-blue flowers appear in in summer above fernlike leaves. in summer. Propagate regularly by divided, mid-green leaves with creamy-
early summer. H and S 18in (45cm). H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 20in (50cm). root cuttings. H 18–24in (45–60cm), yellow margins, paler if grown in shade.
S 24in (30cm). H 24in (60cm), S 10–12in (25–30cm).
270 AD Z4–8 H8–1 BD Z5–8 H8–5
AD Z3–8 H8–1 AD Z4–9 H9–1

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Amsonia orientalis Eryngium variifolium Scabiosa caucasica ‘Clive Greaves’ Geranium ROZANNE (‘Gerwat’)
Neat, clump-forming perennial. In Evergreen, rosette-forming perennial Clump-forming perennial that Sprawling, deciduous perennial
summer, heads of small, star-shaped, with stiff stems that, in late summer, throughout summer has violet-blue producing masses of large, shallowly
gray-blue flowers open on tops of wiry bear heads of thistle-like, gray-blue flower heads with pincushion-like cup-shaped, blue flowers during
stems clothed with green, sometimes flowers, each with a collar of white centers. Basal, mid-green leaves are summer and into fall. Rounded, deeply
grayish, leaves. H 18–24in (45–60cm), bracts. Jagged-edged leaves are lance-shaped and slightly lobed on divided basal leaves are mid-green
S 12–18in (30–45cm). mid-green, marbled with white. the stems. H and S 18–24in (45–60cm). with marbled, paler green markings.
H 18in (45cm), S 10in (25cm). H and S 20in (50cm) or more.
ADt Z5–8 H8–5 AD Z4–9 H9–1
AD Z5–9 H9–5 BDZ4–9 H10–2

Myosotidium hortensia Parahebe perfoliata
(Chatham Island forget-me-not) (Digger’s speedwell)
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial Evergreen subshrub with willowy
bearing large clusters of forget-me-not- stems clasped by leathery, glaucous
like, blue flowers in summer above a leaves. Elegant, long, branching sprays
basal mound of large, ribbed, glossy of blue flowers are borne in summer.
leaves. H 18–24in (45–60cm), H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 18in (45cm).
S 24in (60cm).
AD Z9–11 H11–3
BE H11–1

Veronica peduncularis Veronica gentianoides Veronica spicata subsp. incana
Mat-forming perennial with ovate to Mat-forming perennial with spikes of Mat-forming perennial, densely
lance-shaped, glossy, purple-tinged, very pale blue flowers opening in early covered with silver hairs, with linear to
mid-green leaves. Bears abundant, summer on tops of stems that arise from lance-shaped leaves. In summer, bears
saucer-shaped, deep blue flowers, glossy, basal leaves. H and S 18in (45cm). spikes of small, star-shaped, clear blue
with small, white eyes, over a long flowers. H and S 12in (30cm).
period from early spring to summer. AD Z4–7 H7–1
H to 4in (10cm), S 24in (60cm) or more. BE Z3–8 H8–1 271
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AD Z6–8 H8–6

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HOSTAS

Their luxuriant foliage and attractive habit have made hostas,
or plantain lilies, increasingly sought after as garden plants.
Native to Asia, they add an exotic touch to watersides or
damp, shady corners, and large patio containers. Hostas vary
in size from plants a few inches in height, to tall forms that
make clumps up to 5ft (1.5m) across. Their elegant, deciduous
leaves appear in mid-spring and are incredibly diverse in
shape, texture, and color, with dramatic variegations and
shadings. Many produce decorative flower spikes, which rise
gracefully above the foliage in mid-summer and may be
scented, according to variety. Although hostas are essentially
shade- and moisture-loving plants, preferring rich, well-
drained soil, they also tolerate drier soil. Protect the leaves
from slug damage.

H. ‘Cherry Berry’ H. ‘Devon Green’

H. ‘Antioch’ H. ‘Regal Splendor’ H. ‘Gold Edger’

H. nigrescens H. ‘Invincible’

H. sieboldiana H. ‘Night Before Christmas’ H. ‘Hadspen Blue’

H. tokudama f. flavocircinalis

272 H. ‘Minuteman’ H. ‘Halcyon’ H. ‘June’

H. ‘Ground Master’

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H. ‘Fire and Ice’

H. lancifolia H. ‘Golden Prayers’ H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet ’

H. ‘Golden Tiara’

H. ‘August Moon ’ H. ‘Whirlwind ’ H. ‘Brim Cup’ H. ‘Hydon Sunset’

H. ‘Blue Wedgwood’ H. ‘Allan P. McConnell ’ H. ‘Dream Weaver ’

H. ‘Revolution’ H. ‘Birchwood Parky’s Gold’ H. ‘So Sweet’ H. ‘Remember Me’
H. ‘Sagae’
273

H. ‘Ginko Craig’ H. ‘Great Expectations ’ H. ‘Tattoo’

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SUMMER GREEN YELLOW

GRAY

Mentha suaveolens ‘Variegata’ Filipendula ulmaria ‘Aurea’
(Variegated apple mint) Leafy perennial, grown for its divided
Spreading perennial with soft, woolly, foliage, which is bright golden-yellow
in spring and pale green in summer.
mid-green leaves, splashed with white Clusters of creamy-white flowers are
carried in branching heads in mid-
and cream, that smell of apples. Seldom summer. H and S 12in (30cm).
produces flowers. H 12–18in (30–45cm),
S 24in (60cm).

AD Z6–9 H9–5 BE Z5–9 H9–1

Artemisia ludoviciana ‘Valerie Finnis’ Sisyrinchium striatum
Semievergreen, upright then arching Semievergreen perennial that forms
perennial with silvery-gray leaves, tufts of long, narrow, gray-green leaves.
the lower ones are broad and lobed Bears slender spikes of purple-striped,
while the upper ones are narrow straw-yellow flowers in summer.
and spear-shaped. Bears spires of Self-seeds freely. H 18–24in (45–60cm),
insignificant, yellowish flowers in late S 12in (30cm).
summer. H 2ft (60cm), S 3ft (90cm).
AD Z7–8 H8–7
AD Z4–9 H9–1

Stachys byzantina Hosta tokudama f. aureonebulosa Origanum vulgare ‘Aureum’
(Lamb’s ears, Woolly betony) Very slow-growing, clump-forming Woody-based perennial forming a
Evergreen, mat-forming perennial with perennial bearing cup-shaped, puckered, dense mat of aromatic, golden-yellow,
woolly, gray foliage that is excellent blue leaves with irregular, cloudy-yellow young leaves that turn pale yellow-
for a border front or as groundcover. centers. Racemes of trumpet-shaped, pale green in mid-summer. Occasionally
Bears mauve-pink flowers in summer. lilac-gray flowers, on scapes 16in (40cm) bears tiny, mauve flowers in summer.
H 12–15in (30–38cm), S 24in (60cm). long, are produced just above foliage in H in leaf 3in (8cm), S indefinite.
mid-summer. H 18in (45cm), S 30in (75cm).
274 AD Z4–8 H8–1 AD Z4–9 H10–2
CD Z3–8 H8–3

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Stachys byzantina ‘Primrose Heron’ Alchemilla mollis (Lady’s mantle)
Evergreen, mat-forming perennial Clump-forming, groundcover
with woolly, yellowish-gray leaves, perennial that has rounded, pale green
to 4in (10cm) long. Erect stems bear leaves with crinkled edges. Bears small
interrupted spikes of pink-purple sprays of tiny, bright greenish-yellow
flowers from early summer to early flowers, with conspicuous outer calyces,
fall. H 18in (45cm), S 24in (60cm). in mid-summer that may be dried.
H and S 20in (50cm).
AD Z4–8 H8–1
BD Z4–7 H7–1

Calanthe striata Patrinia triloba Oenothera fruticosa ‘Fyrverkeri’
Deciduous, terrestrial orchid with Clump-forming perennial with broad, Clump-forming perennial that from
erect spikes of fragrant, yellow or 3- to 5-lobed, bright green leaves that mid- to late summer bears spikes
yellow-and-brown flowers, each with turn yellow in fall. In summer upright of fragrant, cup-shaped flowers. Has
a 3-lobed lip, borne in late spring and stems bear panicles of small, fragrant, reddish stems and glossy, mid-green
early summer, before the 2–3 long, 5-petaled, bright yellow flowers. foliage. H and S 12–15in (30–38cm).
broadly oblong, ribbed leaves fully H 20in (50cm), S 12in (30cm).
expand. H 32in (80cm), S 20in (50cm). AD Z4–8 H8–1
BE Z5–8 H8–4
BEM Z6–9 H9–6

Alchemilla conjuncta Ranunculus constantinopolitanus Helichrysum ‘Schwefellicht’ Solidago x luteus
Clump-forming perennial that has neat, ‘Plenus’ Clump-forming perennial that Clump-forming perennial. From
wavy, star-shaped leaves with pale Clump-forming perennial with divided, bears silver-gray leaves and a mass mid-summer onward, slender stems
margins. In mid-summer, bears loose toothed leaves sometimes spotted gray of ever-lasting, fluffy, sulfur-yellow carry dense heads of bright creamy-
clusters of tiny, greenish-yellow flowers, and white. Neat, pompon-like, double, flower heads from mid- to late summer. yellow flowers above narrow, mid-green
with conspicuous, outer calyces, which yellow flowers appear in early summer. H 16–24in (40–60cm), S 12in (30cm). leaves. H 24in (60cm), S 30in (75cm).
may be dried for winter decoration. H 20in (50cm), S 12in (30cm).
H and S 12in (30cm).
AEt Z7–9 H9–7 AD Z10–11 H11–1 AD Z5–8 H8–5 275
AD Z3–7 H7–1

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SUMMER

YELLOW

Geum ‘Lady Stratheden’ Coreopsis verticillata
Clump-forming perennial with lobed Bushy perennial with finely divided,
leaves and cup-shaped, double, bright dark green foliage and many tiny,
yellow flowers with prominent, green star-shaped, golden flower heads
stamens borne on slender, branching borne throughout summer. Divide and
stems for a long period in summer. replant in spring. H 16–24in (40–60cm),
H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 18in (45cm). S 12in (30cm).

AD Z5–9 H9–5 AD Z4–9 H9–1

Potentilla megalantha Eriophyllum lanatum Ranunculus acris ‘Flore Pleno’
Clump-forming perennial with large, Perennial forming low cushions of (Double meadow buttercup)
palmate, hairy, soft green leaves. divided, silvery leaves. Daisylike, Clump-forming perennial. Wiry stems
Large, rich yellow flowers are yellow flower heads are produced with lobed and cut leaves act as a foil
produced in summer. H 8in (20cm), freely in summer, usually singly, for rosetted, double, golden-yellow
S 6in (15cm). on gray stems. H and S 12in (30cm). flowers in late spring and early
summer. H and S 18–24in (45–60cm).
AD Z5–8 H8–5 AD Z5–8 H8–5
AEt Z4–8 H8–1

276 Buphthalmum salicifolium Tropaeolum polyphyllum Coreopsis lanceolata
(Yellow ox-eye) Prostrate perennial with spurred, Bushy perennial that in summer freely
Spreading perennial that carries short, trumpet-shaped, rich yellow produces daisylike, bright yellow flower
daisylike, deep yellow flower heads flowers, borne singly in summer above heads on branching stems. Lance-
singly on willowy stems throughout trailing, gray-green leaves and stems. shaped leaves are borne on flower
summer. May need staking. Divide May spread widely once established stems. Propagate by seed or division.
regularly; spreads on rich soil. but is good on a bank. H 2–3in (5–8cm), H 18in (45cm), S 12in (30cm).
H 24in (60cm), S 36in (90cm). S 12in (30cm) or more.
AD Z4–9 H9–1
AD Z5–8 H8–5 AD Z8–11 H12–1

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FALL

ORANGE WHITE

Hieracium lanatum Inula royleana Libertia ixioides ‘Goldfinger’ Tricyrtis hirta var. alba
Clump-forming perennial that produces Upright, clump-forming perennial Evergreen, clump-forming Upright, rhizomatous perennial that
mounds of broad, downy, gray leaves, with dark green stems and ovate, rhizomatous perennial grown for its bears clusters of large, bell-shaped,
above which dandelion-like, yellow hairy leaves. Bears solitary, orange- lance-shaped, golden-orange leaves, spurred, white flowers, occasionally
flower heads appear on wiry stems yellow flower heads, 4–5in (10–12cm) the color intensifying in winter. Has purple-spotted, in upper leaf axils of
in summer. H 12–18in (30–45cm), across, from mid-summer to early fall. short panicles of saucer-shaped, white hairy, stem-clasping, dark green leaves
S 12in (30cm). H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 18in (45cm). flowers in summer. H and S 24in (60cm). during late summer and early fall.
H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 18in (45cm).
AD Z5–8 H8–5 AD Z4–8 H8–1 AD Z8–10 H10–8
AE Z4–9 H9–8

Calceolaria ‘John Innes’ Aspidistra elatior ‘Variegata’
Vigorous, evergreen, clump-forming Evergreen, rhizomatous perennial
perennial that in spring–summer with upright, narrow, glossy, dark
produces large, pouchlike, reddish- green leaves that are longitudinally
brown-spotted, deep yellow flowers, cream-striped. Occasionally has
several to each stem. Has broadly inconspicuous, cream to purple
oval, basal, mid-green leaves. flowers near soil level. H 24in (60cm),
H 6–8in (15–20cm), S 10–12in (25–30cm). S 18in (45cm).

AD Z8–9 H6–1 BD Z7–11 H11–4

Inula ensifolia Gaillardia ‘Oranges and Lemons’ Glechoma hederacea ‘Variegata’ 277
Clump-forming perennial with small, Upright, rather open perennial that (Variegated ground ivy)
lance-shaped to elliptic leaves, bearing produces daisylike, yellow-tipped, Evergreen, carpeting perennial that
many daisylike, yellow flower heads, peachy-orange flower heads throughout has small, heart-shaped leaves, with
singly on wiry stalks, in late summer. summer. Has lance-shaped, toothed, white marbling, on trailing stems.
H and S 12in (30cm). hairy, mid-green leaves. Plants may Bears insignificant flowers in summer.
be short-lived. Is excellent in a border. Spreads rapidly but is useful for a
AD Z4–9 H9–1 H and S 24in (60cm). container. H 6in (15cm), S indefinite.

ADZ6–9 H8–1 ADZ6–9 H9–6

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FALL

PINK

Begonia grandis subsp. evansiana Astrantia major ‘Roma’
Tuberous begonia with oval, toothed, Clump-forming perennial bearing
often red- or bronze-tinged, olive-green masses of sterile, pink flower heads,
leaves, up to 6in (15cm) long, and which gradually fade to green, borne
pendant fragrant, single, pink flowers, on slender stems from summer until
to 1¼in (3cm) across in late summer the first frosts. H and S 24in (60cm).
and fall. H 24in (60cm), S 12in (30cm).

BD Z6–9 H9–5 AD Z4–7 H7–1

Astrantia maxima Schizostylis coccinea ‘Sunrise’
Clump-forming perennial that bears Clump-forming, rhizomatous perennial
rose-pink flower heads during summer- that in early fall produces spikes of
fall. H 24in (60cm), S 12in (30cm). large, shallowly cup-shaped, pink
flowers above grassy, mid-green foliage.
AD Z5–8 H8–1 H 24in (60cm), S 9–12in (23–30cm).

AE Z7–9 H9–7

Begonia taliensis Diascia barberae ‘Blackthorn Apricot’ Sedum spectabile ‘Brilliant’ Senecio pulcher
Erect, tuberous perennial with pointed, Mat-forming perennial with narrowly (Ice-plant) Perennial with leathery, hairy, dark
oval, light green leaves marbled silver heart-shaped, tapering leaves. From Clump-forming perennial that from green leaves. In summer–fall produces
and purple-brown. Produces many summer to fall, produces loose late summer to fall produces flat heads handsome, daisylike, yellow-centered,
small, single, shell-pink flowers in racemes of apricot-pink flowers with of bright rose-pink flowers. These are bright purplish-pink flower heads.
late fall. H 20in (50cm), S 14in (35cm). small, narrow “windows” and almost borne over a mass of fleshy, gray- H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 20in (50cm).
straight, downward-pointing spurs. green leaves and attract butterflies.
278 BE H11–1 H 10in (25cm), S to 20in (50cm). H and S 12–18in (30–45cm). ADt Z11–15 H12–6

AD Z8–9 H9–8 ADt Z4–9 H9–1

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RED SEDUM

Tellima grandiflora Rubra Group With fleshy, drought-resistant foliage and heads of tiny, star-
Semievergreen, clump-forming shaped flowers from summer to fall, Sedum are useful perennials
perennial with a mass of hairy, basal, for herbaceous borders and gravel gardens, while their nectar-
reddish-purple leaves, underlaid dark rich blooms also make them a good choice for wildlife and
green. In late spring, erect stems bear naturalistic schemes. The flowers of the taller herbaceous plants
spikes of bell-shaped, pinkish-cream are mostly in shades of pink and red, although white and yellow
flowers. H and S 24in (60cm). blooms are also available. Many have purple-tinged or variegated
foliage, which extends their season of interest; the faded flowers
BD Z4–8 H8–1 and seed heads also provide a colorful display in late fall and
winter. Plants thrive in full sun and free-draining soil, and will
bulk up quickly. Divide them regularly to prevent clumps from
flopping open, and stake taller varieties. Protect young growth
from slugs in spring and early summer.

S. telephium ‘Purple Emperor’

Schizostylis coccinea ‘Major’ S. erythrostictum ‘Mediovariegatum’ S. ‘Ruby Glow’ S. ‘Red Cauli’
Rhizomatous perennial with long,
narrow, grasslike leaves. Gladiolus-like
spikes of cup-shaped, bright crimson
flowers appear in fall. H 24in (60cm)
or more, S 12in (30cm) or more.

AE Z7–9 H9–7

S. spectabile ‘Iceberg’ S. ‘Matrona’ S. telephium ‘Gooseberry Fool’

Cautleya spicata 279
Upright perennial that in summer and
early fall bears spikes of light orange or S. aizoon ‘Aurantiacum’ t
soft yellow flowers in maroon-red bracts.
Has handsome, long, mid-green leaves.
Needs a sheltered site and rich, deep
soil. H 24in (60cm), S 20in (50cm).

AE Z7–9 H9–7

S. telephium ‘Strawberries and Cream’

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FALL

PURPLE

Tulbaghia violacea Liriope muscari Bergenia purpurascens
Vigorous, semievergreen, clump- Evergreen, spreading perennial that Evergreen, clump-forming perennial
forming perennial that in summer– in fall carries spikes of thickly clustered, with oval to spoon-shaped, flat, dark
fall carries umbels of lilac-purple rounded-bell-shaped, lavender or green leaves turning to beet-red in
or lilac-pink flowers above a mass of purple-blue flowers among narrow, late fall. In spring bears racemes
narrow, glaucous, blue-gray leaves. glossy, dark green leaves. H 12in (30cm), of open cup-shaped rich red flowers.
H 18–24in (45–60cm), S 12in (30cm). S 18in (45cm). H 16in (40cm), S 42in (60cm) or more.

AD Z7–10 H10–7 AD Z6–10 H11–1 AD Z3–8 H8–1

Physostegia virginiana ‘Vivid’ Ophiopogon planiscapus ‘Nigrescens’
(Obedient plant) Evergreen, spreading, clump-forming
Erect, compact perennial that in late perennial, grown for its distinctive,
summer and early fall bears spikes grasslike, black leaves. Racemes of lilac
of tubular, dark lilac-pink flowers that flowers in summer are followed by black
can be placed in position. Has toothed, fruits. H 9in (23cm), S 12in (30cm).
mid-green leaves. H and S 12–24in
(30–60cm). AD Z6–11 H11–1

AE Z2–8 H8–1

280 Heuchera ‘Plum Pudding’ Agastache ‘Black Adder’ Geranium ‘Orion’
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial Upright perennial with whorled spires Deciduous, clump-forming perennial
with rounded, deeply lobed, silvery- of smoky, purple-blue flowers from producing masses of large, shallowly
purple leaves. Long sprays of tiny, early summer to mid fall, above oval, cup-shaped, violet-blue flowers from
bell-shaped, pinkish flowers are borne pointed, toothed, aromatic, mid-green early summer until mid fall. Has
in summer. Rejuvenate regularly to leaves. Is good for attracting insects. deeply lobed, mid-green basal leaves,
keep it healthy. A good foil for other H 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm). each divided to the base into 7 sections.
plants. H 20in (50cm), S 12in (30cm). H and S 20in (50cm).
ADZ8–11 H12–5
BD Z3–8 H8–1 ADZ5–8 H8–5

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WINTER/ALL YEAR
WHITE

Helleborus niger ‘Potter’s Wheel’ Helleborus niger ‘HGC Josef Lemper’ Helleborus x nigercors
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial Evergreen, clump-forming, upright Evergreen, clump-forming perennial
with divided, deep green leaves and perennial with divided, rich, dark with matt green leaves, 14in (35cm) long
cup-shaped, nodding, pure white green leaves. Slightly fragrant, rounded, with 3–5 broad, evenly toothed segments.
flowers, with overlapping petals pure white flowers, with overlapping From mid-winter to early spring bears
and green “eyes,” borne in winter petals, are borne on sturdy stems from branched clusters of 10–20 saucer-
or early spring. H and S 12in (30cm). mid-fall to late winter. H to 12in (30cm), shaped, green-tinted, cream or white
S 18in (45cm). flowers. H 16in (40cm), S 20in (50cm).
BDt Z4–8 H9–1
BDt Z4–8 H9–1 BEt Z4–9 H9–1

LENTEN ROSES Harvington hybrids [single, red] t [double, slate] t

Helleborus x hybridus (lenten roses) are [single, white] t
the hybrids between H. orientalis and
other species. They flower in winter and
spring, and are so varied that they’re
often sold by description or collection,
rather than as named varieties. Their
single or double flowers last for a few
months and open in a range of whites,
yellows, pinks, and purples, often
spotted or with darker edges. Most are
evergreen, with large, toothed, divided
leaves, and prefer moist, neutral to
alkaline soil, but need protection from
strong, winter winds. They will naturally
hybridize and self-seed, and it’s worth
allowing your own seedlings to develop.

Bradfield hybrids [double, plum] t Ashwood Garden hybrids [single, green] t

[double, apricot with spots] t [double, black] t

[double, white with spots] t Harvington hybrids [single, yellow] t

[double, apricot] t

281

[double, white] t [single, white with spots] t [single, apricot] t Ashwood Garden hybrids [double, pink] t [single, yellow with spots] t
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HEUCHERA AND Heuchera ‘Black Beauty’ Heuchera ‘Ginger Ale’
X HEUCHERELLA
Heuchera ‘Midnight Rose’ Heuchera ‘Chocolate Ruffles’ Heuchera CRÈME BRÛLÉE
Once regarded as a useful cottage-garden groundcovering (‘Tnheu041’)
perennial, grown for its sprays of red flowers and evergreen
foliage, the selections of Heuchera bred in recent years have
transformed this humble plant into a horticultural superstar.
The leaves come in many colors, from near black and purple
to pink, peach, and yellow-green, and plants are ideal for
containers as well as borders. Selections of x Heucherella, a
cross between Heuchera and Tiarella, are smaller and more
dainty. Plant all types in moist but well-drained soil and
partial shade, but site brighter-leaved cultivars in a sunnier
position. Most plants should be split and replanted every
few years to prevent the crown from becoming woody and
to keep them in good health.

Heuchera sanguinea Heuchera ‘Pewter Moon’ Heuchera ‘Purple Petticoats’ Heuchera ‘Southern Comfort’
‘Snow Storm’

Heuchera ‘Silver Scrolls’ Heuchera ‘Blackbird’ Heuchera ‘Green Spice’

Heuchera ‘Ebony and Ivory’ Heuchera ‘Can-can’ Heuchera ‘Beauty Colour’ x Heucherella tiarelloides Heuchera ‘Tiramisu’ Heuchera ‘Peach Flambé’
‘Kimono’

Heuchera ‘Peppermint Spice’ Heuchera ‘Lime Rickey’ x Heucherella tiarelloides
‘Stoplight’
282
Heuchera ‘Amber Waves’ Heuchera ‘Georgia Peach’
Heuchera ‘Cinnabar Silver’

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WINTER/ALL YEAR

GREEN

Ophiopogon japonicus Helleborus odorus Soleirolia soleirolii
Evergreen, clump or mat-forming Semievergreen, clump-forming (Baby’s tears, Irish moss)
perennial with grasslike, glossy, dark perennial with deeply divided, deep Usually evergreen, invasive, prostrate
green foliage. Spikes of lilac flowers in green basal leaves, hairy beneath, with 5 perennial with small, round, vivid
late summer are followed by blue-black central leaflets. From early winter–early green leaves that form a carpet. May
berries. H 12in (30cm) S indefinite. spring bears clusters of 3–5 fragrant, choke other plants if not controlled.
saucer-shaped, bright green to yellow- H 2in (5cm), S indefinite.
AD Z7–10 H11–1 green flowers. H and S to 12in (30cm).
AE Z10–15 H12–10
BEt Z4–8 H8–1

Helleborus x sternii Helleborus foetidus Wester Flisk Group
‘Boughton Beauty’ Evergreen, semiwoody perennial with
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial small, cup-shaped, purple-rimmed pale
with purple-pink stems and divided, green flowers, borne on floppy, red-
veined, mid-green leaves. Cup-shaped, green stems in winter and spring.
pink-purple flowers, with green insides, Has red-stalked, dark gray-green leaves
are borne in terminal clusters in winter– divided into slender, slightly toothed
early spring. H and S 20–24in (50–60cm). leaflets. H 24–36in (60–90cm), S 18in (45cm).

BEt Z5–8 H8–5 BEt Z6–9 H9–6

Helleborus foetidus Dianella caerulea CASSA BLUE (‘Dbb03’) Helleborus cyclophyllus 283
(Stinking hellebore) Evergreen, tuft-forming perennial Clump-forming perennial with palmate,
Evergreen, clump-forming perennial with narrowly lance-shaped, upright, deeply divided, bright green leaves.
with deeply divided, dark green leaves dusky-blue leaves arising from a In early spring produces shallowly
and, in late winter and early spring, slowly creeping rootstock. Star-shaped, cup-shaped, yellow-green flowers with
panicles of cup-shaped, red-margined, blue flowers in panicles in spring are prominent, yellowish-white stamens.
pale green flowers. H and S 18in (45cm). followed by blue berries. H 20in (50cm), H 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm).
S 8in (20cm).
BDt Z6–9 H9–6 BEt Z6–9 H9–6
AD Z9–10 H10–9

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GRASSES, BAMBOOS, RUSHES AND SEDGES

WHITE

Pleioblastus variegatus Luzula nivea (Snowy woodrush) Cortaderia richardii
(Dwarf white-stripe bamboo) Evergreen, slow-spreading, perennial Evergreen, clump-forming, perennial
Evergreen, slow-spreading bamboo rush with fairly dense clusters of shining, grass with bladelike, sharply edged,
with narrow, slightly downy, white- white flower spikes in early summer. upright, olive-green leaves. In
striped leaves. Stems are branched near Leaves are edged with white hairs. summer has plumelike, 1-sided,
the base. H 30in (80cm), S indefinite. H 24in (60cm), S 18–24in (45–60cm). parchment-colored panicles on
tall stems. H 8ft (2.5m), S 3ft (1m).
AD Z6–11 H11–6
BD Z4–9 H9–1 AD Z7–10 H10–7

Sasa veitchii Cortaderia selloana
Evergreen, slow-spreading bamboo. ‘Sunningdale Silver’
Leaves, 10in (25cm) long, soon develop Evergreen, clump-forming, perennial
white edges. Stems, often purple, grass with narrow, sharp-edged,
produce a single branch at each node. recurved leaves, 5ft (1.5m) long.
White powder appears beneath nodes. Bears long-lasting, feathery panicles
H to 5ft (1.5m), S indefinite. of creamy-white spikelets in late
summer. H 7ft (2.1m), S 4ft (1.2m).
AD Z6–15 H12–1
AD Z7–11 H11–7

284 Lagurus ovatus (Hare’s-tail grass) Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zebrinus’ Calamagrostis brachytricha
Tuft-forming, annual grass that in early Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial
summer bears dense, egg-shaped, grass. Leaves, hairy beneath, have grass with linear, arching, gray-green
soft panicles of white flower spikes, transverse, yellowish-white ring leaves. In late summer has tall erect
with golden stamens, lasting well markings. May carry awned, hairy, stems bearing slender, gray-green
into fall. Leaves are long, narrow and white spikelets in fan-shaped panicles inflorescences in narrow panicles,
flat. Self-seeds readily. H 18in (45cm), in fall. H 4ft (1.2m), S 18in (45cm). which last into winter, turning straw
S 6in (15cm). colored. H 4½ft (1.4m), S 20in (50cm).
AD Z6–9 H9–1
AD H11–1 BE Z4–9 H9–5

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RED

Chionochloa rubra
Evergreen, tussock-forming, perennial
grass with linear, arching, tightly
inrolled, reddish-green leaves. In
summer produces panicles of dainty,
bronze-colored spikelets amid the
leaves. Makes a superb potted specimen.
H and S 28in (70cm).

ADZ8–11 H12–7

Miscanthus sinensis Eragrostis curvula ‘Totnes Burgundy’ Elegia capensis
‘Yakushima Dwarf’ Herbaceous, densely tufted, perennial Evergreen, clump-forming perennial
Compact, herbaceous, clump-forming, grass with narrowly linear, arching, dark with tall, horsetail-like, arching stems
perennial grass with fine, arching, green leaves, which turn dark burgundy- bearing whorls of soft, slender, dark
silvery-green leaves borne on short, red from the tips downward. Nodding green, needle-shaped, leaflike shoots.
upright stems. In late summer produces panicles of brownish spikelets are borne Stout, reddish-green shoots, with papery
plumelike panicles of long-lasting, gray- in summer. H 36in (90cm), S 24in (60cm). sheaths at each node, are produced from
white spikelets. H 3ft (1m), S 24in (60cm). the base in spring. H 5ft (1.5m), S 3ft (1m).
AD Z9–11 H11–10
AD Z6–9 H9–1 ADZ8–11 H11–7

Cortaderia selloana ‘Silver Comet’ Miscanthus sinensis Imperata cylindrica ‘Rubra’ Molinia caerulea 285
Evergreen, clump-forming, perennial var. condensatus ‘Cosmopolitan’ Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial subsp. caerulea ‘Heidebraut’
grass with very narrow, sharp-edged, Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial grass. Linear, upright, bright green Herbaceous, clump-forming, erect,
recurved leaves, 3ft (1m) long, that have grass with white-striped leaves borne on leaves turn bright red in late summer perennial grass with linear, mid-green
silver margins. Carries plumelike upright, sturdy stems. Plumelike panicles and fall, dying down in winter. Narrow, leaves that turn golden-yellow in fall.
panicles of spikelets from late summer. of silvery-white spikelets appear from late spikelike panicles of silvery-white Has masses of tall, arching stems
H 4–5ft (1.2–1.5m), S 3ft (1m). summer. Dried stems remain attractive spikelets are borne occasionally, in late bearing purplish spikelets in late
into winter. H 6ft (2m), S 32in (80cm). summer. H and S 20in (50cm) or more. summer. H 5ft (1.5m), S 24in (60cm).
AD Z7–11 H11–7
AD Z6–9 H9–1 AD Z5–9 H9–3 BEM Z5–9 H9–1

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GRASSES, BAMBOOS, RUSHES AND SEDGES

RED PURPLE GREEN

Melica altissima ‘Atropurpurea’ Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea Hordeum jubatum
Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial ‘Transparent’ (Foxtail barley, Squirrel tail grass)
grass with broad leaves, short-haired Herbaceous, clump-forming, erect, Tufted, short-lived perennial or
beneath. Purple spikelets in narrow perennial grass with linear, mid-green annual grass. In summer to early
panicles, 4in (10cm) long, hang from leaves that turn straw-yellow in fall. fall has flat, arching, feathery, plume-
the tops of stems during summer. Tall, supple stems bear open panicles like flower spikes with silky awns.
H and S 24in (60cm). of purplish-green spikelets in summer. H 12–24in (30–60cm), S 12in (30cm).
H 6ft (2m), S 24in (60cm).
AD Z5–8 H8–5 AD Z4–8 H8–1
BEM Z5–9 H9–1

Miscanthus sinensis ‘Flamingo’ Pennisetum villosum (Feather-top) Thamnocalamus crassinodus
Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial Herbaceous, tuft-forming, perennial ‘Kew Beauty’
grass with narrow, arching, mid-green grass with long-haired stems. In fall has Evergreen or semievergreen, clump-
leaves borne on sturdy stems. In late panicles of creamy-pink spikelets, fading forming bamboo with small, lance-
summer has plumelike panicles of to pale brown, with very long, bearded shaped, grayish-green leaves borne
feathery, pinkish-red spikelets. These bristles. H to 3ft (1m), S 20in (50cm). on arching, blue-gray stems that age
remain in good shape well into winter. gradually to reddish-brown. Needs a
H 5ft (1.5m), S 24in (60cm). AD Z9–11 H11–1 sheltered position. H 10ft (3m), S 5ft (1.5m).

AD Z6–9 H9–1 BD Z9–11 H12–8

Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’ Phyllostachys nigra (Black bamboo) Stipa calamagrostis Juncus effusus f. spiralis
Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo with Herbaceous or semievergreen, (Corkscrew rush)
grass with very narrow leaves, hairy grooved, greenish-brown stems that perennial grass forming tufts of linear, Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial
beneath, often turning bronze. May turn black in second season. Almost inrolled, bluish-green leaves, turning rush with leafless stems that twist
bear fan-shaped panicles of awned, unmarked culm sheaths bear bristled yellowish in fall. In summer has and curl and are often prostrate. Fairly
hairy, white spikelets in early fall. auricles and mid-green leaves. Flowers feathery, arching panicles of silvery- dense, greenish-brown flower panicles
H 4ft (1.2m), S 1½ft (45cm). are unimportant as they are so rarely white spikelets, which age to reddish form in summer. H 3ft (1m), S 2ft (60cm).
produced. H 20–25ft (6–8m), S indefinite. brown. H and S 32in (80cm).
286 AD Z6–9 H9–1 AE Z6–9 H9–6
BD Z7–11 H11–4 AD Z7–10 H10–1

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Phyllostachys bambusoides Semiarundinaria fastuosa
(Timber bamboo) (Narihira bamboo)
Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo
with sturdy, erect, green stems. Bears with 6in (15cm) long leaves and short,
leaf sheaths with prominent bristles, tufted branches at each node. Culm
and large, broad leaves. H 20–25ft sheaths open to reveal polished,
(6–8m), S indefinite. purplish interiors. H 20ft (6m),
S indefinite.
AD Z7–10 H10–7
AD Z6–9 H9–6

Stipa gigantea (Golden oats) Pseudosasa japonica Ampelodesmos mauritanica
Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial (Arrow bamboo, Metake) Dense, evergreen, clump-forming,
grass with narrow leaves, 18in (45cm) or Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo perennial grass with linear, gray-green
more long. In summer carries elegant, that may run. Has long-persistent, leaves, to 3ft (1m) long, with dark
open panicles of silvery spikelets, roughly pubescent, brown sheaths green undersides. In summer, long-
with long awns and dangling, golden and broad leaves, 14in (35cm) long. lasting one-sided panicles of purplish-
anthers, which persist well into winter. H 15ft (5m), S indefinite. green flowers are borne on upright,
H 8ft (2.5m), S 3ft (1m). lofty stems. H 8ft (2.5m), S 3ft (1m).
ADZ7–10 H10–6
AD Z8–15 H12–1 ADZ8–10 H10–7

Phyllostachys nigra f. henonis Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens Shibataea kumasasa Chimonobambusa timidissinoda
Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo Evergreen, clump-forming bamboo Vigorous, evergreen, rhizomatous
with greenish-brown stems that arch with stubby, side branches on bamboo with curiously prominent,
with bristled auricles on culm sheaths at the base. Has white powder beneath greenish-brown stems. Leaves green stems, flared at each node.
and a profusion of leaves. H 30ft (10m), nodes. H 20–25ft (6–8m), S indefinite. are broad, 2–4in (5–10cm) long. Lance-shaped, dark green leaves
S 6–10ft (2–3m). H 3–5ft (1–1.5m), S 12in (30cm). have a feathery look. May need
restraining. H and S 16ft (5m) or more.
AD Z7–11 H11–4 AD Z7–11 H11–1 AD Z6–15 H12–1 287
BDZ9–11 H12–8

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GRASSES, BAMBOOS, RUSHES AND SEDGES

GREEN YELLOW

Chasmanthium latifolium Helictotrichon sempervirens
Herbaceous, clump-forming, perennial (Blue oat grass)
grass with broadly lance-shaped, short- Evergreen, tufted, perennial grass with
stemmed, light green leaves that turn stiff, silvery-blue leaves up to 12in (30cm)
pale beige in winter. In summer has or more long. Produces erect panicles
open panicles of oatlike, arching, green of straw-colored flower spikes in
spikelets aging to beige. H 3ft (1m), summer. H 3ft (1m), S 2ft (60cm).
S 24in (60cm).
AD Z4–9 H9–1
BD Z5–9 H9–5

Chusquea culeou (Chilean bamboo) Phyllostachys aurea
Slow-growing, evergreen, clump- (Golden bamboo)
forming bamboo. Bears long-lasting Vigorous, evergreen, clump-forming
culm sheaths, shining white when bamboo with upright, grooved,
young, at the swollen nodes of sturdy, yellow-green stems and cup-shaped
solid stems. H to 15ft (5m), S 8ft (2.5m) swellings beneath each node. Has
or more. narrowly lance-shaped, pointed, green
leaves. H 20ft (6m), S 13ft (4m) or more.
AD Z8–11 H8–10
BD Z7–11 H11–7

288 Yushania anceps ‘Pitt White’ Luzula sylvatica ‘Hohe Tatra’ Carex oshimensis ‘Evergold’ Stipa tenuissima
Very vigorous, evergreen, rhizomatous, Evergreen, mound-forming, perennial Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial Deciduous, tuft-forming, perennial grass
clump-forming bamboo with upright, sedge with broadly linear, bright sedge with narrow, yellow-striped with narrowly linear, upright, tightly
shiny, dark green stems that arch golden-yellow leaves turning yellowish- leaves, 8in (20cm) long. Solid, triangular inrolled, bright green leaves. From
with age. Produces almost weeping green in summer. Short stems bear stems may carry insignificant flower early summer has plumelike panicles
branches of narrowly lance-shaped, open panicles of brown flowers in spikes in summer. H 8in (20cm), of silvery-green spikelets, turning to
fresh green leaves, with purple-tinted summer. H 16in (40cm), S 12in (30cm). S 6–8in (15–20cm). pale beige as seeds form. H 24in (60cm),
stalks. H 30ft (10m), S indefinite. S 16in (40cm).
CD Z4–9 H9–4 AD Z6–9 H9–6
AD Z8–13 H12–8 AD Z7–11 H12–7

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ORANGE

Deschampsia cespitosa ‘Goldtau’ Alopecurus pratensis Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’ Panicum virgatum ‘Northwind’
Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial ‘Aureovariegatus’ (Golden foxtail) Herbaceous, spreading, rhizomatous Herbaceous, clump-forming, erect,
grass with cloudlike panicles of tiny, Herbaceous, tuft-forming, perennial grass with long, arching, yellow-striped perennial grass with broad, dark
golden-yellow spikelets in summer. grass with yellow or yellowish-green- leaves, which turn orange-brown in late bluish-green leaves turning golden-
Both spikelets and the linear, sharp- streaked leaves and dense flower spikes fall to winter. H to 6ft (2m), S indefinite. yellow in fall, when tall, narrow
edged, dark green leaves turn golden in summer. H and S 9–12in (23–30cm). panicles of pinkish-green spikelets
in fall. H 28in (70cm), S 20in (50cm). AE Z8–11 H12–8 are borne and age to silvery-green.
AD Z5–8 H8–5 H 5ft (1.5m), S 36in (90cm).
BEM Z5–9 H9–1
AD Z5–9 H9–1

Pleioblastus viridistriatus Stipa lessoniana (Pheasant’s-tail grass)
Evergreen, slow-spreading bamboo Evergreen/semievergreen, tuft-forming,
with purple stems and broad, softly perennial grass with linear, olive-green
downy, bright yellow leaves with leaves tinted reddish-orange. In summer,
green stripes. H 5ft (1.5m), S indefinite. arching, open panicles of tiny, purplish-
green spikelets shimmer amid the
AD Z7–11 H11–1 leaves. Has good winter form and color.
H 20in (50cm), S 32in (80cm).

BD Z9–11 H12–7

Phyllostachys vivax f. aureocaulis Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’ Carex flagellifera 289
Evergreen, clump-forming, slow- Slow-growing, herbaceous, shortly Evergreen, tuft-forming, perennial
growing bamboo with bright lemon- rhizomatous grass with purple stems sedge with grasslike, reddish-
yellow stems. Narrowly lance-shaped, and green-striped, yellow leaves that brown leaves, upright, then arching,
dark evergreen leaves make the perfect age to reddish-brown. Open panicles to the ground. Triangular stems bear
foil for the stems. H 20ft (6m), S 10ft (3m) of reddish-brown flower spikes appear insignificant, brown flower spikes
or more. in early fall and last into winter. in summer. Is good for winter color.
H 16in (40cm), S 18–24in (45–60cm). H 32in (80cm), S 24in (60cm) or more.
BD Z7–10 H10–7
AD Z5–9 H9–5 AD Z7–9 H9–7

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PURPLE GREEN

Polystichum setiferum Blechnum penna-marina
‘Pulcherrimum Bevis’ Fast-growing, evergreen, carpeting
Evergreen or semievergreen fern with fern. Has narrow, ladder-like, dark
broadly lance-shaped, daintily cut, green fronds, red-tinged when young.
sharp-edged fronds that are yellowish- Outer, sterile fronds are spreading;
green in spring and mature to a inner, fertile ones erect. H 6–12in
glossy, rich dark green. H 24in (60cm), (15–30cm), S 12–18in (30–45cm).
S 30in (75cm).
BEM Z10–11 H11–10
BD Z6–9 H9–6

Athyrium niponicum var. pictum
‘Burgundy Lace’
Deciduous fern with a slow-creeping,
reddish-brown rhizome and broadly
triangular, divided, spreading fronds
of metallic purplish-bronze with
silvery-gray tips and bright pink-purple
veins. H 20in (50cm), S 16in (40cm).

BE Z5–8 H8–1

Athyrium ‘Ghost’ Dicksonia antarctica
Deciduous fern producing lance-shaped, (Australian tree fern)
rather upright, silvery-white fronds, with Evergreen, treelike fern. Sturdy trunks
contrasting, purplish-green veins, in are covered with brown fibers and
spring. Coloration is most pronounced crowned by spreading, somewhat
in spring. H 24in (60cm), S 8in (20cm) arching, broadly lance-shaped,
or more. much-divided, palmlike fronds.
H 30ft (10m) or more, S 12ft (4m).
290 CE Z5–8 H8–1
BE H11–10

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Asplenium trichomanes Adiantum pedatum
(Maiden-hair spleenwort) (Northern maidenhair fern)
Semievergreen fern that has long, Semievergreen fern with a sturdy,
slender, tapering fronds with glossy, creeping rootstock. Dainty, divided,
black, later brown, midribs bearing finger-like, mid-green fronds are
many rounded-oblong, bright green produced on glossy, dark brown or
pinnae. Is suitable for limestone soils. blackish stems. H and S to 18in (45cm).
H 6in (15cm), S 6–12in (15–30cm).
BEM Z3–8 H8–1
BE Z5–8 H8–3

Thelypteris palustris Polystichum setiferum Polystichum setiferum
(Marsh buckler fern, Marsh fern) Divisilobum Group Plumosodivisilobum Group
Deciduous fern. Has strong, erect, Evergreen or semievergreen fern. Evergreen fern that produces a
lance-shaped, pale green fronds, with Broadly lance-shaped or oval, soft- “shuttlecock” of lance-shaped, divided
widely separated, deeply cut pinnae, textured, much-divided, spreading fronds with segments narrowed
produced from wiry, creeping, blackish fronds are clothed with white scales as toward the frond tips; lower pinnae
rhizomes. Grows well beside a pool or they unfurl. H 24in (60cm), S 18in (45cm). often overlap. H 4ft (1.2m), S 3ft (1m).
stream. H 30in (75cm), S 12in (30cm).
BD Z6–9 H9–6 BD Z6–9 H9–6
BF Z5–8 H8–5

Cyrtomium falcatum Adiantum aleuticum Polypodium interjectum Polypodium vulgare 291
(Japanese holly fern) Semievergreen fern with a short ‘Cornubiense’ (Common polypody, Polypody)
Evergreen fern. Fronds are lance- rootstock. Has glossy, dark brown Evergreen fern with narrow, lance- Evergreen fern with narrow, lance-
shaped and have holly-like, glossy, or blackish stems and dainty, divided, shaped, divided, fresh green fronds; shaped, divided, herringbone-like,
dark green pinnae; young fronds finger-like fronds, with blue-green segments are further subdivided mid-green fronds, arising from
are often covered with whitish or pinnae, that are more crowded than to give an overall lacy effect. creeping rhizomes covered with
brown scales. H 12–24in (30–60cm), those of A. pedatum. Grows well in H and S 10–12in (25–30cm). copper-brown scales. Suits a rock
S 12–18in (30–45cm). alkaline soils. H and S to 18in (45cm). garden. H and S 10–12in (25–30cm).
BDZ5–9 H8–1
BE Z6–11 H11–10 BE Z3–8 H8–1 BD Z6–8 H8–6

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FERNS

GREEN

Asplenium scolopendrium Polystichum tsussimense
(Hart’s-tongue fern) Evergreen fern bearing broadly lance-
Evergreen fern with stocky rhizomes shaped, rather leathery, dark green
and tongue-shaped, leathery, bright fronds with narrowly oblong, spiny-
green fronds. Is good in alkaline soils. toothed, pointed pinnae. Is suitable
H 18–30in (45–75cm), S to 18in (45cm). for a shaded rock garden or alpine
house. H 10in (25cm), S 8in (20cm).
BE Z6–8 H8–6
CE Z6–9 H9–5

Adiantum venustum
Deciduous fern. Bears delicate, pale
green fronds, tinged brown when
young, consisting of many small,
triangular pinnae, on glossy stems.
H 9in (23cm), S 12in (30cm).

BEM Z5–8 H8–5

Asplenium scolopendrium Blechnum chilense Dryopteris wallichiana
Marginatum Group Splendid evergreen fern with (Wallich’s wood fern)
Evergreen fern with stocky, upright broadly lance-shaped, leathery, Deciduous, clump-forming or often
rhizomes and lobed, slightly frilled, dark green fronds on upright, scaly solitary fern with an erect rhizome and
tongue-shaped fronds that are leathery brownish stems arise from a creeping a “shuttlecock” of lance-shaped, divided,
and bright green. Is good in alkaline rootstock. Eventually forms a large bright yellow-green fronds, aging to
soils. H and S 12in (30cm) or more. colony. H and S 3ft (1m). dark green with scaly, brownish-black
stems. H 3ft (90cm), S 12in (30cm).
292 BE Z6–8 H8–6 BEM Z10–11 H11–10
CE Z5–7 H11–10

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Dryopteris filix-mas (Male fern) Polystichum munitum
Deciduous or semievergreen fern (Giant holly fern)
with “shuttlecocks” of elegantly arching, Evergreen fern with erect, leathery,
upright, broadly lance-shaped, mid-
green fronds that arise from crowns lance-shaped, dark green fronds that
of large, upright, brown-scaled
rhizomes. H 4ft (1.2m), S 3ft (1m). consist of small, spiny-margined
pinnae. H 4ft (1.2m), S 12in (30cm).

CE Z4–8 H8–1 BD Z3–8 H8–1

Dryopteris erythrosora
(Japanese shield fern)
Usually evergreen, clump-forming fern
with broadly triangular, arching, shiny,
coppery-red flushed, pinkish-green
ageing to bronze then bright green.
H 16in (40cm), S 12in (30cm).

CE Z5–9 H9–5

Asplenium ceterach (Rusty-back fern) Cryptogramma crispa (Parsley fern) Polypodium cambricum 293
Semievergreen fern with lance-shaped, Deciduous fern with broadly oval to ‘Richard Kayse’
leathery, dark green fronds divided into triangular, finely divided, bright pale Evergreen fern with a slow-creeping
alternate, bluntly rounded lobes. Backs green fronds that resemble parsley. In rhizome and lance-shaped to triangular-
of young fronds are covered with silvery fall, fronds turn bright rusty-brown and oval, lacy, flat, bright green fronds. New
scales that mature to reddish-brown. persist during winter. H 6–9in (15–23cm), fronds appear in late summer and die
H and S 6in (15cm). S 6–12in (15–30cm). back in late spring. Sori are yellow in
winter. H 12in (30cm), S 8in (20cm).
BE Z6–9 H9–7 BDM Z5–8 H8–5
CE Z6–8 H8–6

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ANNUALS,
BIENNIALS,
AND BEDDING

Invaluable for their rapid growth, instant color, and relatively
low cost, annuals and biennials are ideal gap fillers between
newly planted trees and shrubs, as well as in perennial displays
that might need reviving after the first flush of spring. They are
also useful as bedding in formal designs, such as parterres,

and in containers of all types. An important ingredient
in cottage gardens and wildflower meadows, they also

help to shape informal schemes.

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ANNUALS, BIENNIALS,
AND BEDDING

Indispensable in pots, containers, and borders, many of these colorful
plants flower from early summer to early fall, and some also provide
beautiful foliage. Combine them with plants that bloom in winter and
spring to brighten up your garden all year.

,, What are annuals Growing annuals ABOVE Shades of pink
and biennials? and biennials Create an elegant basket using shades of pink. Dark
cherry pink petunias, pale busy Lizzies, starry isotomas,
Annuals are plants that grow, bloom, set Plants in this category can be grown from and raspberry-colored diascias combine beautifully.
seed, and die in a single growing season. seed, bought as young seedlings known
Biennials complete their life cycle in two as “plug” plants, or purchased as mature seeds in straight lines or curves, so that you
seasons: most are sown in late spring or specimens ready to plant. can distinguish them from weed seedlings
summer and produce leafy growth in the when they germinate.
first year, then flower, set seed, and die Sowing seed is the most cost-effective
in the next. Bedding plants usually refer option if you have a large space or lots of For winter and spring color, most suitable
to half-hardy or tender annuals that are containers to fill; there are many half-hardy plants, such as violas, are raised from seed
traditionally used in summer flower or frost-tender types that are very easy to sown in summer. Alternatively, buy young
schemes. Some plants in this category are grow in pots or trays on a windowsill or in plants in the fall.
technically perennials or even shrubs, but a greenhouse, including petunias, French
are referred to as annuals because they are marigolds (Tagetes), and tobacco plants Biennials can be grown from seed or
used for just one season. Examples include (Nicotiana). The seedlings should be bought as plug plants in the summer before
pelargoniums, nemesias, and brachyscome, hardened off for a few weeks in spring by they bloom. Find a quiet corner of the
which are perennials, and marguerites placing them outside during the day and garden to sow your seeds, as they will
(Argyranthemum species) and fuchsias, bringing them back under cover at night. be there for many months, and may be
which are tender shrubs. Plants in this Then plant them outside in late spring swamped by other plants if sown directly
group are also sometimes described as when all danger of frost has passed. into a summer bed or border.
“summer seasonals” and “spring seasonals.”
Hardy annuals are easier still, as they can
BELOW Summer harmonies be sown outside in spring where they are
Combine the shapes and colors of annuals for a to flower. For earlier summer blooms,
balanced display. Begonias, heliotropes, silver-leaved plants like love-in-a-mist (Nigella) and
senecio, and zinnias create a vibrant mix. poppies (Papaver rhoeas) can be sown in
early fall in free-draining soil. Sow your

Ornamental features

Annuals and biennials are available in a
wide range of shapes and sizes, from low
hummock-forming cultivars of Ageratum
houstonianum and trailing petunias to the
tall spires of foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea)
and dramatic Scotch thistles (Onopordum
acanthium) that shoot up to 6ft (1.8m).

Flowers offer a vast choice of colors
and forms, including scented types such
as heliotropes (Heliotropium arborescens),
tobacco plants (Nicotiana species), and the
chocolate-scented Cosmos atrosanguineus.
Colors extend from the opalescent whites
of Lavatera trimestris ‘Mont Blanc’ to the
vibrant scarlets of pelargoniums, bright
orange and yellow California poppies
(Eschscholzia californica), and intense
magentas and purples of petunias.

296 For more subtle pastel schemes, opt for

plants such as Anoda cristata, blue Silene