Focus TG4 KSSM (BI) Terbitan Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd

CONTENTS

1Chapter Introduction To Writing 3Chapter 52

1 Continuous Writing 52
53
Concept Map 1 Concept Map
Introduction 2 Introduction 53
Tips and Techniques 53
Writing Process 2 • Descriptive Compositions 54
Examiner’s Tips to Score A 3 Tips and Techniques 60
4 SPM Model Question and Answer 61

Enrichment Exercises 61
Focus Exercises 61
62
2Chapter • Argumentative Compositions 67
67
Directing Writing 6 Tips and Techniques
68
SPM Model Question and Answer 68
69
Concept Map 6 Enrichment Exercises 75
Introduction 7 Focus Exercises 75
7 • Reflective Compositions
• Reports 7 Tips and Techniques 76
Tips and Techniques 8 SPM Model Question and Answer 76
SPM Model Question and Answer 14 Enrichment Exercises 76
Enrichment Exercises 15 Focus Exercises 82
Focus Exercises 83
16 • Factual Compositions
• Letters 16 Tips and Techniques 84
Tips and Techniques 18 SPM Model Question and Answer 84
SPM Model Question and Answer 27 Enrichment Exercises 84
Enrichment Exercises 28 Focus Exercises 92
Focus Exercises 92
29 • Narrative Compositions
• Opinions, Talks and Speeches Tips and Techniques 93
Tips and Techniques 29 SPM Model Question and Answer 93
SPM Model Question and Answer 30 Enrichment Exercises 94
Enrichment Exercises 35 Focus Exercises 100
Focus Exercises 36 • Proverbs / Sayings Compositions 100
37 Tips and Techniques
• Articles 37 SPM Model Question and Answer 101
Tips and Techniques 101
SPM Model Question and Answer 39 Enrichment Exercises 104
Enrichment Exercises 105
Focus Exercises 42 Focus Exercises 108
109
• Processes and Procedures 43 • Popular Essay Topics
Tips and Techniques
SPM Model Question and Answer 44 Narrative Compositions
Enrichment Exercises
Focus Exercises 44 Descriptive Compositions

45 Factual/Expository Compositions

51 Argumentative Compositions
51 FAQ SPM

xi

4Chapter Graphic Materials and 1 C Pronouns 153
Shirt texts Types of Pronouns 153
Focus Exercises 154

Concept Map 110 D Adjectives 155
Introduction 111 Focus Exercises 156

A Advertisements 111 Comparison of Adjectives 157
SPM Model Question and Answer 112 Focus Exercises 158
Focus Exercises 112
E Verbs and Tenses 161
B Graphs, Charts and Tables 115 Verbs 161
SPM Model Question and Answer 116 Focus Exercises 161
Focus Exercises 116
Tenses 162
C Instructions/Manuals 120 The Simple Present Tense 162
SPM Model Question and Answer 120 Focus Exercises 163
Focus Exercises 121
The Simple Past Tense 163
D Diagrams/Pictorial Guides/Maps 124 Focus Exercises 164
SPM Model Question and Answer 124
Focus Exercises 125 The Simple Future Tense 165
Focus Exercises 166
E Signs and Notices 128
SPM Model Question and Answer 128 The Present Continuous Tense 166
Focus Exercises 128 Focus Exercises 167

F Short Texts 131 The Past Continuous Tense 168
SPM Model Question and Answer 131 Focus Exercises 168
Focus Exercises 132
The Future Continuous Tense 169
G Comic Strips – Idiomatic Expressions 135 Focus Exercises 169
and Proverbs 135
SPM Model Question and Answer 136 The Present Perfect Tense 169
Focus Exercises Focus Exercises 170
140
Enrichment Exercises 142 The Past Perfect Tense 170
FAQ SPM Focus Exercises 171

5Chapter The Future Perfect Tense 172
Focus Exercises 172

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 172

Grammar and Rational Cloze 143 Focus Exercises 173

Concept Map 143 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 173
Introduction 144 Focus Exercises 173
144
A Nouns 144 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 173
Types of Nouns 145
Focus Exercises Focus Exercises 174
146
Number 146 F Gerunds, Participles and Infinitives 174
Focus Exercises Gerunds 174
147 Focus Exercises 174
Formation of Plural Nouns 148
Focus Exercises Present Participles 175
149 Focus Exercises 176
B Articles 149
The Indefinite Articles 150 Past Participles 176
Focus Exercises Focus Exercises 177
151
The Definite Article 152 Infinitives 177
Zero Article 152 Focus Exercises 178
Focus Exercises
G Adverbs 178
Focus Exercises 179

xii

Comparison of Adverbs 181 Focus Exercises 219
Focus Exercises 181 Enrichment Exercises 240
FAQ SPM 244
H Subject-Verb Agreement 182
Focus Exercises 183 7Chapter Comprehension 245

I Sentences 184 Concept Map 245
Simple Sentences 184 Introduction 246
Focus Exercises 185 Tips and Techniques 246
247
Compound Sentences 185 I. Questions on Facts 247
Focus Exercises 186 SPM Model Question and Answer
248
Complex Sentences 186 II. Questions on Facts to be Presented in 248
Focus Exercises 186 Candidates’ Own Words
SPM Model Question and Answer 249
J Positive and Negative Statements 188 250
Focus Exercises 188 III.Questions Involving Inferences 252
and Deductions on Facts, Given 278
K Question Tags and Responses 189 in the Passage 281
Focus Exercises 191
SPM Model Question and Answer
L Active Voice and Passive Voice 191 Focus Exercises
Focus Exercises 192 Enrichment Exercises
FAQ SPM
M Direct and Indirect Speech 193
Focus Exercises 194 8Chapter Summary 282

N Prepositions 195 Concept Map 282
Prepositions of Place 195 Introduction 283
Focus Exercises 196 Tips and Techniques 283
SPM Model Question and Answer 285
Prepositions of Time 197 Focus Exercises 286
Focus Exercises 197 Enrichment Exercises 291
FAQ SPM 293
Prepositions of Direction/Movement 198
Focus Exercises 198 9Chapter The Literature Compinent 294

O Conjunctions 199
Focus Exercises 199

P Phrases and Clauses 200
Focus Exercises 202

Rational Cloze 204
Introduction 204
Tips and Techniques 204
SPM Model Question and Answer 204
Focus Exercises 205
Enrichment Exercises 213
FAQ SPM 216

6Chapter Information Transfer 271 Concept Map 294
Introduction 295
Concept Map 217 Tips and Techniques 295
Introduction 218 296
Tips and Techniques 218 (i) Poems
SPM Model Question and Answer 218 • The Living Photograph 297
by Jackie Kay 298
SPM Model Question and Answer 299

Focus Exercises

xiii

• The Charge of the Light Brigade 300 1 0Chapter Oral English 356
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson 301
SPM Model Question and Answer 302 Concept Map 356
Focus Exercises Introduction 357
303 Tips and Techniques 357
• A Poison Tree 304 357
by William Blake 304 Form 4 Oral English 357
SPM Model Question and Answer • Model 1 Individual 358
Focus Exercises 305 359
306 SPM Model Question and Answer 359
• What Has Happened to Lulu? 307 Focus Exercises 360
by Charles Cauxley 308 Enrichment Exercises 360
SPM Model Question and Answer 361
Focus Exercises 314 • Model 2 Teacher – Candidate 362
Enrichment Exercises 315 SPM Model Question and Answer 363
317 Focus Exercises 363
(ii) Short Stories 318 Enrichment Exercises 363
• Leaving by M.G. Vassanji 364
Focus Exercises 321 Form 5 Oral English 365
Enrichment Exercises 322 • Model 3 Pair Work 365
324 366
• Tanjong Rhu SPM Model Question and Answer 367
by Minfong Ho 326 Focus Exercises 367
Focus Exercises Enrichment Exercises 368
Enrichment Exercises 328
330 • Model 4 Group Work 369
(iii) Drama 330 SPM Model Question and Answer
• The Right Thing to Do 331 Focus Exercises 369
by Martyn Ford Enrichment Exercises 370
SPM Model Question and Answer 334 FAQ SPM 370
Focus Exercises
Enrichment Exercises 335 1 1Chapter Vocabulary Enrichment 370
338 370
(iv) Novels 339 Concept Map 371
• Sing to the Dawn 339 Introduction 373
by Minfong Ho Tips and Techniques
SPM Model Question and Answer 343 376
Focus Exercises 345 (i) How to Improve One’s Vocabulary 376
Enrichment Exercises 346 1. Keep a vocabulary notebook 376
346 2. Invest in a good dictionary 377
• Dear Mr. Kilmer 3. Useful Lists of Idioms 379
by Anne Schraff 349 381
SPM Model Question and Answer 352 (ii) Common Errors in English
Focus Exercises 353 1. Numbers 383
Enrichment Exercises 353 2. Problem Words
355 3. Affixes 392
• Captain Nobody 4. Phrasal Verbs
by Dean Pitchford 5. Collocations 401
SPM Model Question and Answer
Focus Exercises SPM Model Test
Enrichment Exercises SPM Forecast Test
FAQ SPM Answers

xiv

2Chapter Directed Writing

Chapter

2 Think of These...

• Do you know the formats of reports, letters, opinions, talks, speeches, articles, processes and procedures?
• Are you asked to use all the points given or some of the points?
• Can you elaborate the points given using 5Ws + 1H?
• Do you know how to write in paragraphs (introduction, body, and conclusion)?
• Who is your audience?
• Which grammatical structure should you use?
• What link words are suitable to connect your ideas?

i-THINK Tree Map

DIRECTED WRITING

Reports Processes and Procedures Articles

Formal Informal Newspaper

Letters Opinions, Talks
and Speeches

Formal Informal

Quotes Learning never exhausts the mind.

- Leonardo Da Vinci -
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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Introduction Chapter

This section is tested in Section A of Paper 1 of the SPM English Paper. It tests your writing skills
to see if you are able to write using the correct format and elaborate the points given. You will
receive up to 15 marks for the format and content points and up to 20 marks for the quality of
your writing.

1. You are given 45 minutes to answer this section. 2
2. Know the format. You have to know the format of

(a) Reports – formal and informal, and a newspaper report
(b) Letters – formal and informal
(c) Opinions, talks and speeches
(d) Articles
(e) Processes and procedures
3. Read the question carefully. Are you asked to use all the points given or some of the points?
4. Expand each point given by providing two examples or suitable details. Use the 5Ws + 1H (Who, What,
When, Where, Why + How) technique to help you elaborate the points given.
5. Write in paragraphs. There must be an introduction, a body and a conclusion.
6. Tone is important. Is your reader/audience your own friend or are you speaking/writing to a larger audience?
7. Note the grammatical structure to use. Use link words to connect your ideas.

Message

Always remember to follow these steps of writing an essay:

Brainstorming Planning Writing Editing Rewriting

REPORTS

A report gives information, including facts and opinions, to a person or group.
Know the format of a report
(i) Format: Formal report

Report on... Title:
To : ...(to whom the report is for) Show the purpose of writing
From : ...(who is writing the report) the report
Date : … Introduction:
Recommendations: Give briefly what has happened,
when, where and to whom

Reported by, Body:
Signature Write in the form of paragraphs
Conclusion:
Summarise the facts and give
recommendations

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Chapter PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing Title:
(ii) Newspaper Report Must be short and give the main idea of the story.
Some newspapers also state the day (in abbreviation
Title/headline e.g. Tue.) after place.
By… Introduction:
Place: Summarise the event briefly, stating what happened,
when, where and who was involved.
2 Body:
Write in the form of paragraphs.
Expand on the main points – explain how and why
the incident took place.
• Use direct speech to quote what a key person says
Conclusion:
Summarise the facts. Say what are the feelings of
the people involved.

(iii) Format: Informal report
1. Give a title. Say who the writer of the report is.
Types of report:
(a) Report of an activity or event or incident
(b) Report of an investigation
(c) Report of a survey
(d) A newspaper report
2. Read the question carefully. Are you asked to use all the points given or some of the points?
3. In some reports, you may have to give recommendations concerning action which must be taken.

Message

1. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to help you elaborate your points.
2. Decide on the grammatical structure that you should use.
3. The language used is concise. The facts should be presented objectively.

SPM Model Question and Answer

You are the secretary of the school’s Nature Society and have been asked to write a report to the principal
about the society’s trip to a forest reserve. Write a report about two incidents that took place during the
trip.
Write your report based on the information below.
• Name of park – school’s Nature Society – people in groups
• Guide – warning about dos and don’ts
• Assigned tasks – teams under guidance of teacher
• Azlan – hanging ladder – ignore warning sign – fell – badly stung by ants
• Canopy Walkway – Jenny gasping for breath – asthmatic – no inhaler
• Teacher suggested – abort trip – need medical attention

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing  Chapter

When writing the report, you must: 2
– address your report to the Principal
– provide a title
– include your name
– use all the notes given

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

You are the secretary of the school’s Introduction:
Nature Society and have been asked to ➾ Situation
write a report to the principal about ➾ Format: Formal report
the society’s trip to a forest reserve.
Write a report about two incidents Body:
that took place during the trip. Elaborate points given:
1. (a) Where is the trip?
Write your report based on the
information below. (b) How many teachers and students?
•  Name of park – school’s nature 2. (a) What warning did the guide give?

Society – people in groups (b) What types of tasks?
• Guide – warning about dos and 3. (a) Where was the task carried out?

don’ts (b) Why didn’t the students do anything to help?
• Teams assigned tasks – guidance (d) Why did he do it?
(e) What happened to Azlan?
of teacher 4. (a) Where did the group go next?
• Azlan – hanging ladder – ignore (b) What happened to Jenny?
5. (a) What did the teacher suggest?
warning sign – fell – badly stung by (b) Why did he suggest it?
ants Conclusion: Summarise the facts and give recommendations
• Canopy Walkway – Jenny gasping
for breath- asthmatic – no inhaler
• Teacher suggested – abort trip –
need medical attention

Model Answer

To : The Principal, Trip to State National Forest Reserve
SMK Sri Kota,
Klang. Date : 22 June 202_
From : Ruslan bin Azri

On 21 June (Sunday), the school’s Nature Society went on a field trip to the State National Forest
Reserve in Tanjung Sepat. The group is comprised of four teachers and 30 students from Forms 4
and 5.
We arrived at the forest reserve at 8.30 a.m. The guide gave us an account of the facilities
available and warned us to observe the dos and don’ts listed on the notice boards.
The teachers chose a picnic site at the waterfall area. We were assigned to different tasks –
taking photographs, noting the types of trees and the biodiversity conservation in the park. Under a
teacher’s guidance, the teams moved around the area to carry out the tasks. When my team came
to an open space, we saw a tree with a hanging ladder. Azlan ignored the warning sign on the tree
and started climbing up. Halfway up, the ladder gave way. Azlan fell down uninjured, but his fall had
disturbed a nest of ants. By the time we helped him up, his left leg was badly stung and had to be
treated with anti-sting medication. He was advised to stay put for the rest of the trip.

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Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

After lunch, we headed for the Canopy Walkway. As we were trudging up the hill, Jenny, a Form
4 student started gasping for breath. Her friend informed the teacher that Jenny was asthmatic and
she had forgotten to bring along her inhaler. The guide ran to the park medical store and managed to
find an inhaler.
All of us returned to the picnic area. It was only two o’clock but Encik Halim suggested that we
abort the rest of the trip and head for home as both Azlan and Jenny might need medical attention.
We packed up and left the park.

2

A FORMAL REPORT

SPM Model Question and Answer

You were the prefect on duty when a fight broke out. You informed the discipline teacher immediately. You
have been asked to write a report on the incident.

In your report, include the following:
• Students were going back to their classrooms
• Pushing around, shouts, and a fight started
• Seniors accused the junior of being rude
• Ran to call discipline teacher

When writing the report, you must:
– give a suitable title
– include the name of the writer
– develop all the points given
– provide two relevant details/examples for each of the four points

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

You were the prefect on duty when Introduction:
a fight broke out. You informed the ➾ Situation
discipline teacher immediately. You ➾ Format:Formal report
have been asked to write a report on
the incident. Body:
Elaborate points given:
• Students were going back to their 1. (a) Why were they going back to their classrooms?
classes (b) Where were the students?

• Pushing around, shouts, and a fight 2. (a) Who started pushing around?
started (b) How many were involved?

• Seniors accused the junior of being 3. (a) What did the junior do?
rude (b) Who started the fight?

• Ran to call the discipline teacher 4. (a) Where was the teacher?
(b) What happened after that?
Conclusion: Summarise the facts and give recommendations

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Model Answer

Report on a Student Fight

To : The Principal, Chapter
SMK Setia,
Johor Bahru. Date : 19 March 202_ 2
From : Jane Chai

On Friday (March 15th) at 10.40 a.m., a fight broke out between some Form Five and Form Four
students in front of Science Laboratory C.
It was just after recess and the students were going back to their classrooms. I was on class duty.
I was just coming out of the classroom of Form Four Mewah, which faces Science Laboratory C.
I heard some commotion from the corridor in front of Science Laboratory C. There were six Form
Five students surrounding a Form Four boy. I heard a Form Five student yelling, ‘Mind your manners.
Juniors should respect their seniors!’ I also heard, ‘Why are you pushing us about?’ ‘Stop glaring at
your seniors!’ The Form Four boy looked shocked and was shaking his head.
When the Form Four student was shoved against the wall, his classmates from Form Four Setia
ran out and started shouting. There was a lot of pushing around and shouting, and a fight ensued.
I noticed Mr. Chandran, our discipline teacher, coming from the direction of the staff room. I
quickly ran to inform him of the situation. Mr. Chandran confronted the students and broke up the
fight.
It is unthinkable that such a thing could happen in our school. I suggest more counselling sessions
be held for the students, especially sessions on how to manage anger.

B INFORMAL REPORT

SPM Model Question and Answer

Your school played host to the students from another country. As the class monitor, you were part of the
group of students chosen to entertain the visitors. Write a report of what you did for the school magazine.
In your report, include the following:
• tour of the school
• activities in school
• food
• meeting friends and family
When writing the report, you must:
– give your report a title
– develop all the points given
– provide two relevant details/examples for each of the four points
– write in paragraphs

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

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Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Your school played host to the students from another Introduction:
country. As the class monitor, you were part of the ➾ Situation
group of students chosen to entertain the visitors. ➾ Format : Informal report

Chapter Write a report on what you did for the school Body:
magazine. Elaborate points given:

Tour of the school 1. (a) Where did you bring the visitors?

2 • main building – wood – traditional architecture – (b) How many students were there?
garden – herb garden

Activities in school 2. (a) What activities did you show?
• Co-curricular Day – Girl Guides – setting up tents (b) What did they do?
• gymnastics
Food 3. (a) Where did you eat?
• a variety of Malaysian food and fruits at the school (b) What did you eat?

canteen 4. (a) Who are the friends?
(b) Where did they meet?
Met up with friends

Conclusion: Voice your feelings/opinion

Model Answer

Visitors from Adelaide High School
By Lim Fang Lin

I was recently part of the team of ambassadors from SMK Putri, Kota Tinggi, chosen to entertain our
visitors from Australia. The mixed group of thirty students from Adelaide High School visited us for a
day, on Friday, 14 May.
I was tasked with looking after five students for the day. I began with a tour of the school. I started
with the main building. Unlike the other parts of the school, the main building is made of wood and its
architecture is traditional. Next, we went to the school garden. Our Australian friends were impressed
by the riot of colours that met their eyes. There were scarlet hibiscus blooms and bright butter-yellow
allamandas. As President of the school’s Gardening Club, I happily showed off our herb garden.
Next, we moved to the right corner of the school field. It was Co-curricular Day and the Girl Guides
were setting up their tents. Our friends from Adelaide quickly lent a helping hand. I learnt that camping
is very much a part of their lives as they love to go camping. After that we crossed over to the school
hall. Our school gymnasts were practising. When one of the girls vaulted over the bar, our friends
gave a spontaneous cheer. It was wonderful. I learnt that my new friends were all cheerleaders in their
schools.
It was nearly noon – time for an early lunch. I led them to the school canteen where some of
the ambassadors had gathered with their groups. There was a variety of Malaysian food and fruits
laid out on the table. The visitors seemed to like Johor laksa and nasi lemak though they had to wash
them down with many glasses of lime juice and teh tarik. They especially enjoyed the duku langsat and
nangka.
Joining us for lunch was a group of our students who were on an exchange programme last year
to Adelaide High School. Many were familiar faces to our friends as they were their hosts. They were
happy catching up with each other. It was a joyous reunion.
At 2.00 p.m. we said goodbye to our Australian friends. They were on their way to Kuala Lumpur.
We exchanged addresses and promised to keep in touch. They said they had a wonderful time and I
had thoroughly enjoyed myself too.

12

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

C NEWSPAPER REPORT

SPM Model Question and Answer Chapter

As a junior reporter for the school’s monthly news bulletin, you have been asked to write a report on the 2
students who got lost during their class trip to Gunung Panti.
In the report, include the following:

• class trip to Gunung Panti
• group hiked up the mountain – did not come back
• search party
• found near a stream

When writing the report, you must:
– give a suitable title
– use all the points given
– provide two relevant details/examples for each of the four points
– write in paragraphs

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

As a junior reporter for the school’s monthly news Introduction:
bulletin, you have been asked to write a report on the ➾ Situation
students who got lost during their class trip to Gunung
Panti. Body:
Elaborate points given:
In the report, include the following: 1. (a) What happened?
•  class trip to Gunung Panti (b) When did it happen?
•  group hiked up the mountain – did not come back
•  search party 2. (a) What was done?
(b) Where were they found?

•  found near a stream 3. (a) Why did it happen?
(b) What happened next?

Conclusion: Additional details as concluding
statement

13

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing •  Give the topic of the
report
Model Answer

Lost in the Jungle
By Hanifah Abdul

Chapter Kota Tinggi: A group of Form Five students were lost in the jungle at Introduction:
Gunung Panti for about ten hours yesterday. Summarise the event
briefly
The group of eight students left camp at 7.00 a.m. yesterday to go on
2 (1)
Body:
a hike. They were given a map and a compass. The boys were expected to Point 1 – elaboration
be back at the camp at noon. When they did not return by 12.30 p.m., a Point 2 – elaboration
(2)
Point 3 – elaboration
search party led by the scoutmaster, Mr. Edwin Lee, went into the jungle
Point 4 – elaboration
(3)

to look for them. They were found near a stream at about 4.00 p.m. about

(4)

ten kilometres away from the camp.

Nick Tan, the leader of the group said, ‘As we were returning to the • Use direct speech
camp, we came upon a pair of hornbills. One of the boys noticed that they to quote what a key
were the endangered Oriental Pied Hornbills. We noticed that there were person says.
some Ara trees. We looked around the trees to see if there were some
more hornbills. After a while, we realised we were walking in circles.’ • Adds realism

In their excitement of spotting the endangered birds, they lost their Conclusion:
compass and map. As they were near a stream, they decided to follow it. The writer makes a
The boys were none the worst for their adventure. After they had rested concluding statement.
for a while, they joined the rest of the group in the activities.

Enrichment Exercises

Write three questions after each sentence to ask for specific information.
Use who, what, when, where or how. The first one has been done for you.
1. The students were on a holiday camp.

Who are these students?
How many students are there?
What holiday camp is this?
Where is the holiday camp?
2. We listened attentively to the OBS rules.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3. We liked the abseiling session.
(i)

14

(ii) PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing  Chapter
(iii)
2
4. We had to trek alone.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

5. We had to canoe from Lumut to Pangkor.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Exercises

A Read the information report below. Fill in the format of a report with A – E.

A. However, there is a lot more to volunteering in St. John Ambulance than administering basic first
aid. Other than the normal public duties and attending SJAM courses and training, they also make
visits to children’s homes and participate in international humanitarian relief and fund-raising events
for natural disasters.

B. Smartly dressed in their spiffy black and white uniforms, St. John Ambulance Malaysia (SJAM)
volunteers take their places around the tracks before the event starts. The volunteers’ eyes follow
each runner to look out for signs of injury and fainting spells. Suddenly, a runner slows down and
collapses on the track. The volunteers rush to his side to help.

C. The spirit of volunteerism and St. John Ambulance Malaysia.
D. Living by their motto, Pro Utilitate Hominum (‘For the service of mankind’), the spirit of volunteerism

is still well and alive in SJAM.
E. St. John Ambulance Malaysia provides public service duties in sports events, festivals and family

days where they provide first aid services for those who need it.

FORMAT OF A REPORT
(i) Title:
(ii) A general introduction:

(iii) Facts about the subject:

(iv) A summary of the information given:

15

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing
B Read the newspaper report below and answer the questions that follow.

Adopt an orang-utan

Chapter By SHARIFAH ARFAH

Kuala Lumpur. Fri. – It is estimated that only 20,000 to 30,000 orang-utans (Malay for
‘man of the forest’) are left in the wild today and the number is declining fast.

2 With one of the slowest breeding rates among mammals in the world, the orang-utan
qualifies as an endangered species.

Deforestation — such as land cleared for permanent agriculture and logging — is the
No. 1 threat to the animal.‘It is vital to save the orang-utan as helping it means restoring
its habitat and that of other wildlife. This will, in turn, protect the Earth from further
damage as forest habitats absorbs greenhouse gas emission,’ added Hayley Bagnall,
who joined the Orang-utan Appeal UK last year.

Held at Soho KL, Solaris Mont Kiara, the event was timed to coincide with the recent
Earth Week celebration.

1. What is the title of the report?
2. Who wrote the report?
3. Where did the event take place?
4. What celebration did the event coincide with?
5. What is the main purpose of the report?

LETTERS

Know the format of a letter
(i) Format: Formal letter

Sender’s name and Hazlinda bte Zaid,
address 14 Jalan Sinar,
47110 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan. Divider line

16

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Receiver’s name/title The Manager, 5 MAY 202_ Date Chapter
and address Grand Hotel,
Salutation 28900 Johor Bahru, 2nd
Title Johor Darul Takzim. paragraph is
numbered
Body Dear Sir/ Madam, 3rd paragraph

Ending Enquiry about a Watch

I am writing to enquire whether you have found a Swatch watch 2
which I left in my hotel room last weekend.
2. I was staying in Room 1004 from 26 – 29 April 201_.
I am quite sure that I left my watch in the bathroom, next to the
bath tub. I hope it has been found as it is of sentimental value
to me. The Chrono Plastic Swatch watch has a big face and a
turquoise strap. It is the latest model.
3. I would be grateful if you could send it by registered post
to the above address. I will pay for the postage of course.

Thank you.

Closing Phrase Yours faithfully,
Signature Hazlinda Zaid
Full name in capital letters
(HAZLINDA ZAID)

(ii) Format: Informal letter

Salutation 44, Jalan Bunga, Sender’s address
Body Taman Halus, Date
Seremban.
23 January 202_ Closing phrase
Dear Rose, Signature
Just writing to say I had a wonderful time at your place last weekend.
It was good to see all our former classmates again.
However, I lost my watch. I know I was wearing it last Sunday. When
I got home, I couldn’t find it. Perhaps I left it in the kitchen. I remember
taking it off to help with the dishes.
I don’t know if you remember it. It has a big face and the strap is very
colourful. It is very special to me as it was a present from my parents for
doing well in the final exam.
If you do happen to find it, could you post it to me? Let me know
how much the postage is.

Your friend,
Haz

Message

1. Know the format of a letter, both formal and informal.
2. Who you are writing to is important as it will determine the tone and vocabulary used. For example, if you are writing to

your friend, you can use a friendly tone. If you are writing a letter of application, the tone is serious.

17

Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

SPM Model Question and Answer

Your younger sister, who has been accepted to a residential school is not sure whether to accept the offer
or not. You have decided to write a letter to her about your own experiences in a residential school.
In your letter, include the following:

2 • life is hard
• learn coping skills
• find time to study
• well-rounded education

Give two relevant examples of
• benefits
• problems
When writing the letter, you must:
– lay out your letter correctly (address, greeting, closing)
– develop all the points given
– remember that your letter is to your younger sister
STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Your sister who has gotten a place at a residential Introduction:
school is not sure to accept the offer or not. Write ➾ Situation
to your sister about your own experiences in a ➾ Format : Informal letter
residential school. Body:
Write a letter based on all the notes below: Elaborate points given:
•  life is hard 1. (a) What do you have to do?
•  find time to study
•  well-rounded education (b) How would you feel?
•  learn coping skills 2. (a) Why do you have to find time to study?

Give two relevant examples of – benefits (b) What will occupy your time?
– problems 3. (a) What do you learn?

(b) How is it different from a day school?
4. How do you learn?

Closure: Repeat advice

18

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Model Answer

2 March 202_

Dear Chris, Situation Chapter
I was in a situation similar to yours. Remember how I agonised for days Body:
about whether to stay on at SMK Sri Danga or go to a residential school? Point 1 – elaboration 2
I think it is wise to face up to the pros and cons of studying at a residential Point 2 – elaboration
school like Tun Ismail, however prestigious it is. The advantages are many. Point 3 – elaboration
For example, you will definitely get a well-rounded education. There are good Point 4 – elaboration
teachers and facilities. Equal emphasis is placed on co-curricular activities.
After school, sport is a must. In addition, you will learn coping skills as you Closure:
have to do things on your own. You can’t turn to Mum or Dad to solve your Repeat advice
daily problems. You will learn to become self-reliant and very disciplined.
It is undeniable that life is hard. You have to do your own chores. For
example, you have to wash your own clothes, and clean your dormitory. There
is no maid to look after you and you have to find time to study. Study hours and
bedtime are fixed. You have to get used to a very structured life. See what I
mean by being disciplined?
Moreover, there are plenty of tests and projects. Also, you may get
homesick. Instead of the comforts of home, it can be quite noisy and yet lonely
in the hostel. You will definitely miss home-cooked food.
Make a pros and cons list. Fill it in honestly. Then talk it over with Mum
and Dad. I am sure you will make a wise decision.
Love,
May

A INFORMAL LETTER

SPM Model Question and Answer

Your school’s Eco Club is organising a trip to Kluang. The highlight of the visit is the climb to the top of Gunung
Lambak. Your father is currently overseas. Write a letter to your father seeking permission for the trip.
In your letter include the following:

• Location – Gunung Lambak Recreational Park
• Gunung Lambak (510 m)
– not a difficult climb
– locals climb it
• Tougher after the midway resting point
– practise with school’s staircases
– accompanied by park rangers and two teachers
• Educational – through tropical rainforest
– teamwork
– camp overnight at summit
• Cost : RM50.00
When writing your letter, you must:
– lay out your letter correctly (address, greeting, closing)
– develop all the points given
– remember that the letter is to your father

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Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Your school’s Eco Club is organising a trip to Introduction:
Kluang. The highlight of the visit is the climb ➾ Situation
to the top of Gunung Lambak. Your father is ➾ Letter : Informal format
2 currently overseas. Write a letter to your father ➾ Tone : persuasive – seek permission from father
seeking permission for the trip.

Body:

• Location : Gunung Lambak Recreational Forest Elaborate points given:

Gunung Lambak (510 m) 1. (a) How far away is it?
–  not a difficult climb (b) Why is it not a difficult climb?
–  locals climb it

• Tougher after the midway resting point – steep 2. (a) What would you do to prepare for it?
– accompanied by park rangers and two (b) Why should parents not worry?

teachers

• Educational – through tropical rainforest 3. (a) What would you learn?
– teamwork (b) Why do you want to take this challenge?
– camp overnight at summit
4. (a) Why is the cost reasonable?
• Cost : RM50.00 (b) What have you done?

Closure: To seek permission

Model Answer Mawar Dorm, ➾ Informal Letter
SMK Sri Panti, format
81000 Johor Bahru.
5 May 202_


Dearest Pa, Introduction
How are you? Heard from Mother that you are still in Thailand and will not Body:
be back for a while more. I hope you are fine. I am fine and doing quite well in Point 1 – elaboration
school. You will be pleased with my results.
The holidays are around the corner. The school’s Eco Club is organising a Point 2 – elaboration
trip to Gunung Lambak Recreational Park, Kluang. It is just two hours by coach
from Johor Bahru. The Eco Club has been hearing so much about Gunung Point 3 – elaboration
Lambak that we have decided to explore it for ourselves.
First, Gunung Lambak is not very high. At 510 metres, it is not a difficult
climb. The locals climb it daily. Early in the morning, the senior citizens trot up
and down for exercise and in the evening, the office workers jog up the slopes.
I know it is physically challenging after the midway resting point. We are
told that parts of the mountain can be steep. But Pa, we have been practising
with the school’s staircases. Three flights of stairs up and down every day from
4.00 p.m. to 5.00 p.m. I am physically tougher now. Furthermore, we are
accompanied by park rangers and two teachers from the Eco Club. You know
how strict Cik Aminah is.

20

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Another point is that it is as near to a tropical rainforest as we can get. Chapter
It will be a wonderful opportunity for us to learn about the flora and fauna of
the Malaysian rainforest. I have read that there are plenty of Tongkat Ali trees
there. Moreover, we are camping overnight at the summit. We will be able to
put into practice what we have learnt about teamwork and camping.

The cost of RM50.00 per person is very reasonable. It includes the fare, Point 4 – elaboration
food and park entrance fee. I have saved up for it. Closure : To seek
permission
Please Pa, can I go for the trip? I have to register for the trip by May 20th.
I promise to listen to the teachers and park rangers. You know, I have always
been the careful type. Take care. 2

Love,

Liza

B FORMAL LETTER

(i) Cover Letter for Job Application

SPM Model Question and Answer

You are a qualified preschool teacher and are looking for a change of school to teach in. You come across
this advertisement in a local newspaper. Write a cover letter for your job application.

SMARTER SCHOOL OF LEARNING
We are a leading kindergarten that specialises in educating and taking care of young
children before they enter formal education. We are looking for responsible and caring
preschool teachers.
If you think you have the right aptitude and can fit into our curriculum, you are welcome to apply.
 Minimum SPM / STPM
 An appropriate teaching and childcare course
 Willing to adapt to our SMARTER SCHOOL OF LEARNING PROGRAMME
 Able to communicate in English, Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin
 Pleasant and caring personality
 Able to work long hours
Interested applicants should write in with a cover letter and enclose a curriculum vitae,
photocopies of relevant documents and a recent passport-sized photograph (non-
returnable)

Notes:
– Reference to advertisement
– Reference to accomplishment and present position
– Independent and team player
– Principle of work – prioritize child in the class – course attended
– Confidence – pleasant personality
– Call for an interview
– Closing words
When writing the letter, you must:
– lay out your letter correctly (addresses, date, salutation, title, closing)
– use all the notes given

21

Chapter PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

SMARTER SCHOOL OF LEARNING Introduction:
We are a leading kindergarten that specialises in ➾ Situation
educating and taking care of young children before ➾ Format : Formal Letter of application for a
2 they enter formal education. We are looking for post
responsible and caring preschool teachers. If you
think you have the right aptitude and can f it into our
curriculum, you are welcome to apply.
• Minimum SPM / STPM
• An appropriate teaching and childcare course Body:

• Willing to adapt to our SMARTER SCHOOL OF Elaborate points given:
LEARNING PROGRAMME
• Able to communicate in English, Bahasa Malaysia 1. (a) How did you know about the vacancy?
(b) Why are you applying?
and Mandarin
• Pleasant and caring personality
• Able to work long hours 2. (a) What is your accomplishment?
(b) What is your present position?

Interested applicants should write in with a cover 3. (a) What is your attitude to work?
letter and enclose a curriculum vitae, photocopies (b) How do you regard the child in the
of relevant documents and a recent passport-sized class?
photograph (non-returnable) (c) What is your principle of work?

Notes : 4. (a) What is your personality?
– Reference to advertisement (b) When can you attend an interview?
– Reference to accomplishment and present position
– Independent and team player
– Principle of work – priority – child in the class –

course attended
– Conf idence – pleasant personality
– Call for an interview
– Closing words

Message

You are writing the letter to apply for something such as applying for a certain position. It should be short and brief. Do not
forget to include important details.

Model Answer 26 JULY 202_
Vinnie Goh
33, Jalan Utama
Bandar Utama,
45000 Petaling Jaya
SELANGOR

The Principal
Smarter School of Learning
Jalan Duta
51000 KUALA LUMPUR

22

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing  Chapter

Dear Sir/Madam, 2

Application of Post of Preschool Teacher

Your advertisement for a preschool teacher caught my eye, and as I appear to be a perfect match for
this position I am eagerly applying for the vacancy.
As an accomplished teacher with over two years’ experience in the field of education, I am well
positioned to join your school. I am confident that I will make a positive impression on your students.
I am good with children and interact well with them. My experience and confidence comes from a
track record of responsibility and commitment in my present place of work. I have to leave my present
preschool due to family commitments.
I am comfortable working independently or as part of a team. The children in the class have always
been my priority, irrespective of race or religion. The children have been sent to the school and so it is
my principle that they should receive proper education and guidance. The nature of my teaching and
childcare course has prepared me for this role.
I have read through your school objectives and I am very sure that I will be a valuable asset to your
school. I will definitely contribute positively towards increasing the school’s level of excellence in child
education.
In addition to all this, I possess a pleasant personality and character references which I can present
to you when I am called for an interview. I look forward to calling you in a few days’ time to arrange an
interview at a mutually convenient time.
Please find the relevant documents enclosed.
Thank you for taking the time to consider this application and I look forward to seeing you in the
near future.

Yours faithfully,

  Vinnie Goh 

(VINNIE GOH)

(ii) Letter of Complaint

SPM Model Question and Answer

You are unhappy about the condition and services of the town library. You decided to write a letter of
complaint to the chairman of the Town Council to complain about the unsatisfactory condition and services
of the public library.
SPM

2013

Write your letter based on the notes you have made below:
• books outdated
• unhelpful librarians
• boring activities and layout

When writing the letter, you must:
– lay out the letter correctly (addresses, date, salutation, title, closing)
– use all the notes
– give two suggestions on how to improve the library

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

23

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

You are unhappy about the condition and services of the Introduction:
town library. You decided to write a letter to the Chairman ➾ Situation
of the Town Council to complain about the unsatisfactory ➾ Format : Formal letter
condition and services of the public library.
Chapter
• Books outdated Body:
Elaborate the points given
2
1. (a) How are they outdated?
• Unhelpful librarians (b) What books are available?

2. (a) Who?
(b) What did they do?

• Boring activities 3. (a) What are the activities?
(b) Why are they boring?

• Uninspiring atmosphere 4. (a) What is it like?
(b) How should it be like?

Closure:
Emphasise the urgency of the matter

Message

(a) State what you wish to complain about.
e.g. I wish to complain about…

(b) Give details about your complaint and the inconvenience caused.
Use connectors e.g. First, second, third
Moreover, another point is… furthermore…

(c) State the action you want taken.
e.g. I would be grateful if you could....
I hope you would look into this matter and make sure that…

(d) Conclude with:
• I hope you would look into my request immediately.
• I am sure you would act immediately.

(e) Sometimes you can write to a newspaper, expressing your views and unhappiness about a certain issue.
You use the same format.

Model Answer Sender’s address
41, Jalan Kuning,
Taman Rinting, Name/ Post and address
86000 Johor Bahru, of receiver of letter
Johor Darul Takzim. 17 SEPTEMBER 202_ Date
The Chairman, Salutation
Town Council,
752 Jalan Rinting,
86000 Johor Bahru,
Johor Darul Takzim.
Dear Sir,

24

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Poor Condition and Services of the Town Library Topic

I am writing this letter to draw your attention to the poor condition and Introduction : What the Chapter
services of the town library. letter is about
2. First, the collection of library books and magazines need to be Point 1 – elaboration 2
expanded and improved upon. The books are outdated and the library Point 2 – elaboration
is not stocked with the latest titles. There aren’t any reference books, Point 3 – elaboration
only revision books aimed at passing examinations for secondary school
students. Point 4 – elaboration
3. Second, the librarians are unhelpful. To quote just one example,
when asked for help to f ind a title, one librarian was quite indifferent. She Closure
just pointed to the computer. Surely, librarians should be more willing to
assist users. Another librarian was not even sure of the location of the
books herself.
4. Third, the activities organised by the library are boring. There is only
one activity – storytelling for children. It follows the same format that
has been going on since I was in primary one. Someone reads a story.
Children sit around on the f loor and try to crane their necks to look at
the illustrations the reader points from the book. For children, many
activities can be organised. ‘School’s out’ activities related to creating
interest in various kinds of hobbies can be organised. It can be linked
to important happenings around. To make children aware of Earth Day,
craft making can be carried out for them. Hold talks and exhibitions
based on themes. For example, during this period of economic crisis,
prominent speakers should be invited to speak on it.
5. Finally, the atmosphere of the library is equally uninspiring. It is like
a classroom. One section has all the shelves for the books. The other
section, there are the same tables and uncomfortable chairs for reading.
The world over, public libraries have a section of easy chairs where the
public can use headphones to listen to music. Some libraries even have
a coffee corner where you can read and buy a cup of coffee and slice of
cake. Public libraries are not just for books and reading. People can go
there to work and get some form of entertainment. Be more innovative.
6. The objective of a public library is to encourage the public to use it
as frequently as possible; not to put them off. I hope that the relevant
authorities will look into the matter.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully, Closing phrase
Sharifah Taib Signature
(SHARIFAH BTE TAIB) Full name in capital letters

(iii) Letter to Ask for Information

Message

You are making a request or an enquiry. It should be made simple and clear. Include whatever information you want to find out.

25

Chapter PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

SPM Model Question and Answer

You have completed your SPM examination. You read the advertisement below in a local newspaper. Write
a letter to f ind out more about the course offered.
When writing the letter, use the advertisement below to help you.

2 SURIA COLLEGE

INTENSIVE
ENGLISH COURSE
The course is designed
• to help you achieve language competence and develop eff ective communicative
skills in an environment where English is the first language
• to prepare you for college
Monthly intake now in progress
For more information, call us TODAY at 1-200-33-2868

Suria College
16th Floor, Link Towers,

Jalan Bunga Melor,
12000 Butterworth,

Pulau Pinang.

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

You have completed your SPM examination. You Introduction:
read the advertisement below in a local newspaper. ➾ Situation
Write a letter to f ind out more about the course ➾ Format : Formal letter to ask for information
offered.
• To help you achieve language competence and Body:
1. (a) What is the course content?
develop effective communicative skills in an (b) What is the schedule?
environment where English is the f irst language
2. (a) What does an environment where
• To prepare you for college English is the f irst language mean?
• Monthly intake now in progress
3. (a) How?
(b) What is the duration of the course?

4. (a) When is the intake for January?
(b) Why?

Closure: Expect responses

26

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Model Answer

18 Jalan Muhibbah, Sender’s address
12000 Butterworth,
Penang. Chapter

The Principal, 12 DECEMBER 202_ Name/ Post and Address 2
Suria College of receiver
Jalan Bunga Melor,
12000 Butterworth, Date
Pulau Pinang. Salutation
Topic
Dear Sir/Madam, Introduction:
What the letter is about
Request for Information about Intensive English Courses Body:
Point 1 – elaboration
I am writing to ask for information about the Intensive English Course
which I saw advertised in a local newspaper. Point 2 – elaboration
2. I would be grateful if you could send me more information on the
English course. Could you tell me in more detail how the course prepares Point 3 – elaboration
students for college? I would also like to know more about the course Closure: Expect responses
content and the schedule, in particular the number of hours per week. Closing phrase
Please include the duration of the course and the date for the intake for Signature
the month of January. Full name in capital letters
3. In addition, could you provide information about the cost of the
course and registration fee? Finally, could you clarify further about what
you mean by ‘an environment where English is the first language’?
4. Thank you for your help. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully,
  Lee Kim Seng 
(LEE KIM SENG)

Enrichment Exercises

1. Read the letter of request below.
(a) Circle any word or phrase that does not fit a formal letter.

Hi Guys,
My mates and I, 40 of us, are gonna visit your factory. We plan to visit Muar and we’d
like to drop in and see how ‘otak otak’ is manufactured. Tell us about Super Factory, including
directions to get to your place.
Send the stuff to the following address:
SMK Tanjung Gading
Jalan Paloh,
Muar.
Thanks a bunch for your help. We are looking forward to hearing from you. Bye.
Linda Lai

27

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing
(b) Correct the letter using the words and phrases provided below.

Chapter would like to request I would appreciate Please Yours faithfully,
Thank you in advance. information Dear Sir, for permission

2 Exercises

1. Read the letter below.
Write the numbers (I – VIII) to:

I sender’s name III sender’s signature V receiver’s name/title VII salutation
VI receiver’s address VIII closing phrase
II sender’s address IV date

The English Language Society,
SMK Dato’ Ibrahim,
Jalan Segar,
56000 Kuala Lumpur.

The Chairman,

Parent-Teacher Association,

SMK Dato’ Ibrahim,

Jalan Segar,

56000 Kuala Lumpur. 6 JUNE 202_

Dear Sir,

Invitation to Officiate at the Opening of the English Carnival

The English Language Society of SMK Dato’ Ibrahim is organising a one-day English
Language Carnival on Saturday, 10 August, from 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.

2. The objective of the English Language Carnival is to encourage the use of the language
in a fun way. Among the activities planned are a Spell-It-Right Challenge, a Scrabble
competition, an English song contest and a treasure hunt.

3. We would be very honoured if you could officiate at the opening of the English Language
Carnival. We look forward to a favourable reply.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

   Angela Goh  
(ANGELA GOH)

28

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

2. Read the letter below.
(a) Write the numbers (I – VIII) to:

I sender’s name III receiver’s name/title V salutation Chapter
II sender’s address IV date VI closing phrase

(b) The three paragraphs are not in the correct order. Write the numbers that indicate the correct order
in the spaces provided.

14, Jalan Fajar, 2
Taman Halus,
Kuantan.
13 March 202_

Dear Jo,

I am going to nominate her for the Teacher of the Year award. Paragraph
Mrs. Sherrie Lee shows us by her actions how we should not always Paragraph
be thinking only of ourselves. I’ll have lots more to tell you after
Teachers’ Day. Take care. Paragraph

I know I should not whine. The teachers are pretty exhausted
too. The teacher I really admire is Mrs. Sherrie Lee. Do you know
that last weekend (the only free weekend we had in months) Mrs.Lee
walked from our school to Kampung Pelangi and back in order to raise
money for the disabled? It was about 55 kilometres. She chose that
distance because she is 55 years old.

How are you? We’ve been having a rather hectic time in school.
Do you know we usually finish school at 4.30 p.m. these days?

Love,
Clare

OPINIONS, TALKS AND SPEECHES

1. Know the format of a talk/speech
Greeting and introduction Tell the main idea/ topic of the speech

Beginning of speech

Body:
–  Presents a topic/problem
–  Gives information

Conclusion Also thank the audience

29

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

2. Read the question carefully. Are you asked to use all the points given or some of the points?

3. Present your points concisely.

Chapter 4. You could start your talk/speech this way:
(a) Good morning/ afternoon, ladies and gentlemen/boys and girls/the Principal, teachers and friends. I am
here today to give a talk on …
(b) A very good morning to the Chairman, honourable judges, teachers, my worthy opponents and friends.
The title of the debate today is …

2 5. End the speech this way:
(a) I hope the talk has been useful. Thank you.
(b) Finally let me conclude by saying …
(c) Thank you.
Message
6. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to help you elaborate
the points given.
7. Decide on the grammatical structure that you should We often give talks and make speeches to express our
opinions on issues, and give information to convince our
use. Use link words e.g. first, next, finally, to connect listeners to do or agree with something.
your ideas clearly.

8. Know your target audience.

SPM Model Question and Answer

The Girl Guides would like to go for a camping or glamping trip during the semester break in June. The
teacher-in-charge has suggested two places, either Banting or Serendah. Using the information in the table
below, write a talk to persuade your members to choose one of the two places.
In your talk, you must:
– use an appropriate greeting and closure
– state the purpose of the talk
– describe all the details of the camp
– state which place you think is more suitable
– suggest one thing the members will learn from the camp
– remember that the talk is for school students

How far Tadom Hill Resorts, Banting Sekeping Serendah Retreat in
How long Selangor Serendah, Selangor
Where to stay 50 km from school 45 km from school
How much An hour/ One hour journey by bus 45 minutes bus journey by bus
Transport Tadom Hill Resorts Sekeping Serendah Retreat
RM200 RM150
Bus Bus

Model Answer

Good morning, teachers and friends. I am here today to talk about the Introduction :
camping or glamping trip during the semester break in June. As you know explanation of glamping
glamping is the trend now and that is why we would like to have such a and why
camping trip.

30

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

As guides, we love the thrill of sleeping under the stars and being in Chapter
the great outdoors. But, we do not like the idea of having creepy crawlies,
annoying mosquitoes and walking on muddy ground. So, let’s go glamping Body: 2
which is better known as glamorous camping. Talk on first choice
Mrs Kaur has suggested two places that is, Tadom Hill Resorts in
Banting and Sekeping Serendah Retreat in Serendah. Both places are in Second choice
Selangor so they are not too far from our place here in Petaling Jaya. Allow Closure
me to give you an idea of what each of these places offer.
The Tadom Hill Resorts in Banting is nestled among limestone hills, lakes
and trees. It offers quiet respite from city life. You won’t be bored because
there are a variety of activities such as rides, flying fox, hiking through the
jungle and hill climbing. The accommodations include pre-pitched tents and
bamboo tents. Sleeping facilities include the full works like mattresses or
sleeping bags, pillows, blankets and ceiling fans. The resort offers many
dining options like self-cooked barbecues and buffet options. The café offers
traditional and international fare.
The cost per person is RM200 for two days and one night stay. We’ll
be taking a bus ride from the school starting at 7.00 a.m. and returning at
4.00 p.m. This will give us three full days.
The second choice is the Sekeping Serendah Retreat in Serendah. It is
nestled within a tropical rainforest close to a bubbling river. It has an open
atmosphere especially the transparent or open sheds. They are built that
way to bring guests closer to nature. There are glass sheds, timber sheds,
warehouses and road sheds. Quite a novelty!
The bedrooms come complete with all the facilities. Cooking and
barbecue facilities are provided. You can prepare your own meals or have
meals served to you. There are outdoor showers and swimming pools.
The cost in this case is RM150 per person as the place is nearer and
we’ll start the journey at 7.00 a.m. and return at 4.00 p.m.
Please think of what you’ve been told here and make your choice. Write
your choice on a slip of paper and hand it in as you leave the hall. We are
open to questions now.
Thank you for your attention.

SPM Model Question and Answer

You have been asked by your teacher to give a talk on a healthy lifestyle to the students in your school.
You have decided to talk about ‘Practise a Healthy Lifestyle.’
SPM

2011

Use the following notes you have gathered from a seminar to write your talk.
• Don’t smoke
• Eat right
• Stay active
• Manage stress well

When writing the talk, you must:
– use an appropriate greeting and closure
– state the purpose of the talk
– use all the notes given
– give two other reasons of your own
– remember that the talk is for school students

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

31

Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing Introduction:
➾ Situation
State the purpose of the talk ➾ Talk

•  Don’t smoke Body:
1. (a) Why do teenagers smoke?
2 •  Eat right (b) What are the harmful consequences?

•  Stay active 2. (a) What is eating right?
•  Manage stress well (b) Why should we do so?

3. (a) What can we do?
(b) Why?

4. (a) How?
(b) What causes stress?

Conclusion: Remind audience to practise a healthy lifestyle

Model Answer

A very good morning to the Principal, Encik Hamzah bin Razak, Introduction:
teachers and friends. The topic of my talk today is ‘Practise a Healthy ➾ Greeting
Lifestyle.’ With the global fear over the A (H1N1) influenza virus and ➾ Beginning of speech
just recently, SARS, have you thought about practising a healthy Body:
lifestyle? Point 1 – elaboration
Nowadays, many teenagers have the misplaced idea that smoking
is glamorous and cool. First, it is not. It stinks. Second, it poisons Point 2 – elaboration
your system. Smoking causes a whole list of diseases from stroke to
cancer. Point 3 – elaboration
Next, to stay healthy, we should eat right. To many of us, a good
meal comprises of soft drinks and fast food. We don’t want to be Point 4 – elaboration
reminded that such a meal clogs up our arteries and causes us to Conclusion:
be obese – the right candidate for heart disease, not to mention Remind audience to
diabetes. The point is we should take a balanced meal, consisting of practise healthy lifestyle
plenty of fruits and vegetables, a smaller portion of carbohydrates
and protein, three times a day. Moreover, eating right will boost our
immune system.
We should also stay active. Have you ever thought about exercising
regularly? It helps you to stay fit. Take up a game like football, or
go skateboarding or cycling. Be involved in the school’s co-curricular
activities. Be a scout if you like the outdoors. Join the school band.
Having lots of fun outdoors contributes to a healthy lifestyle.
Finally, manage your time well and you will manage your stress.
Don’t procrastinate. If you study for the exams or try to do your project
just the day before, you will be stressed. Have a timetable and keep to
it. You find you will have enough time to play as well as do well in the
examinations.
Remember, practise a healthy lifestyle. Thank you.

32

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

SPM Model Question and Answer

You are taking part in a public speaking contest. Your task is to persuade young people to get involved and Chapter
commit themselves to making Earth Hour more successful.
2
Write your speech using the notes below:
• global effort – see landmarks around the world go dark for an hour
• want people to think about what they can do
• a good start
• what students can do

When writing the speech, you must:
– greet your audience
– mention the purpose of the speech
– include all the points given
– end your speech appropriately

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

You are taking part in a public speaking contest. Introduction:
Your task is to persuade young people to involve ➾ Situation
and commit themselves to making Earth Hour ➾ Format : Formal speech – public speaking contest
more successful.
• Global effort – see landmarks around the Body:
1. (a) What is the objective?
world go dark for an hour – 28 March (b) How can it help?
• Want people to think what they can do
2. (a) Why should people get involved?
• A good start (b) How does it impact the environment?

• What students can do 3. (a) What is the message we want to convey?
(b) Where can we start?

4. (a) What can the students do?
(b) What activities can be organised?

Conclusion: Urge audience to make a commitment

Model Answer

A very good morning to the honourable judges, teachers and friends. On Introduction:
March 28th, from 8.30 p.m. to 9.30 p.m., the world went dark. Beginning of speech
From the remote Chatham Island in the Pacific to the major landmarks Body:
like the Opera House in Sydney, the Pyramids in Egypt, the Eiffel Tower in Point 1– elaboration
Paris and of course the Twin Towers in Malaysia, there was a global effort to
highlight climate change and global warming. Point 2 – elaboration
You may think it is a gimmick. What can switching off the lights for one
hour do? However, the reason Earth Hour is carried out is we want people,
especially the young people, to think about what they can do to lower their
carbon footprint.

33

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

It is definitely a good start. People will take home the message that all of us Point 3 – elaboration
can do something. It is as simple as ‘don’t switch on the lights unnecessarily’.
The impact on young people like you and I will be ‘we can do that.’ And logically,
the next step would be ‘what else can we do?’
Chapter
In the context of schools, what students can do is tremendous. If every Point 4 – elaboration
student in this hall brings home this message, less electricity will be used. For
the next Earth Hour, if all students are involved and the average enrolment of a
school is six hundred, the effect will be even wider. Watch Al Gore’s documentary
2 ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ in your school’s multimedia room in the afternoon.
Gather in the school field, have a picnic and count down to the big switch-off. Conclusion:
– Urge audience to
Let us here commit ourselves to doing something simple like switching
off the lights and fans when we don’t need to use them. Let us make every make a commitment.
day Earth Hour. When you leave the hall, think about how you can make a
difference.
Thank you. – T hank the audience.

SPM Model Question and Answer

You are attending a leadership camp organised by the Rotary Club. One of the programmes is ‘Getting to
know us’. You have to prepare a speech to introduce yourself to all the participants. Explain why you are
attending this camp.

Write your speech based on the notes you have made below.
• Name
• Personal details – Age
– Family background
– Hobbies
– Class monitor
• Activities in school – Interact Club
– House Captain
• Awards received – Certificate of Merit

When writing the speech, you must remember to:
– greet your audience
– mention the purpose of the speech
– include all the points given
– end your speech appropriately

STEPS
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Name How old are you?
Personal details – Age How many brothers and sisters do you have?
– Family background What are your hobbies?
– Hobbies What positions do you hold?
Why do you like to join the Interact Club?
Activities in school – Interact Club Why did you get the certificate of merit? What other
– House Captain awards did you receive?

Awards received – Certificate of merit

34

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Model Answer

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I am very happy to be ➾ Greeting and introduction Chapter
attending this leadership course organised by the Rotary Club, and ➾ Purpose of talk
getting to know so many new friends. Body: 2
Let me tell you about myself. My name is Tan Li Yang and I am Personal details – elaboration
from SMK Sultan Abdullah, Melaka. I am sixteen years old. I am the
only child in the family. Both my parents are teachers. Activities in school – elaboration
In my free time I enjoy collecting stamps. I have five albums of
stamps from all over the world, and hope that after this week’s camp, Reason for attending the camp
you, my new friends, will give me some more. My other interest is Awards received
jogging early in the morning. I love the clean crisp morning air and Conclusion
the feeling of being an energetic early riser.
I have been a member of the Interact Club for four years. The
activities in the club help me to reach out to many people. I like helping
others. If I can bring happiness or ease the suffering in someone’s
life, then I will be doubly happy. This year I have been elected as the
President of the Interact Club of SMK Sultan Abdullah. Attending
this leadership camp will enable me to carry out my responsibilities
better.
I am also the Red House Captain in my school. It is a challenge as
in my school, the Red House has consistently been the best house. To
achieve more, I know I have to pick up tips on being a good leader.
My parents have impressed upon me the importance of being
an all-rounder. I have tried hard not to disappoint them. I have
received the Certificate of Merit for academic excellence for the
past three years for being the top five in the form. Last year I had
an award for being the Most Courteous Student.
Many people say that leaders are born, not made. I do not
agree. Attending this leadership camp organised by the Rotary Club
will go a long way towards making me a better leader.
Thank you.

Enrichment Exercises

Read the movie review below. Use a comma (, ), and, or, but, so or while in the blanks to make compound
sentences.

J.J. Abram’s movie ‘Star Trek’ is a science fiction is full of action. It tells the incredible story

of a young crew’s maiden voyage onboard the most advanced starship ever created the U.S.S.

Enterprise. The new recruits must find a way to stop an evil character whose mission of vengeance threatens

all of mankind. In addition, the fate of the galaxy rests in the hands of two characters they are bitter

rivals. One is James Kirk (Chris Pine), a delinquent, thrill-seeking Iowa farm boy, the other, Spock

(Zachary Quinto) was raised in a logic-based society that rejects all emotions. Their contrasting personalities

are the only thing capable of leading their crew through unimaginable danger they made peace.

You may like the very dynamic big screen effects of J.J. Abram’s brand of cinematography his

very fresh approach, almost along the lines of recent movies like ‘Batman Begins’ and Daniel Craig’s ‘Bond’.

35

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Exercises

Chapter 1. Put a tick (✓) to what you should include in writing / making a speech. ( )
(i) Address your audience. ( )
(ii) Introduce yourself. ( )
(iii) Ask questions. ( )
(iv) Use information like facts and figures to support your points. ( )
(v) Conclude by summarising the points. ( )

2 (vi) Thank the audience.

2. Read the question and answer below.

You are the class monitor. Your form teacher is leaving the school. You have to give a farewell speech.

You have made the notes below:
• improve our English – create interest in storybooks
• arouse our interest in arts – drama
• take part in activities in and out of school

Miss Tan has done much to improve our standard of English. She has encouraged us to read
and has woken our interest in reading by reading snippets from a storybook or an article and then
leaving it in class for us to read. She has brought her own books for our Reading Corner. Have
we ever heard of Dick Francis or Jeffery Archer or C.S. Lewis before?

Miss Tan has also aroused our interest in the arts and theatre. Remember the day Miss Tan
brought us to the Arts Festival? We saw Puteri Gunung Ledang. We even attended the Youth
Orchestra. Though we were nodding our heads off, Miss Tan said, ‘We have to experience the
theatre and orchestra at least once.’

Miss Tan has brought her love of the arts and English to us, not only in our class but to the
whole school. We had inter-class drama competitions and put up one-act plays using our literature
books for plots. It was fun. To quote Miss Tan, ‘English is a living language’ and for once in our
lives, it made sense. Miss Tan’s famous expression, ‘We have to experience … at least once’,
saw us signing up for BRATS, and taking part in debates and quizzes.

Her patience and fortitude is something we will always appreciate and cherish. On behalf of
all the students in Form 5A, I would like to congratulate Miss Tan on her promotion, even though
it means she has to leave us, and thank you for being such a caring teacher.

Thank you.

Complete the checklist below. Write the step that is incomplete using your own words.
(a) Uses an appropriate greeting.
(b) States the purpose of the talk.
(c) Point 1 is expanded.
(d) There are 2 elaborations of Point 1.
(e) Point 2 is expanded.
(f) There are 2 elaborations of Point 2.
(g) Point 3 is expanded.
(h) There are 2 elaborations of Point 3.
(i) Puts a question to the audience.
(j) Uses an appropriate closing remark.

36

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

ARTICLES

1. Know the format of an article: Chapter

Title 2
Written by...
Introduction Write in the form of
Introduces the subject paragraphs
Body
Gives information – statistics/examples – to further develop the points
Conclusion
Give a summary/an opinion

2. Read the question carefully. Are you asked to use all the points given or only some of the points?
3. Know your target audience.
4. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Message

An article is a piece of writing where a writer expresses his comments on a particular subject. At the end of an article, the
writer or the publisher may add in a disclaimer. A disclaimer is generally any statement intended to specify or delimit the
scope of rights and obligations with regards to the comments made by the writer in the article. The term disclaimer usually
implies that there may be some level of uncertainty, waiver, or risk concerning the comments. The writer may add this
statement: ‘The opinions expressed here are entirely my own’.

SPM Model Question and Answer

You f ind that many people have trouble getting a good night’s sleep. Write an article for a local newspaper
expressing your opinions and giving tips for a better sleep. Using the information below, write your article.

• What is sleep – importance of sleep
• Simple tips:

– Regular exercising each day
– Avoid supper or late night caffeinated drinks
– Check electronic gadgets – silent or switch off
– Still unable to sleep – breathing exercise – doctor
– Disclaimer

37

Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

When writing the article, you must:
– give your article a title
– include the name of the writer
– use all the points given
– make a disclaimer statement
– remember that your readers are adult newspaper readers

STEPS

1. Read the question carefully.

2 2. Identify the situation and format.

3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

4. Decide on the grammatical structure that you should use.

Title 1. (a) What is the objective of article?
Written by… (b) State the objectives.
Introduction: Objective of article
Objective: To advice readers on tips for a 2. (a) What is sleep and its importance to us?
(b) What are some tips that can help?
better sleep
Body 3. (a) When should we exercise and what are
• What is sleep – importance of sleep its effects?
• Simple tips:
– Regular exercising each day (b) What should we avoid doing at night?
– Avoid supper or late night drinks – caffeinated (c) How should we take care of our

drinks electronic gadgets?
– Check electronic gadgets – silent or switch (d) What can we do if we are still unable to

off sleep?
– Still unable to sleep – breathing exercise
Conclusion: Conclusion: What should we do?
Still unable to sleep – consult doctor Disclaimer – writer’s own opinions
Disclaimer statement

Model Answer

Simple tips for better sleep
By Andrea Halim

Sleep, the period of rest after a day’s work and before the start of another day, is an important activity
which everyone indulges in. It is so important that the lack of it can create havoc with your health, work
and family life.
A good night’s sleep should take between six to eight hours. It will make a difference in how you feel
during the day. So, what can we do to have better sleep?

Here are some simple tips:
Do some daily exercise at regular times. Exercising regularly will improve the quality of your sleep as it
helps to balance our mental fatigue and physical fatigue.
Supper is a big no-no. It will make you feel bloated and you will not be able to sleep properly let alone
soundly. Avoid caffeinated drinks and sugary drinks in the evening, especially at night before going to
bed.
Check your electronic gadgets. Are they on silent mode or have they been switched off? Sound and light
from these gadgets can be disturbing and cause one to lose sleep.
If you still can’t sleep after turning off the lights, get out of bed and do some breathing exercises. Some
light reading may help, too. But if none of these tips work for you, please consult a doctor.

Disclaimer: The opinions expressed here are entirely the writer’s own.

38

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

SPM Model Question and Answer

Your friends and you are under a lot of stress as you are preparing for the SPM examination. Write an Chapter
article for the school newsletter on how to cope with stress.
2
Include the following points:
• time management
• talk to your family
• exercise
• have balanced meals

When writing your article, you must:
– give your article a title
– include the name of the writer
– use all the points given
– suggest two other ways to cope with stress
– remember that your readers are the students of your school

STEPS
1. Identify the situation and format.
2. Read the question carefully.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Title What causes stress?
Written by… How do we overcome it?
Introduction:
Your friends and you are under a lot of stress as a result of Why should we manage time?
the preparation for the SPM examination Why should we talk to our family?
Body What should we talk about?
•  Time management When should we exercise?
•  Talk to your family Why must we exercise?
What is a balanced meal?
•  Exercise Why should we take balanced meals?
Stress-free preparation
•  Have balanced meals

Conclusion

Model Answer

How to Cope with Stress Title
Written by Selvarani Durai Name of writer of article
Introduction:
All of us are under a lot of stress as we are preparing for the SPM The situation is presented
examination. There is so much to study and all the extra classes and
tuition, assignments and tests add to it. Stress harms our health. There Body:
are many ways of coping with stress. Point 1 – elaboration
The most important thing to learn to do is to manage our time. Firstly,
we have to know our priorities and goals. Take a look at our life and get it
in line with our priorities. Perhaps we would have to change our approach

39

Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing Point 2 – elaboration
Point 3 – elaboration
to work. It requires self-discipline to put finishing an assignment first Point 4 – elaboration
rather than playing our favourite computer game. Most of us do the Point 5 – elaboration
reverse – relax first and then study. When we cannot finish a project, Point 6 – elaboration
we respond to it by ignoring or rushing it. This causes stress to build up. Conclusion:
Another way to cope with stress is to talk to our family. When we Stress-free preparation
bottle up our problems, pressure builds up. Speaking about them to our for our SPM examination
family will reduce the stress and help us to see things from a different
perspective.

2 Next, we should exercise regularly. It could be something simple like
jogging or brisk walking, or playing games. Exercise keeps us healthy.
Also, if we exercise together with our friends, the companionship and
shared laughter will lighten any stress.
We must take balanced meals. Most of us snatch a quick meal or
just simply skip meals. To cope with stress we need to be in good health.
To achieve that, we have to eat well. Take three meals a day and make
sure that each meal has carbohydrates, proteins, fruits and vegetables.
On top of the reasons mentioned earlier, it is also important to sleep
well. Make sure that you get eight hours of sleep every night. Try to sleep
at a fixed time. When your body gets enough sleep, you will feel more
relaxed and energetic.
Finally, have a hobby. Set aside some time to do something you like.
This can also help you to stay happy and healthy.
There are short-term ways of coping with stress but if we follow the
above steps, we will be assured of a stress-free preparation for our SPM
examination and feel energetic and healthy.

SPM Model Question and Answer

You have been asked to write an article about road safety and students for your school magazine.

Write your article based on
(i) the road accident statistics:

Road Accident Statistics (2005)

Type Casualties Percentage (%)

Pedestrian 3,523 7.49

Motorcycle 31,222 66.41

Bicycle 1,679 3.57

Car 7,372 15.68

Van 824 1.75

Bus 359 0.76

Lorry 1,032 2.20

4-Wheel Drive 585 1.26

Other 416 0.88

Total 47,012 100

Source: Statistical Report Road Accident, Royal Malaysian Police 2005

40

(ii) the notes you made at a talk given by the police: PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 
– eyes glued to cell phones
– jaywalk/do not use the pedestrian crossing – motorcyclists – most vulnerable
– listening to music – speeding – wear a helmet
When writing your article, you must:
– give your article a title Chapter
– include the name of the writer
– use all the points given

STEPS 2
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Identify the situation and format.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Title Why are the pedestrians not paying attention?
Written by… What are they doing?
Introduction Who jaywalks?
Road accident statistics Why should they take the pedestrian crossing?
Body Why should they wear helmets?
• Eyes glued to cell phones What do they like to do?
• Listening to music
• Jaywalk/Do not use the pedestrian crossing

• Motorcyclists – most vulnerable – speeding –
wear a helmet

Conclusion Why do accidents happen?
Causes of accidents

Model Answer

Road Safety and Students Title
Written by Rahimah Ali Writer of article
Introduction:
According to the road accident statistics, accidents involving pedestrians, Road accident statistics
bicycles and motorcycles make up about 78%. Many students move around Body:
by walking or riding on their bicycles or motorcycles. As students, we have Point 1 – elaboration
to take steps to be mindful of road safety.
About 7.49 per cent of accident casualties are pedestrians. Many Point 2 – elaboration
students walk along the road or even cross the road with their eyes glued
to their cell phones. They are engrossed in reading or text-messaging
rather than watching out for the traffic. Besides, many pedestrians feel
that it is the responsibility of every motorist to look out for them as they
are in front of the driver. Many also jaywalk. This is very dangerous. For
instance, our school SMK Sentosa is along a very busy road. Many of our
students just run across the road to get to the school. They do not use the
pedestrian crossing.
Next, many of us are deaf to the world. We listen to our iPods and MP3
players. Pedestrians cannot hear bicycle bells or dodge other pedestrians
only at the last minute. Even those on their bicycles or motorcycles are

41

Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

absorbed in the music playing on their audio players which are on at a Point 3 – elaboration
volume of 50 per cent or louder. Students who cycle to school should be
safety-conscious as accidents involving bicycles make up 3.57 per cent.

Chapter The highest number of accidents involves motorcycles. They make
up 66.41 per cent of the total number of road accidents. Motorcyclists Point 4 – elaboration
are the most vulnerable, especially when they speed. Furthermore, some,
especially pillion riders, do not wear helmets or do not secure the helmets
properly. This is absolute carelessness as the helmet protects the head in

2 case of a fall or an accident. Make sure the helmet is properly secured and
it passes the safety standard.

Not following the simple dos and don’ts of traffic rules is setting up for Conclusion:
an accident to happen. By having our attention distracted, we are increasing summarise why
the risk of accidents. The cause of accidents on the road is usually apathy and accidents happen
indifference. Do not become a road accident statistic. Follow the traffic rules.

Enrichment Exercises

When writing an article, use idea markers. An idea marker is used when a new idea is introduced.

To add new ideas: To contrast ideas:
• in addition • on the other hand
• furthermore • however
• also • in contrast
• besides
• similarly

Circle the idea markers in the article below.

Ho, ho, ha, ha, ha

Laughter and smiles are easy to come by when everything is going on well. However, we often fail to

realise that it is when life hands us lemons that we need to laugh more.

The motion of laughter activates our emotions and these emotions release endorphins – happy

brain chemicals that give us a sense of well-being.

In addition, just a simple smile can do wonders. The act of lifting your cheek muscles is enough to

stimulate the brain to release endorphins as the association of the movement with previous incidents of

smiling and laughing have been recorded in the brain. Smiling activates those memories and produces

similar uplifting effects.

Furthermore, Dr. Robert Holden, founder of the Laughter Clinic and Happiness Project in the UK,

explains that laughter has a two-step action on the physical body: step one, it stimulates; step two, it

relaxes. During laughter, the body is stimulated and exercised; after laughter, the body relaxes and

calms itself.

On the other hand, despite knowing that laughter is good for us, we seem to laugh less as we

age. During the economic depression in the 50s, the average kindergarten pupil laughed 300 times a

day. In contrast, adults at that time averaged just 17 laughs a day.

Mahes Karuppiah-Quillen, Malaysia’s first laughter therapist explains, ‘People often ask me why

we need to learn to laugh. The reason is at this moment, we are subjected to more stress. Also, we

need to find a way to manage it. That’s why we need a tool to help us reduce our load.’

Adapted from The Star,

Sunday 10 May 2009

42

PerdaEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing 

Exercises

1. Follow the steps below to write an article. Put a tick (3) if the step is correct. If any step is incomplete, Chapter
write the missing part in the space provided.

Steps:

(i) Tell the reader what the article is about. ( )  –  Title and Introduction

(ii) Present the situation. ( )  –  Body 2

(iii) Give further information about the topic. ( )  –  Body

(iv) Summarise the facts. ( )  –  Conclusion

2. The paragraphs of the article below are not in the correct order.
Rearrange them in the correct order following the format of an article.

A Good Neighbourhood

(a) Paragraph

However, the real reason why we enjoy being at Jalan Rengas is our neighbours.
We are a noisy lot. We talk loudly, laugh a lot and our music (sometimes) blasts through
the neighbourhood. Sometimes, our cars jam-pack the road. We can’t help it, we are
at a cul-de-sac.


(b) Paragraph

Another wonderful neighbour is the Yaos. Recently we were experimenting with a
rye bread recipe and found we needed to put in extra flour. One of us ran over to see
Mrs. Yao to borrow her kitchen scales. Mrs. Yao came back not only with the scales,
but some flour. We would call for help at any time of the day, and, the Yaos would
generously respond.


(c) Paragraph

Nevertheless, the neighbours are tolerant. They would give us a call if any of
our friends block their gates. No hard feelings. In fact, we have two gems across us.
Diagonally across us is Aunty Ong. If any of the girls forgets her keys, she is assured
of a drink, a seat and warm companionship while waiting for someone to open the
gate. Gracious and soft-spoken, she welcomes us and we are assured of a cheerful
wave whenever she sees any of us.


(d) Paragraph

So, we, The Breast Cancer Support Group, Johor Bahru, are truly blessed to be
at 15 Jalan Rengas, Taman Melodies.


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Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

(e) Paragraph

What makes a good neighbourhood? Many factors contribute to it.


(f) Paragraph

Yes, Melodies Garden is a good neighbourhood to be in. Besides, it is centrally

2 located. We are near the town centre and a stone’s throw from all the shopping centres
– Holiday Plaza, Sentosa Complex, Pelangi Shopping Centre and Leisure Mall. Retail
therapy is there if we need it.


(g) Paragraph

First is its proximity to retail outlets. Turn round the corner and we can get a
coconut, or the kilogram of flour that we forgot to buy earlier on. Feeling hungry and
we are too busy to cook, there are many shops nearby. Takeaway or dine in – there
are many shops to choose from in Melodies Garden.


(h) Paragraph

Our favourite is the fish head curry at the corner of Jalan Beringin, when we want
to treat ourselves, or the famous prawn noodles there. If we are in a hurry, the wan
tan mee is good. And the morning market gives the best nasi lemak, carrot cake and
chee cheong fun in town. The rojak and the teh tarik from Naaz at Jalan Bedara are
the best forms of comfort food.


PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES

1. Know the format of a process or a procedure. Title shows the objective of the process/procedure.

Title A series of steps in logical and time order. The
Introduction: aim of process/ procedure is given objects involved should be mentioned.
Body: The last step concludes the process or procedure.
A series of steps that show the ways in which the
process/procedure is done.
Conclusion

2. Read the question carefully. Are you asked to use all the points given or some of the points?
3. The language used is specific. You must know the terms or names of the objects that are involved in the

process or procedure.
4. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to help you elaborate the points given.

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing Chapter

Message

A process or procedure is to show how something can or should be done. You have to:
1. mention the names of the objects shown in the illustrations.
2. decide on the grammatical structure that you should use. Command verbs are used. Modals like ‘should’ or ‘must’ are

used.

SPM Model Question and Answer 2

You have been asked to get some information about the preparation for your f irst marathon. Write the
procedure using the notes below.

Attire
– protection from ultraviolet rays of the

sun
– quick-drying material of clothing
– socks and shoes aid ventilation, shoes

not worn out

Right nutrition – energy bars

Water/Electrolyte drink
– wear a fuel belt – drink 500 millilitres

two hours before the run
– 150 – 300 millilitres every 15

minutes
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Chapter Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

When writing the procedure, you must:
– give your article a title
– include the name of the writer
– use all the points given
– remember that your readers are the students of your school

Title: Preparation for Marathon Title shows the objective of the process/
procedure.
2 Introduction: aim of process/ procedure is given

Body: Why do you need the protection?
Attire – to protect yourself from the harmful ultraviolet What kind of attire should be worn?

rays of the sun
– material of clothing quick drying, loose-fitting
– socks and shoes aid ventilation, shoes not

worn out – lightweight – keep you cool in our
hot and humid weather

Right nutrition – portable food to replace lost Why is this necessary?
carbohydrates – energy bars What examples?

Water/Electrolyte drink Why do you need to wear a fuel belt?
– wear a fuel belt – drink 500 millilitres – two hours Why do you need to drink water frequently?

before the run
– 150 – 300 millimetres every 15 minutes
– hydrate before and during the run – suffer from

dehydration/ heat stroke

Conclusion Well prepared for the run

Model Answer

Get Ready For Your First Marathon
By Janet Yeo

It is easy to succeed in running a marathon. All you have to do is to prepare for it.
First, you have to get the right attire. To protect yourself from the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun, make sure you wear a lightweight cap or visor, and sunglasses. Your clothing should be
loose-fitting and the material quick-drying. Put on socks and shoes that aid ventilation. Your running
shoes should be suitable and not worn out. The correct clothing will keep you cool in our hot and
humid weather.
Next, surviving your first marathon means getting the right nutrition. Bring portable food like energy
bars to replace lost carbohydrates.
In addition, you may also wear a fuel belt. You can bring water or any electrolyte drink. Hydrate
before and during the run. Drink 500 millilitres two hours before the run and 150 to 300 millilitres
every 15 minutes during the run. If you do not, you will suffer from dehydration or worse, heat stroke.
All these tips will make you prepared for your first marathon. Ready, get set and go!

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

SPM Model Question and Answer

There is an alarming rise in the number of dengue cases. Use the pamphlet given below to write a Chapter
composition on how to make your house mosquito-free.
SPM

2014

DENGUE PREVENTION AT HOME 2

Gutters Bathroom

• clear gutters • use larvicide
• leaves and debris • wash pails and store upside down

Living room Compound

• clean vases, flowerpots and saucers • keep clean and dry
• change water • throw away items that can collect

rainwater

When writing your composition, you must:
– give your composition a title
– use all the information given
– provide two relevant details/examples for each of the four pictures

STEPS
1. Identify the situation and format.
2. The language used is specif ic. You must know the terms or names of the objects that are involved in
the process or procedure.
3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

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Perd aEgnagnlgisahn  SPM   Chapter 2 Directed Writing

Title: Introduction:
How to Protect Your Home from Dengue ➾ Situation
Use the pamphlet given below to write a ➾ Composition – instructions
composition on how to make your house
Chapter mosquito-free.

In your article, include the following: Body:
• clear gutters 1. (a) Why do you have to clear the gutters?
(b) How to do it?
2

• living room – clean vases, flowerpots and 2. (a) How do you prevent the vases, the flowerpots
saucers – change water regularly and saucers from being a possible breeding
ground?

(b) How do you clean the vases, flowerpots and
saucers?

• bathroom – put larvicide in cistern – 3. (a) Where do you put the larvicide?
pails – wash – upside down (b) Why do you place the pails upside down?

• compound – keep clean and dry (old 4. (a) What should be done?
tyres, empty bottles, tin cans, pots of (b) Where?
plants on the side of the house)

Conclusion: No breeding ground

Model Answer

Title: How to Protect Your Home from Dengue Introduction:
➾ Format – article
There has been an alarming increase in the number of dengue cases. ➾ Situation
The health authorities said that many patients were infected in their own Body:
homes. Point 1 – elaboration
To protect our home from dengue, there are many steps that we should Point 2 – elaboration
take. First, clear the rain gutters. The Aedes mosquitoes only breed in clear,
stagnant water. Make sure the gutters are not clogged with leaves or other Point 3 – elaboration
debris. Point 4 – elaboration
Next, look at the living room. Make sure the vases, the flowerpots and
saucers are clean and dry. Scrub and wash the vases every week. Change Conclusion:
the water in them regularly. The flowerpots and saucers must be cleared of No breeding ground
stagnant water. This will make sure that there are no mosquitoes breeding
in the house.
Another room that is often forgotten is the bathroom. Put larvicide
in the toilet cistern. Wash the pails carefully. When not in use, put them
upside down to avoid them being breeding grounds.
The compound must be kept clean and dry. Large leaves left on the
ground can collect rainwater and breed mosquito larvae. Remove old tyres,
empty bottles and tin cans. Make sure water is not collected in the pots of
plants on the side of the house.
The one way to protect your house against dengue is to make sure that
there are no aedes breeding grounds. Remove the killer insects from our
homes.

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing Chapter

SPM Model Question and Answer

Your family is going to have a picnic at the beach which is not far from your house this coming Saturday.
Each family member is required to prepare a dish. You have a recipe for meatballs from your friend. Write
a composition on how to make meatballs based on the pictures and the notes provided below.

(a) (b) 2

2 kg – lean ground beef – bread crumbs – Ground beef – mixing bowl – combine –
onion – finely chopped – 3 tablespoons – salt remaining ingredients – mix well
– ½ tablespoon – mustard – slightly beaten (d)
(c)

Shape – meatballs – large spoon – lightly Cool – pack – freezer bags – freeze – ready
oiled broiler pan – bake – oven – 180 degrees to use
– 15 minutes – lightly browned

When writing your composition, you must:
– give your composition a title
– use all the notes given
– refer to the pictures

STEPS
1. Study the pictures and read the notes carefully.
2. Describe the various stages of the procedure according to the sequence.

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PerdaEgnagnlgisahn SPM Chapter 2 Directed Writing

3. Use appropriate sequence connectors.
4. Leave out irrelevant details.
5. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

Chapter Title: How to Make Meatballs Title shows the objective of the process/
procedure.

2 Mention the aim of the composition Introduction:
What instructions should be given?

Ingredients: Body:
• 2 kg of lean ground beef What are the ingredients?
• a cup of bread crumbs
• a medium-sized onion – f inely chopped
• 3 tablespoons of salt
• ½ tablespoon of mustard
• 3 eggs – slightly beaten

Method: How can it be done?
• Lean ground beef – mixing bowl – combine – remaining

ingredients – mix well
• Shape – meatballs – large spoon – lightly oiled broiler

pan – bake – oven – 180 degrees – 15 minutes – lightly
browned

• Cool – pack – freezer bags – freeze – ready to use Conclusion:
A good choice of easy-to-make food

Model Answer

It is easy to make meatballs at home. The ingredients that you need are 2 kilogrammes of lean
ground beef, a cup of bread crumbs, a medium-sized onion which is f inely chopped, 3 tablespoons of
salt, ½ tablespoon of mustard and 3 eggs which are slightly beaten.
First, place the lean ground beef in a large mixing bowl. Then combine it with the remaining
ingredients and mix well. Shape the mixture into meatballs with a large spoon. After that, place the
meatballs in a lightly oiled broiler pan and bake them in an oven at 180 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes
until they are lightly browned.
Finally, allow the meatballs to cool. Pack them in freezer bags and freeze them until they are ready
to be used.

PDraikdtisYFoourmKatnifo1w?

Have you ever had a swedish meatball at IKEA? The furniture
company began selling food more than 30 years ago when
founder Inguar Kamprod became afraid that shoppers were
feeling hungry during their long trips to IKEA.

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