1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
AcwiwPZv
iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi [18611941]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 1 ‰g‰ cvm iwdK e®¬yG`i mGã eÅwÚMZ Rxeb wbGq K^vevZÆv ejvi mgq eGj wbGRi cvGq bv `uvwoGq weGq bq| wK¯§
wcZ‡nxb iwdK PvPvi wm«¬vG¯¦i evBGi ˆhGZ cvGi bv| cimÁ·`Gjvfx PvPvi AvG`Gk ZvGK weGqi wcuwoGZ emGZ nq| wbGRi
gZvgZ cÉKvGki gvbwmK `†pZv bv ^vKvi KviGY weGqevwoGZ ˆhŒZzGKi gvjvgvj wbGq ˆjvfx PvPvi cÉGki² KviGY weGq ˆfGO
hvq| iwdKI PvPvi c`vâ AbymiY KGi weGqevwo ˆ^GK AmnvGqi gGZv PGj AvGm| [iv. ˆev. 16]
K. KjÅvYx ˆKvb ˆÕ¡kGb ˆbGgwQj? 1
L. ‘KbÅvi wcZv gvGòB Õ¼xKvi KwiGeb Avwg mrcvò’@ ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ iwdK PwiGòi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg PwiGòi mv`†kÅ weGkÐlY KGiv| 3
N. `†pZvi AfvGe iwdK wbGRi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆ^GK mGi ‰Gm PvPvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆgGb wbGqGQ@ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AvGjvGK ‰
wm«¬vG¯¦i mvG^ Zzwg wK ‰KgZ? 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K KjÅvYx Kvbcyi ˆÕ¡kGb ˆbGgwQj|
L ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycgGK gvZ-‡ Avæven, wbixn ‰K Pwiò wnGmGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ@ ‰LvGb ˆm welqwUGKB BwãZ Kiv
nGqGQ|
fvGjv gvbyl nIqvi ˆKvGbv ST¾vU bv ^vKvq Abycg Õ¼fveZB ‰KRb fvGjv gvbyl| ‰g‰ cvm Abycg gvGqi AvG`k h^vh^fvGe
cvjb KGi| ‰gbwK ˆm ZvgvK chƯ¦ Lvq bv| AvgvG`i mgvGR weGqi cÉmGã mrcvò mÁ·GKÆ ˆh aviYv ˆcvlY Kiv nq, ‰ mKj
ŠewkÓ¡Å Zvi mGã mvgémÅcƒYÆ| ZvB AbycGgi wek¼vm@ KbÅvi wcZv gvGòB Õx¼ Kvi KiGeb ˆm mrcvò|
DîGii mvieÕ§: mgvGR mrcvò mÁ·GKÆ ˆh mKj àGYi K^v wP¯¦v Kiv nq AbycGgi gGaÅ Zv we`Ågvb ^vKvq KbÅvi wcZv gvGòB
Õ¼xKvi KiGeb Abycg mrcvò|
M Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½ ‰es gvbwmK `†pZvi Afve ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg ‰es DóxcGKi iwdGKi PwiòGK mv`†kÅcƒYÆ KGi ZzGjGQ|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg wkwÞZ wK¯§ eÅwÚZ½nxb ‰es cwieviZG¯¨i KvGQ Amnvq| wbGRi weGqi mgGq ˆm ˆh aiGbi eÅwÚGZ½i cwiPq
w`GqGQ, Zv ˆgvGUI MÉnYGhvMÅ bq| wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi ÞgZv Zvi ˆbB| gvgv ˆhŒZzGKi `vwe KiGjI ˆm Zvi weGivwaZv KGiwb| ‰gbwK
weevGni cƒGeÆ KbÅvi kixi ˆ^GK Mnbv LyGj cixÞv Kivi ˆh cÉÕv¦ e gvgv ˆ`b ZvGZI ˆKvGbv weGivwaZv KiGZ cvGiwb| cwiwÕ©wZ
weGePbvq KbÅvi wcZv kÁz¿bv^ ˆmb AbycGgi mGã KjÅvYxi weevn w`GZ AmÁÃwZ Rvbvb| Avi AbycgGK bxiGe ˆm Acgvb mnÅ KiGZ
nq| DóxcGKi iwdK PwiGòI ‰ w`KwU jwÞZ nq|
DóxcGKi iwdK AbycGgi gGZvB eÅwÚZ½nxb ‰es wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY AcviM| KviY wcZ‡nxb iwdK PvPvi wm«¬vG¯¦i evBGi ˆhGZ
cvGi bv| cimÁ·`Gjvfx PvPvi AvG`Gk ZvGK weGqi wcuwoGZ emGZ nq| ˆhŒZGz Ki KviGY ZviI weGq ˆfGO hvq| iwdGKi gGZv
AbycgI wbGRi gZvgZ cÉKvGk gvbwmK `†pZv ˆ`LvGZ cvGi bv| gvgvGK AbymiY KGi weGqi Avmi ˆ^GK ˆmI iwdGKi gGZv
AmnvqfvGe PGj AvGm|
DîGii mvieÕ§: Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½ ‰es gvbwmK `†pZvi AfvGei cwiGcÉwÞGZ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg ‰es DóxcGKi iwdGKi PvwiwòK
ŠewkÓ¡Å mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
N ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gvgv I DóxcGKi PvPvi AbÅvq wm«¬v¯¦ ˆgGb ˆbIqvi gvaÅGg Abycg I iwdGKi eÅwÚZ½nxbZvi cwiPq
cvIqv hvq|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ Abycg gvbwmKfvGe `yeÆj ‰KRb gvbyl| wkwÞZ wK¯§ eÅwÚZ½iwnZ Abycg wbGRi Rxeb mÁ·GKÆ wbGR wm«¬v¯¦
wbGZ AcviM, ‰gbwK A^Æ‹bwZKfvGeI ˆm Õ¼vejÁx¼ bq| Zvi ‰ civejÁ¼Gbi w`KwU AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKI jÞYxq|
DóxcGKi iwdK AbycGgi gGZvB gvbwmK `†pZvnxb| ‰RbÅB ˆm Zvi PvPvi wbG`Æk cvjGb evaÅ nGqGQ| gƒjZ PvPvi wm«¬vG¯¦i
evBGi hvIqvi ÞgZv Zvi ˆbB| ‰gbwK AbycGgi gGZv wbGRi weGqGZ ˆm ˆhŒZKz MÉnGYiI weGivwaZv KGiwb| ZvQvov AbycGgi
gGZv iwdKI PvPvi wm«¬vG¯¦i evBGi wMGq weGqi AvmGi wKQy ejGZ cvGiwb| weGq ˆfGO ˆMGj ˆm cyZzGji gGZv AmnvqfvGe
weGqi mfv ˆQGo ˆewiGq hvq| ejv hvq, gvbwmK `†pZvi AfvGeB iwdGKi ‰gb cwiYwZ|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ Abycg eÅwÚZ½nxb, ciwbfÆikxj ‰KwU Pwiò| wbGRi welGqI ˆKvGbv wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqvi gGZv `†pZv Zvi ˆbB|
Zvi gGZ, gvgvB c†w^exGZ Zvi fvMÅG`eZvi cÉavb ‰GR´Ÿ| gvbwmK `†pZvi AfvGe ˆm P„ov¯¦ AcgvwbZ nGqGQ weGqi AvmGi|
KbÅvi wcZv Zvi mGã wbGRi KbÅvGK weGq w`GZ AmÁÃwZ RvwbGqGQb| ‰Z wKQy mGî½I Abycg Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚGZ½i cwiPq w`GZ
cvGiwb| DóxcGKi iwdKI ˆZgwb gvbwmK `†pZvi AfvGe wbGRi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆ^GK mGi ‰Gm PvPvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆgGb wbGqGQ| ZvB
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AvGjvGK cÉGk² DwÍÏwLZ g¯¦eÅ mÁ·ƒYÆ mZÅ eGj Avwg gGb Kwi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ Abycg wkwÞZ wK¯§ eÅwÚZ½iwnZ DóxcGKi iwdKI ˆZgwb gvbwmK `†pZvi AfvGe wbGRi wm«¬v¯¦
ˆ^GK mGi ‰Gm PvPvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆgGb wbGqGQ| ZvB Avwg gGb Kwi, ‘AcwiwPZv’ MGÍi¸ AvGjvGK cÉGk² DwÍwÏ LZ g¯¦eÅ mÁ·ƒYÆ mZÅ|
2
cÉk² 2 Awdm ˆ^GK ˆdivi cG^ ivGk` evGm `xNÆw`b ci ˆ`LGZ ˆcj ivGeqvGK| gGb coj ivGeqvi mvG^ Zvi weGq wVK
nGqwQj| mgÕ¦ AvGqvRb mÁ·®² nIqvi ci nVvr ivGkG`i evev ˆgvUv AsGKi ˆhŒZKz `vwe KGi eGm ˆgGqi evevi KvGQ|
DœPwkwÞZ my`kÆb cyGòi RbÅ ‰Uv bvwK Zvi bÅvhÅ `vwe| ivGeqvi evevi hG^Ó¡ mvg^ÆÅ ^vKv mGî½I wZwb ivwR nGjb bv ˆhŒZKz
w`GZ| ˆÞvGf-AcgvGb ZrÞYvr ˆfGO ˆ`b weGq| Þzº¬ ivGeqvI mg^Æb KGi evevGK| weGq ˆfGO ˆMGjI ivGeqv ˆ^Gg ^vGKwb|
‰K eÅvsKviGK weGq KGi msmvix nGqGQ| PvKwi KiGQ ‰KUv KGjGR| [Kz. ˆev. 16]
K. ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmGbi ˆckv Kx wQj? 1
L. “fvGjv gvbyl nIqvi ˆKvGbv SêvU bvB”@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi ivGeqvi evevi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i kÁ¿zbv^ eveyi mv`†kÅ ˆKv^vq? 3
N. “DóxcGKi ivGeqv ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx PwiòGK mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe aviY KGi bv”@ Õ¼xKvi KGiv wK? ˆZvgvi gGZi
cGÞ hywÚ ˆ`LvI| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmGbi ˆckv wQj WvÚvwi|
L gvgvi AwffveKGZ½ eGov nIqv Abycg mgvR-msmvGii cÉwZ Zvi `vwqZ½ I KZÆeÅ cvjb mÁ·GKÆ meÆ`vB D`vmxb wQj|
Abycg ‰g‰ cvm KiGjI msmvi ev mgvGRi cÉwZ ZvGK ˆKvGbv `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGZ nq bv| Zvi wcZvi g†ZzÅi ci msmvGii
AwffveGKi `vwqZ½ Zvi gvgvB cvjb KGib| ‰gb `vwqZ-½ KZÆeÅnxb fvGjv gvbyl nIqv ˆek mnR| ˆKbbv ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv `vwqZ½-
KZÆeÅ ˆbB, ˆmLvGb fzj ev SêvGUi ˆKvGbv mÁv¿ ebvB ˆbB| ZvB MG͸ ejv nGqGQ, ‘fvGjv gvbyl nIqvi ˆKvGbv SêvU bvB|’
DîGii mvieÕ§: AbycGgi mgvR-msmvGii cÉwZ `vwqZ½nxb gGbvfveGK ˆevSvGZ cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU Kiv nGqGQ|
M ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmbGK Õ·Ó¡fvlx I eÅwÚZ½mÁ·®² Pwiò wnGmGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ| |
MG͸ kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb mgvGR ˆMGo emv N†YÅ ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vGK cÉwZGiva KGiGQb Avcb ŠewkGÓ¡Å| KjÅvYxi weGqi Mnbv wbGq AbycGgi gvgv
ˆh AvPiY KGiGQb, kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb Zv ˆgGb ˆbbwb| meiKg ˆjŒwKKZvi fq ˆ^GK gyÚ nGq wZwb wbGRi ˆgGqi weGq ˆfGO w`GqGQb|
DóxcGKi ivGeqvi evev ˆhŒZKz cÉ^vweGivax ‰KRb `†p gvbwmKZvi gvbyl| hG^Ó¡ mvg^ÅÆ ^vKv mGî½I wZwb ˆhŒZKz w`GZ ivwR
nbwb| ivGkG`i evevi ˆhŒZGz Ki `vwe ÷Gb ˆÞvGf, AcgvGb weGq ˆfGO ˆ`b| D«¿„Z cwiwÕ©wZGZ Þzº¬ ivGeqvI mg^Æb KGi Zvi
evevi wm«¬v¯¦GK| AvGjvPÅ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸I ˆZgwb ‰K NUbvi eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhLvGb eicGÞi ˆhŒZKz jvjmvi wecixGZ
kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb I Zuvi KbÅv KjÅvYxi AvñghÆv`vGevGai Rq nq| MG͸i kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb ‰es DóxcGKi ivGeqvi evev DfGqB eicGÞi
AmshZ ˆhŒZKz jvjmv I K„cgíƒK gvbwmKZvi wecGÞ| Avi ‰ welqwUB ZvG`i `yRGbi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ Õ©vcb KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: eicGÞi ˆhŒZzK jvjmv ‰es K„cgíƒK gvbwmKZvi wecGÞ AeÕ©vGbi ˆcÉwÞGZ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i kÁ¿zbv^ eveyi
mvG^ DóxcGKi ivGeqvi evevi mv`†kÅ cwijwÞZ nq|
N ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx weGq ˆfGO hvIqvi ci bvixwkÞvq eËZx nq, hv ivGeqvi gvGS AbycwÕ©Z|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx ‰KRb eÅwÚZ½mÁ·®² bvix| wcZvi wm«¬vG¯¦ AbycGgi mGã weGq ˆfGO ˆMGj ˆm wcZvi ˆhŒwÚK gZvgZGK
mÁÃvb RvwbGqGQ| cieZÆxGZ gvZ‡f„wg ˆmevi eËZ MÉnY KGiGQ| Avi Zvi Dcvq wnGmGe ˆeGQ wbGqGQ ˆgGqG`i wkÞv`vb KivGK| A^Ævr
‰KBmGã ˆm nGq DGVGQ ˆ`kGcÉwgK I bvix RvMiGYi c^cÉ`kÆK| MG͸i ˆkGl AbycGgi AvPiGY kÁ¿zbv^ eveyi n†`q big nGjI
weGq bv Kivi wm«¬vG¯¦ AUj ^vGK KjÅvYx|
DóxcGKi ivGeqvI ˆhŒZzGKi weGivwaZvq evevi wm«¬v¯¦GK mg^Æb KGiGQ| wK¯§ KjÅvYxi gGZv ˆ`kgvZ‡Kvi ˆmevq ˆm wbGqvwRZ
nGZ cvGiwb| ivGkG`i mvG^ weGq ˆfGO ˆMGj ˆm ‰K eÅvsKviGK weGq KGiGQ; PvKwi wbGqGQ KGjGR| A^Ævr ivGeqv cwicƒYÆfvGe
RxebgyLx nGq DGVGQ| hw`I ˆm KjÅvYxi gGZvB N†YÅ ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi weGivwaZv KGi Zvi wcZvGK mg^Æb KGiGQ|
‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ I DóxcGK AbÅvq Ave`vGii wei‚G«¬ AeÕ©vb ˆbIqvi w`K ˆ^GK ivGeqv I KjÅvYxi wgj AvGQ wVKB, wK¯§ ˆ`kGcÉg,
ˆmeveËZ ‰es bvixev`x `†wÓ¡fwãi mg®¼Gq KjÅvYx KGÌ g AmvaviY eÅwÚGZ½ cwiYZ nGqGQ| ivGeqvi PwiGò ˆmB AmvaviYZ½ ˆbB| eis
ˆm Avi cuvPwU bvixi gGZvB mvsmvwiK RxebhvcbGK ˆeGQ wbGqGQ| KjÅvYx PwiGòi `†pZv I cÉZÅGqi w`KwU Zvi gGaÅ jwÞZ nq bv|
ˆmw`K weGePbvq DóxcGKi ivGeqv ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx PwiòGK mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe aviY KiGZ cvGiwb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: AeÕ©vbMZ w`K ˆ^GK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MGÍi¸ KjÅvYx ‰es DóxcGKi ivGeqvi wgj ^vKGjI KjÅvYx PwiGòi `†pZv I
cÉZÅGqi w`KwU ivGeqvi gGaÅ jwÞZ nq bv|
3
cÉk²3 gvZ‡GÕ²Gni Zzjbv bvB, wK¯§ AwZGÕn² AGbK mgq Agãj Avbqb KGi| ˆh ˆÕ²Gni DîvGc m¯¦vGbi cwicywÓ¡, ZvnviB
AvwaGKÅ ˆm Amnvq nBqv cGo| gvZ‡n†`Gq ggZvi cÉvejÅ, gvbyl AvcbvGK nvivBqv Avcb kwÚi ghÆv`v eywSGZ cvGi bv| `yeÆj Amnvq
cÞx kveGKi gGZv wPiw`b ˆÕ²nvwZkGhÅ AvcbvGK ˆm ‰Kv¯¦ wbfÆikxj gGb KGi| KÌGg Rbbxi cig mÁ·` m¯v¦ b Ajm, fxi‚, `yeÆj I
ciwbfÆikxj nBqv gbylÅZ½ weKvGki c^ nBGZ `ƒGi mwiqv hvq| A®¬ gvZ‡GÕn² ˆm K^v ˆevGS bv| [P. ˆev. 16]
K. iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii ˆKvb Õ©vGb emevGmi mgqwU ‘ˆQvUM͸ iPbvi Õ¼YÆhyM’ wnGmGe weGewPZ nq? 1
L. KjÅvYxi ‘gvZ-‡ Avæv’i aib eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi ZvrchÆ AbymvGi A®¬ gvZ‡GÕG² ni KeGj cGo ˆhi…c PwiòagÆ weKwkZ nIqvi K^v Zvi AGbKLvwbB
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg PwiGò ˆ`Lv hvq|@ g¯¦eÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi fvevG^Æi gGZv mxgve«¬ZvB Abycg PwiGòi ‰Kgvò w`K bq, e†îfvOvi Avb±`I Zvi AvGQ”@ ‘AcwiwPZv’
MG͸i AvGjvGK ˆZvgvi gZvgZmn g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB KGiv| 4
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii KzwÓ¡qvi wkjvB`Gn emevGmi mgqwU ‘ˆQvUM͸ iPbvi Õ¼YhÆ yM’ wnGmGe weGewPZ nq|
L AbycGgi mvG^ weGq fvOvi ci KjÅvYx bvixwkÞvi eËZ MÉnY KGi|
KvbcyGi Abycg KjÅvYxGK weGqi cÉÕ¦ve w`Gj KjÅvYx Zv cÉZÅvLÅvb KGi| ‰B cÉZÅvLÅvGbi KviY Zvi gvZ‡-Avæv| eÕ§Z ‰ gvZ-‡
Avæv Avi wKQy bq, ˆ`kgvZ‡Kvi ˆmev Kiv| Avi ‰ ˆmevi c^ nGjv ˆgGqG`i mywkwÞZ KGi ˆZvjv| ˆgGqiv wkwÞZ nGjB ‰KUv
mgvR cwicƒYÆ i…Gc cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGq IGV| KjÅvYxi gvZ-‡ Avævi aib ejGZ bvixwkÞvi ‰B welqwUGKB ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ˆgGqG`i wkÞveËZ MÉnGYi gvaÅGg ˆ`kgvZK‡ vi ˆmev KivB KjÅvYxi gvZ‡-Avæv|
M ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ A®¬ gvZ‡GÕ²Gni wei…c w`KwU mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycGgi Ici Zvi gvGqi ˆÕ²n-cÉvejÅ jÞYxq| AbycGgi fvlvq, ‘wk÷KvGj ˆKvGj ˆKvGj gvbyl nIqvi KviGYB
ˆkl ch¯Æ ¦ cyivcywi eqmB nGjv bv|’ eÚeÅwUGZ Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, AbycGgi Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½ MGo IGVwb| gv I gvgvi Ici wbfÆikxjZvi
KviGY DœPwkwÞZ nGqI ˆm ciwbfÆikxj nGq ^vGK|
DóxcGK m¯¦vGbi eÅwÚGZ½i Ici cÉej gvZ‡GÕ²Gni ˆbwZevPK w`K mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| gvGqi ggZvi cÉveGjÅ AGbK
mgq m¯¦vb Õ¼KxqZv nvwiGq Avcb kwÚi ghvÆ `v eySGZ cvGi bv| `yeÆj-Amnvq cvwLi Qvbvi gGZv gvGqi Ici wbfÆikxj nGq cGo|
‰gb PvwiwòK ŠewkÓ¡Å MG͸i AbycGgi gvGSI cwijwÞZ nq| AcwiYZ eÅwÚZ½, ciwbfÆikxjZv AbycgGK wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY AcviM
KGi ˆZvGj| ZvB gvgvi ˆhŒZzK mÁ·wKÆZ AbÅvq wm«¬vG¯¦i wecixGZ wbGRi gZvgZGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z KiGZ cvGi bv| cwiYwZGZ weGq bv
KGi AcgvwbZ nGq wdGi AvmGZ nq ZvGK| ˆmw`K weGePbvq “DóxcGKi ZvrchÆ AbymvGi A®¬ gvZ‡GÕ²Gni KviGY ‘AcwiwPZv’
MG͸i AbycGgi PwiòagÆ KgB weKwkZ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|”
DîGii mvieÕ§: A®¬ gvZ‡GÕG² ni wei…c w`KwU ZzGj aivi ˆcÉwÞGZ ‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ ‰es DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cÉGk² DwÍwÏ LZ g¯¦eÅwU
h^v^Æ|
N weGq fvOvi mgq cÉwZev` bv KiGZ cviGjI gvgvi wbG`Æk QvovB Abycg KvbcyGi evievi QyGU ˆMGQ KjÅvYxGK weGq Kivi
Avkvq|
ˆQvGUvGejv ˆ^GK gv-gvgvi AwffveKGZ½ wbSÆêvU Rxeb KvUvGbvi dGj AbycGgi Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½ MGo IGVwb| ‰RbÅ ˆhŒZzK wbGq
gvgvi evovevwoGZ weGivwaZv Kivi gGZv mrmvnm ˆm ˆ`LvGZ cvGiwb| ‰gbwK kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb weGqevwoGZ AbycGgi wKQy ejvi AvGQ
wKbv RvbGZ PvBGjI ˆm wbøzc nGq ^vGK| dGj weGq ˆfGO hvq Zvi| gvZ‡GÕ²Gni cÉveGjÅ m¯¦vGbi Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½ MGo bv IVvi ‰
w`KwU DóxcGKI dzGU DGVGQ|
DóxcGK gvZ‡GÕ²Gni cÉveGjÅ m¯¦vGbi `†p eÅwÚZ½ MGo bv IVvi welqwU dzGU DGVGQ| ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i cÉ^gw`GK AbycGgi eÅwÚZ½
DóxcGKi fvevG^Æi Abyi…c| ZGe ˆklvsGk AbycGgi eÅwÚZ½nxb PwiGòi mgvwµ¦ NGU| ˆm mgGq Zvi AvPiGY civaxbZvi e†î fvOvi
AvKv›Þv eÅÚ nq| ˆUÇGbi NUbveGZÆi gaÅ w`Gq hLb RvbGZ cvGi ˆmB AcwiwPZv Avi ˆKD bq Õ¼qs KjÅvYx@ ZLb ˆm QyGU
wMGqGQ KvbcyGi| eÕ§Z ‰ NUbvq Abycg PwiGòi AbÅ ‰KwU w`K cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ, hv KÌgcwieZÆbkxj|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AbycgGK cÉ^g chvÆ Gq eÅwÚZ½nxb gGb nGjI MG͸i ˆkGl ZvGK Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½mÁ·®² wnGmGe AvweÓ•vi Kwi
Avgiv| ciwbfÆiZvi e†î fvOGZ ˆm gvgvGK ch¯Æ ¦ ZÅvM KGiGQ| wK¯§ DóxcGK A®¬ ˆÕG² ni `i‚b eÅwÚZ½nxb I `yeÆj PwiGòi Õ¼i…c
cÉKvk cvq| eÅwÚZ½ ŠZwi nIqvi AvLÅvb DóxcGKi wPòKG͸ ˆbB| ˆmw`K weGePbvq ‘DóxcGKi fvevG^Æi gGZv mxgve«¬ZvB Abycg
PwiGòi ‰Kgvò w`K bq, e†î fvOvi Avb±`I AvGQ’@ DwÚwU meÆvsGk mZÅ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AbycgGK cÉ^g chÆvGq eÅwÚZ½nxb gGb nGjI MG͸i ˆkGl ZvGK Õ¼vaxb eÅwÚZ½mÁ·®² cyi‚l wnGmGe
cvIqv hvq| ciwbfÆiZvi e†î fvOGZ ˆm gvgvGK chƯ¦ ZÅvM KGi|
4
cÉk²4 ‘c«ÂivM’ DcbÅvGmi cÉavb Pwiò wmwóKv| eÅvwiÕ¡vi jwZd AvjgvGmi mGã Zvi weGqi K^v cvKv nq| jwZGdi PvPvi wQj
mÁ·G`i ˆjvf wK¯§ wmwóKvi eGov fvB ˆmvGjgvb Zvi ˆevbGK mÁ·wî wjGL w`GZ AcviMZv cÉKvk KGi| ZvB PvPv jwZd AvjgvmGK
AbÅ ‰K weîkvjx weaevi KbÅvi mGã weGq ˆ`b| AGbK NUbv-`yNÆUbvi ci wmwóKvi mGã jwZGdi hLb ˆ`Lv nq ZLb wecðxK
jwZd wmwóKvGK cybivq weGqi cÉÕv¦ e ˆ`q| wmwóKv mewKQy Rvbvi ci jwZdGK Þgv KGi wK¯§ msmvi Kivi cÉÕ¦ve wdwiGq ˆ`q|
KviY ZZw`Gb ˆm bvix gywÚi jGÞÅ wewf®² KvhÆKÌGg RwoZ nGq RxeGbi DGókÅGK e`Gj ˆdGjGQ| [wm. ˆev. 16]
K. AbycGgi wcZvi ˆckv Kx wQj?
1
L. ‘Vvëv ˆZv AvcwbB Kwiqv mvwiqvGQb’@ eywSGq `vI| 2
M. DóxcGKi PvPvi mGã ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i ˆKvb PwiòwU Zzjbxq?@ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. “ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI DóxcK I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gƒj jÞÅ ‰KB|”@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K AbycGgi wcZvi ˆckv wQj IKvjwZ|
L KjÅvYxi mvG^ Abcy Ggi weGq ˆfGO ˆ`Iqvi gvaÅGg AbycGgi gvgvi cÉwZ kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmGbi ˆÞvf cKÉ vk ˆcGqGQ|
weGqi cƒeÆgynƒGZÆ AbycGgi gvgv KGbi cwiwnZ mKj Mqbv ciL KGi ˆ`LGZ Pvb| Zuvi ‰ AmsMZ cÉÕ¦ve `†pwPî kÁz¿bv^ ˆmGbi
AvñghÆv`vGK ÞzY² KGi| ZvB ˆKŒkGj eihvòxG`i LvBGq w`Gq Zvu G`i wZwb we`vq Rvbvb| ‰i…c AvPiGY AbycGgi gvgv AvøhÆ nGq
g¯¦eÅ KiGj Zvi cÉZzÅîGi kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb cÉGkv² Ú g¯¦eÅwU KGib| gƒjZ weGqi AvGM Mnbv wbGq gvgvi AbvKvw›ÞZ AvPiGYi KviGYB
kÁ¿zbv^ weGq fvOvi K^v eGjGQb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Vvëv ˆZv AvcwbB Kwiqv mvwiqvGQb’ K^vwUi gvaÅGg kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb AbycGgi gvgvi cÉwZ ˆÞvf cÉKvk KGiGQb|
M DóxcGKi PvPvi mGã ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gvgv PwiòwU Zzjbxq|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycGgi gvgv AbycgGK weGqGZ ˆhŒZzK `vwe KGib| KGb KjÅvYxi evevI Zv w`GZ Õ¼xK‡wZ Rvbvb| wK¯§ weGqi AvGM
KjÅvYxi Mv ˆ^GK Mqbv LyGj AbycGgi gvgv hLb Zv ˆmKiv w`Gq ciL Kivb ZLb ˆeuGK eGmb kÁz¿bv^ ˆmb| ‰Z eGov Acgvb ˆgGb
wbGZ cvGibwb wZwb| D«„¿Z cwiwÕ©wZGZ AvñghÆv`vGevGai w`KwU weGePbvq weGqi Avmi ˆ^GK wdwiGq ˆ`b AbycgGK|
DóxcGKi PvPv PwiGò ˆhŒZzKcÉZÅvkx I civ^ÆGjvfx gGbvfve dzGU DGVGQ| A^ÆGjvfx jwZGdi PvPv KGb wmwóKv mÁ·wî cvGe bv
ˆRGb jwZGdi mGã Zvi weGq ˆfGO w`Gq AbÅò weGq ˆ`b| ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AbycGgi gvgvI ˆZgwb ‰KRb A^ÆGjvjyc ‰es
ˆhŒZzKcÉZÅvkx gvbyl| Zvu i KvGQ KbÅvi wcZvi AvñmÁÃvGbi ˆPGq Zuvi Avw^ÆK msMwZ ‰es ˆhŒZzGKi AG^Æi cwigvYB gƒj weGePÅ
welq| ZvBGZv weGqi cƒeÆgynƒGZÆ KbÅvi MvGqi Mqbv LyGj cixÞv KwiGq wbGZI Kzw¥¤Z nb bv wZwb| A^Ævr cwiwÕ©wZi wf®²Zv mGî½I
ŠewkÓ¡ÅMZ w`K w`Gq DóxcGKi PvPv ‰es AbycGgi gvgvi Pwiò ‰K I Awf®²| ˆmw`K ˆ^GK jwZGdi PvPvi mGã AbycGgi gvgv
PwiòwU Zzjbxq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: A^ÆGjvjyc I ˆhŒZzKcÉZÅvkx gvbwmKZvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi PvPvi mGã ‘AcwiwPZv’ MGÍi¸ AbycGgi gvgvi
PwiòwU mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
N ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ ˆhŒZKz cÉ^vi weGivwaZvi gvaÅGg bvixi ghÆv`vGK ài‚Z½ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ|
DóxcGK ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev`x gvbwmKZv dzGU DGVGQ| ˆcÉÞvcGUi wf®²Zv mGî½I ‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ I DóxcK DfqGÞGòB
ˆhŒZzKweGivax gGbvfve eÅÚ nGqGQ| ˆhŒZzKcÉ^v gvbyGli mÁ·GKÆi Ici Kxi…c ˆbwZevPK cÉfve ˆdGj Zv ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| `ywU ˆÞGòB
ˆhŒZzGKi RbÅ weGq ˆfGO ˆMGQ| ZvQvov MG͸i Abycg I DóxcGKi jwZd DfGqB Kvw›ÞZ bvixGK w«¼ZxqevGii gGZv weGqi cÉÕ¦ve
w`Gq cÉZÅvLÅvZ nGqGQ, hv Dfq bvixi gvbwmK `†pZv I cÉZÅGqi w`KwUGK wbG`Æk KGi|
‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ ‰es DóxcGK ˆhŒZKz weGivax gGbvfvGei cvkvcvwk bvixi Õ¼vaxb mîvi cwiPq ˆgGj| ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ KjÅvYx
ˆeGQ wbGqGQ bvix wkÞveZË | Avi DóxcGKi wmwóKv bvixgywÚi jGÞÅ wewf®² KvhKÆ ÌGg RwoGq RxeGbi DGókÅGK e`Gj ˆdGjGQ|
‰ ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, ˆhŒZzGKi weGivwaZv Kivi cvkvcvwk bvixi gwy Ú KvgbvI DóxcK I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AvGiKwU DGókÅ|
ˆcÉÞvcGUi w`K ˆ^GKI ‘AcwiwPZv’ I DóxcK `ywU wf®² mgvRGK cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| ‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ evOvwj wn±`y cwievGii
RxebhvòvGK ˆK±`Ê KGi Avi DóxcKwU gymwjg cwievGii RxebwPò wbGq iwPZ| ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycGgi weGq fvOGjI ˆm Avi
weGq KGiwb; cÉZÅvkv KGiGQ KjÅvYxGKB| ˆmw`K weGePbvq “ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI DóxcK I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gƒj jÞÅ ‰KB”@
g¯e¦ ÅwU h^vh^|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘AcwiwPZv’ M͸ ‰es DóxcGK ˆhŒZzKweGivax gGbvfvGei cvkvcvwk bvixi Õ¼vaxb mîvi cwiPq ˆgGj|
5
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk² 5 Ryjdv nK mœQj cwievGii bv nGjI eÅwÚZ½mÁ·®² ‰KwU ˆgGq| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi covGjLv ˆkl KiGZB Zvi weGqi eqm
ˆcwiGq hvq| DœPwkwÞZ nIqv mGî½I mgvGRi wKQy Õ¼v^Æv®¬ gvbyGli KviGY wZb-PviwU weGqi mÁ¼®¬ ˆfGO hvq Zvi| ‰KchÆvGq
ˆmbvevwnbx KZ‡ÆK cwiPvwjZ ‘cÉqvm’ bvgK ‰KwU Õ•zGj cÉwZe®¬xG`i wkÞv`vGbi KvR ÷i‚ KGi Ryjdv| ‰Kw`b Zvi eGov fvB
ZvGK ˆWGK eGj, ‘Kvj evmvq bZzb ‰K eicÞ ˆZvgvGK ˆ`LGZ AvmGe|’ K^vwU ˆkvbvi ci Ryjdvi ˆPnviv KwVb nGq IGV| ˆm
eGj, ‘÷ay ÷ay eÅÕ¦ nœQ fvBqv| Avwg ‰Lb ˆh KvR wbGq eÅÕ¦ AvwQ ZvBGZv Rxebfi ˆkl nevi bq|’
K. AbycGgi weGqi mgq Zvi eqm KZ wQj? 1
L. AbycGgi gvgv ˆmKivGK weGqevwoGZ ‰GbwQj ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYxi ˆKvGbv mv`k† Å AvGQ wK? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gƒjeÚeÅ KZUzKz cwÉ ZdwjZ nGqGQ? ‰ welGq ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
5 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K AbycGgi weGqi mgq Zvi eqm wQj ˆZBk eQi|
L ˆhŒZKz Gjvfx AbycGgi gvgv weGqi Mqbv cixÞv KiGZ ˆmKivGK weGqevwoGZ ‰GbwQj|
KjÅvYxi weGqGZ Zvi evev kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb bM` cGYi mGã Mqbv w`GZ Pvb| KbÅvcÞ ˆh Mqbv ˆ`Ge Zv Avmj bv bKj ˆm fimv
KiGZ cviwQj bv AbycGgi gvgv| ZvB Zv cixÞv Kivi RbÅ ˆmKivGK mGã KGi wbGq ‰GmwQj weGqevwoGZ| ˆmKiv Zvi wbG`ÆGk
mgÕ¦ Mqbvi LuvwUZ½ cÉgvY KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ˆhŒZzKGjvfx AbycGgi gvgv weGqi Mqbv cixÞv KiGZ ˆmKivGK mGã ‰GbwQj|
M eÅwÚRxeGbi cwieGZÆ AGbÅi Rxeb AvGjvwKZ Kivi ˆPZbvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYxi QvqvcvZ NGUGQ| A
MG͸ KjÅvYxi AbycGgi mvG^ weGqi mKj eG±`veÕ¦ I AvGqvRb mgvµ¦ nIqvi ciI AbycGgi gvgvi nxbÁÃbÅZv I KjÅvYxi evevi
eÅwÚZ½GevGai KviGY Zv AmÁ·®²B ˆ^GK hvq| KjÅvYx ‰ NUbvi ci mvsmvwiK RxeGbi wP¯v¦ ev` w`Gq bvixG`i wkÞv cÉmvGi KvR ÷i‚
KGi| cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZGZ AbycGgi KvQ ˆ^GK P„ov¯¦ webxZ AbyGiva Avmvi ciI KjÅvYx Zvi jGÞÅ AwePj ^vGK|
DóxcGKi Ryjdv DœPwkwÞZ nGjI mgvGRi wKQy ˆjvfx gvbyGli KviGY wZb-Pvievi weGqi mÁ®¼ ¬ ˆfGO hvq Zvi| ‰ici ˆm
weGq mÁ·GKÆ exZk«É ¬ nGq ˆmbvevwnbx KZ‡ÆK cwiPvwjZ ‰KwU Õ•zGj cÉwZe®¬xG`i wbGq KvR Kiv ÷i‚ KGi| fvBGqi DG`ÅvGM
cybivq weGqi eÅeÕ©v nGjI ˆm cÉwZe®¬xG`i RxebGK AvGjvwKZ Kivi cÉGPÓ¡vGZB e«¬cwiKi eGj Rvbvq| DóxcGKi ‰
welGqi mGã cÉvq ‰KB mgv¯¦ivGj ‰wMGqGQ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYxi RxebGPZbv| A^Ævr DóxcGKi Ryjdv nGKi gGZv
KjÅvYxI msmvi wP¯¦v ev` w`Gq ˆgGqG`i wkÞv`vb KGi AvGjvwKZ Rxeb cÉ`vGb `†pcÉwZæ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: eÅwÚRxeGbi wP¯¦v ev` w`Gq AGbÅi Rxeb AvGjvwKZ Kivi ˆPZbvGevGai w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MGÍi¸
KjÅvYxi QvqvcvZ NGUGQ|
N DóxcGK KjÅvYxi RxebGPZbvi w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGjI ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gƒjeÚeÅ cÉKvwkZ nqwb|
MG͸ ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi wPiengvb wPGòi cÉwZdjb ^vKGjI kÁz¿bv^ ˆmGbi wbweÆKvi A^P ewjÓ¤ eÅwÚGZ½i KviGY Zv bZzb w`GK cÉevwnZ
nq| Avi ‰GZ weGq mÁ·GKÆ exZkÉ«¬ KjÅvYxi RxebGPZbvB cvGΟ hvq| cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZGZ Zvi eÅwÚGZ½i QUv eÅwÚZ½nxb
AbycgGKI cÉfvweZ KGi| KjÅvYxi RxebGevGai KviGY evOvwj bvixi mvgvbÅ ˆ^GK AmvgvbÅ nGq IVvi w`KwU cvVKGK AvG±`vwjZ
KGi| ‰mGei Lye A͸B DóxcGK cÉwZdwjZ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|
DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq, Ryjdv nK wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK ˆjLvcov ˆkl KGiI MÉvGgi wKQy Õ¼v^Æci gvbyGli KviGY ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nq| Zvi ‰KvwaK
weGqi mÁ¼®¬ ˆfGO hvq| dGj ˆm weGq I mvsmvwiK Rxeb mÁ·GKÆ exZkÉ«¬ nGq cGo ‰es cÉwZe®¬x wk÷G`i RxebGK AvGjvwKZ
KiGZ cqÉ vmx nq| eGov fvB weGqi RbÅ cxovcxwo KiGjI ˆm ZvGZ KYÆcvZ KGi bv| ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYxi gvGSI DóxcGKi
‰ welqwU jÞ Kiv hvq| AbycGgi mvG^ weGq nGZ wMGqI hLb nGjv bv ZLb ˆm ˆgGqG`i wkwÞZ KGi ˆZvjvGK RxeGbi jÞÅ wnGmGe
ˆeGQ ˆbq|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycGgi cÞ ˆ^GK cieZÆx mgGq webxZ Avn»vb ‰GjI ˆm Avi wdGi ZvKvq bv| ZGe MG͸ ÷ay ‰ welqwUB
AvGjvwPZ nqwb| ˆmBmGã wkwÞZ nIqv mGî½I AbycGgi eÅwÚZ½nxbZv, ˆhŒZzGKi ˆjvGf gvgvi weGeKnxb AvPiY, KbÅvi j™²öÓ¡v
nIqvi cwiwÕ©wZGZ KjÅvYxi evevi FRy eÅwÚZ½mn bvbv welq DGV ‰GmGQ| wK¯§ DóxcGK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AGbK welqB DGcwÞZ;
‰LvGb ÷ay KjÅvYxi RxeGbi ‰KwU weGkl w`GKi BwãZ iGqGQ| AZ‰e, ejGZ cvwi, DóxcGK ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i gƒjeÚGeÅi
AvswkK cÉwZdjb NGUGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ wkwÞZ nIqv mGîI½ AbycGgi eÅwÚZ½nxbZv, ˆhŒZzGKi ˆjvGf gvgvi weGeKnxb AvPiY, KbÅvi
j™²öÓ¡v nIqvi cwiwÕ©wZGZ KjÅvYxi evevi FRy eÅwÚZ½mn bvbv welq DGV ‰GmGQ| wK¯§ DóxcGK AGbK welqB DGcwÞZ; ‰LvGb
÷ay KjÅvYxi RxeGbi ‰KwU weGkl w`GKi BwãZ iGqGQ|
6
cÉk² 6 bvixGK Avcb fvMÅ Rq Kwievi 1
ˆKb bvwn w`Ge AwaKvi 2
ˆn weavZv? 3
bZ Kwi gv^v 4
c^cÉvG¯¦ ˆKb ie RvwM
KÑv¯¦‹ahÆ cÉZÅvkvi cƒiGYi jvwM
Š`evMZ w`Gb?
÷ay kƒGbÅ ˆPGq ie? ˆKb wbGR bvwn je wPGb
mv^ÆGKi c^| [mƒò: mejv─ iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi]
K. AbycGgi gvgv Kx bvwjk KiGeb eGj ˆMvj KGi ˆeovwœQGjb?
L. ‘ZvnviB cøvGZ jßxi NUwU ‰GKevGi Dcyo Kwiqv w`GZ w«¼av nBGe bv’@ DwÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i NUbvMZ mv`†GkÅi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. ‘KjÅvYx PwiòwU iex±`Êgvbm cwieZÆGbi BwãZ’@ g¯¦eÅwU DóxcK I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv|
6 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K AbycGgi gvgv weGqi PzwÚfã I gvbnvwbi `vweGZ bvwjk KiGeb eGj ˆMvj KGi ˆeovwœQGjb|
L kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb KjÅvYxi weGqGZ Kx cwigvY cY w`GZ cvGi Zv K͸bv KGi nwiGki K^vq AbycGgi gGb ˆh fvGev`q nGqwQj
ZviB cÉKvk NGUGQ cÉGk²i DwÚwUGZ|
Abycg I Zvi gvgvi KvGQ KjÅvYxi cwievGii ŠelwqK AeÕ©vi weeiY w`GqwQj nwik| nwiGki eYÆbv Abyhvqx ‰Kmgq KjÅvYxi esGk
jßxi gãjNU fiv wQj, A^Ævr abmÁ·G` cwicƒYÆ wQj Zviv| eZÆgvGb ZvG`i AeÕ©v wKQyUv Lvivc nGjI Zv hrmvgvbÅ [‘hrmvgvbÅ’
A^─Æ A͸Zg, Þz`Ë] bq| ZvB KjÅvYxi ˆcQGbB jßxi NU A^Ævr mgÕ¦ A^Æ DRvo KGi w`GZ w«¼av KiGeb bv Zvi wcZv kÁz¿bv^ ˆmb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: kÁ¿zbv^ ˆmb KjÅvYxi weGqGZ Kx cwigvY cY w`GZ cvGi Zv KÍb¸ v KGi nwiGki K^vq AbycGgi gGb ˆh fvGev`q
nGqwQj ZviB cÉKvk NGUGQ cÉGk²i DwÚwUGZ|
M DóxcGK Kwe bvixi `yfvÆ MÅcxwoZ RxeGb ˆh cwieZÆb I RvMiY cÉZÅvkv KGiGQb ZviB evÕ¦e i…cvqY ˆ`LGZ cvB ‘AcwiwPZv’
MG͸|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx cyi‚lZvw¯¨K mgvGRi N†YÅ ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi wkKvi nGqwQj| ˆhŒZzGKi KviGY j™ö² Ó¡v nGqwQj KjÅvYx| Avi
j™²öÓ¡v nIqv evOvwj bvixGK mgvR AcgvwbZ AeÕ©vq ˆdGj ˆ`q| wK¯§ KjÅvYx mvgvwRK ‰B KzcÉ^vGK cÉwZGiva KGi ˆ`kGPZbvq
F«¬ nGqwQj| eÅwÚGZ½i RvMiY I gvbwmKZvi ÷wP÷ö AvñcÉKvGk KjÅvYx wbGRi RxebGK mv^ÆK KGi ˆZvjvi mvG^ mvG^ fwelÅGZi
bZzb bvixi AvMgbx evZÆv ˆ`q|
DóxcGK Kwe weavZvi KvGQ RvbGZ PvBGQb bvixGK Zvi Avcb fvMÅ ŠZwi Kivi AwaKvi ˆKb ˆ`qv nqwb| bvix wbGRi cÉZÅvkv
cƒiGYi RbÅ c^cÉvG¯¦ eGm AvGQ eGj Kwe eÅw^Z nGqGQb| wZwb bvixi ‰B Amnvq `yfÆvMÅcxwoZ RxeGbi cwieZÆb cÉZÅvkv
KGiGQb| ZvB wZwb bvixGKB Zvi mv^ÆKZvi c^ wPGb ˆbIqvi RbÅ Avn»vb RvwbGqGQb| DóxcGK Kwe bvixi RxeGb ˆh cwieZÆb
cÉZÅvkv KGiGQb ZviB evÕ¦e i…cvqY KGiGQ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx| KjÅvYx ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi Kivj MÉvGmi wkKvi nGjI wbGRi
`yfÆvMÅGK Rq KGi RxebGK AvGjvwKZ cG^ cwiPvwjZ KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGK Kwe bvixi `yfÆvMÅcxwoZ RxeGb ˆh cwieZÆb I RvMiY cÉZÅvkv KGiGQb ZviB evÕ¦e i…cvqY ˆ`LGZ cvB
‘AcwiwPZv’ MGÍ|¸
N cyi‚lZG¯¨i AgvbweKZvi KviGY `yfÆvGMÅi wkKvi nIqv mGî½I mgvGR wbGRi ewjÓ¤ AeÕ©vb ŠZwiGZ AvñcÉZÅqx bvix KjÅvYx
iex±`ÊgvbGmi cwieZÆGbi BwãZ|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AcwiwPZv weGklGYi AvovGj KjÅvYx bvgK bvixi ewjÓ¤ eÅwÚGZ½i RvMiY I cÉwZev`x AvñcÉKvGki Kvwnwb ewYÆZ
nGqGQ| iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi AgvbweKZvi wkKvi nIqv bvixG`i wbGq AGbK M͸ iPbv KGiGQb| wK¯§ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ wZwb
ˆhŒZzKcÉ^vi wei‚G«¬ bvix-cyi‚Gli mwÁÃwjZ cÉwZGivGai K^KZv eywSGqGQb| A^Ævr AvGjvPÅ MG͸ wZwb wbR gvbGmi cwiewZÆZ
DcÕ©vcb ˆ`wLGqGQb| Avi ˆmB DcÕ©vcb wZwb KjÅvYx PwiGòi gvaÅGg cÉKvk KGiGQb|
DóxcGK Kwe AwaKviewçZ bvixi Amnvq RxeGbi K^v ejvi cvkvcvwk bvixi cÉwZev`x ˆPZbvi K^v eGjGQb| KviY, DóxcGKi Kwe
PvBGQb bvix `yfÆvMÅ ˆ^GK ˆewiGq AvmyK ‰es bvixi gGaÅ eÅwÚZ½cƒYÆ Pwiò MGo ZzjyK| ˆhb bvixi ‰B eÅwÚZ½cƒYÆ AvñcÉKvGk ZvG`i
RxeGb AvGivwcZ nIqv AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ Zviv i‚GL `uvovGZ cvGi| bvixGK mv^ÆKZvi c^ ˆ`LvGZB DóxcGKi Kwei ‰B Avn»vb|
‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸I Avgiv ‰ Av`GkÆi i…cvqb ˆ`LGZ cvB|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk Kwe ˆh eÚeÅ w`GqGQb Zv ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸iB ggÆevYx| wek kZGKi w«¼Zxq `kGKi mgvReÅeÕ©v wQj
cyi‚lZG¯¨i AgvbweKZv I wbÓ¤ziZvi nvGZ ew±`| iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii AbÅvbÅ M͸àGjvGZ ZuvGKI ˆmB cyi‚lZG¯¨i ˆPZbvi KvGQ ew±` eGj
gGb nq| wK¯§ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ ˆjLK wbGRi ‰B aÅvbaviYv ˆ^GK ˆewiGq ‰Gm cwiewZÆZ I cwikxwjZ wP¯v¦ GK aviY KiGQb| Avi
ˆmB wP¯¦vGK i…cvwqZ KGiGQ KjÅvYx PwiòwU| AZ‰e, DóxcK I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i weGkÏlGY ˆ`LGZ cvB─ KjÅvYx PwiòwU
iex±`Êgvbm cwieZÆGbi BwãZ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cyi‚lZG¯¨i AgvbweKZvi KviGY `yfÆvGMÅi wkKvi nIqv mGîI½ mgvGR wbGRi ewjÓ¤ AeÕ©vb ŠZwiGZ AvñcÉZÅqx bvix
KjÅvYx iex±`ÊgvbGmi cwieZGÆ bi BwãZ|
7
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
cÉk² 7 Rwgi mvGnGei ‰Kgvò KbÅv AcYÆvi weGqi eqm N. Kvw›ÞZv mãxGK bv cvIqvi nvnvKviB DóxcGKi
nGqGQ| cvòcÞ ˆgGqi ˆmŒ±`GhÆ AvK‡Ó¡ nGjI ˆgGqi evevi K^K I ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AbycgGK ‰KmƒGò
Avw^ÆK eÅvcviUvB hZ wecwîi KviY| dGj hv nIqvi ZvB ˆMuG^GQ| ‰ g¯¦eÅ mÁ·GKÆ weGkÏlYx gZvgZ `vI| 4
nGjv; weGq ˆfGO ˆMj| ‰GZ AcYÆvi gv^vq wR` ˆPGc eGm| 8 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
wRG`i KviGY AvR cyi‚lZvw¯¨K mgvReÅeÕ©vi wei‚G«¬ Zvi
K ‘MvwoGZ RvqMv AvGQ’@ DwÚwU KjÅvYxi|
AeÕ©vb| AeGnwjZ bvixG`i wbGq ˆm MGo ZzGjGQ ‰K AbbÅ L Kvbcyi ˆÕ¡kGb Abycg AGPbv ‰K bvixi gayi K¥¤Õ¼i ÷Gb
cÉwZÓ¤vb@ ‘AvgivI cvwi’| ‰B cÉwZÓ¤vGbi gvaÅGg MÉvgÅ PgGK IGV|
bvixG`i fvMÅvKvGk Avkvi Puv` IGV| ivM gvbylGK a»sm KGi Abycg ˆÕ¡kGb ‰KwU bvixK¥¤ ÷Gb gy™¬ nGq hvq| Zvici
wK¯§ wR` gvbylGK IcGi DVGZ mvnvhÅ KGi@ ‰ eÚGeÅiB ˆ^GK AbycGgi n†`Gq ˆmB K¥¤Õ¼iwU evRGZ ^vGK| cGi hLb
Abycg MvwoGZ RvqMv cvwœQj bv ‰gb mgq ˆmB ˆgGqwU
cÉK‡Z Õ¼i…c ˆ`LGZ ÷i‚ Kij mvaviY gvbyl| AbycGgi gvGK jÞ KGi eGj ˆh, ZvG`i MvwoGZ RvqMv AvGQ
‰es ˆmLvGb wMGq emGZ| Avi ‰fvGe ˆmB K¥¤wU Avevi ÷Gb
K. ‘Aö’ Kx? 1 Abycg PgGK IGV|
L. ‘Zvi cGi eywSjvg, gvZ‡f„wg AvGQ’@ ejGZ Kx
ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2
M. DóxcGKi AcYÆv PwiGòi mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i
KjÅvYx PwiGòi ˆKvb w`KwUi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ eGj mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
Zzwg gGb KGiv? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
N. ‘ivM gvbylGK a»sm KGi wK¯§ wR` gvbylGK IcGi M ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ AbycGgi n†`Gqi nvnvKvGii w`KwU
eÅvLÅv KGiv
DVGZ mvnvhÅ KGi’@ DwÚwU ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i N ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i AbycGgi KjÅvYxGK bv cvIqvi ˆe`bvi
w`KwU weGkÏlY KGiv|
AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
7 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‘Aö’ ‰K aiGbi LwbR avZz| AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
L cybeÆvi weGqGZ ivwR bv nIqvq KjÅvYx mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPÅ
DwÚwU KGiGQ Abycg| cÉk² 9 ‘KbÅvi wcZv ivgmy±`i AvgvG`i ivq evnv`yGii nvGZ
Abycg ˆkl chƯ¦ KvbcyGi ‰Gm KjÅvYx I Zvi wcZvi mvgGb cvGq awiqv ewjGjb, “÷f KvhÆ mÁ·®² nBqv hvK, Avwg wbøqB
nvZGRvo KGi, gv^v ˆnuU KGi Þgv ˆPGq Avevi weGqi cÉÕv¦ e UvKvUv ˆkva Kwiqv w`e|” ivq evnv`yi ejGjb, “UvKv nvGZ
ˆ`q| wK¯§ KjÅvYx ivwR nq bv| KviY wnGmGe ˆm eGj ‘gvZ-‡ bv cvBGj ei mfvÕ© Kiv hvBGe bv|” ‰B `yNÆUbvq A¯¦tcyGi
Avæv’ AvGQ| Abycg eySGZ cvGi, gvZ-‡ Avæv gvGb gvZ‡f„wgi ‰KUv Kv®²v cwoqv ˆMj| ..............
RbÅ KjÅvYxi DrmMÆxZ cÉvY| ZvB Abycg eGjGQ ‘Zvi cGi BGZvgGaÅ ‰KwU myweav nBj| ei mnmv Zvi wcZ‡G`Gei AevaÅ
nBqv DwVj| ˆm evevGK ewjqv ewmj, “ˆKbvGePv `i`vGgi
eywSjvg, gvZ‡f„wg AvGQ|’ K^v Avwg eywS bv; weevn KwiGZ AvwmqvwQ, weevn Kwiqv
mycvi wUcm&: cGÉ qvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii hvBe|” [Xv. ˆev. 16] 1
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe K. weGqi mgq Abcy Ggi eqm KZ wQj?
L. ‘A®²cƒYÆvi ˆKvGj MRvbGbi ˆQvGUv fvBwU|’@ ejGZ
M ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYx PwiGòi AvñghvÆ `vGeva I Kx ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2
ˆhŒZKz weGivax gGbvfvGei w`KwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i KjÅvYxi ˆRw` gvbwmKZvi w`KwU weGkÏlY M. DóxcGKi eGii mvG^ ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸i Abycg
KGiv| PwiGòi Šemv`†kÅ ZGz j aGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi NUbvwU ‘AcwiwPZv’ MG͸ ewYÆZ mvgvwRK
cÉk² 8 “Avwg ewjjvg, Zv ^vK-& bv, myievjv Avgvi ˆK? AmsMwZi w`KwU ZzGj aiGZ mÞg nGqGQ|”@
Dîi ÷wbjvg, myievjv AvR ˆZvgvi ˆKnB bq, wK¯¦y myievjv
ˆZvgvi Kx bv nBGZ cvwiZ|” [mƒò : ‰Kivwò@ iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi] g¯¦eÅwU weGkÐlY KGiv| 4
K. ‘MvwoGZ RvqMv AvGQ’@ DwÚwU Kvi? 1
L. ‘Avwg ˆZv PgwKqv DwVjvg’@ K^vwU eywSGq ˆjGLv|2
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
weovj
ewâgP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq [18381894]
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk² 1 ‘evev, Avwg fzLv-dvKv AvwQ AvR wbGq mvZ w`b|
ˆZwoqv nBqv nvwKj ˆgvÍÏv’ fvjv nGjv ˆ`wL ˆjVv,
fzLv AvGQv gi ˆMv fvMvo wMGq| bvgvR cwom ˆeUv?
fzLvwi Kwnj, ‘bv evev’ ˆgvÍÏv nvwKj, ‘Zv nGj kvjv,
ˆmvRv c^ ˆ`L| ˆMvÕ¦, i‚wU w`qv gmwRG` w`j Zvjv|
K. Kvi K^vàGjv fvwi ˆmvwkqvwjwÕ¡K? 1
L. ‘ZvnvG`i i…Gci QUv ˆ`wLGq AGbK gvRÆvi Kwe nBqv cGo|’ ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆgvÍÏvi mvG^ ‘weovj’ iPbvi KgjvKvG¯¦i Šemv`†kÅ ZGz j aGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK ‘weovj’ iPbvi mgvRwPGòi ˆh w`K AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K weovGji K^vàGjv fvwi ˆmvwkqvwjwÕ¡K|
L weîevbG`i AvkxeÆv`cyÓ¡ gvRÆvixi i…Gci QUv ˆ`GL AGbK gvRÆvi Kwe nGq cGo|
mgvGR weînxb ˆkÉwY cÉwZwbqZ ewçZ nGjI awbK ˆkwÉ Y ZvG`i w`GK `†wÓ¡ ˆ`q bv| K`vwPr ‰B ˆkÉwYi KvGiv w`GK hw` abxG`i
AbyKÁ·vi `†wÓ¡ cGo ZGe ˆm ˆkÉwYÕ¼v^Æ fzGj AvcGmi gvaÅGg bv`ymby`ym nGq IGV| ZLb Zvi ˆmŒ±`GhÆ gy™¬ nGq mGMvGòi
AGbGKB Zvi cÉwZ `yeÆj nGq cGo ‰es Zvi Õ§wZ KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: weîevbG`i AvkxeÆv`cÓy ¡ gvRÆvixi i…Gci QUv ˆ`GL AGbK gvRÆvi Kwe nGq cGo|
M DóxcGKi ˆgvÍÏvi gmy vwdGii cÉwZ cÉ`wkÆZ gGbvfve I AvPiGYi mvG^ ‘weovj’ iPbvi KgjvKvG¯¦i Šemv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
‘weovj’ iPbvq KgjvKvG¯¦i RbÅ ivLv `ya weovjwU ˆLGq ˆdGj| ‰GZ KgjvKv¯¦ jvwV w`Gq weovjwUGK gviGZ D`ÅZ nq| ZLb
weovjwU AwaKvi mGPZb nGq ˆh eÚeÅ ˆ`q Zv mgvGRi ˆkvwlZ I AwaKvi ewçZ ˆkÉwYiB eÚeÅ ‰es KgjvKvG¯i¦ ˆm eÚGeÅ w«¼gZ
Kivi myGhvM ^vGK bv|
DóxcGKi ˆgvÍÏv AfzÚ gymvwdiGK Lvevi bv w`Gq ewçZ KGi| Zvi gvGS Õ¼v^ÆciZv I AGbÅi cÉwZ `qvi Afve jÞYxq| ˆgvÍÏv
gmwRG` ˆh ˆMvÕ¦ ev `vb-m`Kv cvq MwiGei ZvGZ AwaKvi iGqGQ| wK¯§ mvZ w`b bv LvIqv gymvwdi ˆgvÍÏvi KvGQ Lvevi PvBGj
ˆm ZvGK ZvwoGq ˆ`q ‰es gmwRG` Zvjv w`Gq ˆMvÕ¦-i‚wU wbGq PGj hvq| ˆgvÍÏvi ‰gb AvPiY ‘weovj’ iPbvi KgjvKvG¯¦i
wecixZ| KgjvKvG¯¦i `ay LvIqvi ci ˆm weovjGK evwo ˆ^GK ZvwoGq ˆ`q bv| jvwV wbGq ˆZGo ‰GjI weovGji hwy ÚcƒYÆ K^v
ˆm ˆkvGb ‰es Abyaveb KGi| DóxcGKi ˆgvÍÏvi gGZv KgjvKv¯¦ weovGji LvevGii AwaKvi ˆKGo ˆbq bv ‰es NGii `iRvq
Zvjv w`Gq PGj hvq bv|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGKi ˆgvÍÏvi gymvwdGii cÉwZ c`É wkÆZ gGbvfve I AvPiGYi mvG^ ‘weovj’ iPbvi KgjvKvG¯¦i Šemv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
N DóxcGK ‘weovj’ iPbvi mgvRwPGò ˆkvwlZ-AwaKviewçZ ˆkÉwYi ggÆGe`bvi w`KwU D«¿vwmZ nGqGQ|
‘weovj’ iPbvq ˆkvwlZ, wbhÆvwZZ I AwaKviewçZ mgvGRi wPò dzGU DGVGQ| weovGji gaÅ w`Gq ˆm AwaKvinviv gvbyGli gGbi
ˆe`bv cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| MG͸ weovjwU ewçZ gvbyGli mv^KÆ cÉwZwbwa|
DóxcGKi mgvRwPGò D«v¿ wmZ nGqGQ `wi`Ë I ewçZ ˆkÉwYi eçbvi wPò| ˆmLvGb AfzÚ gymvwdi mvZ w`b aGi bv ˆLGq gmwRG`i
ˆgvÍÏvi `v¾ iÕ© nq| wK¯§ ˆgvÍÏv ˆhb mgvGRi ˆkvlK ˆkÉwYi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| ˆMvÕ¦-i‚wU ^vKv mGî½I ˆm gmwRG` Zvjv w`Gq PGj hvq|
dGj AfzÚ gymvwdi Zvi AwaKvi ˆ^GK ewçZ nq|
‘weovj’ iPbvq KgjvKv¯¦ weovjwUGK `ya LvIqvi AcivGa gviGZ D`ÅZ nq| A^P ‰B weovGjiI Lvevi cvIqvi AwaKvi iGqGQ|
AbÅ cÉvYxi gGZv ˆmI ‰B mgvGR ˆeuGP ^vKvi AwaKvi ivGL| wK¯§ Zvi gGZv ZzœQ cÉvYxi cÉwZ DœP ˆkÉwYi `vi‚Y AeGnjv| mgvGRi
‰B DœP ˆkÉwY ev abevb eÅwÚiv Amnvq ˆkÉwYi cÉwZ jÞ ivGL bv eGj mgvGR Akvw¯¦ I wek†›Ljv m†wÓ¡ nq| weovGji eÚGeÅ mgvGRi
‰gb wPòB dzGU DGVGQ| ‘weovj’ iPbvi ‰B mgvRwPò DóxcGKI D«v¿ wmZ nGqGQ| ˆmLvGbI AfzÚ gymvwdiGK Zvi bÅvhÅ AwaKvi bv
w`Gq ˆgvÍÏv gmwRG` Zvjv ˆ`q|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGKi ‘weovj’ iPbvi mgvRwPGò ˆkvwlZ-AwaKviewçZ ˆkÉwYi ggÆGe`bvi w`KwU D«¿vwmZ nGqGQ|
2
cÉk² 2 mgvRZG¯¨i gƒj jÞÅ nGjv ˆkÉwYnxb mgvReÅeÕ©v Movi gvaÅGg mvgÅev` cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv| mvgÅev`x ivGÓ¡Ç bvMwiKG`i
kÉGgi gvaÅGg Drc®² mÁ·` ivGÓ¡Çi AwaKvGi AvmGe| àwUKGqK eÅwÚi nvGZ mÁ·` KzwÞMZ ^vKGe bv| mgvRZvw¯¨K
ivÓ¡ÇeÅeÕ©v nGjv mvgÅev`x ivGÓ¡Ç ˆcuŒQvGbvi cÉ^g avc| mgvRZvw¯¨K ivÓ¡ÇeÅeÕ©vq kÉwgKG`i Õv¼ ^Æ iwÞZ nq| cÉGZÅK gvbyl euvPvi
mgvb AwaKvi cvq| ZvB kÉwgK ˆkÉwY AvgiY mgvRZ¯¨ cÉwZÓ¤vi msMvÉ Gg wjµ¦|
K. ewâgPG±`iÊ ˆckvq Kx wQGjb? 1
L. ‘cGivcKviB cig agÆ’@ K^vwU eywSGq ˆjGLv| 2
M. cÉ`î DóxcGKi mGã ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i ˆPZbvMZ mv`k† Å wbi…cY KGiv| 3
N. ‘AwaKvinxbZvB weovjGK `ytmvnmx KGi ZzGjGQ- ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ewâgP±`Ê ˆckvq gÅvwRGÕ¡ÈU wQGjb|
L ‘cGivcKviB cig agÆ’ gvGb nGjv ‰GK AcGii DcKvGii gaÅ w`GqB mgvGR kvw¯¦ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|
‘weovj’ iPbvq ˆ`Lv hvq, wbGRi RGbÅ ivLv `ya weovj cvb KiGj KgjvKv¯¦ weovjGK gviGZ wMGqI cybivq khÅvq wdGi AvGm|
ZLb weovj KgjvKv¯¦GK eGj, ‘‰B `y™¬UzKz cvb Kwiqv Avgvi cig DcKvi nBqvGQ| ˆZvgvi AvnwiZ `yG™¬ ‰B cGivcKvi
wm«¬ nGjv@ AZ‰e Zzwg ˆmB cig aGgÆi djfvMx|’ KviY weovGji gGZ, ‘cGivcKviB cig agÆ|’ eÕ§Z cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ
gvbeZvev`x ˆjLGKi ŠbwZK `kbÆ cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| ‰i «¼viv wZwb ˆevSvGZ ˆPGqGQb, AGbÅi DcKviB ˆkÉÓ¤ agÆ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘cGivcKviB cig ag’Æ gvGb nGjv ‰GK AcGii DcKvGii gaÅ w`GqB mgvGR kvw¯¦ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|
M cÉ`î DóxcGKi mGã ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i mvgÅev`x ˆPZbvi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i ˆjLK ‰KUv weovGji gyL w`Gq ˆkvlK-ˆkvwlZ, abx-`wi`Ë, mva-y ˆPvGii AwaKvi welqK msMÉvGgi K^v eGj
mvgÅev` cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ ˆPGqGQb| weovGji gyL w`Gq ˆkÏlvñK, hwy ÚwbÓ¤ I mvejxj fvlvq mgvRZvw¯¨K eÅeÕ©vi K^v eGjGQb|
cÉe®¬wU gƒjZ mvgÅevG`i ˆPZbvq mg†«¬|
AvGjvPÅ DóxcGK mgvRZ¯¨ I mvgÅevG`i K^v ewYÆZ nGqGQ| mgvRZ¯¨ev` mgvRZvw¯¨K ivÓ¡Ç cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ Pvq| KviY
mgvRZvw¯¨K ivÓ¡Ç cÉwZÓ¤v nGjB kÉwgKG`i Õ¼v^Æ iwÞZ nq| Avi kÉwgKG`i Õ¼v^Æ iwÞZ nIqv ‰RbÅ ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ ˆh kÉwgKG`i kÉGgi
gvaÅGgB ivGÓ¡Çi mÁ·` AwRÆZ nq| ZvB DóxcGKi ‰ eÚeÅB AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬ weovGji fvlvq wf®² AvwãGK DcÕ©vwcZ|
AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬ weovjwU ÞzavKvZi kÉxnxbG`i AwaKvGii K^vB eGjGQ| A^Ævr ‘weovj’ cÉe®¬ AwaKvi ewçZG`i K^v eGj
mvgÅev` cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ PvBGQ, Avi ˆmB ‰KB ˆPZbv DóxcGKI DGV ‰GmGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉ`î DóxcGKi mGã ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i mvgÅev`x ˆPZbvi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
N DóxcGK AwaKviewçZ kÉwgK ˆkÉwYi AwaKvi Av`vGq ˆh msMÉvGgi K^v iGqGQ ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬ weovjwU AwaKvi Av`vGq
`ytmvnmx nGq DGVGQ|
‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬i weovjwU KgjvKvG¯¦i RbÅ ivLv `yaUzKz ˆLGq ˆdGj| ‰ KviGY KgjvKv¯¦ weovjwUGK gviGZ D`ÅZ nq| ZLb
weovjwU eGj IGV, ˆLGZ bv ˆcGqB ˆm ˆPvi nGqGQ, mva KGi bq| ‰ welq wbGq KgjvKvG¯¦i mvG^ ZKÆ RyGo ˆ`q ˆm|
DóxcGK ˆ`LGZ cvB, kÉwgKiv AwaKviewçZ| ZvivB ivGÓ¡Çi mÁ·` e†w«¬ KiGQ| A^P ZvG`i Õ¼v^Æ iwÞZ nGœQ bv| mgvRZ¯¨
cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGj kÉwgK ˆkÉwYi AwaKvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGe| Avi ‰ RbÅB kgÉ Rxex gvbyGliv cywRcwZ ˆkÉwYi wei‚G«¬ meÆ`v msMÉvgiZ|
‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬ weovjwU mvgÅev`wegyL ˆkvwlZ mgvReÅeÕ©vGK waØvi RvwbGqGQ| Zvi gGZ, ˆh ÞzavZÆ bq ZvGKB mgvR ˆewk
KGi LvIqvGZ Pvq| A^P ÞzavKvZi kÉxnxbG`i cÉwZ wdGiI ZvKvq bv| dGj ÞzavKvZiiv Þzav wbeviGY AbÅvq KiGZI w«¼avnxb
nGq cGo| ‰B iKg w«¼avnxb nGqB weovj KgjvKvG¯¦i `ya ˆLGq ˆdGj| DóxcGKI kÉwgRxex gvbyGli msMÉvGgi gGaÅ Zvi
K^viB cÉwZdjb ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvq| AZ‰e DóxcK I AvGjvPÅ MG͸i weGkÏlGY h^v^ÆB ejGZ cvwi, AwaKvinxbZvB weovjGK
`ytmvnmx KGi ZzGjGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGK AwaKviewçZ kÉwgK ˆkÉwYi AwaKvi Av`vGq ˆh msMÉvGgi K^v iGqGQ ‘weovj’ cÉeG®¬ weovjwU AwaKvi
Av`vGq `ytmvnmx nGq DGVGQ|
3
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² eGjB KgjvKv¯¦ ˆmB cig aGgÆi djvGfvMx nGjb| ‰RbÅ weovj
cÉk² 3 weGk¼ Pvwn`vi ˆPGq ˆewk Lv`ÅkmÅ Drc®² nIqv KgjvKv¯G¦ K DGókÅ KGi cÉGk²vÚ K^vwU eGjGQ|
mGî½I cÉvq 100 ˆKvwU gvbyl AbvnvGi-AaÆvnvGi w`b KvUvGœQ|
RvwZmsGNi Lv`Å I K‡wlwelqK msÕ©vi (FAO) Lv`Å welqK mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
‰K cÉwZGe`Gb ejv nq, weGk¼ ˆh cwigvY Lv`Å Drcvw`Z nq, RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
Zvi ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk bÓ¡ ev AcPq nq; hvi cwigvY 130 ˆKvwU M ‘weovj’ iPbvi K‡cY abvXÅ eÅwÚG`i Lv`Å AcPq I
UGbiI AwaK| gv^vwcQy Lv`Å AcPGqi kxGlÆ iGqGQ Dîi ÞzavZÆ wbi®² gvbyGli cÉwZ AeGnjvi welqwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
AvGgwiKv ‰es IGkwbqv gnvG`k| w«¼Zxq Õ©vGb BDGivc Avi
Z‡Zxq Õ©vGb iGqGQ ‰wkqvi D®²Z ˆ`kàGjv| N ‘weovj’ iPbvi mvgwMÉKZv weGkÏlY KGiv|
K. ‘weovj’ iPbvq KvGK ‘myZvwKÆK’ eGj AwfwnZ Kiv AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
nGqGQ? 1 cÉk² 4 gvbyl m†wÓ¡i ˆmiv Rxe| eyw«¬gîvi weKvkB ZvGK
L. ‘Avwg ˆZvgvi aGgÆi mnvq’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 w`GqGQ KZ‡ÆGZ½i AwaKvi| gvbyGli gvbweK ˆeva I AvPiGYi
M. DóxcKwU ‘weovj’ iPbvi ˆKvb welqwUGK cwiÕ¹zU Ici wbfÆi KGi ‰B Avñ-AnwgKvi bÅvhÅZv| AnsKvi eeÆiZv
KGi? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 AvGb| ZvB gvbyGli DwPZ c†w^exi fvimvgÅ iÞvi RbÅ AbÅ
N. “DóxcGK ‘weovj’ iPbvi AvswkK eÚeÅ cÉwZdwjZ mKGji cÉwZ mnvbyf„wZkxj nIqv| AbÅ^vq ‘m†wÓ¡i ˆmiv’
nGqGQ|” evKÅwUi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 welqwU nGe MuvGq gvGb bv Avcwb ˆgvoGji gGZv|
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi K. ewâgP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq KZwU Mɯ© iPbv KGiGQb? 1
K ‘weovj’ iPbvi weovjGK ‘myZvwKÆK’ eGj AwfwnZ Kiv L. ‘`wiG`Ëi Avnvi msMÉGni `í AvGQ, abxi KvcÆGYÅi
nGqGQ| `í bvB ˆKb?’- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L cGivcKvi ˆhGnZz aGgÆi gƒj ZvB KgjvKvG¯¦i RbÅ ivLv M. DóxcKwUi mvG^ ˆZvgvi cwVZ iPbvi Zzjbv KGiv| 3
`ya ˆLGq weovjwU Zuvi aGgÆi mnvq nGqGQ@‰wU ˆevSvGZB
weovj KgjvKv¯¦GK K^vwU eGjGQ| N. ‘c†w^exi mKj cÉvYxi RxeGbi mylg weKvGki gvGSB
cGivcKviB cig agÆ| KgjvKvG¯¦i RbÅ ivLv `ya cvb KGi
weovGji AGbK DcKvi nGqGQ| ˆm wbR `vwqGZ½ `ya cvb KGiGQ wbwnZ iGqGQ cÉK‡wZi ˆmŒ±`hÆ|’@ DóxcK I ˆZvgvi
cwVZ iPbvi AvGjvGK g¯¦eÅwUi gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
Pvlvi `Þy z
ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmb [18801932]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk²1 weËwUk kvmbvgGj bxjKi mvGneiv K‡lKG`i AwMÉg UvKv (`v`b) cÉ`vb KGi bxj Pvl KiGZ evaÅ KiZ| bM` UvKv ˆcGq
K‡lKiv wKQyw`b Avivg-AvGqGk KvUvZ| Drcvw`Z bxj hLb BsGiRiv AwZ ռ͸ gƒGjÅ wbGq ˆhZ ZLb Lv`Åvfve cÉKU nGq DVZ|
Þzavq KvZi gvbylàGjv Avi `v`b ˆbGe bv eGj cÉwZæv KiGjI bM` UvKvi ˆjvf mvgjvGZ cviZ bv| evaÅ nGq Zviv A͸ A͸ Rwg
wewKÌ KiZ| KÌGg Rwg KgGZ ^vKvq Afve AviI gv^vPvov w`Gq DVZ| ‰fvGeB Zviv Afve-PGKÌi gvGS AvewZÆZ nGZv| [Kz. ˆev. 16]
K. ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmb KZ wLËÓ¡vGõ R¯ÃMnÉ Y KGiGQb? 1
L. ‘wkGi w`Gq euvKv ZvR
ˆXGK ivGL UvK’@ DwÚwUi ggÆv^Æ ˆjGLv| 2
M. DóxcGKi Kl‡ GKi mvG^ ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i Pvlvi hvwcZRxeGbi KZUzKz wgj iGqGQ@ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcK I ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI DfqGÞGò Afve wPivqZ”@ g¯¦eÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmb 1880 wLËÓ¡vGõ R¯ÃMnÉ Y KGib|
L ‘wkGi w`Gq euvKv ZvR ˆXGK ivGL UvK’ DwÚwU «¼viv cÉvew®¬K PvwlG`i wejvwmZvi w`KwUGK eywSGqGQb|
‰ ˆ`Gk PvwlG`i A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v ‰ZUvB Lvivc ˆh, byb AvbGZ cv¯¦v dzivq| AvGM ˆhLvGb Pvwliv wbGRG`i eÕ¨ wbGRivB ŠZwi
KiZ, ˆmLvGb AvaywbK mfÅZvi AvMgGb wejvwmZvq AfÅÕ© nGq Pvwliv AviI nZ`wi`Ë nGq cGoGQ| ‰i gvGb mfÅZvi bvbv
Dcv`vb PvwlGK wejvmx KGi ZyGjGQ| Avi ‰ AeÕ©vwUGK ˆevSvGZB cÉvew®¬K cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU KGiGQb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘wkGi w`Gq euvKv ZvR ˆXGK ivGL UvK’ DwÚwU «v¼ iv cvÉ ew®¬K PvwlG`i wejvwmZvi w`KwUGK eywSGqGQb|
M ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i Pvlvi hvwcZ RxeGbi mGã DóxcGKi Kl‡ GKi hvwcZ RxeGbi wgj AvGQ|
‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ fviZeGlÆi K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi wPò wee†Z nGqGQ| ‰LvGb K‡lKG`i ˆcGU Lv`Å ˆRvGU bv, kxGZ eÕ¨ ˆbB, AmyGL
wPwKrmv ˆbB| ‰gbwK ZvG`i cv¯¦v fvGZ jeYI ˆRvGU bv| UvKvq cuwPk ˆmi Pvj wgjGjI iscyGii K‡lKMY Pvj wKbGZ bv ˆcGi
jvD, Kzgov, cvU kvK, jvD kvK wm«¬ KGi ˆLGq RVih¯¨Yv wbeviY KGi| Avevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv K‡lK wejvwmZvi weGl AvKÌv¯¦|
‰Qvov MÉvgxY KzwUiwkG͸i wechqÆ I K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi AbÅZg KviY| KzwUiwk͸GK a»sm KGi AvñwbfÆikxj MÉvgxYmgvRGK Pig
msKGUi gGaÅ ˆdGj weËwUk kvmKGMvÓ¤x|
DóxcGK weËwUk kvmbvgGj bxjKiiv bxj Pvl I `v`b eÅemvi gvaÅGg ‰ ˆ`kxq K‡lKG`i meÆÕ¼v¯¦ KGiGQ| bxj PvGli dGj
Lv`Åvfve cÉKU nGq IGV| Þzavq KvZi gvbylàGjv Avi `v`b ˆbGe bv eGj cÉwZæv KiGjI AG^Æi cÉGqvRb ^vKvq Zviv bxj PvGl
evaÅ nq| ‰fvGe Zviv wbi¯¦i `vwiG`ËÅi ˆeovRvGj NyicvK Lvq| ‰KBfvGe DóxcGKi K‡lKG`i RxebwPGòi mGã ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’
cÉeG®¬i K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi wgj cwijwÞZ nq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ fviZeGlÆi K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi wPò wee†Z nGqGQ| DóxcGKI weËwUk kvmbvgGj bxjKiiv bxj
Pvl I `v`b eÅemvi gvaÅGg ‰ ˆ`kxq K‡lKG`i meÆÕ¼v¯¦ KGiGQ| mvweKÆ weGePbvq ZvB DóxcGKi K‡lKG`i RxebwPGòi mGã ‘Pvlvi
`yÞz’ ceÉ G®¬i Kl‡ KG`i wgj jwÞZ nq|
N ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ PvlvG`i AfvGei wPò DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ ‰es ˆcÉÞvcGU wf®²Zv mGî½I DóxcGK AvGQ K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi
Qwe|
‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ weËwUk ˆewbqvG`i Ackvmb I K‡lKG`i wejvwmZvi KviGYB Zviv KxfvGe `vwiG`ËÅi k†›LGj Ave«¬ nGœQ ZviB
eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| AeÕ©v ‰ZB Lvivc ˆh, ZvG`i ˆcGU Lv`Å ˆRvGU bv, kxGZ eÕ¨ ˆbB, AmyGL wPwKrmv ˆbB| ‰gbwK ZvG`i cv¯v¦
fvGZ jeY chƯ¦ ˆRvGU bv| UvKvq cuwPk ˆmi Pvj wgjGjI Pvj ˆKbvi ÞgZv K‡lKG`i ˆbB| ‰Qvov MÉvgxY KzwUiwkG͸i wechÆqI
K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi AbÅZg KviY| eÕ§Z K‡lKG`i `vwiG`ËÅi wPòB ‰ cÉeG®¬i gƒj Ask|
DóxcGKi ˆcÉÞvcGU AvGQ weËwUkG`i `v`b eÅemv I K‡lKG`i bxj Pvl| ZGe ‰B `v`b I bxj Pvl ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i gGZv
DóxcGKi K‡lKG`iI meÆÕ¼v¯¦ KGi w`GqGQ| dGj `wi`Ë K‡lKG`i Lv`Åvfve cÉKU nGq IGV| evaÅ nGq Zviv A͸ A͸ Rwg wewKÌ
KGi| Rwg KgGZ ^vKvq Afve AviI gv^vPvov w`Gq IGV| dGj ZvG`i gvGS Afve ˆhb wPivqZ i…c aGi|
‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉe®¬ ‰es AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi ˆcÉÞvcU ˆh wf®², Zv DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvq ˆevSv hvq| wK¯§ DfqGÞGòB K‡lKG`i
AfvGei wPò cÉZxqgvb nGqGQ| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcK I ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI DfqGÞGò Afve wPivqZ@
DwÚwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ weËwUk ˆewbqvG`i Ackvmb I K‡lKG`i wejvwmZvi KviGYB Zviv KxfvGe `vwiG`ËÅi k†›LGj
Ave«¬ nGœQ, Zvi eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| DóxcGKi ˆcÉÞvcGU AvGQ weËwUkG`i `v`b eÅemv I K‡lKG`i bxj Pvl| ZvB ejv hvq,
DóxcK I ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI DfqGÞGò Afve wPivqZ|
2
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk² 2 ‰Kmgq cyGiv fviZelÆ RyGo XvKvB gmwjb KvcGoi ˆek K`i wQj| ‰Lb Avi Zv ˆbB| KviY, mgGqi cwieZÆGb
wbGRG`i msÕ•‡wZ I HwZnÅ fzGj civbyKiGY gî nGqwQ Avgiv| cvøvGZÅi ˆPvL auvavGbv mfÅZvi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nIqvi dGj
AvgvG`i HwZGnÅi cÉZxK ZuvZwk͸ AvR gyL ^yeGo cGoGQ|
K. ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmGbi cÉK‡Z bvg Kx? 1
L. RwgibGK Zvi gv ivRevwoGZ wbGq AvmZ ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh w`KwU cwÉ ZdwjZ nGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ‘cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nIqv AvgvG`i KzwUiwkG͸i gyL ^yeGo covi AbÅZg KviY’─ DwÚwU ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i
AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmGbi cÉK‡Z bvg─ ˆivGKqv LvZzb|
L RwgiGbi gv^vq ˆZj ˆ`Iqvi gGZv Avw^ÆK mãwZ bv ^vKvq Zvi gv ZvGK ivRevwoGZ wbGq AvmZ|
ˆjwLKvi eYÆbv Abyhvqx, cÉvq AvovB k eQi cƒGeÆ fviZeGlÆ K‡lKG`i Avw^ÆK AeÕ©v Lye Lvivc wQj| ZLb UvKvq AvU ˆmi
mGlÆi ˆZj ev UvKvq Pvi ˆmi wN cvIqv ˆMGjI Zv ˆKbvi gGZv mvg^ÆÅ wQj bv K‡lKG`i| ZLb RwgiGbi gv ˆgGqi gv^vq
ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ mvgvbÅ ˆZjI wKbGZ cviZ bv| Avevi hLb AvU cqmvq ‰K ˆmi ˆZj cvIqv ˆhZ ZLGbv RwgiGbi gvGqi ‰K
cqmvi ˆZj ˆRvUvGbvi mvg^ÅÆ wQj bv| ZvB RwgiGbi gv^vq ˆZj w`GZ Zvi gv ZvGK ivRevwoGZ wbGq AvmZ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: RwgiGbi gv^vq ˆZj ˆ`Iqvi gGZv Avw^ÆK mãwZ bv ^vKvq Zvi gv ZvGK ivRevwoGZ wbGq AvmZ|
M DóxcGK ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ ewYÆZ ˆ`kxq KzwUiwk͸ a»sGmi w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ|
AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬ AvgvG`i KzwUiwkG͸i a»sGmi ˆcQGb cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi cÉfveGK `vqx Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ mfÅZvi AbyKiGY ˆm
mgGqi K‡lK igYxiv wejvmx RxebhvcGb AfÅÕ¦ nGq DGVwQj| wbGRG`i Avw^ÆK AeÕ©v ‰KUz mœQj nGjB Zviv eoGjvKG`i
AbyKiY KiZ| Avivg-AvGqGk AfÅÕ¦ nIqvi dGj Zviv Avi KzwUiwkG͸i ˆcQGb mgq eÅq KiZ bv|
DóxcGK AvgvG`i Zvu Zwk͸ gyL ^yeGo covi ˆcQGb cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi cÉwZ AvKlÆYGK `vqx Kiv nGqGQ| ‰Kmgq ˆMvUv fviZeGlÆ
XvKvB gmwjb KvcGoi ˆek K`i wQj| wK¯§ mgGqi cwieZÆGb Avgiv wbGRG`i msÕ•‡wZ I HwZnÅ fzGj AbyKiGY AfÅÕ¦ nGq
cGowQ| cvøvGZÅi ˆPvL auvavGbv mfÅZvi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nGq HwZnÅevnx ‰ wk͸GK Avgiv a»sm KGi ˆdGjwQ| DóxcGK ewYÆZ
KzwUiwk͸ a»sGmi w`KwU ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬I cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| cÉeG®¬i ˆjwLKv evsjvG`Gki K‡lK I K‡lK igYxG`i
KzwUiwkG͸i cÉwZ Abxnvi welGq AvGjvKcvZ KGiGQb| ‰i gƒGj iGqGQ cvøvGZÅi AbyKiY| wZwb eGjGQb, ‰Kmgq K‡lK
igYxiv PiKvq myGZv ˆKGU Kvco eybZ; ‰Lb myjf gƒGjÅ iwOb I wgwn Kvco cvIqv hvq eGj Zviv Avi KÓ¡ Õ¼xKvi KGi Kvco
eybGZ Pvq bv| myZivs ejGZ cvwi, civbyKiY I cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi cÉfvGei dGjB evsjvi KzwUiwk͸ a»sGmi gyGL|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGK ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ ewYÆZ ˆ`kxq KzwUiwk͸ a»sGmi w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| ‰i gƒGj iGqGQ cvøvZÅ
mfÅZvi weKvk I cwøgv RxebhvcGbi AbyKiY|
N ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjwLKv DGÍÏL KGiGQb, wejvmx gGbvfve I ˆ`kxq KzwUiwkG͸i cÉwZ AbxnvB K‡lKG`i Pig `y`ÆkvMÉÕ¦ KGiGQ|
AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬ AvgvG`i KzwUiwk͸ Aejywµ¦i KviY I cÉwZKvi mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ| ˆjwLKv Zuvi cÉeG®¬ cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi
cÉwZ K‡lKG`i A®¬ AbyKiY I wejvwmZvGKB KzwUiwk͸ a»sGmi gƒj KviY wnGmGe DGÍÏL KGib| K‡lK cwieviàGjv mfÅZvi
PvKwPGKÅ gî nGq AvgvG`i ‰B gƒjÅevb mÁ·`GK wejwy µ¦i cG^ ˆVGj w`GqGQ|
DóxcGK AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki HwZnÅevnx wk͸ a»sGmi KviY ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ejv nGqGQ, ‰Kmgq mviv fviZeGlÆ gmwjb wQj AwZ
Av`Gii eÕ§| wK¯§ KvGji weeZÆGb ‰ HwZnÅevnx Kvco wejyµ¦ nGqGQ| cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi ˆPvL auvavGbv SjKvwbGZ AvKÓ‡ ¡ nGq
Avgiv ‰ wk͸ ˆ^GK gyL wdwiGq wbGqwQ| ˆKej gmwjb bq; mvgwMÉKfvGe evsjvi ZuvZwk͸B AvR wejyµ¦ nIqvi ügwKi gyGL|
‰KBfvGe cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi ‰ aiGbi A®¬ AbyKiYB AvgvG`i KzwUiwkG͸i `y`Ækv ˆWGK ‰GbGQ eGj gGb KGib ˆjwLKv|
‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i eÚGeÅ AvgvG`i ˆ`kxq KzwUiwkG͸i a»sGmi KviY weGkÏwlZ nGqGQ| mfÅZvi AMÉMwZi mGã mGã
AbyKiYwcÉqZv Z^v AKviY wejvwmZv evOvwji NvGo ˆPGc eGmGQ eGj ˆjwLKv gGb KGib| hvi dGj ZrKvjxb K‡lK igYxiv Avi
PiKvq myGZv KvUGZb bv| ‰Kmgq bvixG`i ‰evwo-Ievwo hvIqvi mgq ˆUGKv nvGZ myGZv KvUGZ ˆ`Lv ˆhZ| ˆjwLKvi mgGq ˆm
AeÕ©vi cwieZÆb nGqGQ| ‰w´£ Kvco ZLb `yjÆf nGq cGoGQ| K‡lKcðxiv ‰KUz Avw^ÆK mãwZ nGjB cÉwZGekx eoGjvGKi
AbyKiGY mGPÓ¡| Zviv ÞvGii e`Gj ˆmvWv eÅenvGi ‰es cÉvPxb AjâvGii cwieGZÆ ˆeGjvqvwi Pzwo cwiavGb AfÅÕ¦| DóxcGKI
ejv nGqGQ, Avgiv wbGRG`i HwZnÅ I msÕ•‡wZGK fzGj AbyKiYwcÉqZvi dGj ˆ`kxq KzwUiwk͸GK cÉwZwbqZ a»sm KiwQ| AZ‰e
ejGZ cvwi, cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nIqv AvgvG`i KzwUiwkG͸i gyL ^yeGo covi AbÅZg KviY─ DwÚwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cvøvZÅ mfÅZvi A®¬ AbyKiYB AvgvG`i KzwUiwkG͸i `y`Ækv ˆWGK ‰GbGQ eGj gGb KGib ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i
ˆjwLKv| DóxcGKI ejv nGqGQ, Avgiv wbGRG`i HwZnÅ I msÕ•‡wZGK fzGj AbyKiYwcÉqZvi dGj KzwUiwk͸GK a»sm KiwQ| AZ‰e
cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU h^v^Æ|
3
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² àwU ˆ^GK myGZv KvUv LyeB mnRmvaÅ KvR wQj| ZLbKvi
bvixG`i gvGS ˆikg wkG͸i ‰KGPwUqv cÉPjb wQj| Zviv
cÉk² 3 ‘hGkvi wÕ¡P’ ‰Lb hGkvi AçGji ˆek RbwcÉq ‰evwo-Ievwo ˆeovGZ wMGqI nvGZ ˆUGKv wbGq myGZv KvUGZ
cYÅ| ‰wUi Drcv`bKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰Lb AMwYZ bvixi ^vKZ| ‰GZ mnGRB cÉPzi Kvco ŠZwi nGq ˆhZ| Avi
fvGMÅv®²qGbi AejÁ¼b| ‘hGkvi wÕ¡P’ bvgwU ‰ AçGji cÉvw¯¦K ‰fvGeB ˆmKvGji igYxiv ˆnGm-ˆLGj ZvG`i eÕ¨ mgmÅvi
bvixG`i Aemi mgGqi ˆmŒwLb wKsev ˆckv`vi KvGRi mgvavb KiZ eGj DGÍÏL KGiGQb ˆjwLKv|
bgybvGK ˆevSvq| ‰ AçGji bvixG`i hvwcZ RxeGbi nvwm-
Avb±`, `ytL-ˆe`bv ˆmjvBGqi ˆdvu Go ˆdvu Go bKkv I mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
Kvi‚KvGhÆ Abycg nGq IGV Kuv^v ev ˆcvkvGK, kZiwéGZ ev
`Õ¦vbvq, ‰gbwK wcÉqRGbi DcnviÕ¼i…c ŠZwi i‚gvGj| ‰ RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
KzwUiwk͸wU hGkvGii cÉvw¯¦K bvixG`i mgevqx cÉGPÓ¡vi
mvdGjÅi M͸GK DcÕ©vcb KiGQ| M ‘Pvlvi `Þy z’ cÉeG®¬ ewYÆZ Avmvg I iscyGii bvixG`i ‰wí
Kvco ŠZwi Kivi welqwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
K. ˆKvb gnvhy«¬ mgÕ¦ c†w^exGK meÆÕ¼v¯¦ KGiGQ?
L. ˆmKvGji igYxiv ˆnGm-ˆLGj eÕ¨ mgmÅvi mgvavb N ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉe®¬ I DóxcGKi AvGjvGK `vwi`ÅË `ƒixKiGY
1
KiZ KxfvGe? bvixG`i nÕ¦wkG͸i cÉmvGii w`KwU weGkÏlY KGiv|
M. ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh welqwUi mvG^ DóxcGKi
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk² 2
wbKU-mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. `vwi`ÅË `ƒixKiGY bvixG`i nÕ¦wkG͸i ZvrchÆ DóxcK cÉk² 4 evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZ K‡wlwbfÆi| ZvB K‡lK ˆn`Gbj3|v
ˆ`Gki cÉvY| ZuvivB ˆ`Gki gvbyGli RGbÅ LvG`Åi ˆRvMvb
I ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬ gƒZÆ nGq DGVGQ@ g¯¦eÅwU
gƒjÅvqb KGiv| Avi ‰RGbÅ Zuviv mviv eQi AgvbweK KÓ¡ Õ¼xKvi KGib|
3 bÁ¼i cGÉ k²i Dîi K. ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmGbi wcZvi bvg Kx? A 14
L. Pvlvi D`Gi A®² bv ^vKvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| A 2
K BDGivGci gnvhy«¬ mgÕ¦ c†w^exGK meÆÕ¼v¯¦ KGiGQ|
M. DóxcGKi Pvlv ‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i cwÍÏevmx
L ˆmKvGji igYxiv wbR nvGZ PiKvq myGZv ˆKGU Kvco
cÉÕ§Z KGi ˆnGm-ˆLGj eÕ¨ mgmÅvi mgvavb KiZ| K‡lKG`i KxfvGe ic… vwqZ KGi? Zv ˆ`LvI| A 3
Avmvg I isciy ˆRjvq ‰KcÉKvi ˆikg nGZv hvGK Õ©vbxq N. ‘PvlvB mgvGRi ˆgi‚`í’@ K^vwU DóxcK ‰es
fvlvq ‰w´£ ejv nGZv| ‰w´£ ˆikGgi ˆcvKv cÉwZcvjb I Zvi
‘Pvlvi `yÞz’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| A 4
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
Avn»vb
wef„wZf„lY eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq [1894@1950]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 mgvRcwZG`i PvGc cGo ˆkl chƯ¦ ˆmŒ`vwgbx cÉKvk KiGZ evaÅ nq ˆh, Zvi cvwjZ cyò nwi`vm bgtkƒ`Ë bq, ˆm
gymjgvGbi JimRvZ| nwi`vmI wbwøZ nq ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjv Zvi gv bq| Avi ‰ K^v ˆRGbB ˆm wbi‚wóÓ¡ nq| dGj AwPGiB
Zvi gwÕ¦Ó• weK‡wZ NGU| mgvGRi PvGc ˆmŒ`vwgbxi gvZ‡n†`Gqi ewj NGU eGU, ZGe Zvi n†`Gqi nvnvKvi AvKvGk-evZvGm a»wbZ
nGZ ^vGK| Zvi `xNÆk¼vGm DœPwKZ nq@ gvZ‡n†`Gqi KvGQ agÆ, A^Æ mKjB ZzœQ| ‰fvGeB Rq nq gvbweK mÁ·GKiÆ |
[wm. ˆev.; h. ˆev. 16]
K. ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ ˆjLK eywoGK cÉ^g ˆKv^vq ˆ`GLwQGjb? 1
L. ‘Ii ˆÕn² vZzi Avñv eü`ƒi ˆ^GK Avgvq Avn»vb KGi ‰GbGQ|’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjv ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i Kvi mGã Zjz bxq? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcK I ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ AcZÅGÕ²Gni wbKU mvÁ·É`vwqK ˆPZbv civwRZ nGqGQ|”@ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
13 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ ˆjLK eywoGK cÉ^g ˆ`GLwQGjb AvgevMvGbi gGaÅ ‰KwU AvgMvGQi Qvqvq|
L cÉGk²i DwÚwUi gvaÅGg MÍK¸ ^K I Abv^v eywoi gvGS AvwñK mÁ·GKÆi w`KwU ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ A͸w`Gbi cwiPGqB M͸K^GKi mGã eywoi ˆÕ²n-ggZvi mÁ·KÆ MGo IGV| eywo K^KGK wbGRi m¯¦vGbi gGZv
fveGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ˆÕ²Gni eGk eywo cÉZÅvkv KGi, ˆm gviv hvevi ci M͸K^K ˆhb Zvi KvdGbi Kvco wKGb ˆ`q| ‰i cÉvq ˆ`o
eQi cGi eywo ˆhw`b gviv hvq, KvKZvjxqfvGe wVK Zvi ciw`bB kni ˆ^GK MÉvGg hvb K^K| MÉvGg wdGi eywoi g†ZÅz msev` ÷Gb
Zuvi Dcjwº¬ nq, eywoi ˆÕn² vZzi AvñvB ZuvGK eü`iƒ ˆ^GK Avn»vb KGi ‰GbGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉGki² DwÚwUi gvaÅGg M͸K^K I Abv^v eywoi gvGS AvwñK mÁ·GKÆi w`KwU ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| eywo ˆhw`b gviv hvq,
KvKZvjxqfvGe wVK Zvi ciw`bB kni ˆ^GK MÉvGg hvb K^K| ZLb Zuvi Abyi…c Dcjwº¬ nq|
M ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i K^GKi cÉwZ eywoi m¯¦vbevrmGjÅi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ eywoi gvGS cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ RvwZ-ag-Æ eYÆ wbiGcÞ meÆRbxb gvZ‡Z½| ‰ gvZ‡GÕ²Gni KviGY ˆm gymwjg nGqI wn±`y
ˆMvcvjGK Avcb cyGòi gGZv ˆÕn² KGiGQ| Zvi LvIqvi RbÅ dj ‰Gb w`GqGQ, emvi RbÅ eyGbGQ ˆLRyi cvZvi PvUvB| Zvi ˆm
ˆÕG² ni gvGS ˆbB ˆKvGbv K‡wògZv| ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjvi gvGSI ‰gb meÆRbxb gvZ‡n†`Gqi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
DóxcGKi ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjvi gvZ‡n†`Gqi fvGjvevmvi KvGQ cvwjZ cyò nwi`vGmi agÆ gyLÅ nGq IGVwb| wbGR wn±`y aGgÆi Abymvix
nIqv mGî½I ˆm gymjgvGbi cyòGK Avcb KGi wbGqGQ| mgvGRi mgÕ¦ Pvc mGî½I wbGRi KvGQ AvMGj ivLGZ ˆPGqGQ
nwi`vmGK| Avi nwi`vm hLb Zvi cwiPq RvbGZ ˆcGi wbi‚wóÓ¡ nGq ˆMGQ ZLb nvnvKvi KGi DGVGQ ˆmŒ`vwgbxi gvZ‡n†`q|
gvZ‡n†`Gqi Abyf„wZ cÉKvGk ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i eywoI ‰B ˆmŒ`vwgbxi gGZv AbbÅ| ZvB ˆZv ˆm wbtmsGKvGP ˆMvcvGji KvGQ wbGRi
KvdGbi Kvco cÉZÅvkv KGiGQ| ‰me w`K weGePbvq DóxcGKi ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjv ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i eywoi mGã Zzjbxq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ eywoi gvGS cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ RvwZ-ag-Æ eYÆ wbiGcÞ meÆRbxb gvZ‡Z½| ˆmŒ`vwgbx gvGjvi gvGSI ‰gb
meÆRbxb gvZ‡n†`Gqi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
N ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ RvwZ-ag-Æ eYÆ wbweÆGkGl AmvÁ·É`vwqK ˆPZbvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
‘Avn»vb’ ‰KwU D`vi gvbweK mÁ·GKÆi M͸| ‰LvGb eywoi n†`Gq ˆMvcvGji cÉwZ ˆh AcZÅGÕ²Gni RvMiY NGUGQ Zvi KvGQ
RvwZ-ag-Æ eYÆ mewKQy wbGgGlB ZzœQ nGq ˆMGQ| AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKI ‰gwb gvZ‡n†`Gqi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
DóxcGKi ˆmŒ`vwgbx AmvgvbÅ gvZ‡n†`Gqi AwaKvix| gymjgvGbi m¯¦vbGK wbGRi m¯¦vb wnGmGe cvjb KiGZ Zvi ˆKvGbv w«¼av
nqwb| mgvGRi mgÕ¦ evavGK mwiGq nwi`vmGK wbGRi KvGQ AvMGj ivLGZ ˆPGqGQ| wK¯§ mgvGRi PvGc ˆm eÅ^Æ nGqGQ| ZGe
nwi`vmGK nvwiGq ˆmŒ`vwgbxi gvZn‡ †`Gq ˆh nvnvKvi a»wbZ nGqGQ Zv RvwZ-agÆ-eGYÆi me eÅeavbGK ZzœQ KGi w`GqGQ| eÕ§Z
ˆmŒ`vwgbxi gvZ‡n†`Gqi KvGQ mvÁ·É`vwqK ˆPZbv ZzœQ nGq ˆMGQ|
DóxcK I ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ mewKQyi EGa»Æ gvZ‡GÕ²Gni AeÕ©vb| DfqGÞGò AcZÅGÕ²Gni KvGQ me cÉwZe®¬KZv civwRZ nGqGQ|
‰ KviGY nZ`wi`Ë nIqv mGî½I eywo ˆMvcvGji RbÅ dj wbGq ‰GmGQ| Avevi ˆMvcvj eywoGK UvKv w`Gj eywo KÓ¡ ˆcGjI Zvi
gvZ‡n†`q `Gg hvqwb| cGii w`b ˆMvcvGji RbÅ Avevi `ya wbGq ‰GmGQ| ‰gbwK Zvi emvi RbÅ ˆLRyi cvZvi PvUvBI eyGbGQ
ˆm| Avi meGkGl ˆm ˆh ˆMvcvGji KvGQ KvdGbi Kvco ˆPGqGQ, ZvGZ wbtmG±`Gn ˆMvcvGji AeÕ©vb Zvi n†`Gq m¯¦vbZzjÅ ˆm
welqwU wbG`Æk KGi| DóxcGKi ˆmŒ`vwgbxI ˆZgwb ‰K ˆÕn² gqx gvGqi Pwiò| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU h^vh^|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcK I ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ mewKQyi EGa»Æ gvZ‡GÕ²Gni AeÕ©vb| DfqGÞGò AcZÅGÕG² ni KvGQ me cÉwZe®¬KZv
civwRZ nGqGQ| ˆmw`K weGePbvq cGÉ kv² Ú DwÚwU mZÅ|
2
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk² 2 hvw¯¨KZvi ˆeovRvGj Ave«¬ XvKv knGi eo nIqv Avwiqvb MÉxGÓÃi QywUGZ cÉ^gevi MÉvGgi evwoGZ ˆeovGZ hvIqvi
Abyf„wZ mÁ·GKÆ ˆdmeyGK ‰KwU Õ¡ÅvUvm ˆ`q| ˆdmeyK Õ¡ÅvUvGm ˆm wjGLGQ, ‘AvKvGki mv`v ˆgGNi gGZv MÉvGgi gvbylGK Avwg
Avgvi PvicvGk ˆ`GLwQ|’
K. KivwZ KvGK eGj? 1
L. eywo ˆMvcvGji KvGQ KvdGbi Kvco cÉZÅvkv KGiwQj ˆKb? 2
M. ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i mGã DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi wP¯¦vfvebvi mv`†kÅ wbi…cY KGiv| 3
N. ‘DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi Abyf„wZB M͸K^KGK MÉvGg wdwiGq ‰GbwQj’@ ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i AvGjvGK g¯¦eÅwUi h^v^ÆZv
wePvi KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ˆh eÅwÚ KivZ w`Gq KvV ˆKGU RxweKv wbeÆvn KGi ZvGK KivwZ eGj|
L ˆMvcvjGK wbR m¯¦vGbi gGZv ˆ`LZ eGj eywo Zuvi KvGQ KvdGbi Kvco cÉZÅvkv KGiwQj|
‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i K^K ˆMvcvj MÉvGg ˆeovGZ ˆMGj ‰K eywoi mvG^ cwiPq nq Zuvi| MÍK¸ ^KGK eywo wbGRi m¯¦vGbi gGZv fveGZ
÷i‚ KGi| ˆm ZuvGK Av`i KGi ‘ˆMvcvj’ eGj WvGK| eywoi Avcb ejGZ ˆZgb ˆKD wQj bv| ZvB Zvi BGœQ wQj, ˆm hw` gviv
hvq ZGe ˆMvcvj ˆhb Zvi KvdGbi Kvco wKGb ˆ`b| gvbyl ‰Kv¯¦ wcÉq Õ¼RGbi KvGQB ‰ aiGbi Aw¯¦g BGœQ cÉKvk KiGZ
cvGi| AvGjvPÅ MG͸i eywoI ˆMvcvjGK wbR m¯¦vGbi gGZv AvcbRb ˆfGe Zuvi KvGQ KvdGbi Kvco cÉZÅvkv KGiwQj|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ˆMvcvjGK wbR m¯¦vGbi gGZv ˆfGe eywo Zuvi KvGQ KvdGbi Kvco cÉZÅvkv KGiwQj|
M ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ ewYZÆ MÉvgxY RxebwPGòi mGã DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi wP¯¦vfvebvi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
AvGjvPÅ MG͸ MÉvGgi gvbyGli D`vi gvbweK mÁ·GKÆi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| ‰ KvwnwbGZ agÆ-eY-Æ ˆMvGòi ˆf`GiLv ˆcwiGq
M͸K^GKi cÉwZ AGPbv ‰K eywoi ˆÕG² ni RvMiY NGUGQ| MÉvGgi wbgÆj cwiGek ‰es KjylZvgÚy mgvR M͸K^KGK evi evi
ˆmLvbKvi gvwU I gvbyGli KvGQ ˆUGb wbGq ˆMGQ| DóxcGKI ‰gb MvÉ gxY cwiGeGki cÉwZ AvKlÆY I gy™¬Zvi cÉKvk NGUGQ|
DóxcGKi Avwiqvb hvw¯¨KZvi ˆeovRvGj Ave«¬ XvKv knGi eo nGqGQ| ˆKvGbv ‰K MÉxGÓÃi QywUGZ ˆm cÉ^gevGii gGZv MÉvGgi evwoGZ
ˆeovGZ hvq| MÉvGg ˆeovGbvi Abyf„wZ mÁ·GKÆ ˆm ˆdmeyGK ‰KwU ˆjLv cÉKvk KGi| ˆm ˆjLvq MÉvGgi gvbylG`i ˆm Zzjbv KGiGQ
AvKvGki mv`v ˆgGNi mGã| küGi hvw¯¨K RxeGbi wecixGZ wbgÆj MÉvgxY Rxeb Zvi KvGQ gyÚ-Õ¼vaxb I Õ¼ZtÕ¹„ZÆ gGb nGqGQ| MÉvGgi
gvbyGli mij gGbi gvGS D`vi AvKvGki weÕv¦ i jÞ KGiGQ ˆm| DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi ‰B chÆGeÞY ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i gƒjfvGei mGã
wgGj hvq| ‰ MG͸i K^K knGi emevm KGib| ˆKvGbv ‰K QywUGZ wZwb ŠcZ‡K wfGUq ˆeovGZ ˆMGj MÉvGgi gvbylàGjv ZuvGK Avcb
KGi ˆbq| evev-gvGqi wfGUq ^vKvi RbÅ ZuvGK Ni ZzGj ˆ`q| wf®² agÆ-mÁ·É`vGqi ‰K eywo ZuvGK wbGRi m¯¦vGbi gGZv fvGjvGeGm
ˆdGj| ag-Æ eGYÆi weGf`gyÚ MÉvgxY gvbyGli ‰ gvbweK w`KàGjv M͸K^KGK MfxifvGe AvKlÆY KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ ewYÆZ MÉvgxY RxebwPGòi mGã DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi wP¯¦vfvebvi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ| ‰ mv`†GkÅi gƒGj
iGqGQ MÉvGgi gvbyGli mvijÅ, fvGjvevmv I D`vi gvbweK `†wÓ¡fwã|
N ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ MÉvGgi gvbyGli mnR-mij Rxebaviv I ˆÕ²n-ggZv-cÉxwZi e®¬Gb Ave«¬ D`vi gvbweK
mÁ·KÆ|
wef„wZfƒlY eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq iwPZ ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ MÉvgxY mgvRRxeb I ˆmLvbKvi D`vi gvbweK mÁ·GKÆi w`KwU wPwòZ nGqGQ| ‰ MG͸
‰KRb eywoi gvZ‡n†`Gqi ˆÕ²n cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ wf®² aGgÆi ‰KRb gvbyGli cÉwZ| M͸K^KI eywoi AcZÅGÕ²Gni mÁ·GKÆ euvav cGoGQb|
DóxcGKi Avwiqvb XvKv knGii hvw¯¨K cwiGeGk eo nGqGQ| MxÉ GÓÃi QywUGZ MÉvGg wMGq ˆmLvbKvi gvbyGli mnR-mij Rxebaviv
I ggZ½GevGai cwiPq ˆcGq gy™¬ nGqGQ ˆm| Zvi KvGQ MÉvGgi gvbylàGjvGK AvKvGki mv`v ˆgGNi gGZv gGbvgy™¬Ki gGb
nGqGQ| gvbyGli cÉwZ gvbyGli fvGjvevmv I wbgÆj cwiGek AvwiqvGbi n†`Gq ‰ gy™¬Zvi AvGek ŠZwi KGiGQ| AvGjvPÅ MG͸i
K^KI küGi Rxebhvòvq AfÅÕ¦ nGqI MÉvGg wMGq ˆmLvbKvi gvbyGli fvGjvevmvq wmÚ nGqGQb|
‘Avn»vb’ MG͸ PGØvwî gkvqmn Acivci gvbyGli mn†`q eÅenvi KLKGK gy™¬ KGiGQ| MÉvGgi weaev eywo ZuvGK mGÁ¼vab KGi ‘ˆMvcvj’
bvGg| ˆm Zuvi RbÅ cvwU eyGb ivGL, bvbviKg Lvevi w`Gq AvGm| ‰gbwK eywo gviv ˆMGj M͸K^K ˆhb Zvi KvdGbi Kvco wKGb
ˆ`b, ˆmiKg `vweI Rvbvq| ‰mGei gaÅ w`Gq MÉvGgi gvbyGli cÉwZ Zuvi n†`Gq fvGjvevmvi m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰B fvGjvevmv I AvwñK
mÁ·GKÆi UvGbB M͸K^K evi evi MÉvGg wdGi AvGmb| DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi Abyf„wZiI gƒGj iGqGQ MÉvGgi gvbyGli mvijÅ, fvGjvevmv
I D`vi gvbweK `†wÓ¡fwã| ZvB ejGZ cvwi, ‘DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi Abyf„wZB M͸K^KGK MÉvGg wdwiGq ‰GbwQj’@ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: MÉvGgi gvbyGli fvGjvevmv I AvwñK mÁ·GKÆi UvGbB M͸K^K evi evi MÉvGg wdGi AvGmb| DóxcGKi AvwiqvGbi
Abyf„wZiI gƒGj iGqGQ MÉvGgi gvbyGli mvijÅ, fvGjvevmv I D`vi gvbweK `w† Ó¡fwã| cÉGkv² Ú g¯¦eÅwU ZvB h^v^Æ|
3
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² K^v ÷Gb K^K ZvGK wKQy cqmv ˆei KGi ˆ`b ‰es gGb gGb
cÉk² 3 “KzgGov dzGj-dzGj fvGeb ˆh eywoi mvG^ Avi nqGZv ˆ`Lv nGe bv| Avi ˆ`Lv bv
byGq cGoGQ jZvUv, nGj eÅvcviUv ZLbB wgGU hvIqvi mÁ¿vebv wQj| wK¯§ K^GKi
mRGb Wvu Uvq Abygvb cGi wgG^Å nGq hvq| cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ ‰ fvev^ÆB
fGi ˆMGQ MvQUv cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|
Avi Avwg
WvGji ewo ÷wKGq ˆiGLwQ| mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
ˆLvKv ZzB KGe Avmwe? M ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i Abv^v eywoi AcZÅGÕG² ni w`KwU eÅvLÅv
KGe QywU?” [mƒò: gvGMv, Iiv eGj─ Avey Rvdi KGiv|
Ievq`yÍÏvn] N ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i eywoi k¼vkZ gvZ‡i…c weGkÏlY KGiv|
1
K. eywoi Õ¼vgxi bvg Kx?
L. ‘eÅvcviUv ‰LvGbB PzGK hvGe ˆfGewQjvg’@ ˆKvb AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
eÅvcviUv? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 cÉk² 4 agÆ hvi hvi ivÓ¡Ç mevi| wn±`y, gymwjg, ˆeŒ«¬,
M. DóxcGKi gvGqi mvG^ ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i Kvi mv`†kÅ wLËl¡vb eGj Avjv`v wKQy ˆbB| RvwZ wnGmGe AvgvG`i gƒj
N.
iGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 cwiPq─ Avgiv evOvwj| ‰LvGb kvi`xq `yGMÆvrmGe ˆhgb
“DóxcGKi gvGqi AvKzjZv ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i eywo wn±`-y gymjgvb mevB ‰KwòZ nq ˆZgwb C`-ˆKvievwbGZ
PwiGòi AGcÞviB cÉwZdjb”@ g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB AskMnY KGi me aGgÆi gvbyl| evOvwji beelÆ D`&hvcbI
KGiv| 4 ‰gbB ‰KwU Drme|
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi K. w`MÁ¼ixi Õv¼ gxi bvg Kx? 1
K eywoi Õ¼vgxi bvg─ Rwgi KivwZ| A L. eywo ˆKvb NUbvq ‰KUz `Gg wMGqwQj? 2
L eywoi `vwiG`ËÅi K^v ÷Gb ZvGK wKQy A^ÆmvnvhÅ KiGjB M. DóxcGK ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i ˆKvb w`KwU dzGU DGVGQ?
mÁ·KÆ PzGK hvGe eGj aviYv KGiwQGjb M͸K^K|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i K^K knGi PvKwi KGib| AGbKw`b ci MÉvGg N. DóxcGK ‘Avn»vb’ MG͸i mgMÉfve cÉKvk cvqwb
ˆeovGZ ‰Gm evRvGi hvIqvi cG^ AvgevMvGbi gGaÅ ‰K DwÚwU gƒjÅvqb KGiv|
eywoi mvG^ ˆ`Lv nq Zuvi| cwiPq nIqvi ci eywoi KGÓ¡i
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
Avgvi c^
KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg [1899@1976]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 iwdKzj Bmjvg ‰KRb mv`v gGbi gvbyl| wkÞKZv ˆckvq ˆ^GK MGoGQb AvGjvwKZ gvbyl| wbGRi ˆbZ‡GZ½ cwiPvjbv
KGiGQb ˆmevgƒjK cÉwZÓ¤vb ‘Kvjv¯¦i’| RbKjÅvGYi cvkvcvwk wZwb ‰jvKvi gvZe»iG`i fívwgi cÉwZev` KGib| wg^Åv I
bZRvbyZvi wei‚G«¬ wZwb m`v ˆmvœPvi| dGj AGbGKiB kò‚GZ cwiYZ nb wZwb| ZGe wZwb `Gg hvb bv, wZwb wek¼vm KGib ‘mZÅ I
bÅvGqi c^B mnR c^|’ [Xv. ˆev. 16]
K. ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ KvGK ˆjLK mvjvg RvwbGqGQb? 1
L. ‘meGPGq eGov `vmZ½’ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2
M. DóxcGKi iwdKzj BmjvGgi wek¼vGmi mGã ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆKvb w`KwUi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh w`KwU DóxcGK cÉwZdwjZ bq, Zv AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK Avcb mZÅGK mvjvg RvwbGqGQb|
L ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ meGPGq eGov `vmZ½ ejGZ civejÁb¼ GK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
AvñwbfÆiZv ˆ^GKB Õ¼vaxbZv AvGm| ˆjLGKi wek¼vm, wbGRi mZÅGK wbGRi KYÆavi gGb KiGj Avcb kwÚi Ici AUzU wek¼vm
AvGm| ‰gb Õ¼vejÁ¼Gbi K^v ˆkLvwœQGjb gnvñv Mv®¬x| wK¯§ RbMY gnvñv Mv®¬xi ˆmB Õ¼vejÁ¼Gbi K^v bv eyGS Zuvi Ici wbfÆi
KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ‰wUB nGjv civejÁ¼b| civejÁ¼b AvñkwÚGK bÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q eGj ŠZwi nq gvbwmK `vmZ½| ZvB ‘Avgvi c^’
cÉeG®¬ civejÁ¼bGK meGPGq eGov `vmZ½ ejv nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: civejÁ¼b AvñkwÚGK bÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q eGj ŠZwi nq gvbwmK `vmZ½| ZvB ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ civejÁ¼bGK meGPGq eGov
`vmZ½ ejv nGqGQ|
M mZÅ I bÅvGqi cGÞ ˆ^GK wg^Åv I bZRvbyZvi wei‚G«¬ AeÕ©vb ˆbIqvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi iwdKzj BmjvGgi wek¼vGmi
mGã ‘Avgvi c^’ ceÉ G®¬i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ bRi‚j ‰gb ‰K ‘Avwg’i Avevnb cÉZÅvkv KGiGQb, hvi c^ mGZÅi c^; mZÅ cÉKvGk wZwb wbfÆxK I
AmsGKvP| i‚`Ë ˆZGR wg^Åvi fqGK Rq KGi mGZÅi AvGjvq wbGRGK wPGb wbGZ mvnvhÅ KGi bRi‚Gji ‰B ‘Avwg’ mîv| Zuvi
gGZ, cÉGqvRGb wZwb `vwÁ¿K nGZ Pvb; ˆKbbv Zuvi wek¼vm, mGZÅi `Á¿ hvG`i gGaÅ iGqGQ ZvG`i cGÞB ˆKej AmvaÅ mvab Kiv
mÁ¿e| cÉvew®¬GKi ‰B wek¼vGmi mGã DóxcGKi iwdKzj BmjvGgi KgÆKvGíi wgj iGqGQ|
DóxcGKi iwdKzj Bmjvg ‰KRb mv`v gGbi gvbyl| wkÞKZv ˆckvq ˆ^GK wZwb AvGjvwKZ gvbyl MGo ZzGjGQb| Zuvi wek¼vm,
‘mZÅ I bÅvGqi c^B mnR c^|’ ‰ KviGY RbKjÅvGYi cvkvcvwk wZwb mgvGR ˆRGu K emv ˆMuvovwg ‰es fívwgi cÉwZev`
KGib| wg^Åv I bZRvbyZvi wei‚G«¬ wZwb m`v ˆmvœPvi| dGj AGbGKiB kò‚GZ cwiYZ nb wZwb| ZGe wZwb `Gg hvb bv| eÕ§Z
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ bRi‚j Bmjvg ˆh ‘Avwg’ mîvi Avevnb KGiwQGjb iwdKzj BmjvGgi gvGS Zv gƒZÆ nGq DGVGQ| A^Ævr mZÅ
I bÅvGqi cGÞ ˆ^GK wg^Åv I bZRvbyZvi wei‚G«¬ AeÕ©vb ˆbIqvq DóxcGKi iwdKzj BmjvGgi wek¼vGmi mGã ‘Avgvi c^’
cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ bRi‚j Bmjvg ˆh ‘Avwg’ mîvi Avevnb KGiwQGjb iwdKzj BmjvGgi gvGS Zv gƒZÆ nGq DGVGQ|
N ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ wn±`-y gymwjg mÁ·ÉxwZi ˆh cÉZÅvkv eÅÚ nGqGQ, Zv DóxcGK cwÉ ZdwjZ nqwb|
mZÅ I bÅvGqi cGÞ ˆ^GK wg^Åv I bZRvbyZvi wei‚G«¬ AeÕ©vb MÉnY ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉe®¬ I AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi cÉavb w`K|
DfqGÞGòB mZÅGK cÉvavbÅ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| wK¯§ ‰i cvkvcvwk ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ wn±`-y gymwjg mÁ·ÉxwZi welqwUGK weGkl
ài‚Z½ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ, hv DóxcGK jÞ Kiv hvq bv|
DóxcGKi mZÅ I bÅvGqi cGÞ ‰KRb gvbyl wnGmGe iwdKzj BmjvGgi cwiPq dzGU DGVGQ| ‰KBfvGe ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i
cÉvew®¬GKi gGZ, mZÅ I bÅvGqi c^B nGjv Avmj c^| Zuvi wek¼vm, gvbe-agÆB meGPGq eGov agÆ| gbylÅZ½GevGa RvMÉZ nGjB aGgÆi
cÉK‡Z mZÅ DG¯ÃvwPZ nGe| ‰K aGgÆi mGã AbÅ aGgÆi weGiva wgGU hvGe| mÁ¿e nGe ˆMvUv gvbemgvRGK HKÅe«¬ Kiv| cÉvew®¬GKi
gGZ, ‰B HGKÅi gƒj kwÚ nGjv mÁ·ÉxwZ| mÁ·ÉxwZi e®¬b kwÚkvjx nGj gvbyGli gGaÅ mnbkxjZv evGo| wf®² agÆ-gZ-cG^i gvbyGli
cÉwZ kÉ«¬vGeva RvGM|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK eGjGQb, gvbyGl gvbyGl ˆhLvGb cÉvGYi wgj, mGZÅi wgj, ˆmLvGb aGgÆi ŠelgÅ ˆKvGbv wnsmvi fve
AvGb bv| hvi wbGRi aGgÆi wek¼vm AvGQ, ˆh wbGRi aGgÆi mZÅGK wPGbGQ, ˆm KLGbv AbÅ agÆGK N†Yv KiGZ cvGi bv| wK¯§ ‰B
agÆxq mÁ·ÉxwZi welqwU DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ nqwb| ZvB Avgiv wbwøZfvGe ejGZ cvwi, ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh w`KwU DóxcGK
cÉwZdwjZ nqwb Zv nGjv wn±`y-gymwjg mÁ·ÉxwZ cZÉ Åvkv|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh w`KwU DóxcGK cÉwZdwjZ nqwb Zv nGjv wn±`y-gymwjg mÁ·ÉxwZ cÉZÅvkv|
2
cÉk² 2 wkÞvi jÞÅ nGœQ ævbPPÆv I gbylÅGZ½i weKvk mvab| wK¯§ eZÆgvGb wkÞvi jGÞÅ ˆcuŒQvGbvi RbÅ wkÞv^ÆxG`i
ˆjLvcovi AvMÉn Kg| AvñwbfÆikxj nIqvi RbÅ Zviv wbGRG`i ˆhvMÅ KGi MGo ˆZvGj bv| ZvB AvñcÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ ZvG`i LyuwUi
ˆRvGii AvkÉq wbGZ nq| dGj ævbvRGÆ bi Avb±` ˆ^GK Zviv `ƒGi mGi cGo| ‰fvGe Zviv wbGRG`i Ici AvÕ©v nvwiGq ˆdGj|
cwiYwZGZ ZvG`i gGaÅ R¯Ã ˆbq nZvkv I ciwbfÆikxjZv| [h. ˆev. 16]
K. ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ‘Avgvi c^’ AvgvGK Kx ˆ`LvGe? 1
L. ‘AvàGbi mÁÃvRÆbv’ ejGZ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ Kx ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2
M. DóxcGKi mGã ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i wgjmgƒn wPwn×Z KGiv| 3
N. “wbGRi wek¼vm Avi mZÅGK cÉKvk KiGZ bv RvbGj ŠZwi nq ciwbfÆiZv”@ DóxcK I ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉe®¬ AejÁ¼Gb
g¯¦eÅwU wePvi KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ Avgvi c^ AvgvGK Avgvi mZÅ ˆ`LvGe|
L ‘AvàGbi mÁÃvRÆbv’ ejGZ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ mgvGRi mKj A÷w«¬, ˆKÑ` `ƒi Kivi nvwZqviGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK ˆh mgvGRi wfwî cGP ˆMGQ ZvGK mgƒGj DrcvwUZ Kivi cÞcvZx| wZwb cÞcvZx hv wKQy A÷f
wg^Åv, ˆgwK Zv `ƒi Kivi| ‰RbÅ Zuvi gGZ, cÉGqvRb AvàGbi| ˆKbbv Avàb me iKg A÷w«¬GK cywoGq QvB KGi ˆ`q|
AvàGbi mÁÃvRÆbv ejGZ ˆjLK ‰ welqwUGKB eywSGqGQb|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ hv wKQy A÷f wg^Åv, ˆgwK Avàb me iKg A÷w«¬GK cywoGq QvB KGi ˆ`q|
M AvñwbfÆiZv I ciwbfÆikxjZv mÁ¼G®¬ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬GKi `†wÓ¡fwãi mGã DóxcGK dzGU IVv `†wÓ¡fwãi wgj
iGqGQ|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK AvñwbfÆikxjZvi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGiGQb| civejÁ¼b AvgvG`i wbwÓ˜q KGi ˆdGj| wZwb gGb KGib,
‰ civejÁ¼bB meGPGq eGov `vmZ½| A¯¦Gi hvG`i ˆMvjvwgi fve evBGii ˆMvjvwg ˆ^GK ZvG`i gywÚ ˆbB| AvñwbfÆikxj eÅwÚ wbGRGK
cÉwZwÓ¤Z Kivi RbÅ hG^Ó¡| wK¯§ AvñwbfÆikxjZv bv ^vKGj gvbyl wbGRi D®²wZi RbÅ AGbÅi Ici wbfÆi KGi| eÕ§Z ˆhw`b gvbyGli
gGb AvñwbfÆikxjZv AvmGe ˆmw`bB gvbyl cÉK‡Z Õ¼vaxbZv cvGe| ‰gb `†wÓ¡fwãi cwiPq AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKI cvIqv hvq|
DóxcGK eZÆgvb mgGqi wkÞv^ÆxG`i ciwbfÆikxjZvi cKÉ ‡Z wPòwU ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| ˆewkifvM wkÞv^Æx AvñwbfÆikxj nIqvi RbÅ
wbGRG`i ˆhvMÅ KGi MGo ˆZvGj bv| AvñcÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ ZvG`i AGbÅi Ici wbfÆi KiGZ nq eGj ævbvRÆGbi Avb±` ˆ^GKI Zviv
ewçZ nq| ‰gbwK cÉvqB Zviv wbGRi Ici AvÕ©v nvwiGq ˆdGj| cwiYwZGZ ZvG`i gGaÅ R¯Ã ˆbq nZvkv I ciwbfÆikxjZv| ‘Avgvi
c^’ cÉeG®¬ cÉvew®¬K KxfvGe gvbyGli gvGS ciwbfÆikxjZv ŠZwi nq ˆm mÁ·GKÆ gZ cÉKvk KGiGQb, hv DóxcGKi gƒjfvGeI eZÆgvb|
ˆmw`K weGePbvq ciwbfÆikxjZv I AvñwbfÆiZvi welGq ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉe®¬ I DóxcGKi wgj iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK AvñwbfÆikxjZvi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGiGQb| KxfvGe gvbyGli gvGS ciwbfÆikxjZv ŠZwi nq
ˆm mÁ·GKÆ gZ cÉKvk KGiGQb, hv DóxcGKi gƒjfvGeI eZÆgvb|
N ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆjLK gGb KGib, Õ¼wbfÆiZv ARÆGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRb wbGRi cÉwZ wek¼vm Avi mZÅGK cÉKvk Kivi
mvnm|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ mgvR I mgKvj chÆGeÞGYi gaÅ w`Gq cÉvew®¬K ˆ`wLGqGQb ˆh, myÕ·Ó¡fvGe wbGRi wek¼vm Avi mZÅGK cÉKvk
KiGZ bv RvbGj ŠZwi nq ciwbfÆiZv, AvnZ nq AvgvG`i eÅwÚZ½| civejÁ¼b AvgvG`i wbwÓ˜q KGi ˆdGj| Avi cÉvew®¬K gGb
KGib, ‰wUB meGPGq eGov `vmZ½| A¯¦Gi hvG`i ˆMvjvwgi fve, evBGii ˆMvjvwg ˆ^GK ZvG`i gywÚ ˆbB|
DóxcGK KxfvGe gvbyl ciwbfÆikxjZvq Ave«¬ nq Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGqGQ| hviv AvñwbfÆikxjZvi RbÅ wbGRG`i ˆhvMÅ KGi
ˆZvGj bv ZvivB AvñcÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ AGbÅi Ici wbfÆikxj nq| dGj ævbvRÆGbi Avb±` ˆ^GK Zviv `ƒGi mGi cGo| ‰fvGe Zviv
wbGRG`i Ici AvÕ©v nvwiGq ˆdGj| cwiYwZGZ ZvG`i gGaÅ R¯Ã ˆbq nZvkv I ciwbfÆikxjZv|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLGKi eYÆbvq ciwbfÆikxjZv cwinvGii Avn»vGbi gaÅ w`Gq AvgvG`i AvñwbfÆikxj nIqvi Avn»vb
RvbvGbv nGqGQ| ˆKbbv civejÁ¼b ˆ^GKB ŠZwi nq `vmZ½| Avi wbGRGK Rvbvi gaÅ w`Gq Avñwek¼vmx nGq IVvB `vmZ½ ˆ^GK
gywÚi ‰Kgvò Dcvq| AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi NUbveGZÆI ‰i QvqvcvZ NGUGQ| eZÆgvb mgGq wkÞv^ÆxG`i ciwbfÆikxjZvi w`KwU
ZzGj aGi ˆmLvGbI ‰i KviY DG¯ÃvPb Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B eÅvLÅv cÉGk² DGÍÏwLZ g¯¦eÅwUGK mÁ·ƒYfÆ vGe mg^Æb KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ mgvR I mgKvj chÆGeÞGYi gaÅ w`Gq cÉvew®¬K ˆ`wLGqGQb ˆh, myÕ·Ó¡fvGe wbGRi wekv¼ m Avi
mZÅGK cKÉ vk KiGZ bv RvbGj ŠZwi nq ciwbfÆiZv, AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi NUbveGZÆI ‰i QvqvcvZ NGUGQ|
3
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ kv² îi
cÉk² 3 mGKÌwUm eGjGQb, ‘wbGRGK RvGbv’| AvGñvcjwº¬i gaÅ w`Gq wbwgÆZ nq eÅwÚZ½Geva| cÉej BœQvkwÚB civaxbZvi Rvj
ˆ^GK ˆei KGi wbGRGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| ZvB BœQvkwÚ I mZÅ c^GK aviY KGi Õ¼vaxbfvGe ˆeuGP ^vKvi RbÅ
wbGRGK cÉÕ§Z KiGZ nGe|
K. KvRx bRi‚j BmjvGgi Dcvwa Kx? 1
L. ‘AvñvGK wPbGjB AvñwbfÆiZv AvGm|’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆKvb w`KwU mv`†kÅcƒYÆ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi ‘wbGRGK RvGbv’ ‰B K^vwU ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i gƒj welqGK mg^Æb KGi wK bv, Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K KvRx bRi‚j BmjvGgi Dcvwa nGœQ@ ‘weG`Ëvnx Kwe’|
L ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK AvñwbfÆikxjZv ARÆGb Avñ Z^v wbGRi ˆfZGii mZÅGK RvbGZ eGjGQb|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆjLGKi gGZ, wbGRGK wPbGj gvbyGli gGb AvcbvAvcwbB ‰KUv ˆRvi AvGm ˆh ˆm Avcb mZÅ Qvov Avi
KvGiv KvGQ gv^v bZ KGi bv| A^Ævr ˆKDB ZvGK fq ˆ`wLGq c`vbZ KiGZ cvGi bv| gvbyGli DwPZ, Zvi ˆfZGii kwÚGK
Dcjwº¬ Kiv ‰es AvñcÉZÅqx nIqv| ZGeB Zvi wbGRi Ici wbGRi wek¼vm R¯ÃvGe| cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU «¼viv ‰ K^vB ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gvbyGli DwPZ, Zvi ˆfZGii kwÚGK Dcjwº¬ Kiv ‰es AvñcÉZÅqx nIqv ZGeB Zvi wbGRi Ici wbGRi wek¼vm
R¯ÃvGe|
M wbGRGK ˆPbvi gvaÅGg Avñwek¼vmx nIqv I AvñvGK Dcjwº¬ Kivi w`KwUGZ DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ
cvIqv hvq|
gvbyl Õ¼fveZB wbGRi Õ¼v^Æ PwiZv^Æ KiGZ fvGjvevGm| RvMwZK bvbv Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZ wMGq ˆm mZÅGK cÉZÅvLÅvb KGi| wg^Åvi mvG^
Avcm KGi| axGi axGi ˆm wbGRi kwÚ-mvg^ÆÅGK wg^Åvi KvGQ wemRÆb ˆ`q| mZÅGK aviY Kivi gvaÅGgB ‰KRb gvbyl wbGRGK
wPbGZ mÞg nq| AbÅvq I wg^Åvi mvG^ jovB Kivi kwÚ cvq| ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ‰ welqwUB AZů¦ PgrKvifvGe dzwUGq ˆZvjv
nGqGQ|
DóxcGK gnvb `vkÆwbK mGKÌwUGmi ‘wbGRGK RvGbv’ ZGî½i weGkÏlY Kiv nGqGQ| ejv nGqGQ, wbGRGK ˆPbvi gvaÅGgB gvbyl mGZÅi
AvGjvq D«v¿ wmZ nGq DVGZ cvGi| ‰KBfvGe ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬I mGZÅi gwngv cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| ˆmLvGb ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ KxfvGe
‰KRb gvbyl mZÅ PPÆvi gvaÅGg mvaviY ˆ^GK AmvaviGY cwiYZ nGZ cvGi| mZÅGK ˆPbvi gvaÅGg wbGRi kwÚ I mvg^ÆÅGK D`&NvUb
KiGZ cvGi| ZvB ejv hvq, wbGRGK Rvbv mZÅGK Dcjwº¬i w`K w`Gq DóxcK I ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉe®¬ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: wbGRGK ˆPbvi gvaÅGgB gvbyl mGZÅi AvGjvq D«v¿ wmZ nGq DVGZ cvGi| ‰KBfvGe ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬I mGZÅi gwngv
cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|
N ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ AvñmZÅ Dcjwº¬i Ici ài‚Z½ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i gƒj welq nGœQ, gbylÅZ½Geva RvMÉZ KGi ˆMvUv gvbemgvRGK HKÅe«¬ Kiv| AvcvZ`†wÓ¡GZ ‰ AmvaÅGK mvab
Kivi gƒj Dcv`vb nGœQ Avcb mZÅGK Rvbv Z^v cÉwZwU gvbyGli gvGS Acvi mÁv¿ ebvgq kwÚ I mvg^ÆÅGK Rvbv|
DóxcGK gnvb `vkÆwbK mGKÌwUGmi ‘wbGRGK RvGbv’ Zî½ eÅvLÅv Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb ejv nGqGQ, wbGRGK Rvbv I ˆevSvi
gvaÅGgB eÅwÚZ½Geva ŠZwi nq| wg^Åv ˆ^GK gvbyl mGZÅi AvGjvq D«¿vwmZ nGZ cvGi| ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬I ‰ welqwUi weÕ¦vwiZ
AvGjvPbv ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvq|
ˆjLK wbGRi kwÚ-mvg^ÆÅ RvbGZ I eySGZ mGZÅi wbweo mvabvi eÅvcviwU mvgGb wbGq ‰GmGQb| AekÅ Zuvi gƒj jÞÅ nGœQ
mZÅvkÉqx mKj gvbyGli mswgkÉGY weGf`nxb ‰K mgvR cÉwZÓ¤v| wZwb gGb KGib, mKGjB hLb wbGRGK wPbGZ cviGe, ZLb
gvbGy l gvbyGl weGfG`i ˆiLv `ƒi nGq hvGe| mGZÅi wbweo mvabvq cÉwZwU gvbyl wbGRGK mwVKfvGe RvbGZ I eySGZ cviGe|
ZLb K‡wòg ˆf`vGf` `ƒi nGq hvGe| ˆKbbv wbGRGK Rvbv gvGb AciGKI Rvbv, hv cÉeG®¬i gjƒ welqGK mg^Æb KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ˆjLK gGb KGib, mKGjB hLb wbGRGK wPbGZ cviGe, ZLb gvbyGl gvbyGl weGfG`i ˆiLv `ƒi nGq hvGe| ˆKbbv
wbGRGK Rvbv gvGb AciGKI Rvbv, hv cÉeG®¬i gƒj welqGK mg^Æb KGi|
4
cÉk² 4 ‘Zi‚Y bvGgi RqgyKzU ÷ay ZvnviB hvnvi kwÚ AcwigvY, MwZGeM Sêvi bÅvq, ˆZR wbGgÆN Avlvp gaÅvGn×i gvZÆí
cÉvq, wecyj hvnvi Avkv, KÑvw¯¦nxb hvnvi Drmvn, weivU hvnvi J`vh,Æ Adzi¯¦ hvnvi cÉvY, AUj hvnvi mvabv, g†ZzÅ hvnvi
gywVZGj|’ [mƒò: ˆhŒeGbi Mvb@ KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg]
K. AvñvGK ˆPbvi mnR Õ¼xKvGivwÚ Kx? 1
L. ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬K ˆKb fzj KiGZ ivwR AvGQb? 2
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ ZGz j aGiv| 3
N. ‘Zvi‚GYÅi kwÚGZ ejxqvb nGjB mZÅ-my±`i cG^ AMÉmi nIqv mÁe¿ ’@ DóxcK I ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK DwÚwUi
mZÅZv wePvi KGiv| 4
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K wbGRGK ˆPbvB AvñvGK ˆPbvi mnR Õ¼xKvGivwÚ|
L fzj Õ¼xKvGii gvaÅGg AvñGK Rvbv hvq eGj ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬K fzj KiGZ ivwR AvGQb|
mZÅGK RvbGZ AvñGK Rvbvi RGbÅ fzj mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| fzGji gvaÅGgB ˆKvGbv eÅwÚ wbGRGK RvbGZ cvGi
‰es wbGRGK msGkvabI KiGZ cvGi| wK¯§ fzj KGi hw` Zv Õ¼xKvi Kiv bv nq, ZGe Zv nq fívwgi kvwgj| cÉvew®¬K ‰i…c
fívwg KiGZ ivwR bb| ZvB ejv hvq, AvñGK Rvbvi RGbÅB cÉvew®¬K fzj KiGZ ivwR AvGQb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: fzj Õ¼xKvGii gvaÅGg AvñGK Rvbv hvq eGj ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬K fzj KiGZ ivwR AvGQb|
M DóxcGK Zvi‚GYÅi ˆh msæv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ Zvi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ mGZÅi kwÚGK ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| ‰ kwÚ gvbyGli gvGS `†pZv wbGq AvGm| ‰ mGZÅi eGj gvbyl AmÁ¿eGK
mÁ¿e KGi ZzjGZ cvGi| ZvB mZÅ cG^i AwfhvòxivB cvGi bZzb mgvR MVGb ˆbZ‡Z½ w`GZ|
DóxcGK Zvi‚GYÅi RqMvb Kiv nGqGQ| ˆKbbv Zvi‚YÅkwÚB g†ZÅz GK cGivqv bv KGi gvbeKjÅvGY wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ KGi|
AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬KI gGbi kwÚGZ ejxqvb nGq mgvR-RvwZ ev ivGÓ¡Ìi RivRxYÆZvi Aemvb NUvGbvi cÉZÅvkv eÅÚ
KGiGQb| cÉvew®¬K gGb KGib, gvbwmK kwÚi Afve nGj mgvGR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq `y`Ækvi ivRZ½, RvwZi RxeGb ˆbGg AvGm nZvkv
Avi A®¬Kvi| cÉvew®¬K ‰B A®¬Kvi Avi nZvkvi wei‚G«¬ jovBGqi RGbÅ wbGRGK ˆPbv Z^v AvñRvMiGYi K^v eGjGQb|
cÉvew®¬K gGb KGib, mGZÅi kwÚGZ evOvwji bvwoGZ bvwoGZ AwÕ©gävq ˆh cPb aGiGQ Zv `ƒi nGq bZzb ‰K mgvR MGo
DVGe| myZivs DóxcGK Zvi‚GYÅi ˆh ŠewkÓ¡Å ev msævi K^v ejv nGqGQ ˆmB msævi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉvew®¬K gGb KGib, mGZÅi kwÚGZ evOvwji bvwoGZ bvwoGZ AwÕ©gävq ˆh cPb aGiGQ Zv `ƒi nGq bZzb ‰K mgvR
MGo DVGe| mZy ivs DóxcGK Zvi‚GYÅi ˆh ŠewkÓ¡Å ev msævi K^v ejv nGqGQ ˆmB msævi mvG^ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
N ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ Zi‚YG`i AvñwbfÆiZv ARÆGbi gvaÅGg mvgGb ‰wMGq hvIqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ|
mZÅ nGœQ Adzi¯¦ cÉvYkwÚi Avavi| mZÅ gvbyGli gvGS ŠZwi KGi `yeÆvi Dóxcbv, KÑvw¯n¦ xb D`Åg, Acwimxg J`vhÆ, Adzi¯¦ cÉvYPvçjÅ
I AUj mvabvi gvbwmKZv| mZÅB cvGi KzmsÕ•vGii ˆeovRvj wQ®² KGi mKj evav AwZKÌg KGi mgvRGK cÉMwZ I bZzb Õ¼µ²gq gyÚ
RxeGbi cG^ ‰wMGq wbGZ| ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ‰ welqwU D«¿vwmZ nGqGQ|
DóxcGK Zvi‚GYÅi K^v ejv nGqGQ| Zviv Adzi¯¦ cÉvYkwÚi AwaKvix, `yi¯¦ ZvG`i mvnm, MwZ ‰G`i SGoi bÅvq| ZvG`i ‰B
ˆhŒebkwÚ kvk¼Z I my±`i| ‰iv g†ZzÅGK cGivqv bv KGi gvbeKjÅvGY wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ KGi| ZvivB cvGi AGKGRv msÕ•vGii
APjvqZb ˆfGO bZzb wKQy m†wÓ¡ KiGZ| Avi ‰ KvRwU KiGZ nGj A¯¦Gii fqfxwZ, `vmZ½ cwinvi KiGZ nGe, hv cÉvew®¬K
Zuvi ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ZzGj aGiGQb|
‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i cÉvew®¬K gGb KGib, mGZÅi kwÚGZ ejxqvb nGjB ˆKej ‰B c†w^ex ˆ^GK hveZxq AbÅvq-AbvPvi, AwePvi I
KzmsÕ•vGii gGZv wg^Åvi cÉvPxi fvOv mÁ¿e| Zv bv nGj mgvR ˆh wZwgGi wQj ˆm wZwgGiB iGq hvGe| Kwei cÉZÅvkv, ‰G`Gki gvbyl
Zvi Avcb mZÅGK AejÁ¼b KGi wbGRGK wPGb mgvR ˆ^GK A®¬Kvi, AbÅvq, AmZÅ ‰es KzmsÕ•viGK weZvwoZ KiGe| ZGeB
c†w^ex nGq DVGe kvw¯¦gq| Zvi‚GYÅi kwÚGZ ejxqvb nGjB mZÅ-my±`i c†w^ex MGo ˆZvjv mÁe¿ | mZÅvkÉqx gvbwmKZvi kwÚi K^v
ewYÆZ nGqGQ ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬| mGZÅi ‰ kwÚ Zvi‚GYÅi gvGSI jÞ Kiv hvq| ZvB Zvi‚GYÅi kwÚGK mZÅ I my±`i mgvR MVGbi
c^cÉ`kÆK ejv hvq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: Zvi‚GYÅi kwÚGZ ejxqvb nGjB ˆh mZÅ-my±`i c†w^ex MGo ˆZvjv mÁ¿e, Zv ‘Avgvi c^’ ceÉ ®¬ AejÁG¼ b mZÅ| cw† ^exGZ
gvbyGli gãj I m±y `Gii RGbÅ, ˆ`k-RvwZi bÅvhÅ AwaKvi Av`vGqi RGbÅ ˆh g†ZzÅ, ˆm g†ZzÅ ˆMŒiGei I AvbG±`i|
5
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² M ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ AmsGKvGP mZÅ cÉKvk ‰es
cÉk² 5 cÉZÅÞ ævGbi ˆhLvGb Afve ˆmLvGb mgÕ¦ ævbB AvñwbfÆikxj nIqvi cÉwZ ˆh ài‚Zv½ Givc Kiv nGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv
AmÁ·ƒYÆ ˆ^GK hvq| ˆh ˆKvGbvw`b c^ ˆfvjvi KÓ¡ ˆfvM KGiv|
KGiwb ˆm KLGbv c^ Pjvi Avb±` DcGfvM KiGZ cvGi bv|
ˆh ˆKvGbvw`b cvwbGZ cGo nveyWzey bv Lvqwb ˆm KLGbv ˆbŒKvq N ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ wbfÆxKwPGî mZÅ cÉKvGki ˆh civgkÆ
ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ, Zv weGkÏlY KGiv|
Povi myL fvGjv KGi eySGZ cvGi bv| gƒjZ wbGRi kwÚ KvGR AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
jvMvGZ bv cviGj gvbyl AmvaÅ mvab KiGZ cvGi bv|
1 cÉk² 6 “AbeiZ PvKwii ˆjvGf hey GKiv ˆmvbvi kwÚ fiv
K. ˆKvbwU gvbylGK ˆQvU KGi ˆdGj?
L. cÉvew®¬K fzjGK cÉvY LyGj Õ¼xKvi KGi wbGZ eGjGQb RxebGK weowÁZ¼ KGi w`GœQ| wgwÕ¨, Kvgvi, wk͸x, `iwR ‰iv
ˆKb? 2 wK mwZÅB wbÁÕ² ¦Gii ˆjvK? AwkwÞZ eGjB wK mfÅ mgvGR
M. DóxcGK ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i ˆKvb w`GKi ‰G`i Õ©vb ˆbB? hv Zzwg mvgvbÅ eGj AeGnjv KiQ, Zv
cÉwZdjb NGUGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KZLvwb ævb, wP¯¦v I mvabvi dj Zv wK ˆfGe ˆ`GLQ? wkwÞZ
N. ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLGKi eÚGeÅ ˆh wbfÆxKZv eÅwÚ ˆhGKvGbv KvRB Ki‚K bv, Zvi mÁÃvb, A^Æ `yB-B jvf
dzGU DGVGQ Zv DóxcGKi AvGjvGK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 nGe| Avñvi Adzi¯¦ kwÚGK gvbyGli K‡cvcÉv^Æx nGq eÅ^Æ KGi
5 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi w`Gqv bv|” [mƒò: D`Åg I cwikÉg─ ˆgvnvÁÃ` jyrdi ingvb]
K AwZwiÚ webq gvbylGK ˆQvU KGi ˆdGj| K. mZÅGK KxfvGe cvIqv hvq? 1
L fzGji gaÅ w`GqB mZÅGK cvIqv hvq eGj cÉvew®¬K fzjGK L. KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg wn±`-y gymjgvbG`i wgjGbi
cÉvY LyGj Õ¼xKvi KGi wbGZ eGjGQb| A¯¦ivq `ƒi KiGZ ˆPGqwQGjb ˆKb? 2
cÉvew®¬GKi gGZ, mZÅB gvbylGK c^ ˆ`Lvq| ˆmB mZÅGK LuyGR M. DóxcGKi gƒjeÚGeÅi mGã ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i
cvIqvi cG^ gvbyGli fzj nGZB cvGi| wK¯§ ÷ay ˆRG`i LvwZGi
ˆKvb w`KwUi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ev ˆMuv aGi ivLGZ fzjGK AÕ¼xKvi Kiv DwPZ bq| ZvB mGZÅi N. ‘Avñvi Adzi¯¦ kwÚGK gvbyGli K‡cvcÉv^Æx nGq eÅ^Æ
KGi w`Gqv bv’@ DóxcGKi ‰B ˆkl K^vwUi ggÆv^Æ
m®¬vb cvIqvi RbÅ fzjGK cÉvY LyGj Õ¼xKvi KGi wbGZ eGjGQb
wZwb| ‘Avgvi c^’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
Rxeb I eކ
ˆgvZvGni ˆnvGmb ˆPŒayix [1903-1956]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 1
K. bxie fvlvi e†Þ AvgvG`i Kx ˆkvbvq? [e. ˆev. 16]
1
L. ‘gvbyGli e†w«¬ ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi MvGQi mGã ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉe®¬wU KZUzKz mv`†kÅcƒY@Æ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi wPò ‰es ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i eÚeÅ ‰KB mƒGò Muv^v”@ K^vwU weGkÏlY KGi ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K bxie fvlvq e†Þ AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆMGq ˆkvbvq|
L ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ cÉvew®¬K Š`wnK e†w«¬i cvkvcvwk AvwñK weKvGki Dci weGkl ˆRvi w`GqGQb|
c†w^exi me cÉvYxi Š`wnK e†w«¬ NGU| ZGe gvbylGK Š`wnK e†w«¬i cvkvcvwk AvwñK weKvkI NUvGZ nq| ‰B meÆvãxb e†w«¬ ev weKvGk
gvbyGli wbGRi f„wgKv iGqGQ| cÉvew®¬K gGb KGib, myL-`ytL ev Avb±`-ˆe`bvi Dcjwº¬i dGj A¯G¦ ii ˆh cwicÛZv ŠZwi nq ˆmUvB
Avñv| ‰B Avñv gvbylGK m†wÓ¡ KGi wbGZ nq| RxeGbi wewPò AwfæZv, ˆcÉg I Mfxi Abyf„wZi gvaÅGg gvbyl Š`wnK e†w«¬i cvkvcvwk
AvñviI weKvk NUvGZ cvGi hv cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ cÉvew®¬K Š`wnK e†w«¬i cvkvcvwk AvwñK weKvGki Dci weGkl ˆRvi w`GqGQb|
M DóxcGKi MvGQi mGã ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ DwÍÏwLZ e†GÞi DcKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·wKÆZ|
‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ e†GÞi weKvk I Zvi `vb mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ, a»wbZ nGqGQ gvbylGK e†GÞi Av`GkÆ wbGRGK MGo
ˆZvjvi Avn»vb| cÉvew®¬K eGjGQb, e†GÞi weKvk, cwicƒYÆZv I mv^ÆKZvi ˆcQGb iGqGQ Zvi bxie mvabv| e†Þ dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆZv
cvq, Avi ˆmme AbÅGK `vb KGi mv^ÆKZvi Dä¾j `†Ó¡v¯¦ nGq IGV| A^Ævr dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆ nGq AcGii ˆmevi RGbÅ cÕÉ Z§ nIqv
e†GÞi KvR|
DóxcGKi wPGò e†ÞwUGK ‰KB KvGR wbGew`Z ˆ`Lv hvq| e†ÞwU dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆ nGq DGVGQ| Avevi cwiGeGki welvÚ MÅvm KveÆb
WvB-AÝvBWGK ˆkvlY KGi MvQ cwiGekGK `ƒlYgyÚ KiGQ| Avevi cÉvwYKzGji RbÅ AwÝGRb wbtmiY KGi cwiGeGki fvimvgÅ iÞv
KiGQ| Avi e†GÞi ‰B DcKvix ŠewkGÓ¡Åi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi MvGQi mGã ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉe®¬wU mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ cÉvew®¬K eGjGQb, dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆ nGq AcGii ˆmevi RbÅ cÉÕZ§ nIqv e†GÞi KvR| cwiGeGki
welvÚ MÅvm KveÆb WvB-AÝvBWGK ˆkvlY KGi cwiGekGK `ƒlYgyÚ KiGQ| Avevi cÉvwYKzGji RbÅ AwÝGRb wbtmiY KGi cwiGeGki
fvimvgÅ iÞv KiGQ|
N AvgvG`i RxeGb e†GÞi AmvgvbÅ f„wgKvi K^v weGePbvq ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi wPò ‰es ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i eÚGeÅ
‰KB mƒGò Mvu ^v|
e†GÞi e†w«¬ AvGQ, MwZ AvGQ, weKvk AvGQ| dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆ nGq AcGii ˆmev Kiv e†GÞi KvR| gvwUi im ˆUGb wbGq wbGRGK
ˆgvUvGmvUv KGi ˆZvjvGZB e†GÞi KvR ˆkl nq bv| ZvGK dzj ˆdvUvGZ nq, dj aivGZ nq| ‰B dzj ˆdvUvGbv ev dj aivGbv wK¯§
Zvi wbGRi RbÅ bq| e†Þ ˆmme AbÅGK `vb KGi mv^ÆKZvi Dä¾j `†Ó¡v¯¦ nGq IGV|
2
DóxcGK ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i eÚGeÅi cÉwZdjb jÞYxq| wPGò ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, MvQwU dzGj-dGj fGi DGVGQ| KveÆb WvB-AÝvBW
MÉnY KGi cwiGekGK wbgÆj KiGQ| AbÅw`GK cÉvwYKzGji RbÅ AcwinvhÆ AwÝGRb ZÅvM KGi cÉK‡wZi gGaÅ fvimvgÅ iÞv KiGQ|
‰LvGbI e†Þ wbGRGK dzGj-dGj cwicƒYÆ weKwkZ KGi AGbÅi ˆmev KiGQ|
‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ e†GÞi weKvk I Zvi `vb mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ, a»wbZ nGqGQ gvbylGK e†GÞi Av`GkÆ wbGRGK
MGo ˆZvjvi Avn»vb| cÉvew®¬K eGjGQb, e†GÞi weKvk, cwicƒYÆZv I mv^ÆKZvi ˆcQGb iGqGQ Zvi bxie mvabv| e†Þ dzGj-dGj
cwicƒYÆZv cvq, Avi ˆmme AbÅGK `vb KGi mv^ÆKZvi Dä¾j `†Ó¡v¯¦ nGq IGV| ˆhgbwU DóxcGKi wPGòi AveGnI cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ|
DfqGÞGò e†GÞi weKvk ‰es Zvi `vGbi welqwUGKB DG¯ÃvPb Kiv nGqGQ| ˆmw`K weGePbvq cÉGk² DwÍÏwLZ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ e†GÞi weKvk I Zvi `vb mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ, ˆhgbwU DóxcGKi wPGòi AveGnI
cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| DfqGÞGò e†GÞi weKvk ‰es Zvi `vGbi welqwUGKB DG¯ÃvPb Kiv nGqGQ|
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ kv² îi
cÉk²2 gvbylGK eo nGZ nGj gGnvîg ‰KUv Av`kÆGK AbymiY Kiv KZÆeÅ| ˆmB Av`GkÆi c^ aGiB eÅwÚ LyuGR ˆcGZ cvGi
AvGñvD®²qGbi cÉkÕ¦ miYx| Rei`wÕ¦wcÉqZv I AnsKvix gvbyl KLbI eo nIqvi c^ LyGR cvq bv| AnsKvi gvbyGli Dîg àYGK
a»sm KGi| ZvB AnsKvix gvbyl gbylÅZ½nxb nq ‰es gbylÅZ½nxb gvbyl AvGjvwKZ RxeGbi cwieGZÆ A®¬KvivœQ®² RxebGK ˆeGQ ˆbq|
K. KvG`i K^v Av¯¦wiKZv kƒbÅ? 1
L. Avñvi cwicywÓ¡ I gvayhÆ KxfvGe nq? 2
M. gvbeRxeGbi Av`kÆ AbymiGYi welGq DóxcK I ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉe®¬ ‰KB mƒGò MwÉ ^Z @AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. ‘gbylÅZ½nxb gvbyl AvGjvwKZ RxeGbi cwieGZÆ A®¬KvivœQ®² RxebGK ˆeGQ ˆbq|’ @DwÚwU DóxcK I ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’
cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ռ͸cÉvY Õ©ƒjeyw«¬ I Rei`wÕ¦wcÉq gvbyGli K^v Av¯¦wiKZvkƒbÅ|
L wewPò AwfæZv, cÉPzi ˆcÉg I Mfxi Abyf„wZi «¼viv Avñvi cwicywÓ¡ I gvayhÆ mÁ·vw`Z nq|
gvbyGli e†w«¬ ÷aygvò Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI| wK¯§ Avñv ŠZwi cvIqv hvq bv ‰GK m†wÓ¡ KiGZ nq| A¯¦Gii cwicØZvB nGœQ Avñv| ‰
cwicØZv mvwaZ nq myL-`ytL-ˆe`bv Dcjwº¬i dGj| Avevi AvñvGK gayi I cyÓ¡ KGi ZzjGZ nq mÉÓ¡vi DcGfvGMi RbÅ| Avi
Avñvi ‰ cwicywÓ¡ I gvayhÆ NGU RxeGbi wewPò AwfæZv, ˆcÉg I Mfxi Abyf„wZi gvaÅGg|
DîGii mvieÕ§: wewPò AwfæZv, cÉPzi ˆcÉg I Mfxi Abyf„wZi «¼viv Avñvi cwicywÓ¡ I gvayhÆ mÁ·vw`Z nq|
M gvbeRxeGbi Av`kÆ AbymiGYi welGq DóxcK I ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉe®¬ ‰KB mƒGò MwÉ ^Z @g¯¦eÅwU hywÚhÚy |
‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ cÉvew®¬K gvbeRxeGb mv^ÆKZvi RbÅ e†GÞi Av`kÆ AbymiGYi K^v eGjGQb| e†GÞi gGZv bxie mvabvq
gvbyl RxebGK cwicyÓ¡ KGi| civG^Æ AvñwbGe`Gbi gvGSB gvbeRxeGbi mv^ÆKZv| Avi ˆh gvbyl n†`qevb AnsKvi, ˆm
Õ¼v^ÆciZv weGeKnxbZv I wbÓ¤ziZv ˆ^GK gyÚ| ZvivB cw† ^exi Acivci gvbyl I m†wÓ¡i RbÅ KjÅvYKi|
DóxcGK gvbeRxeGbi Av`GkÆi cwiPq ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb ejv nGqGQ, gvbylGK ‰KwU gnîg Av`kÆ AbymiY KiGZ nq hvGK
AvkÉq KGi ˆm AvGñvD®²qb KiGZ cvGi| AnsKvix Rei`wÕw¦ cÉq gvbyl KLbI eo nGZ cvGi bv ‰es ‰me àYvewj gvbyGli fvGjv
àYGK a»sm KGi| cÉeG®¬ cvÉ ew®¬GKi gGZ mgvGR ռ͸cÉvY, Õ©ƒjeyw«¬ I Rei`wÕw¦ cÉq gvbylG`iB AvwaKÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰iv wbGRi
RxebGK mv^ÆK I my±`i KGi ˆZvjvi cwieGZÆ AGbÅi mv^ÆKZvi cG^ A¯¦ivq m†wÓ¡ KGi| wK¯§ ˆcÉg I ˆmŒ±`GhÆi Õ·GkÆ AvgvG`i
wbGRG`i gwngvw®¼Z KiGZ nGe| e†Þ ˆhgb bxiGe wbGRi gGaÅ RxeGbi A^Æ I ZvrchÆ enb KGi ‰es Zv ˆcÉGg I ˆmŒ±`GhÆ cwicƒYÆ|
DóxcGKI gvbylGK weGeKevb, wbinsKvix nIqvi Av`kÆ AbymiY Kivi welqwU DGÍÏL iGqGQ, hv ZvGK AvGjvPÅ cÉeG®¬i mvG^ ‰KB
mƒGò MÉw^Z KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gvbeRxeGbi Av`kÆ AbymiGYi welGq DóxcK I ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ ceÉ ®¬ ‰KB mƒGò MÉw^Z @g¯¦eÅwU hywÚhyÚ|
N gbylÅZ½nxb gvbyl wbGRi RxebGK ˆhgb AvGjvwKZ KiGZ cvGi bv ˆZgwb AGbÅi RbÅI AvñZÅvM KiGZ cvGi bv|
‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK ‰KGkÉwYi gvbyGli K^v eGjGQb hviv wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Zeyw«¬ mÁ·®²| eÅwÚMZ AnsKvi, cvwievwiK
AnsKvi, RvwZMZ AnsKvi ‰mGei gvGSB Zviv wbGew`Z cÉvY| Avi ‰ aiGYi gvbyGl msmvi cwicƒYÆ| Zviv wbGRi RxebGK
cwicƒYÆfvGe AnsKvi KGi ‰RbÅ wbGRi RxebGK mv^ÆK I my±`i KGi ˆhgb ZzjGZ cvGi bv ˆZgwb AcGii mv^ÆKZvi cG^I
A¯¦ivq m†wÓ¡ KGi|
3
DóxcGK AnsKvix gvbylGK gbylÅZ½nxb eGj AwfwnZ Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ aiGbi gvbyl KLGbv gnr nGZ cvGi bv| ‰Qvov gvbyGli Dîg
àYàGjvI a»sm nGq hvq AnsKvGii KviGY| hvi dGj gvbyl Zvi RxebGK AvGjvwKZ KiGZ cvGi bv, RxeGb A®¬Kvi ˆbGg AvGm|
DóxcK I ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ AnsKviGK gvbyGli RxeGbi mv^ÆKZvi A¯¦ivq ejv nGqGQ| cÉvew®¬K AnsKvix gvbylG`i wbÓ¤zi I
weK‡Zeyw«¬mÁ·®² eGjGQb| DóxcGKI AnsKvix gvbylGK gbylÅZ½nxb eGj DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| gvbyGli RxebGK eo KGi ˆZvjvi
RbÅ ‰es weKwkZ Kivi RbÅ AnsKvi ZÅvM KiGZ nGe| gbylÅZ½nxb AnsKvimÁ·®² gvbyl RxeGb mv^ÆKZv jvf KiGZ cvGi bv ‰es
wbGRi RxebGK AvGjvwKZ KiGZ cvGi bv| ZvB AvGjvPÅ g¯¦eÅwU hwy ÚhyÚ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gbylÅZ½nxb gvbyl wbGRi RxebGK ˆhgb AvGjvwKZ KiGZ cvGi bv ˆZgwb AGbÅi RbÅI AvñZÅvM KiGZ cvGi bv|
cÉk² 3 g†wîKvi ˆn exi m¯¦vb, 1
msMÉvg ˆNvwlGj Zzwg g†wîKvGi w`GZ gywÚ`vb 2
gi‚i `vi‚Y `yMÆ nGZ; hy«¬ PGj wdGi wdGi; 3
m¯¦wi mgy`Ë DwgÆ `yMÆg «x¼ Gci kƒbÅ ZxGi 4
kÅvgGji wmsnvmb cÉwZwÓ¤Gj A`gÅ wbÓ¤vq|
K. AwZ kv¯¦ I mwnúzZvq e†Þ Kx KGi?
L. ‘gvbyGli e†w«¬ ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwZÄKI’ ejGZ ˆjLK Kx eywSGqGQb?
M. DóxcGK e†GÞi msMÉvg ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ KZUKz z LyuGR cvIqv hvq?
N. DóxcGKi eÚGeÅi mvG^ ‘Rxeb I ‘e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i eÚGeÅi ZzjbvgƒjK wePvi KGiv|
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K AwZ kv¯¦ I mwnúzZvq e†Þ RxeGbi ài‚fvi enb KGi|
L ÷ay Š`wnKfvGe ˆeGo IVvq ˆh gvbyGli Rxeb cƒYÆZv cvq bv; eis AvwñKfvGe ˆeGo IGV cÉK‡Z gvbyGl cwiYZ nIqvi
gvaÅGgB Zv mÁ¿e nq ˆm K^v ˆevSvGZ wMGqB ˆjLK eGjGQb, gvbyGli e†w«¬ ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI|’
Avi `kUv cÉvYxi gGZvB gvbyl axGi axGi ˆeGo IGV| Škke, ŠKGkvi ˆcwiGq ˆm cƒYÆ gvbGe cwiYZ nq| ZGe mwZÅKvi AG^Æ
‰GZB gvbyGli cÉK‡Z weKvk NGU bv| gvbexq myKzgvi e†wîàGjvi cÉK‡Z weKvGki gvaÅGg hLb Zvi AvwñK weKvk NGU ZLbB
Zvi RxeGb AvGm cƒYÆZv| ˆjLK ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ ˆm K^vB eÅÚ KGiGQb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ÷ay Š`wnKfvGe ˆeGo IVvq ˆh gvbyGli Rxeb cƒYÆZv cvq bv; eis AvwñKfvGe ˆeGo IGV cÉK‡Z gvbyGl cwiYZ nIqvi
gvaÅGgB Zv mÁ¿e nq ˆm K^v ˆevSvGZ wMGqB ˆjLK eGjGQb, gvbyGli e†w«¬ ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI|’
M DóxcGKi e†GÞi msMÉvg ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ DwÍÏwLZ e†GÞi mvabvi mvG^ Zjz bxq|
e†Þ Aâzi ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi gvwU ˆ^GK cÉvYim ˆkvlY KGi axGi axGi eo nGZ ^vGK| ZGe e†Þ ÷ay gvwU ˆ^GK cvwb ˆkvlY KGi wbGRi
cwicywÓ¡ mvab KiGjI cvkvcvwk ˆm cwiGek I gvbyGli RbÅ ‰i wewbgq cwiGkva KGi dzj, dj I chÆvµ¦ Qvqv w`Gq ^vGK|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, e†ÞGK g†wîKvi exi m¯¦vb ejv nGqGQ| ˆKbbv c†w^exGK gi‚gq AeÕ©v ˆ^GK gywÚ w`GqGQ
e†Þ| c†w^exGK meyGR-kÅvgGj myGkvwfZ Kivi K‡wZZ½I e†GÞi| e†GÞi ‰ ŠewkÓ¡Å Avgiv ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬I ˆ`LGZ cvB|
ZGe e†GÞi ‰ ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK ˆjLK e†GÞi mvabv wnGmGe DGÍÏL KGiGQb, hv DóxcGKi e†GÞi msMÉvGgi mgv¯¦ivGj ‰Gb `uvo
KwiGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGKi e†GÞi msMvÉ g ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ DwÍÏwLZ e†GÞi mvabvi mvG^ Zzjbxq|
N e†GÞi ˆh f„wgKvi K^v ˆjLGKi ˆjLbxGZ dzGU DGVGQ ˆmw`K ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi eÚGeÅi mvG^ ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’
cÉeG®¬i ˆhb ˆKvGbv cv^ÆKÅ ˆbB|
ˆjLK ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i gvaÅGg e†GÞi bvbv cÉKvi àYMvb KGiGQb| wZwb eYÆbv KGiGQb e†GÞi Ae`vbGK| e†Þ ˆh
gvbyGli Rxeb I cwiGeGki RbÅ KZUv AcwinvhÆ Zv ˆjLGKi ˆjLbxGZ dzGU DGVGQ| ˆjLK e†GÞi Ae`vbGK mvabv eGj DGÍÏL
KGiGQb|
DóxcGK e†GÞi RqMvb Kiv nGqGQ| gi‚f„wg nIqvi nvZ ˆ^GK c†w^exGK iÞvi mgÕ¦ K‡wZZ½ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ e†ÞGK| ‰gbwK
mgyG`Ëi gvGS ˆRGM IVv Rbgvbenxb «¼xGcI ˆ`Lv hvq e†GÞi mie DcwÕ©wZ| mGeÆvcwi kÅvgGji wmsnvmb cÉwZÓ¤v Kivi gvaÅGg
e†Þ Zvi mvabvi mGevÆ œP weKvk NwUGqGQ| ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cvGVI Avgiv e†GÞi ‰gb f„wgKvi cwiPq RvbGZ cvwi| ˆjLGKi
gGZ, AwZ kv¯¦ I mwnúzZvi mvG^ e†Þ RxeGbi ài‚fvi enb KGi|
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ˆkGl ejv hvq, DóxcK ‰es ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i eÚGeÅi gvGS Lye ‰KUv dvivK jÞ Kiv hvq bv| ZvB
mvweÆK wePvGi cÉGk² DwÍÏwLZ K^vwUGK AZů¦ ˆhŒwÚK gGb nq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: e†GÞi ˆh f„wgKvi K^v ˆjLGKi ˆjLbxGZ dzGU DGVGQ ˆmw`K ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi eÚGeÅi mvG^ ‘Rxeb I
e†Þ’ ceÉ G®¬i ˆhb ˆKvGbv cv^ÆKÅ ˆbB|
4
cÉk² 4 iwdK mvGne cxiMé ‰jvKvi ‰KRb RbwcÉq eÅwÚ| ‰jvKvi ˆjvKRb Zvi cÉksmvq cçgyL| abx-`wi`Ë ˆf`vGf`
Zvi KvGQ ˆbB| cÉGZÅK gvbyGli NGi NGi wMGq wZwb ˆjvKRGbi fvGjv-gG±`i Lei msMÉn KGib| wePvGii ˆÞGò wZwb DuPz-wbPz
ˆf`vGf` KGib bv| Zvi `†wÓ¡GZ mevB mgvb| mƒß wePviGeva mÁ·®² ‰ gvbylwU ‰jvKvi ˆhGKvGbv mgmÅv `†p nGÕ¦ mgvavb Kivi
ÞgZv ivGLb| weGeKevb, wbinsKvix ‰ gvbylwU civG^Æ wbijmfvGe KvR KGi hvGœQb|
K. e†Þ KxGmi BwãZ? 1
L. ‘hv Zvi cÉvwµ¦ ZvB Zvi `vb’@ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2
M. ‘‰iv wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Z eyw«¬| ‰G`i ‰Kgvò ˆ`eZv AnsKvi|’@ ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i DwÚwUi mGã iwdK mvGnGei
PwiGòi ˆh Šemv`†kÅ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ‘Zzwg wK gGb Ki, ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†Þ ‰es DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne ‰KB mƒGò Muv^v’ ˆZvgvi DîGii Õ¼cGÞ
hywÚ `vI| 4
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K e†Þ ckÉ vw¯¦i BwãZ|
L ‘hv Zvi cÉvwµ¦ ZvB Zvi `vb’ ejGZ e†GÞi mv^ÆKZvi cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ|
e†GÞi cÉvwµ¦ ev ARÆb nGœQ Zvi dzj I dj| ‰àGjv ˆm cÉvµ¦ nq Zvi mvabvi gvaÅGg Zvici ‰àGjv ˆm ZzGj ˆ`q AGbÅi nvGZ|
A^Ævr e†Þ ‰KB mvG^ hyMcr cÉvwµ¦ I `vGbi Av`kÆ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘hv Zvi cÉvwµ¦ ZvB Zvi `vb’ ejGZ e†GÞi mv^ÆKZvi cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ|
M ‘‰iv wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Z eyw«¬| ‰G`i ‰Kgvò ˆ`eZv AnsKvi| ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i DwÚwUi mvG^ iwdK mvGnGei PwiGòi
Šemv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
÷aygvò wbGRGK wbGq ˆeuGP ^vKGZ ‰ c†w^exGZ ˆKD AvGmwb| mevBGK wbGq ˆeuGP ^vKvGZB ‰es mevi DcKvGi AvZÄwbGe`b
KivGZB iGqGQ cÉK‡Z Avb±` ˆKejgvò Õ¼v^cÆ i I Õ©„jeyw«¬ gvbyGlivB ‰ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi eÅwZKÌg|
DóxcGK iwdK mvGne ‰KRb RbwcÉq eÅwÚ| ‰jvKvi ˆjvKRb Zvi cÉksmvq cçgyL| wZwb abx-`wi`Ë wbweÆGkGl mevi Lei
ivGLb| wZwb mvgÅev`x gvbwmKZv A^Ævr wZwb ‰KK^vh weGeKevb I wbinsKvix| ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ ˆgvZvGni ˆnvGmb
ˆPŒayix gvbylGK e†GÞi Rxeb ˆ^GK wkÞv jvf KiGZ eGjGQb| hviv ‰ wkÞv jvf KiGZ cvGibwb ZvivB Õ©„jeyw«¬ I weK‡Z
gvbwmKZvi| ZvG`i ‰Kgvò ˆ`eZv AnsKvi, AnsKvix gvbwmKZvi ‰ gvbylàGjv Õ¼xq RxebGK mv^ÆK I my±`i KiGZ ˆZv
AvMÉnx bqB eis AcGii mv^ÆKZvi cG^ evav m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰ ŠewkÓ¡ÅmÁ·®² gvbylàGjvi RbÅB mgvGRi AvR ‰ `y`Ækv| A^Ævr
‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i wbÓ¤iz I weK‡Z eyw«¬ gvbylG`i ˆ^GK DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®² cÉK‡wZi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘‰iv wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Z eyw«¬| ‰G`i ‰Kgvò ˆ`eZv AnsKvi| ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i DwÚwUi mvG^ iwdK mvGnGei
PwiGòi Šemv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
N ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†Þ ‰es DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne DfGqB civG^Æ AvZÄwbGew`Z|
Õ¼v^ÆcGii gGZv wbGRGK wbGq eÅÕ¦ ^vKGZ ‰ c†w^exGZ ˆKD AvGmwb| AcGii KjÅvGYi gaÅw`GqB cÉK‡Z myL AvGm| hviv
eyw«¬gvb I mƒßeyw«¬mÁ·®² Zviv KLGbvB AcGii Õv¼ ^ÆciZvi cG^ A¯¦ivq nGq `uvovq bv|
DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne ‰KRb civG^Æ AvZÄwbGew`Z eÅwÚ| wZwb abx-Mwie, DuPz-wbPz wbweÆGkGl mevi DcKvi mvab KGib|
wZwb weGeKevb, wbinsKvix gvbyl whwb civG^Æ wbijmfvGe KvR KGib| A^Ævr wZwb ‘mKGji ZGi mKGj Avgiv cÉGZÅGK Avgiv
cGii ZGi’ ‰ aviYvq wek¼vmx| ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ e†ÞI ˆhb ‰KB ŠewkGÓ¡Åi aviK| e†GÞi ˆhb civG^Æ AvZÄwbGew`Z cÉvY|
e†GÞi e†w«¬ I weKvk ‰mewKQyi ˆcQGbB iGqGQ Zvi wbweo mvabv| e†Þ dzGj dGj cwicƒYÆ nq Avevi ˆmme AbÅGK `vbI KGi
ˆ`q| A^Ævr hv Zvi cÉvwµ¦ ZvB Zvi `vb| e†Þ m`v civG^Æ AvZÄwbGew`Z| e†GÞi w`GK ZvKvGjB ˆKej gvò RxeGbi Õ¼v^ÆciZvi
cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv hvq| e†Þ ‰KBmvG^ cÉkvw¯¦, webq I ˆmevi Av`kÆ cÉPvi KGi ^vGK| e†GÞi Av`kÆ AbymiY KiGjB
Õ¼v^Æci, AnsKvix I Õ©„jeyw«¬ gvbylàGjvi Õ©vGb ˆ`Lv ˆ`Ge weGeKevb I mƒßeyw«¬i gvbyl|
A^Ævr DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne I ‘Rxeb e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†Þ ‰KBmƒGò Mvu ^v|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†Þ ‰es DóxcGKi iwdK mvGne DfGqB civG^Æ AvZÄwbGew`Z|
5
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² Avñv| ‰B Avñv gvbylGK m†wÓ¡ KGi wbGZ nq| RxeGbi wewPò
cÉk² 5 weGeKevb I wbinsKvix gvwiqv Rvnvb civG^Æ KvR AwfæZv, ˆcÉg I Mfxi Abyf„wZi gvaÅGg gvbyl Š`wnK e†w«¬i
KGi hvGœQb wbijmfvGe| wZwb Kgjcyi ‰jvKvq RbwcÉq cvkvcvwk AvñviI weKvk NUvGZ cvGi, hv cÉGk²i DwÚwUi
‰KRb gvbyl| Zuvi KvGQ abx-`wiG`Ëi ˆKvGbv ˆf`vGf` ˆbB| gvaÅGg cKÉ vwkZ nGqGQ|
cvovq cvovq ˆnuGU wZwb mKGji fvGjv-gG±`i Lei msMÉn mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
KGib| wePvGii ˆÞGòI wZwb DuPz-wbPz, abx-`wi`Ë, agÆ-eYÆ RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
ˆf`vGf` KGib bv; mevB Zuvi `†wÓ¡GZ mgvb| AvGjvwKZ ‰
gvbylwU ‰jvKvi ˆhGKvGbv mgmÅv `†p nvGZ mgvavb Kivi M ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Ze†w«¬ gvbyGli
ÞgZv ivGLb| ˆh Õ¼i…c wbYÆq KGiGQb, Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†GÞi AvñZÅvGMi w`KwU weGkÏlY
K. gbylÅGZ½i mvG^ iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi KxGmi mv`†kÅ KGiv|
ˆ`GLGQb? 1
L. ‘gvbyGli e†w«¬ ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI’@ eÅvLÅv AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
KGiv| 2 cÉk² 6 RMr msmvGi ˆfvM I ZÅvM `ywU wecixZgyLx w`K|
gvbyl ˆfvGM Avb±` ˆcGjI Z‡wµ¦ cvq bv| wK¯§ ZÅvGMi gvaÅGg
M. ‘‰iv wbÓ¤zi I weK‡Zeyw«¬| ‰G`i ‰Kgvò ˆ`eZv
AnsKvi|’@ ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i ‰B DwÚwUi Avb±` I Z‡wµ¦ `yGUvB jvf Kiv hvq| ÷ay gvbyl wnGmGe R¯Ã
mGã DóxcGKi gvwiqv Rvnvb PwiGòi ˆh Šemv`†kÅ wbGjB gbylÅZ½ jvf Kiv hvq bv| cGii KjÅvGY wbGRGK DrmMÆ
cwijwÞZ nq Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Kivi Av`kÆ I DGókÅ gbylÅGZ½i gGaÅB wbwnZ ^vGK| eÕ§Z
N. Zzwg wK gGb KGiv, ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i e†Þ Avi cGii RGbÅ Õ¼v^Æ ZÅvM Kivi gGaÅB gvbyGli gvbweK àYvewji
DóxcGKi gvwiqv Rvnvb ‰KB mƒGò Mvu ^v? ˆZvgvi ˆkÉÓ¤ cÉKvk|
4 K. ‘ZGcveb’ Kx? 1
DîGii cGÞ hywÚ `vI|
L. ‘‰G`i cÉavb ˆ`eZv AnsKvi’@ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvGbv
5 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
nGqGQ? 2
K gbylÅGZ½i mvG^ iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi b`xi mv`†kÅ ˆ`GLGQb|
M. DóxcGKi gƒjfvGei mvG^ ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i
L ‘Rxeb I e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK gvbyGli Š`wnK e†w«¬i eÚGeÅi mv`†kÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
cvkvcvwk AvwñK weKvGki Ici weGkl ài‚Z½ AvGivc
KGiGQb| N. “cGii RGbÅ Õ¼v^Æ ZÅvM Kivi gGaÅB gvbyGli
cÉvYx gvGòiB Š`wnK e†w«¬ NGU| c†w^exi me cÉvYxi ˆÞGòB ‰ gvbweK àYvewji ˆkÉÓ¤ cÉKvk@ DwÚwUGZ ‘Rxeb I
wbqg cÉGhvRÅ| ZGe gvbylGK Š`wnK e†w«¬i cvkvcvwk AvwñK
e†Þ’ cÉeG®¬i gƒjfvGei cÉwZdjb NGUGQ|”@
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weKvkI NUvGZ nq| ‰B meÆvãxb e†w«¬ ev weKvGk gvbyGli
wbGRi f„wgKv iGqGQ| ˆjLK gGb KGib, myL-`ytL ev Avb±`-
ˆe`bvi Dcjwº¬i dGj A¯¦Gii ˆh cwicÛZv ŠZwi nq ˆmUvB
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
gvwm-wcwm
gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq [1908@1956]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 1 mvGgÅi Mvb MvB@ [iv. ˆev. 16]
Avgvi PGÞ cyi‚l-igYx ˆKvGbv ˆf`vGf` bvB|
weGk¼ hv-wKQy gnvb m†wÓ¡ wPiKjÅvYKi,
AGaÆK Zvi KwiqvGQ bvix, AGaÆK Zvi bi|
K. Kvi kv÷wo-bb` evGNi gGZv wQj? 1
L. ‘giY ˆVKvGZB dzwiGq AvmGQ ZvG`i RxebxkwÚ’@ DwÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
N. DóxcGK DwjÐwLZ PiYàGjvi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆjLGKi gGbvfvGei hG^Ó¡ wgj cvIqv hvq@ ‰ welGq ˆZvgvi
gZvgZ `vI| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K gvwmi kv÷wo-bb` evGNi gGZv wQj|
L cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ `ywfÆGÞi mgq gvwm-wcwmi RxebmsMÉvGgi w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ|
‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ `ywfÆGÞi mgq LvG`Åi Afve ZxeË nGq IGV| Zvi gGaÅ AmyÕ© AvnÐvw` ‰Gm nvwRi nq gvwm-wcwmi NGi| ˆLGq
bv-ˆLGq gvwm-wcwm AvnÐvw`GK myÕ© Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| wK¯§ AvnÐvw`i AeÕ©v AviI LvivGci w`GK hvq| AbÅw`GK, PvicvGki
gvbyl bv-ˆLGq giGZ ÷i‚ KGi| dGj Rxeb evPuvGZ gvwm-wcwmGK KGVvi cwikÉg KiGZ nq| gvwm-wcwmi gGZv hviv ˆm hvòvq
ˆeuGP hvq, ZvG`i AeÕ©v ˆevSvGZ cÉGk²vÚ K^vwU ejv nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ `ywfÆGÞi mgq gvbyGli RxebevÕ¦eZv I gvwm-wcwmi RxebmsMÉvGgi w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ|
M ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ cÉwZK„j cwiGek I cwiwÕ©wZGZ bvixi RxebmsMÉvGgi i…cvqY NGUGQ, hv DóxcGKi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
AvGjvPÅ MG͸ gvwm I wcwmi RxebmsMÉvGgi w`KwU jÞYxq| Zviv meÆ`v AwÕ¦Z½ iÞvi msMÉvGg wjµ¦| RxebmsMÉvGg wUGK ^vKvi
RbÅ ZvG`i MÉvg ˆ^GK ZwiZiKvwi knGi wbGq wewKÌ KGi A^Æ DcvRÆb KiGZ nq| bvbv cÉwZK„jZvi gvGSI Zviv Õ¼vgxi Ni ˆQGo
Avmv AvnÐvw`i AwffveGKi `vwqZ½ cvjGb AeGnjv KGi bv| AZÅvPvix Õ¼vgx ‰es jvjmv-D¯Ãî ˆRvZ`vi, `vGivMv I à´£v-
e`gvkG`i AvKÌgY ˆ^GK AvnÐvw`GK wbivc` ivLvGK Zviv eËZ wnGmGe MÉnY KGi|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk bvixi cÉwZ Kwei Mfxi kÉ«¬v eÅÚ nGqGQ| hyGM hyGM bvixiv mgvRMVGb cyi‚Gli mGã KuvGa Kuva wgwjGq KvR
KGiGQ| mfÅZv wbgÆvGY bvix-cyi‚Gli Ae`vb mgvb| ZvB DóxcGKi Kwe bvix-cyi‚Gli gGaÅ ŠelgÅnxb c†w^ex cÉZÅvkv KGib| ‘gvwm-
wcwm’ MG͸I gvwm I wcwmi RxebmsMÉvGgi gaÅ w`Gq bvixi ‰B Ae`vGbi K^v eÅÚ nGqGQ| DchÆyÚ AvGjvPbvq ˆevSv hvq, bvixi
`vwqZ½ævb, msMÉvgx gvbwmKZv I KjÅvYKi KvGR AskMÉnGYi w`K ˆ^GK ‘gvwm-wcwm’ M͸ I DóxcGKi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ cÉwZK„j cwiGek I cwiwÕ©wZGZ bvixi RxebmsMÉvGgi i…cvqY NGUGQ| DóxcGKi KweZvsGkI mfÅZv
wbgÆvGY bvix-cyi‚Gli mgvb Ae`vGbi K^v ejv nGqGQ| ‰fvGe bvixi `vwqZ½ævb, msMÉvgx gvbwmKZv I KjÅvYKi KvGR AskMÉnGYi w`K
ˆ^GK ‘gvwm-wcwm’ M͸ I DóxcGKi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
N ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ bvixi cÉwZ ˆjLGKi kÉ«¬vebZ `†wÓ¡fwãi cwiPq cvIqv hvq hv, DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ PiYàGjvi gGbvfvGei
mvG^ hG^Ó¡ mÁ·wKÆZ|
AvGjvPÅ MG͸i gvwm-wcwm Pwiò `ywU m†wÓ¡i ˆcQGb ˆjLK gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi bvixi cÉwZ kÉ«¬vkxj `†wÓ¡fwã wKÌqvkxj wQj| wZwb
Mfxi ggZvq Aâb KGiGQb bvixi msMÉvgx RxeGbi wPò| Zuvi m†Ó¡ gvwm-wcwm ZvB `vwqZ½kxj I gvbweK ˆevamÁ·®² gvbyl nGq
DGVGQ|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk c†w^exi mKj gãjRbK KvGRi AGaÆK K‡wZZ½ bvixGK ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb bvix-cyi‚Gli eÅeavb `ƒi KGi
mvGgÅi c†w^ex wewbgÆvGYi cÉZÅvkv eÅÚ nGqGQ| c†w^exi mfÅZv wbgÆvGY cyi‚Gli hZUzKz Ae`vb iGqGQ, mgcwigvY Ae`vb iGqGQ
bvixiI| bvixi AbyGcÉiYvGZB cyi‚l Rqx nGqGQ wec`msKzj Awfhvòvq| ‰GÞGò bvix I cyi‚l mgghÆv`v I mgvb K‡wZGZ½i AwaKvix|
‘gvwm-wcwm’ M͸ ‰es DóxcK DfqGÞGò bvixi cÉwZ BwZevPK `†wÓ¡fwãi cwiPq wgGj| ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ gvwm-wcwm wbGRG`i AwÕ¦Z½
iÞvi cvkvcvwk wei…c cwiGek-cwiwÕ©wZ ˆ^GK AvnÐvw`GK iÞvi RbÅ ZvG`i eyw«¬`xµ¦ I mvnmx msMÉvg cwiPvjbv KGi| ‰B Pwiò `ywU
m†wÓ¡i gaÅ w`Gq bvixi cÉwZ ˆjLGKi kÉ«¬vkxj gGbvfve dzGU DGVGQ| Zuvi m†Ó¡ gvwm-wcwmi gaÅ w`Gq mKj hyGMi bvixG`i msMÉvgx
RxeGbi i…cvqY NGUGQ| ˆmw`K weGePbvq, DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ PiYàGjvi mGã ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆjLGKi gGbvfvGei hG^Ó¡ wgj
cvIqv hvq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: bvixi cÉwZ kÉ«¬vebZ `†wÓ¡fwãi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ PiYàGjvi mGã ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MGÍi¸ ˆjLGKi
gGbvfvGei hG^Ó¡ wgj we`Ågvb| cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU ZvB mg^ÆbGhvMÅ|
2
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk²2 dzjcyGii dzwj ˆeMg evwoi KvR KGi msmvi Pvjvb| AmyÕ© Õ¼vgxi wPwKrmvi fviI Zvi| wK¯§ kqZvb RMjyi ˆjvjyc `†wÓ¡
cGoGQ Zvi Ici| dzwj Lye mZKÆ| wKQyGZB nvi gvbGeb bv| ‰K Mfxi ivGZ dzwji NGi wmua KvGU RMjy| dzwj ZLGbv mRvM
wQGjb| meB ˆUi cvb| hLb gv^v NGii ˆfZi cÉGek KGi, fvwi avivGjv KvUvwii AvNvGZ ai ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nGq hvq RMjyi gv^v| A
K. ‘eävZ ˆnvK, LyGb ˆnvK, RvgvB ˆZv’@ DwÚwU Kvi? 1
L. gvwm-wcwm AvnÐvw`GK Õ¼vgxi NGi cvVvGZ Pvb bv ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi mGã ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆKvb w`K ˆ^GK wgj ˆ`Lv hvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcKwU ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i Lívsk gvò@ g¯¦eÅwU wePvi KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘eävZ ˆnvK, LyGb ˆnvK, RvgvB ˆZv’@ DwÚwU gvwmi| A
L AZÅvPvGii fGq gvwm-wcwm AvnÐvw`GK Õ¼vgxi NGi cvVvGZ Pvb bv| A
Rài mvG^ AvnÐvw`i weGqi ci ˆ^GKB AvnÐvw` fqven wbhÆvZGbi wkKvi nGqGQ| ZvGK ˆLGZ bv w`Gq w`bfi ˆeuGa ivLZ, KjGK
cyGo QuÅvKv w`Z, Zvici Rài jvw^i ˆPvGU AvnÐvw`i cÉvq gigi AeÕ©v nGqwQj| Rài ‰me AZÅvPvGii KviGY gvwm-wcwm
AvnÐvw`GK Avi Õv¼ gxi NGi cvVvGZ Pvb bv|
DîGii mvieÕ§: AZÅvPvGii fGq gvwm-wcwm AvnÐvw`GK Õ¼vgxi NGi cvVvGZ Pvb bv|
M Rxeb-msMÉvGgi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ| A
‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ gvwm-wcwm meÆ`v AwÕZ¦ ½ iÞvi msMÉvGg wjµ|¦ Zviv MÉvg ˆ^GK ZwiZiKvwi knGi wbGq wMGq wewKÌ KGi A^Æ DcvRÆb
KGi| RxeGbi bvbv cÉwZK„jZvi gGaÅI Zviv Õ¼vgxi Ni ˆQGo Avmv AvnÐvw`i `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi| mgvRcwZG`i bvbv AZÅvPvi ˆ^GKI
AvnÐvw`GK iÞv KGi|
DóxcGKi dzwj ˆeMg AmyÕ© Õ¼vgxi wPwKrmv I msmvi PvjvGbvi LiP ˆRvMvGZ gvbyGli evwoGZ KvR KGi| mgvGRi K`hÆ ˆjvGKi
ˆjvjyc `†wÓ¡ Zvi Ici coGj ˆm mZKÆ nGq hvq| Mfxi ivGZ Zvi NGi cÉwZK„j cwiwÕ©wZi D«e¿ NUGj ˆm kÚ nvGZ Zv cÉwZnZ KGi|
MG͸i gvwm-wcwm ZvG`i wbGRG`i AwÕ¦Z½ iÞvi cvkvcvwk AvnÐvw`GK iÞv KiGZ mvnmx f„wgKv MÉnY KGi| AZÅvPvix Õ¼vgx ‰es jvjmv-
D¯Ãî ˆRvZ`vi, `vGivMv I àív-e`gvkG`i AvKÌgY ˆ^GK AvnÐvw`GK wbivc` ivLvGK Zviv eËZ wnGmGe MÉnY KGi| ‰KBfvGe
DóxcGKi dzwj ˆeMgI mgvGRi wei…c cwiGeGki wei‚G«¬ wUGK ^vKGZ msMÉvg KGi| mvnwmKZv I msMÉvGgi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi
mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: Rxeb-msMÉvGgi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MGÍi¸ mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
N RxebhyG«¬i mv`k† Å ^vKGjI DóxcKwU ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mÁ·ƒYÆ fveGK aviY KGi bv| A
‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i gvwm-wcwm `yRbB wbtÕ¼ I weaev| RxebmsMÉvGg wUGK ^vKvi RbÅ Zviv avb fvGb, Kuv^v ˆmjvB KGi, kvK-cvZv
KzwoGq knGii evRvGi wewKÌ KGi| AvnÐvw` Õ¼vgxi Ni ˆQGo ‰Gj Zviv ZvGK cig ggZvq AvMGj ivGL|
DóxcGKi dzwj ˆeMGgi gvGSI msMÉvgx gGbvfvGei cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Õ¼vgxi wPwKrmv I msmvi LiP ˆRvMvGZ cGii evwoGZ
nvofvOv cwikÉg KGi ˆm| cÉwZK„jZvi gGaÅI msMÉvg KGi ˆeuGP ^vKvi gvbwmKZv aviY KGi ˆm| K`hÆ gvbwmKZvi ˆjvKG`i
nvZ ˆ^GK wbGRGK iÞvG^Æ mvnmx c`GÞc ˆbq ˆm|
RxebmsMÉvGgi w`KwU AvGjvPÅ M͸ I DóxcGK dzGU DGVGQ| wK¯§ MG͸i fvev^Æ DóxcGKi ˆPGqI e†nr| MG͸ AvnÐvw`i Õ¼vgxKZ‡ÆK
kvixwiKfvGe wbhÆvwZZ nIqvi w`KwU dzGU DGVGQ| MG͸ jÞ Kiv hvq Õ¼vgxi AZÅvPvi ˆ^GK euvPGZ AvnÐvw` Zvi gvwm-wcwmi KvGQ
AvkÉq ˆbq| AvnÐvw`GK wdwiGq wbGZ Rà bvbvfvGe Pvc w`GjI Zvi wbivcîvi K^v ˆfGe gvwm-wcwm ZvGK Õ¼vgxi evwoGZ cvVvGZ ivwR
nq bv| AvGjvPÅ DóxcGK dzwj ˆeMGgi RxebhyG«¬i cwiPq cvIqv ˆMGjI ‰LvGb MG͸i AvnÐvw`i Õ¼vgxKZ‡ÆK wbhÆvwZZ nIqvi w`KwUi
cÉwZdjb NGUwb| ‰Qvov MG͸ `ywfÆÞ, gnvgvwimn bvbv Abylã dzGU DGVGQ, hv DóxcGK AbycwÕ©Z| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcKwU ‘gvwm-
wcwm’ MG͸i Lívsk gvò|
DîGii mvieÕ§: RxebhyG«¬i mv`†kÅ ^vKGjI DóxcKwU ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MGÍi¸ mÁ·Yƒ Æ fveGK aviY KGi bv|
3
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² N. “DóxcGKi cyZjz -ˆLjv KbÅv I ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i
ingvGbi ˆQvU ˆgGq ‰KBi…c wbggÆZvi wkKvi”@
cÉk² 3 ‰fvGeB kKzGbi Mjvq fi KGi DwÚwU wePvi KGiv| A
AvGm `ywfÆÞ 4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
AvGm wcî-Siv AvàGbi Kvwnwb
aiYxi Õ¦b ÷wKGq hvq K eyGov ingvGbi ˆgGq k¼÷ievwoGZ gviv ˆMGQ| A
bv ˆLGq gGi nv-fvGZi `j
÷wKGq gGi MZ gvGm R¯Ã ˆbIqv L eyGov ingvb KbÅv nvivGbvi ˆe`bv I Zvi ÕÆwZGK ÕÃiY
KGi AvnÐvw`i w`GK ZvwKGq ^vGK| A
‰KwU Av`Gii wk÷|
K. AvnÐvw`G`i cwievGi ˆK `ywfÆÞ ˆVwKGqwQj? A ingvb Zvi A͸eqwm KbÅvGK weGq w`GqwQj| k¼÷ievwoi
L. `ywfÆGÞi mgq gvwm-wcwmGK ˆKb mvsNvwZKfvGe wbhÆvZb wKGkvix KbÅv mnÅ bv KiGZ ˆcGi evevi evwo PG1j
AvGm| eyGov ingvb KbÅvGK Zvi fvGjvi RGbÅ ˆRvi KGi
joGZ nGqwQj? A AveviI k¼÷ievwo cvVvGj KbÅv wbhÆvZGbi wkKvi nGq gvi2v
M. ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆh w`KwU DóxcGK cÉwZdwjZ Zv hvq| AvnÐvw`I k¼÷ievwoGZ wbhÆvwZZ| ‰Uv eyGov ingvb RvGb|
ZvB KbÅvi K^v ÕÃiY KGi ˆkvKvZzi wcZv eyGov ingv3b
eÅvLÅv KGiv| A AkÉ‚mRj ˆPvGL AvnÐvw`i cvGb ZvwKGq ^vGK|
N. DóxcK I ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ `ywfÆGÞi fqvenZv
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGi4i
myÕ·Ó¡@ g¯¦eÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| A RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
3 bÁ¼i cGÉ k²i Dîi M cyi‚lZvw¯¨K mgvGR bvixi Škke ˆhGbv LuvPvq ew±`
cvwL|@ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv KGiv|
K AvnÐvw`G`i cwievGi `ywfÆÞ ˆVwKGqwQj AvnÐvw`i evev| A
N cyi‚lZvw¯¨K mgvGR bvixi AmnvqZ½ I Aegvbbvi Õ¼i…c
L `ywfÆGÞi mgq wbGRG`i ˆeuGP ^vKvi RbÅ gvwm-wcwmGK weGkÏlY KGiv|
mvsNvwZKfvGe joGZ nGqwQj| A
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
`ywfÆÞ nGjv Lv`Å msKGUi Pig gynƒZÆ| ‰ mgq gvbyGli gGaÅ
Þzavi nvnvKvi ˆRGM IGV| AvnÐvw`i evev `ywfÆGÞi mgq gvwm- cÉk² 5 gvSivGZ nVvr `iRvq Zzgyj jvw^ cGo| WvKvZ
wcwmGK wbGRG`i Lvevi msMÉn KiGZ eGj| dGj Zviv cÉPzi
msMÉvg KGi wbGRG`i fiYGcvlY PvwjGqwQj, gƒjZ ‰ KviGYB cGoGQ| RvGq`v ˆeMg `yB ˆRvqvb ˆgGq wbGq àwUmywU ˆgGi
gvwm-wcwmGK `ywfÆGÞi mgq `vi‚YfvGe joGZ nGqwQj|
eGm ^vGK NGii ˆKvGY| WvKvZiv jyU KGi NGii hv wKQy
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe AvGQ| nVvr `ye†ÆîG`i ˆPvL cGo RvGq`vi hyeZx ˆgGq `yGUvi
M ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ `ywfÆGÞi ˆh ggÆvw¯¦K wPò DGV ‰GmGQ Zv w`GK| gv^v wVK ivLGZ cvGi bv RvGq`v, nvGZi KvGQ cGo
eÅvLÅv KGiv|
^vKv `v w`Gq ˆKvc gvGi ‰KUvGK| evwKàGjv cvwjGq hvq
N `ywfÆGÞi gZ cÉvK‡wZK `ƒGhÆvM `wi`Ë ˆkÉwYi gvbyGli RbÅ
AviI Awfkvc eGq AvGb, hwy Úmn AvGjvPbv KGiv| `Ë‚Z|
cÉk² 4 KbÅvi cyZjz ˆLjvi eqm| wK¯§ KbÅvi evev K. ‘KvUvwii ˆKvGc Mjv KvwU `-y ‰KUvi’ DwÚwU Kvi?1
AveyGji mvgvwRK `vqfvi AvGQ, ZvB Rwg wewKÌ Kiv UvKvq
KbÅvi weGq w`Gjb| bZyb msmvGi cyZzj-ˆLjv KbÅv w`Gknviv| L. ‘fvIZv w`Gq AvgvG`i `gvevi wdwKi me|’ eÅvLÅv
AgvbweK wbhÆvZGbi wkKvi nGq ‰K mgq iÚewg KiGZ
KiGZ ˆm gviv hvq| wK¯¦y ‰me wek¼vm KiGZ cvGi bv KbÅvi KGiv| 2
evev| cyZjz ˆLjvi eqwm KbÅv ˆ`LGj ZvB ‰LGbv wZwb
ZvwKGq ^vGKb| M. DóxcGKi hey Zx ˆgGq `yGUv ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆKvb
K. eyGov ingvGbi ˆgGq ˆKv^vq gviv ˆMGQ? A PwiGòi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L. ingvb ˆKb AvnÐvw`i w`GK ZvwKGq ^vGK? A
M. DóxcGKi KbÅvi evevi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i N. ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸ DóxcGKi mvnmx bvixG`i Pwiò
eyGov ingvGbi mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| A weeZ† nGqGQ|’ g¯¦eÅwU wePvi KGiv| 4
cÉk² 6 weGqi ciI ˆhŒZGy Ki A^Æ w`GZ bv cvivq
k¼÷ievwoGZ wbi…cgvi Ici PGj AK^Å wbhÆvZb| ‰w`GK1
wbi‚cgvi Õ¼vgx myej Õ¨xi Ici AZÅvPvi bv KiGjI KLGb2v
AZÅvPvi eG®¬ f„wgKv ivGL bv| Dci¯¦y gvGmi ci gvm evwo
ˆQGo wbi‚GóGk ^vGK ˆm| 3
K. AvnÐvw`GK KjGKGcvov QuÅvKv ˆ`q ˆK? 1
4
L. Rà ‰Gj gvwm-wcwm Zvi mvG^ ˆKgb AvPiY KiGe M. DóxcGK ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i AskweGkl cÉwZdwjZ
eGj wVK KGi? 2 nGqGQ@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mvgémÅZv ZyGj N. DóxcK I ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i mgvRevÕ¦eZv ‰KB@
aGiv| 3 g¯¦eÅwU gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
N. “DóxcGKi myej ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i Rài cÉwZœQwe”@ cÉk² 10 wmivR wgqv w`bgRiy | wK¯§ ‰GZ Zvi msmvi PGj
DwÚwUi h^v^ÆZv gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 bv| ZvB ‰KUz evowZ AvGqi RGbÅ MÉvg ˆ^GK M†nGÕ©i Mvwfi
cÉk² 7 wgivR MZ eQi iwngvGK weGq KGiGQ| ‰ eQi ˆm `ya msMÉn KGi MGé wbGq wewKÌ Kivi cwiK͸bv KGi| mvG^
iwngvGK ZvjvK w`GqGQ| iwngvi evevi ˆek avwb-Rwg wQj ˆhvM ˆ`q Zvi e®¬y iwdK| `yRGb wgGj fvGjvB eÅemv KiGQ|
gvGV, g†ZÅz i ci iwngvB ˆmàGjv cvq| ‰Lb ˆmàGjv wgivGRi `yGai cvkvcvwk Zviv MÉvg ˆ^GK kvKmewR, nuvm-gyiwM wbGqI
`LGj| wbi‚cvq iwngv ‰Lb cvovq cvovq KvR KGi| wewKÌ KiGZ ÷i‚ KGiGQ| MÉvGgi gvbyGlivI ZvG`i wbGq eÅemv
K. ˆK QjQj ˆPvGL AvnÐvw`i w`GK ZvwKGq wQj? 1 KwiGq myweav cvGœQ| ‰ evowZ Avq w`Gq wmivR wgqvi msmvi
L. knGi wMGq ˆivRMvGii cƒGeÆ gvwm-wcwmi fiYGcvlY AvGMi ˆPGq fvGjv PjGQ|
PjZ KxfvGe? 2 K. KvbvB ˆckvq Kx wQj? 1
M. DóxcGKi iwngvi mvG^ ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆKvb L. gvwm-wcwm ŠKjvGki Ici weiÚ nGqwQj ˆKb? 2
bvix PwiGòi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ, Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 M. “DóxcGK ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i ˆKvb w`KwU dzGU
N. DóxcGKi wgivR I ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i Rà@ DGVGQ?” eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
`yRGbB gvbeZv-weewRÆZ@ DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv wePvi N. “DóxcGK ‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i gvwm-wcwmi AwZwiÚ
KGiv| 4 AvGqi cwiK͸bvB cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|” DwÚwUi mZÅZv
cÉk²8 `ywfÆGÞi KivjMÉvGm myiZbMi MÉvGgi AGbK gvbyl bv wbi…cY KGiv| 4
ˆLGZ ˆcGq wbtGkl nGq ˆMGQ| eD-evœPv nvwiGq nvi‚i AeÕ©vI cÉk²11 KvRx bRi‚j BmjvGgi ‘g†ZzÅÞzav’ DcbÅvGm ˆ`Lv hvq,
‰Lb gigi| ˆcGUi ZvwMG` AeÕ©vmÁ·®G² `i evwoGZ wfGÞ Pig `vwi`ËÅcxwoZ cuÅvKvGji cwievGi Zvi m¯¦vb-mÁ¿ev ˆevb cuvwP
KGi, Avi ivGZi AuvavGi ZvG`i NGi Pzwi KGi ˆeovq ˆm| ‰Gm nvwRi nq| ‘ˆMvG`i Ici welGduvov! wKQyw`b ˆ^GK Avevi
K. ˆKv^vq ZwiZiKvwi I djgƒGji `vg Pov wQj? 1 Ii ˆQvU ˆevbUvI ‰Gm IG`i NvGo PGoGQ! weGq w`GqwQj fvGjv
L. gvwm-wcwmi gaÅKvi weGiva DGe ˆMj KxfvGe? 2 Ni ˆ`GLB! wK¯§ KcvGj myL ˆjLv bv ^vKGj ˆm Kcvj cv^Gi
M. RxebmsMÉvGgi Ki‚Y wPGòi cÉwZdjGb DóxcK I VzGKI jvf ˆbB! cuvwPi Õ¼vgx bvwK ˆKvGbv ‰K KÅvIivi ˆgGqGK
‘gvwm-wcwm’ MG͸i gGaÅ mv`k† Å wbi…cY KGiv| 3 gymjgvb KGi ˆbKv KGiGQ! wK¯§ Õ¼vgxi AGaÆK ivRGZ½i meÆÕ¼Z½
N. ‘RxebhyG«¬i’ KwVb cG^ nvi‚i ˆPGq ˆewk `†pZvi ZÅvM KGi gvGqi `ytGLi ˆKvGjB ˆm wdGi ‰Gjv|’
cwiPq w`GqGQ gvwm-wcwm’@ DwÚwUi h^v^ÆZv wePvi K. Kvi dÅvKvGk gyGL ingvb wbGRi ˆgGqi Qvc ˆ`LGZ
KGiv| 4 cvq? 1
cÉk² 9 iRZ Avjx MÉvGgi ˆRvZ`vi I gnvRb| ˆm myG`i L. AvnÐvw`GK ˆbŒKvq ˆ`GL eyGov ingvGbi Zvi ˆgGqi
duvG` ˆdGj MÉvGgi Mwie Amnvq gvbylG`i Rwg-wRivZ Avñmvr K^v gGb cGo hvq ˆKb? 2
KGi wbGqGQ| ‰evi Zvi ˆPvL cGoGQ gwbi Dwób gíGji ˆgGq M. DóxcGKi cuvwPi evwoGZ wdGi Avmv ‰es AvnÐvw`i
wiwRqvi Ici| eQi `yGqK AvGM wiwRqvi weGq nGqwQj cvGki evevi evwoGZ cÉZÅveZÆGbi ˆcÉÞvcUMZ Šemv`†kÅ
MÉvGgi ZvRyGji mvG^| AKgÆv e`GgRvwR ZvRyGji AZÅvPvGi wbi…cY KGiv| 3
wiwRqv evGci evwo PGj ‰GmGQ| wiwRqv evevi ‰Kgvò ˆgGq N. ‘wf®²Zv ^vKv mGî½I cuvwP ‰es AvnÐvw` ZrKvjxb
ZvB mÁ·wîi ˆjvGf ZvRyj wiwRqvGK QvoGZ ivwR bq| cyi‚lZvw¯¨K mgvReÅeÕ©vi Pig evÕ¦eZvi wbgÆg
K. AvnÐvw` Zvi evGci Kx cwigvY mÁ·wîi DîivwaKvix? 1 wkKvi|’ g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB KGiv| 4
L. ‘hGy «¬i AvGqvRb KGi ŠZwi nGq ^vGK gvwm-wcwm|’
‰LvGb ˆKvb hyG«¬i BwãZ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ? 2
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
evqv®²i w`bàGjv
ˆkL gywReyi ingvb [1920-1975]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 AvwdÌKvi RbgvbyGli wcÉq ˆbZv ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv| eYÆev`, ŠelgÅ Avi ˆkvlY-wbcxoGbi cÉwZevG` dzuGm IVv `wÞY
AvwdÌKvi KvGjv gvbylàGjvi `xNÆ AvG±`vjb-msMÉvGg ˆbZG‡ Z½i cyGivav wQGjb wZwb| ZuvGK mBGZ nGqGQ wbhÆvZb, LvUGZ nGqGQ
ˆRj| Zuvi mvZvk eQGii mkÉg KvivGfvM I ZÅvGMi wewbgGq AvwdÌKvi gvbylG`i gywÚ Z^v Õ¼vaxbZv AwRÆZ nq| [Xv. ˆev. 16]
K. RvwZi RbK eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb KZ wLËÓ¡vGõ R¯ÃMnÉ Y KGib? 1
L. ‘AZÅvPvGii wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev` KGi hw` giGZ cvwi, ˆm givGZI kvw¯¦ AvGQ’@ ˆjLK ‰K^v eGjwQGjb ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jvi mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLGKi mv`†kÅcƒYÆ w`KwU ZGz j aGiv| 3
N. ‘cwiGcÉwÞZ wf®² nGjI msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq gywRe-gÅvG´£jv ‰K mƒGò Muv^v’@ DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK
g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K RvwZi RbK eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb 1920 wLËÓ¡vGõ R¯ÃMnÉ Y KGib|
L AwaKvi Av`vGqi msMÉvGg AvñZÅvGMi gvnvñÅ ˆevSvGZ wMGq wbGRi mnKgÆxG`i DGóGk ˆjLK ‰K^v eGjwQGjb|
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLK eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb wQGjb AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ msMÉvgx ‰K gnvb ˆbZv| gvbyGli AwaKvi
Av`vGqi RbÅ mGeÆvœP ZÅvM Õ¼xKvi Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆcvlY KiGZb wZwb| wZwb AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ jGo Rxeb ˆ`IqvGK ˆMŒieRbK
eGj gGb KiGZb| ZvB g†ZzÅGK wZwb fq KiGZb bv| cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ˆmB wek¼vmB a»wbZ nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: AwaKvi Av`vGqi msMÉvGg AvñZÅvGMi gvnvñÅ ˆevSvGZ wMGq wbGRi mnKgxÆ G`i DGóGk ˆjLK ‰K^v eGjwQGjb|
M ˆ`Gki gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RbÅ msMÉvg KGi ˆRj LvUvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jvi mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’
iPbvi ˆjLGKi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
DóxcGK ewYÆZ ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv eYÆ‹elgÅ I ˆkvlGYi wei‚G«¬ AvRxeb ˆmvœPvi wQGjb| ˆ`Gki gvbyGli KjÅvGYi RbÅ wZwb
AvgiY msMÉvg KGiGQb| ‰RbÅ wZwb my`xNÆ mvZvk eQi ˆRGji A®¬Kvi cÉGKvGÓ¤ w`b KvwUGqGQb| ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi
ˆjLK ˆkL gwy Reyi ingvbI ˆ`Gki gvbyGli RbÅ msMÉvg KGi `xNÆw`b ˆRj ˆLGUGQb|
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLK ˆkL gywReyi ingvb wQGjb ‰KRb Av`kÆ ˆ`kGcÉwgK| ˆ`k I ˆ`Gki gvbyGli gywÚi RbÅ wZwb
cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i wei‚G«¬ msMÉvg KGi ˆRGj wMGqGQb ‰es bvbvfvGe AZÅvPvwiZ nGqGQb| ˆKvGbv iKg Pvc wKsev cÉGjvfbB ZuvGK
Zuvi `†p wm«¬v¯¦ ˆ^GK mivGZ cvGiwb| A^Ævr, DóxcGKi ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv ‰es ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLK ˆkL gywReyi
ingvb Dfq ˆbZvi Rxebv`kÆ I KgÆc¯©v ˆgvUvgywU ‰KBiKg| gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RbÅ AvñZÅvGMi w`K ˆ^GK ZvuG`i
gGaÅ mv`†kÅ LyuGR cvIqv hvq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RbÅ AvñZÅvGMi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jvi mvG^ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi
ˆjLK ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
N ‘cwiGcÉwÞZ wf®² nGjI msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq gywRe-gÅvG´£jv ‰K mƒGò Muv^v’@ DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK
DwÚwU h^v^Æ|
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ nGqGQ, eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKG`i Ackvmb ‰es ivRew±`G`i gywÚi
`vweGZ AvgiY Abkb KGib| cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤x Zuvi Ici bvbvfvGe wbhÆvZb PvjvGjI wZwb wcQy nGUbwb| DóxcGKi
ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jvI eãe®¬yi Av`GkÆi cÉwZi…c| `yRGbi gGaÅB ˆ`kGcGÉ gi Av`kÆ dzGU DGVGQ|
DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv ‰KRb ZÅvMx I Av`wkÆK ˆbZv| wZwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi eYÆ‹elgÅ Avi wbcxoGbi wei‚G«¬ ˆmvœPvi
nb| AvG±`vjb bmÅvr Kivi RbÅ Zuvi Ici ˆbGg AvGm wbhvÆ Zb| `xNÆ mvZvk eQi ZuvGK KvivGfvM KiGZ nq| DóxcGKi ˆbjmb
gÅvG´£jvi msMÉvgx ˆPZbvi ‰ w`KwU ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLK eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi mvG^ mv`†kÅ ŠZwi KGi|
eãe®¬y I ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv ˆ`kGcGÉ g D«¼y«¬ nGq ˆ`Gki gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RbÅ cÉvYcY msMÉvg KGiGQb| ˆbjmb
gÅvG´£jv kvmKGMvÓ¤xi ˆivlvbGj cGo my`xNÆ 27 eQi ˆRGji gGaÅ `yweÆln Rxebhvcb KGiGQb| eãe®¬yGKI RbMGYi AwaKvi
Av`vGqi RbÅ `xNÆ mgq KvivMvGi Aei‚«¬ ^vKGZ nGqGQ| DfqB ˆkvlY, ŠelgÅ I wbcxoGbi wei‚G«¬ AvRxeb jovB KGiGQb|
A^Ævr, ˆcÉÞvcU wf®² nGjI ˆPZbvMZ w`K ˆ^GK ZuvG`i gGaÅ mv`k† Å cwijwÞZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU h^vh^|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ˆ`kGcÉg I msMÉvgx ˆPZbv aviGYi w`K ˆ^GK ˆbjmb gÅvG´£jv I eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ‰KB mƒGò Muv^v|
DfqB ˆkvlY, ŠelgÅ I wbcxoGbi wei‚G«¬ AvRxeb jovB KGiGQb| ZvB ejv hvq, cÉGkv² Ú g¯¦eÅwU h^vh^|
2
cÉk² 2 e®¬y, ˆZvgvi QvGov DG«¼M, myZxÞ° KGiv wPî [w`. ˆev. 16]
evsjvi gvwU `yRÆq NuvwU eyGS wbK `ye†Æî|
gƒp kò‚GK nvGbv ˆmvÉ Z i‚GL, Z±`ÊvGK KGiv wQ®²,
‰KvMÉ ˆ`Gk kò‚iv ‰Gm nGq hvK wbwøn×|
NGi ˆZvGjv avb weµÏex cÉvY cÉÕ§Z ivGLv KvGÕ¦,
MvI mvwi Mvb, nvwZqvGi kvb `vI AvR D`qvGÕ¦|
K. ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ ˆKvb RvZxq iPbv? 1
L. ‘fimv nGjv, Avi `gvGZ cviGe bv’@ ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ cÉeG®¬i cÉwZevG`i fvlvi ˆh Šemv`†kÅ dzGU DGVGQ, Zv wbGRi fvlvq ˆjGLv| 3
N. DóxcKwUGZ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆPZbv mv^KÆ fvGe cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ@ g¯¦eÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi AvñRxebxgƒjK iPbv|
L evsjv fvlv cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ivÓ¡Çfvlv nGZ hvGœQ@ ‰gb Avñwek¼vm ˆ^GK ˆkL gywReyi ingvb AvGjvPÅ g¯¦eÅwU KGiGQb|
1952 mvGji 21ˆk ˆdeË‚qvwi Qvò-RbZvi Ici àwji Lei MÉvgMGé ˆcuŒQvGj ˆmLvGbI cÉwZev` ÷i‚ nq| gvbyl eySGZ cvGi,
kvmKGMvÓ¤x evOvwjG`i gyGLi fvlv ˆKGo wbGZ Pvq| AwaKvi Av`vGq ZvB Zviv HKÅe«¬ nq| evOvwji ‰B RvMiY ˆ`GL
Avñwek¼vmx eãe®¬y ‰B ˆfGe fimv cvb ˆh, cvwKÕ¦vwbiv evOvwjG`i Avi `gvGZ cviGe bv| evsjv fvlvGK ivÓ¡Çfvlv bv KGi
ZvG`i Avi ˆKvGbv Dcvq ˆbB|
DîGii mvieÕ§: evsjv fvlv cƒeÆ cvwKÕv¦ Gbi ivÓ¡Çfvlv nGZ hvGœQ@ ‰gb Avñwek¼vm ˆ^GK ˆkL gywReyi ingvb AvGjvPÅ g¯¦eÅwU KGiGQb|
M ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ Awnsm cÉwZevG`i cwiPq cvIqv hvq, hv DóxcGKi cÉwZevG`i fvlvi wecixZ|
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZevG`i Õ¼i…c cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|
AvGjvPÅ iPbvq ewYÆZ nGqGQ, eãe®¬y cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤x KZƆK ivRew±`G`i webv wePvGi ew±` ivLvi I fvlv
AvG±`vjbKvixG`i Ici wbweÆPvGi àwj PvjvGbvi cÉwZev` KGiGQb| wK¯§ ‰B cÉwZevG`i aib wQj Awnsm| wZwb Abkb agÆNU
cvjGbi gvaÅGg kvmKGMvÓ¤xi AbÅvq AvPiGYi cÉwZev` KGiGQb|
DóxcGK evOvwj RvwZGK RvMÉZ nIqvi Avn»vb RvwbGq weµÏGei gvaÅGg kò‚GK cÉwZnZ Kivi K^v a»wbZ nGqGQ| ‰LvGb cÉwZevG`i
fvlv Awnsm bq; mkÕ¨ weµÏGei| AvGjvPÅ KweZvsGk evsjvG`kGK `yRÆq NuvwU DGÍÏL KGi Kwe ‰G`k ˆ^GK kò‚G`i wbwøn× Kivi
cÉZÅq eÅÚ KGiGQb| Avi ‰RbÅ cÉGqvRGb AÕ¨ cÉÕ§Z ivLvi K^vI wZwb eGjGQb| ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvqI kò‚i wei‚G«¬
cÉwZevG`i evYx a»wbZ nGqGQ| wK¯§ ‰B cÉwZevG`i aib Awnsm| dGj DóxcGKi cÉwZevG`i fvlv ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ
cÉwZevG`i fvlv ˆ^GK wf®² nGq DGVGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq cvwKÕv¦ wb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZevG`i Õ¼i…c cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|
‰B cÉwZevG`i aib wQj Awnsm| DóxcGKI kò‚GK cÉwZnZ KiGZ cÉwZevG`i evYx a»wbZ nGqGQ| wK¯§ ‰LvGb cÉwZevG`i fvlv Awnsm bq;
mkÕ¨ weµÏGei|
N ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq evOvwji AwaKvi Av`vGq msMvgx ˆPZbvi cÉwZdjb NGUGQ, hv DóxcGKiI DcRxeÅ|
AvGjvPÅ iPbvq 1952 mvGji fvlv AvG±`vjGbi cƒGeÆi I AvG±`vjb PjvKvjxb evsjvG`Gki Av^-Æ mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vi
wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| ‰LvGb ˆ`Lv hvq, evOvwji gyGLi fvlv ˆKGo ˆbIqvi loh¯¨ evÕe¦ vqb KiGZ cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤x evOvwjG`i
Ici PovI nq| eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKG`i ‰ AbÅvq AvPiGYi cÉwZev` KGib|
DóxcGK ˆ`kGK kò‚gyÚ KiGZ HKÅe«¬ msMÉvGgi Avn»vb RvbvGbv nGqGQ| Kwe evOvwji AGRq kwÚi Dïvb Kvgbv KGiGQb, ˆh
kwÚi AvNvGZ kò‚iv wbwøn× nGq hvGe| KweZvsGk AwaKvi Av`vGqi jGÞÅ kò‚i wei‚G«¬ msMÉvGgi RbÅ cÉÕ§Z ^vKvi Avn»vb
a»wbZ nGqGQ|
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ nGqGQ, eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi Ackvmb I webv wePvGi ivRew±`G`i
KvivMvGi AvUK ivLvi cÉwZevG` ˆRGji ˆfZGi Abkb KGib| evOvwjG`i ˆkvlGYi nvZ ˆ^GK gyÚ Kivi RbÅ wbGRi cÉvY wec®²
KGiI wZwb Abkb agÆNU AeÅvnZ ivGLb| AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKI kò‚i wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev` Kivi K^v ejv nGqGQ| eÕ§Z, ‘evqv®²i
w`bàGjv’ I AvGjvPÅ DóxcK DfqGÞGòB evOvwji AwaKvi Av`vGq msMÉvgx ˆPZbvi K^v eÅÚ nGqGQ| ZvB ejv hvq, “DóxcKwUGZ
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆPZbv mv^ÆKfvGe cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ”@ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ I AvGjvPÅ DóxcK DfqGÞGòB evOvwji AwaKvi Av`vGq msMÉgx ˆPZbvi K^v eÅÚ nGqGQ| ZvB ejv
hvq, “DóxcKwUGZ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆPZbv mv^ÆKfvGe cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ”@ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
3
cÉk² 3 wgwQjUv ZLb ˆgwWGKGji ˆMU ˆcwiGq KvRÆb nGji KvQvKvwQ ‰Gm ˆMGQ| wZbRb Avgiv cvkvcvwk nuvUwQjvg|
ivnvZ ˆÕÏvMvb w`wœQj| Avi Zcyi nvGZ wQj ‰KUv gÕ¦ µÏÅvKvWÆ| Zvi Ici jvj KvwjGZ ˆjLv wQj, ‘ivÓ¡Çfvlv evsjv PvB’|
wgwQjUv nvBGKvGUÆi ˆgvGo ˆcuŒQyGZ AKÕÃvr AvgvG`i mvgGbi ˆjvKàGjv wPrKvi KGi cvjvGZ jvMj PvicvGk| eÅvcviUv Kx
eySevi AvGMB ˆPGq ˆ`wL, µÏÅvKvWmÆ n gvwUGZ jywUGq cGoGQ Zcy| KcvGji wVK gvSLvbUvq ˆMvj ‰KUv MZÆ| Avi ˆm MZÆ w`Gq
wbSÆGii gGZv iÚ SiGQ Zvi|
[P. ˆev. 16]
K. ˆiYyi cyGiv bvg Kx? 1
L. ‘Avgiv Abkb fvOe bv’@ DwÚwU eywSGq `vI| 2
M. “DóxcGKi mvG^ cvVÅ eBGqi ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ kxlÆK AvñRxebxgƒjK iPbvi cUf„wgMZ Awf®²Zv iGqGQ|”@
g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB KGiv| 3
N. ‘DóxcGK M͸K^GKi RevbxGZ ewYÆZ gnvb ‰KzGki fvlvwPòwUi mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvwUi K^K I Kvwnwbi
wf®²ZvI iGqGQ’@ ˆZvgvi gZvgZmn g¯¦eÅwU hvPvB KGiv| 4
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ˆiYyi cyGiv bvg@ ˆkL dwRjvZzG®m² v gywRe|
L cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ `vwe cƒiY bv nIqv ch¯Æ ¦ Abkb agÆNU cvjb KGi hvIqvi `†p cÉZÅq eÅÚ nGqGQ|
1952 mvGji fvlv AvG±`vjGbi mgq eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ˆRGj ew±` wQGjb| ˆmLvGb Zuvi mãx wQGjb Rbve gwnDwób
Avng`| ivRew±`G`i webv wePvGi AvUK ivLvi cÉwZevG` Zuviv Abkb agÆNU cvjb KGib ‰es ˆhGKvGbv cwiwÕ©wZGZ Abkb
AeÅvnZ ivLvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb| ZvB AvGjvPÅ DwÚGZ AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev` KiGZ wMGq mGeÆvœP ZÅvM Õ¼xKvGii RbÅ ˆjLGKi
`†p cÉZÅq eÅÚ nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwUGZ `vwe cƒiY bv nIqv ch¯Æ ¦ Abkb agÆNU cvjb KGi hvIqvi `†p cÉZÅq eÅÚ nGqGQ|
M ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ kxlÆK AvñRxebxgƒjK iPbvi cUf„wg 1952 mvGji fvlv AvG±`vjb, hv DóxcGKiI cUf„wg|
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvq 1952 mvGj eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ˆRjRxeb ‰es KvivgywÚi NUbv eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ| webv
wePvGi ivRew±`G`i AvUK ivLvi cÉwZevG` eãe®¬y Abkb agÆNU ÷i‚ KGib| Zuvi ÕÆwZPviYvi gvaÅGg Avgiv RvbGZ cvwi,
AbkbKvGj ˆRj KZ‡ÆcGÞi f„wgKv I AvPiY, ˆbZvKgÆxG`i mvG^ mvÞvr ‰es ZuvG`i KvGQ evZÆv ˆcuŒQvGbvi bvbv ˆKŒkj
mÁ·GKÆ| ZGe ‰me wKQyi gvGSI AvGQ AvgvG`i gnvb fvlv AvG±`vjb Z^v ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi ZvwiGL Qvò-RbZvi wgwQGj àwji
Lei| Avi ‰B fvlv AvG±`vjGbi cUf„wg dzGU DGVGQ AvGjvPÅ DóxcGK|
DóxcGK mivmwi fvlv AvG±`vjGbi NUbv wee†Z nGqGQ| Zcy Avi Zvi e®¬yiv Qvò-RbZvi wfGo wgGk fvlvi `vweGZ wgwQj KGi|
cywjk wgwQGj àwj PvjvGj RbZv Qòfã nGq hvq| ‰gb AeÕ©vq nVvr AvweÓ•‡Z nq gvwUGZ jywUGq cov Zcyi ˆ`n| Zcyi
gv^vq àwj jvGM| Avi ˆmB àwj jvMvi Õ©vb ˆ^GK Aweij avivq ˆewiGq AvGm iÚ| DóxcGKi NUbveGZÆ DGV Avmv fvlv
AvG±`vjGb AvñvüwZi w`KwU AvGjvPÅ iPbvi gGaÅI DœPvwiZ nGqGQ| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ kxlÆK
AvñRxebxgƒjK iPbvi cUf„wgMZ Awf®²Zv iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ kxlÆK AvñRxebxgƒjK iPbvi cUf„wg 1952 mvGji fvlv AvG±`vjb, hv DóxcGKiI cUf„wg|
N ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbv ‰es DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cÉGkv² Ú g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆcÉÞvcU 1952 mvj| ‰B mgq eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb Kvivew±` ˆ^GKI kvmKG`i AbÅvq-
AZÅvPvGii cÉwZevG` AvgiY Abkb KGib| ˆ`k I RvZxi KjÅvGY wZwb wQGjb wbGew`ZcÉvY| DóxcGK Zcy PwiGòi gaÅ w`Gq
evqv®²i fvlv AvG±`vjGb kwn`G`i Avñ`vGbi w`KwUB gZƒ Æ nGq DGVGQ|
DóxcGK fvlv AvG±`vjGbi ÕÆwZPviY Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb evsjvGK ivÓ¡Çfvlv `vweGZ evsjvi `vgvj ˆQGjG`i Avñ`vGbi K^v
ewYÆZ nGqGQ| K^K, ivnvZ I Zcy PwiGòi gaÅ w`Gq fvlv AvG±`vjGbi wPò ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| Zcyi gGZv mvnmx hey KG`i
Avñ`vGbi wewbgGq evsjv ivÓ¡Çfvlvi ghÆv`v ˆcGqGQ|
DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆcÉÞvcU Awf®² nGjI NUbvcÉevGni wf®²Zv iGqGQ| DóxcGK Kvwnwbi ˆKG±`Ê AvGQ Zcy
bvgK ‰K hey K, ˆh 1952 mvGj fvlv AvG±`vjGb wbGRi cÉvY DrmMÆ KGiGQ| ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvwUi ˆjLK eãe®¬y ˆkL
gywReyi ingvb| Kvwnwbi ˆKG±`Ê AvGQb eãe®¬y wbGRB ‰es ‰i cUf„wg 1952 mvGj eãe®¬yi KvivRxeb, ZrKvjxb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi
Ackvmb I AwePvGi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬yi cÉwZev`| 1952 mvGj eãe®¬y KvivMvGi AvUK wQGjb| webv wePvGi ivRew±`G`i AvUGK
ivLvi cÉwZevG` wZwb Abkb agÆNU cvjb KGib| Abkb PjvKvGj ˆRj KZ‡ÆcGÞi AvPiY ‰es ZvG`i KvhÆvewjI Kvwnwbi A¯¦MÆZ|
AbkGbi KviGY eãe®¬yi Rxeb hLb mskGqi gyGL cGo, ZLb ZuvGK ˆRj ˆ^GK gywÚ ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆ`kvñGevGa DäxweZ nGq ZÅvM
Õ¼xKvi Kivi ‰ w`KwU DóxcGKi KvwnwbwPGòI cwijwÞZ nq| ZGe iPbvi cUf„wg, K^GKi AeÕ©vb ‰es gƒj PwiGòi cwiYwZGZ
wf®Z² v jÞ Kiv hvq| ˆmw`K weGePbvq cÉGk² DwÍÏwLZ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGK Kvwnwbi ˆKG±`Ê iGqGQ Zcy bvgK ‰K hyeK, ˆh 1952 mvGj fvlv AvG±`vjGb wbGRi cÉvY DrmMÆ KGiGQ|
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvwUi ˆjLK eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb| 1952 mvGj eãe®¬y KvivMvGi AvUK wQGjb| A^Ævr DóxcK I
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ Dfq iPbvi cUf„wgGZ evqv®i² fvlv AvG±`vjGbi welqwU DGV ‰GjI K^K I Kvwnwbi wf®²Zv AvGQ `ywU ˆÞGò|
4
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ kv² îi
cÉk² 4 “‰Kevi gGi fzGj ˆMGQ AvR 1
g†ZzÅi fq Zviv 2
kvevk evsjvG`k ‰ cw† ^ex 3
AevK ZvwKGq iq 4
R¾Gj-cyGo gGi QviLvi,
Zey gv^v ˆbvqvevi bq|” A
K. fvlv AvG±`vjGbi mgq eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ˆKvb KvivMvGi ew±` wQGjb?
L. ‘gvbyGli hLb cZb AvGm ZLb cG` cG` fzj nGZ ^vGK’@ DwÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. DóxcGKi ˆkl evKÅwUGZ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ KxfvGe cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ?@ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. DóxcGKi ZvrchÆ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’i ˆPZbvi AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv|
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K fvlv AvG±`vjGbi mgq eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb dwi`cyi KvivMvGi ew±` wQGjb| A
L cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi fvlv AvG±`vjbKvixG`i ˆMÉdZvi Kivi cwieGZÆ àwj KGi nZÅvi AcGKŒkj MÉnY KiGj ˆjLK cÉGk²vÚ
K^vwU eGjwQGjb|
1952 mvGj evsjvGK ivÓ¡Ìfvlv Kivi `vweGZ ivRcG^ bvGg ‰G`Gki Qvò-RbZv| 21ˆk ˆde‚qË vwi XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq ‰jvKvq
144 aviv fã KGi AvG±`vjbKvixiv cÉwZev`-wgwQj ˆei KGi| cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤x AvG±`vjbKvixG`i ˆMɵ¦vi Kivi cwieGZÆ
ZvG`i Ici wbweÆPvGi àwj Pvjvq| evOvwji AwaKvi Av`vGqi msMÉvgGK cÉwZnZ KiGZ ‰gb N†YÅ AcGKŒkj MÉnY KiGj
kvmKGMvÓ¤xi cÉwZ ‰G`Gki gvbyGli N†Yv evoGZ ^vGK| ‰iKg ˆcÉÞvcGU ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆjLK ˆkL gywReyi ingvb
gGb KGib, cvwKÕ¦vb miKvGii ‰ aiGbi AcGKŒkjB ZvG`i cZb Z½ivw®¼Z KiGe|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi fvlv AvG±`vjbKvixG`i ˆMÉdZvi Kivi cwieGZÆ àwj KGi nZÅvi AcGKŒkj MÉnY KiGj ˆjLK
cÉGk²vÚ K^vwU eGjwQGjb|
M DóxcGKi ˆkl evKÅwUGZ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZev`x gGbvfvGei cÉwZdjb NGUGQ|
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZev`x gGbvfve I Avcmnxb eÅwÚZ½ dzGU DGVGQ| evOvwji
AwaKvi Av`vGqi msMÉvGg wZwb meÆ`v Avcmnxb I wbfÆxK wQGjb| ZrKvjxb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤x evOvwjG`i `vweGq ivLvi ˆh N†YÅ
AcGKŒkj MÉnY KGiwQj, Zvi wei‚G«¬ wZwb wbfxÆKwPGî msMÉvg KGiGQb| ‰ KviGY ˆhŒeGbi AwaKvsk mgq ZuvGK Kviv cÉGKvGÓ¤
KvUvGZ nq| Zey wZwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi KvGQ KLGbv gv^v bZ KGibwb|
DóxcGKi ˆkl evGKÅ A÷f kwÚi wei‚G«¬ evOvwji cÉwZev`x ˆPZbvi AwfeÅwÚ cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| my`xNÆKvj aGi ˆ`Gki RbÅ, ˆ`Gki
gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RbÅ evOvwj RvwZi ˆcÉiYvi evwZNi wnGmGe KvR KiGQ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½| evOvwj
evievi wfbG`wk nvbv`viG`i «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ, Zey evOvwj KLGbv AbÅvGqi KvGQ gv^v bZ KGiwb| DóxcGKi Kwe evOvwji ‰B
mvnmx mîvi RqMvb KGiGQb| ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi PwiGò evOvwji ‰B Avcmnxb I wbfÆxK wPGîi cwiPq
eÅÚ nGqGQ| AvGjvPÅ iPbvq ˆ`Lv hvq, ivRew±`G`i webv wePvGi KvivMvGi AvUGK ivLvi cÉwZevG` ˆkL gywReyi ingvb Abkb agÆNU
cvjb KGib| ZrKvjxb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi Avæven ˆRj KZƆcÞ bvbvfvGe ZuvGK wbe†î Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGiI Zuvi cÉwZev`x gGbvfvGei KvGQ
bwZ Õ¼xKvi KiGZ evaÅ nq| ‰B cÉwZev`x ˆPZbvi w`KwUB DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| B
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGKi ˆkl evKÅwUGZ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZev`x gGbvfvGei cÉwZdjb
NGUGQ|
N DóxcGKi A`gÅ evOvwji g†ZÅz fqGK DGcÞv Kivi ZvrchÆ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi
ingvGbi `†pGPZv eÅwÚGZ½i cwiPGqiB ewntcÉKvk| B
‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ cÉeG®¬ cvwKÕv¦ wb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi AckvmGbi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ‰es ‰G`Gki Avcvgi
RbmvaviGYi cÉwZev`x gGbvfve I AvñZÅvGMi Õ¼i…c wea†Z nGqGQ| AvGjvPÅ cÉe®¬ ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, ZrKvjxb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi
AckvmGbi wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev` KiGZ wMGq eãe®¬Gy K ˆRGj ˆhGZ nGjI wZwb AbÅvGqi KvGQ gv^v bZ KGibwb, eis ˆRGji ˆfZiI
cÉwZev` AeÅvnZ ivGLb| webv wePvGi ivRew±`G`i KvivMvGi AvUGK ivLvi cÉwZevG` wZwb I Zuvi mãx gwnDwób Avng` Abkb agÆNU
cvjb KGib|
DóxcGK evOvwji ˆkŒh-Æ exGhÆi Õ¼i…c DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ| evOvwji nvRvi eQGii BwZnvm, gv^v DuPz KGi ˆeuGP ^vKvi BwZnvm, AbÅvq-
AwePvGii KvGQ gv^v bZ bv Kivi BwZnvm| DóxcGKi Kwe evOvwji ‰B wPiGPbv cÉwZev`x i…cwU DG¯ÃvPb KGi ZvG`i RqMvb
KGiGQb| evOvwj wbGRi Rxeb wec®² KGi nGjI mZÅcG^ AwePj ^vGK| wek¼evmxi KvGQ evOvwji ‰B AwePj gGbvfve weÕÃq nGq
iGqGQ|
‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ˆ`Lv hvq, eãe®¬y ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ˆRGj A¯¦ixY ^vKv AeÕ©vq cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi Ackvmb
I webv wePvGi ivRew±`G`i KvivMvGi AvUGK ivLvi cÉwZevG` Abkb-agÆNU cvjb KGib| wZwb ˆm mgq Pjgvb ivÓ¡Çfvlv
AvG±`vjbGKI AKz¥¤ mg^Æb Rvbvb| ‰gbwK Zvui Rxeb msKUvc®² nGjI wZwb Abkb AeÅvnZ ivGLb| ‰KBfvGe DóxcGKI
msMÉvGgi gaÅ w`Gq evOvwji ghvÆ `v cÉwZÓ¤vi K^v eÅÚ nGqGQ| DóxcGK ewYÆZ nGqGQ evOvwji Abgbxq I AwePj gGbvfvGei
KviGY kò‚iv KLGbv ZvG`i c`vbZ KGi ivLGZ cvGiwb| mZy ivs, evOvwji ‰B A`gÅ Õ·†nvi ZvrchÆ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ cÉeG®¬iI
gƒjmyi wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z| A
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcGKi A`gÅ evOvwji g†ZzÅfqGK DGcÞv Kivi ZvrchÆ ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvq AbÅvGqi wei‚G«¬ eãe®¬y ˆkL
gywReyi ingvGbi `†pGPZv eÅwÚGZ½i cwiPGqiB ewntcÉKvk|
5
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² M. DóxcKwU KxfvGe ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi BwãZ
cÉk² 5 ˆLGq ZvnvG`iB iÚ- evwoGQ ˆh iÞ w`Gb w`Gb, ˆ`q? ˆKb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
wbOvwiqv wbGZ cvGi ˆh-iÚ hw` ivÞGm wPGb|
ZvnvG`iB Mov `yMÆ nBGZ ZvnvG`iB wbwgÆZ N. ‘gnvñv Mv®¬x I ˆkL gywReyi ingvb MYgvbyGli
AÕ¨ nvwbqv ZvG`GiB hviv KwiGq wbeÆvwcZ,
m®¬vb Zvi w`GZ ZvnvG`Gi, mvnGm RvMvGZ cÉvY, cÉwZwbwa’ DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK
DwÚwU wePvi KGiv| 4
6 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
‰j bv K’ ˆKn, eÅ^Æ nBj ZvB ‰Z cÉvY`vb| K 1952 mvGj ˆkL gywRe AvIqvgx jxGMi RGq´Ÿ ˆmGKUÌ vwi
[Z^Åmƒò: ‘Õ¼G`k’, KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg] wQGjb|
K. AvgjvZ¯¨ Kx? 1
L. L bvivqYMGéi KgÆxG`i Acwimxg ZÅvM-wZwZÞvi RGbÅ
‘gymwjg jxM miKvi KZ eo AcwiYvg`wkÆZvi KvR ˆKvGbv ivR‹bwZK KgÆx ZvG`i K^v fzjGZ cviGe bv|
M.
Kij|’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 miKvi bvivqYMéevmxi Ici ˆkvlY-wbcxob PvwjGq ‰K
N. òvGmi ivRZ½ m†wÓ¡ KGi| Zv mGî½I Zviv bvivqYMGéi KgÆxG`i
DóxcGK ‘evwoGq ˆh iÞ’ ‰i mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ `gvGZ cvGiwb| ivÓ¡Ìfvlv evsjvi `vweGZ ivRew±`G`i gywÚi
RGbÅ Zviv msMÉvg PvwjGq hvq ‰es niZvj cvjb KGi| ˆ`k
iPbvi ˆKvb eÚeÅwU mv`†kÅcƒYÆ? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 ‰es gvbyGli RGbÅ ZvG`i ZÅvM Acwimxg| ZvB ivR‹bwZK
KgÆxiv ZvG`i fzjGZ cviGe bv|
eãe®¬yi Õ¼Gµ²i ˆmvbvi evsjv MoGZ nGj Zuvi
ivR‹bwZK wP¯v¦ -`kÆbGK weGePbvq AvbGZ nGe- DóxcK
I ‘evqvG®²vi w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK wee†Z KGiv| 4
5 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
K AvgjvZ¯¨ nGœQ ivÓ¡Çxq cÉkvmGb miKvwi KgÆPvixG`i M RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
KZ‡ÆZ½gƒjK eÅeÕ©v| DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cƒeÆ eGãi evOvwjG`i wei‚G«¬
L cvwKÕ¦vwbiv fvlv AvG±`vjbKvixG`i ˆMɵ¦vi bv KGi àwj ZrKvjxb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi Ackvmb I wbhÆvZGbi Õ¼i…c
KGi nZÅv Kivi cÉmGã eãe®¬y cÉGk²vÚ DwÚwU KGiwQGjb| wbYÆq KGiv|
1952 mvGji 21ˆk ˆdeË‚qvwi cvwKÕv¦ wbG`i PvwcGq ˆ`Iqv D`yÆ
fvlvi wecixGZ evsjvGK ivÓ¡Çfvlv Kivi `vweGZ msMÉvGg wjµ¦ nq N ˆ`k I ˆ`Gki gvbyGli cÉwZ eãe®¬yi ggZ½Geva I AvñZÅvM
‰G`Gki Qvò mgvR| ˆgwWGKj KGjR ‰jvKvq Zviv 144 aviv Zzjbvnxb| DóxcK I ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK weGkÏlY
fã KiGj wbweÆPvGi àwj QyGo nZÅv Kiv nq ZvG`i KGqK KGiv|
RbGK, hv cvwKÕv¦ b miKvGii cÉwZ ‰G`Gki gvbylGK ˆLwcGq
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
ˆZvGj| cÉGkv² Ú DwÚwUGZ ‰ welqwUB cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| cÉk² 7 Av®²v nvRvGi fviGZi `ybÆxwZweGivax AvG±`vjGbi
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii ˆbZv| wZwb `xNÆw`b fviZeGlÆ mykvmb wbwøZKiY I
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
gvbevwaKvi wbGq KvR KGi AvmGQb| wZwb AvG±`vjb KGib
M ZrKvjxb cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi Ackvmb wbhÆvZGbi AvgiY AbkGbi gvaÅGg| hZÞY chƯ¦ Zuvi `Gji `vwe Av`vq
bv nq, ZZÞY wZwb ‰es Zuvi KgÆxiv ‰ c«¬wZGZ AvG±`vjb
Õ¼i…c eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi wbcxoGbi ˆcÉwÞGZ eãe®¬y ˆkL KGi ^vGKb|
gywReyi ingvGbi cÉwZev`x f„wgKv I ˆbZ‡GZ½i gvaÅGg AwRÆZ K. meÆKvGji meÆGkÉÓ¤ evOvwj ˆK? 1
nq AvgvG`i Õ¼vaxbZv weGkÏlY KGiv|
L. ˆkL gywRezi ingvbGK AbÅ ˆRGj e`wj Kiv nGqwQj
cÉk² 6 gnvñv Mv®¬x Awnsm AvG±`vjGbi WvK w`GqwQGjb| ˆKb? 2
wZwb ˆKvGbv iÚcvZ Pvbwb| A^P weËwUk miKvi mvaviY M. DóxcGK ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆh w`KwU dzGU
gvbyGli Ici AZÅvPvi Pvjvq I wbweÆPvGi ˆMÉdZvi KGi| DGVGQ, Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
gnvñv Mv®¬x ‰GZ miKvGii cÉwZ ˆÞvf cKÉ vk KGib| N. “bÅvhÅ `vwe Av`vGq DóxcGKi Av®²v nvRvGi I
K. 1952 mvGj ˆkL gywReiy ingvb AvIqvgx jxGMi ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ‰KB
ˆKvb cG` wQGjb? 1 gvbwmKZvi AwaKvix”@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L. ivR‹bwZK KgÆxiv ˆKb bvivqYMGéi KgÆxG`i K^v cÉk² 8 i…cMGéi K‡lKiv myi‚R Avwji ˆbZ‡GZ½ HKÅe«¬
fzjGZ cviGe bv? 2 nGqGQ wbGRi cÉvGYi ˆPGqI wcÉq Rwg aGi ivLvi jovBGq|
6
Õ©vbxq cÉfvekvjx ˆbZv ewki wgqv ‰KwU BUfvUv I PvGji Kj mnvqZvq ZuvGK wg^Åv gvgjvq ˆMÉdZvi KwiGq KvivMvGi cÉvq Qq
Õ©vcb KiGe| ‰RGbÅ Zvi cÉGqvRb ‰KmvG^ AGbK Rwg| ZvB gvm Aei‚«¬ KGi ivGL| AeGkGl Õ©vbxq RbMGYi AvG±`vjGbi
ˆm K‡lKG`i KvQ ˆ^GK ˆRvi KGi Rwg wKGb wbGZ Pvq| ‰GZ gyGL mvjgvb wkK`viGK gywÚ ˆ`Iqv nq| RbMYGK mvG^ wbGq
K‡lKiv ivwR bv| dGj ZvG`i Ici ˆbGg AvGm AZÅvPvGii wZwb Õ•zjwU wbgÆvGYi KvR mgvµ¦ KGib|
LoM| K. cÉ^g evOvwj wnwmGe RvwZmsGNi mvaviY cwilG`
K. ‘BGq ˆKqv evZ nÅvq, Avc ˆRjLvbv ˆg’@ cÉGk²i evsjvq fvlY ˆ`b ˆK? 1
RevGe eãe®¬y Kx eGjb? 1 L. dwi`cyi ˆRGj ^vKv AeÕ©vq ‘ˆkL gywRGei gywÚ
L. AvgÆW cywjk I ˆMvGq±`v KgÆPvixiv ZvovZvwo KiwQj PvB’ ˆÕÏvMvb ÷Gb eãe®¬yi Lye Lvivc jvMj ˆKb? 2
ˆKb? 2 M. mvjgvb wkK`vGii KvivevGmi mvG^ ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’
M. DóxcGKi ewki wgqvi KgÆKví ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq ewYÆZ eãe®¬yi KvivevGmi Šemv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
iPbvq ewYÆZ KvG`i mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. ‘mvjgvb wkK`vi ‰KRb mwZÅKvGii RbGbZv’@
N. DóxcKwU ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvswkK fvGei ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv
cÉwZwbwagvò@ g¯¦eÅwUi mcGÞ hywÚ DcÕ©vcb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KGiv| 4
cÉk² 9 ‘ˆZvgvi ivBGdj ˆ^GK ˆewiGq AvmGQ Rxeb cÉk² 12 Rbve wKewiqv ‰KRb DcGRjv ˆPqvigÅvb| Zuvi
cÉfve-cÉwZcwî eÅvcK| ÞgZv KvGR jvwMGq wZwb bvbvfvGe
Zzwg `vI ^Giv ^Giv `xµ¦ cÉvY ˆeqGbU wbnZ jvkGK AbÅvq myGhvM-myweav wbGq ^vGKb| ‰KwU gvgjvq cywjk ZuvGK
ˆZvgvi cvGqi kGõ evsjvG`Gk Nbvq dvÍšyb Avi ˆMÉdZvi KiGZ ‰Gj wZwb bvbv ARynvGZ ˆ`wi KiGZ ^vGKb|
Pzqv®² nvRvi eMÆgvBGji ‰B wea»Õ¦ evMvGb
‰B AemGi Zuvi cGÞi DwKj Av`vjZ ˆ^GK Zuvi RvwgGbi
‰KmyGi Mvb ˆMGq IGV mvZ ˆKvwU wec®² ˆKvwKj|’
ˆPÓ¡v KiGZ jvMGjb|
[mƒò: gywÚevwnbxi RGbÅ ügvqby AvRv`]
K. mKvj KqUvq bvivqYMé ˆ^GK jç QvGo? 1
K. fvlv AvG±`vjGbi mgq miKvi KZ aviv Rvwi
KGiwQj? 1 L. bvkZv LvIqvi BœQv bv ^vKGjI bvkZv KiGZ
L. 21ˆk ˆdeË‚qvwiGZ XvKvq fxlY ˆMvjgvj nGqwQj hvIqvi K^v ejGjb ˆKb? 2
ˆKb? 2 M. Rbve wKewiqvi KgÆKví ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvq
M. DóxcGK ‰KGZ½i ˆh myi ˆeGR DGVGQ Zv ‘evqv®i² ewYÆZ eãe®¬yi ˆKvb NUbvi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ? eÅvLÅv
w`bàGjv’ iPbvi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KGiv| 3
N. DóxcKwU ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi mgMÉ fveGK N. wgj ^vKGjI ˆcÉÞvcU I Av`kÆMZ w`K ˆ^GK
aviY KGiGQ@ ˆZvgvi DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 DóxcGKi Rbve wKewiqv I eãe®¬yi AeÕ©vb wecixZ
cÉk² 10 Aiwe±` ˆKRwiIqvj fviGZi `ybÆxwZweGivax AvG±`vjGbi ˆgi‚GZ@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆbZv| wZwb AGbKw`b hver fviZeGlÆ mykvmb I gvbevwaKvi cÉk² 13 civaxb fviZelÆGK gyÚ Kivi RGbÅ gnvñv Mv®¬x
cÉwZÓ¤vi RGbÅ KvR KiGQb| eZÆgvGb wZwb w`wÍÏi gyLÅg¯¨x| Awnsm AvG±`vjGbi c^ ˆeGQ wbGqGQb| wewË UkG`i bvbv ˆkvlY I
wbhÆvZGbi wei‚G«¬ wZwb ˆmvœPvi wQGjb| cG^ ˆbGg cÉwZev`
wZwb AmsLÅevi gvbyGli AwaKvi Av`vGqi RGbÅ Zuvi KgÆxG`i
KGiGQb, KLGbv Abkb KGiGQb| weËwUk kvmKGMvÓ¤x bvbvfvGe
wbGq AvG±`vjb KGiGQb|
ZuvGK wbiÕ¦ Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KiGjI mdj nqwb| eis AmGPZb
K. ˆKvb mvGj eãe®¬y Abkb agÆNU KGib? 1
fviZevmxGK wZwb Õ¼vaxbZvi gG¯¨ DäxweZ KGiGQb|
L. 144 aviv ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
K. ‘wfGÙvwiqv cvKÆ’-‰i eZÆgvb bvg Kx? 1
M. DóxcGK ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’ iPbvi cÉGÞwcZ w`KwU
L. ‘gvbly Õ¼vG^Æi RGbÅ A®¬ nGq hvq|’ ˆKvb cÉmGã
AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3 ‰B DwÚwU Kiv nGqGQ?
2
N. `vwe Av`vGq eãe®¬yi PwiGòi wKQyUv Qvqv Avgiv ˆ`wL
M. DóxcGK ‘evqv®i² w`bàGjv’ iPbvi ˆh weGkl w`KwU
DóxcGKi PwiGòi gGaÅ@ welqwU ‘evqv®²i w`bàGjv’
cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ Zv chÆvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
iPbvi AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. ‘Av`wkÆK w`K ˆ^GK Mv®¬x ‰es eãe®¬y ˆhb ciÕ·i
cÉk²11 mvjgvb wkK`vi ev`jbMi ‰jvKvi RbwcÉq ˆbZv| mnhvòx|’@ hwy Ú DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 4
‰jvKvi gvbyGli D®²qGbi RGbÅ wZwb ‰KwU Õ•zj Õ©vcb KiGZ
PvBGj Õ©vbxq ‰KwU KzPKÌx gnj ZvGZ ev` mvGa| cÉfvekvjxG`i
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve
Avwbmyävgvb [1937]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 1 bxie fvlvq e†Þ AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆMGq ˆkvbvq| Abyf„wZi Kvb w`Gq ˆm Mvb ÷bGZ nGe| ZvnGj eySGZ cviv
hvGe RxeGbi gvGb e†w«¬, aGgÆi gvGbI ZvB| cÉK‡wZi ˆh agÆ gvbyGli ˆm agÆ; cv^ÆKÅ ˆKej Zi‚jZv I RxeR¯§i e†w«¬i Ici
ZvG`i wbGRG`i ˆKvGbv nvZ ˆbB, gvbyGli e†w«¬i Ici Zvi wbGRi nvZ iGqGQ| Avi ‰LvGbB gvbyGli ghÆv`v| gvbyGli e†w«¬
ˆKej Š`wnK bq, AvwñKI| gvbylGK Avñv m†wÓ¡ KGi wbGZ nq, Zv ŠZwi cvIqv hvq bv| [w`. ˆev. 16]
K. c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi ˆKv^vq wQj? 1
L. Rv`yNGii cÉavb KvR Kx? 2
M. DóxcKwUi mvG^ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i welqMZ A‹bKÅ iGqGQ| AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. ‘e†GÞi gGZv Rv`yNiI AvgvG`iGK mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆkvbvq|’@ ˆZvgvi gZvgZ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi wQj wgkGii AvGjKRvw±`Êqv bMGi|
L ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ ‰es HwZnvwmK wb`kÆb msiÞY, cÉ`kÆb I RvwZmîvi cwiPq cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ævb I Avb±` `vb Rv`yNGii cÉavb
KvR|
Rv`yNi ‰KwU meÆRbxb cÉwZÓ¤vb| msiÞY, cÉ`kÆb I MGelYvi RGbÅ Rv`yNGi gvbemfÅZv I msÕ•‡wZi bvbviKg wb`kÆb msMÉn
KGi ivLv nq| Rv`yNGi gvbyl wewf®² RvwZmîvi cwiPq jvf KiGZ cvGi| Rvbv I ARvbv eüwea wRwbmGK PvÞzl KiGZ cvivi
dGj gvbyGli ævb mg†«¬ nq| gvbyl A¯¦Gi Avb±` Abyfe KGi| Avi ‰àGjvB Rv`yNGii cÉavb KvR|
DîGii mvieÕ§: Rv`yNi ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ I HwZnvwmK wb`kÆb msiÞY, cÉ`kÆb, RvwZmîvi cwiPq cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ævb I Avb±` `vb KGi
^vGK| ‰B KvRB Rv`yNGii cÉavb KvR|
M ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii wewea w`K AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ, wK¯§ DóxcGKi welq RxeGbi mGã e†GÞi mÁ·KÆ nIqvq
cÉe®¬ ˆ^GK Zv wf®²|
‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ ˆjLK Rv`yNGii D«¿e, weKvk, KÌgcwieZÆb, ˆkÉwYwefvM, mgvGR ‰i DcGhvwMZv BZÅvw` welGq AvGjvKcvZ
KGiGQb| AvGjKRvw±`Êqvq weGk¼i cÉ^g Rv`yNi Õ©vwcZ nIqv ˆ^GK AvR Aewa Rv`yNi KxfvGe weKwkZ nGqGQ ˆm mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv
KGiGQb| Rv`yNGii weeZÆGbi mGã ˆh gvbyGli bvbvwea weµÏe ‰es KÌgeaÆgvb MYZ¯¨vqY mÁ·wKÆZ, ˆm welGqI bvbv Z^Å DcÕ©vcb
KGiGQb| ‰Qvov mvgvwRK I ivÓ¡Çxq RxeGb Rv`yNGii DcGhvwMZv mÁ·GKÆ wewf®² hywÚ ZzGj aiv nGqGQ cÉe®¬wUGZ|
DóxcGKi welqeÕ§ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i welGqi mGã mv`†kÅcƒYÆ bq| KviY cÉeG®¬i welq ˆhLvGb Rv`yNi, DóxcGKi welq
ˆmLvGb e†Þ I gvbyGli mÁ·KÆ| DóxcGK gvbyl KxfvGe e†GÞi KvQ ˆ^GK ˆcÉiYv MÉnY KiGZ cviGe, Zv ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ZvQvov
RxeR¯i§ mGã gvbyGli eÅeavGbi welqwUI eÅÚ nGqGQ DóxcGK| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcKwUi mvG^ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i
welqMZ A‹bKÅ iGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii D«¿e I KÌgweKvkmn bvbvwea welGqi cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| Aciw`GK,
DóxcGKi welq RxeGbi mGã e†GÞi mÁ·KÆ| dGj DóxcGKi mvG^ cÉeG®¬i welqMZ A‹bKÅ dzGU IGV|
N e†Þ I Rv`yNi DfqB AvgvG`i AvñweGkÏlGY D«y«¼ ¬ KGi| ‰ weGePbvq AvGjvPÅ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii ài‚Z½ ZzGj aGi ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZvi Ici AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| eÕ§Z Rv`yNi ‰gb ‰K
msMÉnkvjv, hv wewf®² wb`kÆGbi gaÅ w`Gq gvbemfÅZvi BwZnvm I HwZnÅGK ZzGj aGi| Rv`yNi cwi`kÆb AvgvG`i AvñmGPZb
KGi ˆZvGj| AZxGZi wb`kÆbàGjv weGkÏlY KGi Avgiv fwelÅGZi w`kv LuyGR cvB|
DóxcGK ejv nGqGQ, bxie fvlvq e†Þ AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆMGq ˆkvbvq| Abyf„wZi Kvb w`Gq ˆm Mvb ÷bGZ nGe| ZvnGj
ˆevSv hvGe RxeGbi gvGb e†w«¬, aGgÆi gvGbI ZvB| A^Ævr e†GÞi Rxeb I KÌgeaÆbGK AbymiY KiGj AvgivI wbGRG`i Rxeb
mv^ÆK KiGZ cvie| ‰LvGb e†Þ ˆh AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆkvbvq, ZvB DóxcGKi gyLÅ welq|
Rv`yNi mfÅZv I msÕ•‡wZi aviK wnGmGe AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi cwiPq enb KGi| ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii D«e¿ ,
KÌgweKvk, cÉKviGf` ‰es gvbyGli RxeGb ‰i DcGhvwMZv welGq AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| Rv`yNGi cÉK‡wZm†Ó¡ I gvbem†Ó¡ weÕÃqKi I
weij wRwbGmi msMÉn ^vGK| ‰àGjv gvbyGli m†RbkxjZvi cwiPvqK| ‰Qvov Rv`yNi wbgÆvGYi gGaÅ gvbyGli ævbÕ·†nv ‰es
wkKom®¬vbx gvbwmKZvi ˆh cwiPq ˆgGj ZvI gvbyGli mv^ÆKZvi cwiPq enb KGi| e†GÞi RxeGbi KÌgweKvk jÞ KiGj Avgiv
ˆ`Le Zvi mgÕ¦ ARÆb ˆMvUv cwiGeGki DcKvGii RbÅ| Avi ‰GZB Zvi RxeGbi mv^ÆKZv| gvbyGli RxeGbi gƒj jÞÅI ‰B mv^ÆKZv
ARÆGbi gvGS wbwnZ| e†Þ I Rv`yNi DfGqi gvaÅGgB gvbyl AvñcwiPq jvf KiGZ cvGi| ˆmw`K weGePbvq e†GÞi gGZv Rv`yNiI
AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆkvbvq|
DîGii mvieÕ§: e†Þ I Rv`yNi DfGqi gvaÅGgB gvbyl AvñcwiPqGK F«¬ KGi ZzjGZ cvGi| ˆmw`K weGePbvq e†GÞi gGZv Rv`yNiI
AvgvG`i mv^ÆKZvi Mvb ˆMGq ˆkvbvq|
2
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk²2 bvj±`v gnvwenvi nGjv fviZxq DcgnvG`Gki cÉ^g wek¼we`Åvjq| mgËvU cÉ^g KzgviàGµi¦ ivRZ½KvGj (415@416) wLËÓ¡vGõ
cÉwZÓ¤vbwUi weKvk NGU| cÉ^g w`GK fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬G`i ˆeŒ«¬`kÆb AvGjvwPZ nGjI KvjKÌGg ‰LvGb Pxb, wMÉm I cviGmÅi wkÞv^Æxiv
ævb jvf KiGZb| dGj ‰wU ˆeŒ«¬wenvi ˆ^GK KÌgv¯¼Gq wek¼we`ÅvjGq cwiYZ nq| A
K. AvGjKRvw±`qÊ vq c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi Õ©vwcZ nGqwQj ˆKvb kZvõxGZ? 1
L. AvGjKRvw±`qÊ vi Rv`yNi ˆKgb wQj? 2
M. DóxcGKi bvj±`v gnvwenvi I ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ ewYÆZ AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGii cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
N. ‘wKQy cv^ÆKÅ mGî½I bvj±`v gnvwenvi I AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGii cÉvPxbZ½ I DrcwîMZ w`K gƒjZ ‰KB’ @ DwÚwUi
ˆhŒwÚKZv wePvi KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K AvGjKRvw±`Êqvq c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi Õ©vwcZ nGqwQj wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq kZvõxGZ| A
L AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNi AvRGKi w`Gbi AvaywbK Rv`yNGii Zyjbvq ‰KUz wf®² cÉK‡wZi wQj| A
c†w^exi cÉ^g ‰B Rv`yNi A^Ævr AvGjKRvw±`qÊ vq wQj wb`kÆb, msMÉnkvjv I Mɯ©vMvi, wQj Dw«¿` D`Åvb I D¯ÃyÚ wPwoqvLvbv|
ZGe ‰Uv wQj gyLÅZ `kÆbPPÆvi ˆK±`Ê|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNi AvRGKi w`Gbi AvaywbK Rv`yNGii Zyjbvq ‰KUz wf®² cÉK‡wZi wQj|
M DóxcK I ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii KvhÆKÌg Z^v Zvi MVb-cÉwKÌqv, DGókÅ I jÞÅ AvGqvRb cÉf‡wZ welGq cv^ÆKÅ
jÞÅ Kiv hvq| A
AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNiwU wQj c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi| ‰wU `kÆbPPÆvi ˆK±`Ê nGjI ‰B Rv`yNGi wQj wb`kÆb-msMÉnkvjv I Mɯ©vMvi,
wQj Dw«`¿ D`Åvb I D¯ÃyÚ wPwoqvLvbv, hv bvj±`v-gnvwenvGi AbycwÕ©Z| ‰wU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj cÉwZÓ¤vZvi i‚wPgvwdK| wK¯§ bvj±`v
gnvwenvGii m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj cÉGqvRGbi ZvwMG` ag-Æ PPÆvi DGóGk| Avevi AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGi `kÆbv^Æxiv AvmZ ZvG`i AwfcÉvq
Abyhvqx, AbÅw`GK bvj±`vq AvmZ wkÞvi DGóGk|
DóxcGK bvj±`v gnvwenvGii K^v ejv nGqGQ, hv cieZÆxGZ wek¼we`ÅvjGq cwiYZ nq| ˆKbbv ‰LvGb wkÞvi weÕv¦ i KvjKÌGg e†w«¬
ˆcGZ ^vGK| cÉ^g w`GK mxwgZ AvKvGi ˆeŒ«¬`kÆb wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nGZv ‰es Zv ˆKej fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬G`i| wK¯§ cieZÆx mgGq Pxb, wMÉm
I cviGmÅi wkÞv^Æxiv ‰LvGb ævbjvf KiGZ AvGm ‰es axGi axGi ‰wU wek¼we`ÅvjGq cwiYZ nq| ‰ mKj welq wePvGi
AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNi I bvj±`v gnvwenvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ jÞÅ Kiv hvq|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ DóxcK I ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii KvhÆKÌg Z^v Zvi MVb-cÉwKÌqv, DGókÅ I jÞÅ AvGqvRb cÉf‡wZ welGq
cv^ÆKÅ jÞÅ Kiv hvq|
N ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGii cÉvPxbZ½ I DrcwîMZ w`KwUi cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| A
AvGjKRvw±`Êqv Rv`yNiwU AvRGKi w`Gbi AvaywbK Rv`yNGii Zzjbvq ‰KUz wf®² cÉK‡wZi wQj| ‰LvGb wQj wb`kÆb-msMÉnkvjv I
Mɯ©vMvi, wQj Dw«`¿ D`Åvb I D¯ÃyÚ wPwoqvLvbv| ZGe ‰Uv wQj gyLÅZ `kÆbPPÆvi ˆK±`Ê| Avi ‰B `kÆbPPÆvB wQj bvj±`v gnvwenvGiiI
jÞÅ|
DóxcGK ejv nGqGQ bvj±`v gnvwenvi fviZxq DcgnvG`Gki cÉ^g wek¼we`Åvjq| ‰LvGb cÉ^g w`GK fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬G`i ˆeŒ«¬`kÆGbi
wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nGjI cieZÆxGZ Pxb, wMÉm I cviGmÅi wkÞv^Æxiv wewf®² welGq ævbjvf KiGZ AvGm| Avi ‰B gnvwenviwUi Drcwî
nGqwQj cçg kZGK| DrcwîMZ I cÉvPxbGZ½i w`K w`Gq AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNi ‰es bvj±`v gnvwenvGii wgj AGbKvsGk we`Ågvb|
‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ Rv`yNGii Drcwî, weKvk I ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb c†w^exi cÉvPxb
Rv`yNGii K^v ejv nGqGQ, hv bvj±`v gnvwenvGii cÉvPxbGZ½i mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ| AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNiwU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj AvbygvwbK
wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq kZGK, hv bvj±`v gnvwenvGii cÉvq KvQvKvwQ mgq| bvj±`v ˆhgb cÉ^g wek¼we`Åvjq, ˆZgwb AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNiwUI
c†w^exi cÉ^g Rv`yNi| Avevi bvj±`v gnvwenvGii Drcwî ˆhgb nGqwQj ˆeŒ«¬`kÆbGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ævb-PPÆvi wbwgGî, ˆZgwb
AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNiwUI wQj gyLÅZ `kÆbPPÆvi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe| Dfq cÉwZÓ¤vGbB `kÆbPPÆv nGZv| ‰B cwiGcÉwÞGZ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’
‰es DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ejv hvq, ‘wKQy cv^ÆKÅ mGî½I bvj±`v gnvwenvi I AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGii cÉvPxbZ½ I DrcwîMZ w`K gƒjZ
‰KB|’
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬ AvGjKRvw±`Êqvi Rv`yNGii cÉvPxbZ½ I DrcwîMZ w`KwUi cÉwZ AvGjvKcvZ Kiv nGqGQ|
3
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² cÉk²4 ˆmvgcyi wenvi nGjv DcgnvG`Gki ˆeŒ«¬wenviàGjvi
gGaÅ meGPGq eo| cvj ivRv agÆcvj ‰wU wbgÆvY KGib| ‰
cÉk²3 w`bvRcyi ˆRjvi Kv¯¦bMGi ‘Kv¯¦Rxi gw±`i’ wenvGi Õ©vwcZ cvVkvjvq wewf®² `kÆb wbGq AvGjvPbv nGZv|
AewÕ©Z| aviYv Kiv nq, ‰ gw±`iwU cvj ivRvG`i AvgGji HwZnvwmKG`i gGZ ‰LvGb my`ƒi Pxb ˆ^GK Qvòiv cov÷bv KiGZ
wb`kÆb| gw±`iwUi mviv MvGq gƒjÅevb cv^i w`Gq ˆLv`vB Kiv AvmZ|
KxwZÆàGjv gƒjZ ivgvqY I gnvfviGZi Kvwnwb cÉKvk KiGQ|
‰LvGb ivg I iveGYi hy«¬, mxZvniY, Kzi‚GÞGòi hy«¬mn bvbv K. UvIqvi Ae j´£Gb gvbyl Kx ˆ`LGZ fxo KGi?
ˆcŒivwYK KvwnwbGK ZzGj aiv nGqGQ, hv AvgvG`i cÉvPxb HwZnÅ L. ‘Rv`yNi’ kõwU ÷Gb MfÆbi ˆjLGKi Ici ˆiGM
I msÕ•‡wZi aviK I evnK|
wMGqwQGjb ˆKb?
K. evsjvG`Gki RvZxq Rv`yNGii cÉ^g feGbi wfwîcÉÕ¦i M. DóxcGKi ˆmvgcyi wenvGii mvG^ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’
Õ©vcb KGiwQGjb ˆK?
cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK RvZxq Rv`yNGii cv^ÆKÅ ˆKv^vq?
L. RvZxq Rv`yNi ‰KUv RvwZmîvi cwiPq enb KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv|
KxfvGe? N. AeÕ©vMZ cv^ÆKÅ ^vKGjI DóxcGKi ˆmvgcyi
wenvi I cÉeG®¬i weËwUk wgDwRqvg ‰KB aiGbi
M. DóxcKwU ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i ˆh w`KwU HwZGnÅi aviK@ gƒjÅvqb KGiv|
wbG`Æk KGi Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
N. “DóxcKwU AvgvG`i cÉvPxb HwZGnÅi ‰KwU AbÅZg K ‘ˆKvwnbyi’ ˆ`LGZ mevB UvIqvi Ae j´£Gb fxo KGi|
w`KGK ZzGj aGiGQ|” ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i
AvGjvGK DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv wePvi KGiv| L ‘Rv`yNi’ kGõi A¯¦MÆZ ‘Rv`y’ kõwUi A^Æ wbGq weövw¯¦i
dGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ZrKvjxb MfbiÆ ˆgvbvGqg Lvb ˆjLGKi
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi Ici ˆiGM wMGqwQGjb|
K evsjvG`Gki RvZxq Rv`yNGii cÉ^g feGbi wfwîcÉÕ¦i BsGiwR ‘wgDwRqg’ kGõi evsjv cÉwZkõ ‘Rv`yNi’| cƒeÆ
Õ©vcb KGib ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi MfbÆi Ave`yj cvwKÕ¦vGbi ZrKvjxb MfbiÆ ˆgvbvGqg Lvb RvZxq Rv`yNGii
ˆgvbvGqg Lvb| wfwîcÉÕ¦i Õ©vcb KiGZ AvGmb| ˆmLvGb wZwb ˆ`LGZ cvb
ZyNiv niGd ˆjLv bymiZ kvGni Avkivdcyi wkjvwjwc| wZwb
L ˆKvGbv RvwZi HwZnÅ I msÕ•‡wZi wb`kÆb msMÉn I nqGZv ˆfGewQGjb ‰wU AvÍÏvni Kvjvg| Avi ‰ Kvjvg ˆhLvGb
msiÞGYi gaÅ w`Gq RvZxq Rv`yNi ‰KwU RvwZmîvi cwiPq enb ^vGK, Zv-ˆZv Rv`yNi nGZ cvGi bv| ‰RGbÅ wZwb ˆjLGKi
KGi| Ici ˆiGM wMGq Rv`yNGii cwieGZÆ ‘gDwRqg’ kõwU
eÅenvGii wbG`Æk ˆ`b|
ˆKvGbv ˆ`k I RvwZ mÁ·GKÆ mvgwMÉKfvGe RvbGZ nGj ˆm
ˆ`Gki BwZnvm, cÉðZî½, b†Zî½, wk͸Kjv I cÉvK‡wZK BwZnvm mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
mÁ·GKÆ mgÅK aviYvi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆKvGbv ˆ`Gki RvZxq
Rv`yNGi ˆMGj ‰me welGqi weÕ¦vwiZ aviYv cvIqv mÁ¿e nq| RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
Rv`yNGi wewf®² iKg wRwbGmi mvG^ mvG^ ˆKvGbv ˆ`Gki RvZxq
HwZnÅ, BwZnvm, msÕ•‡wZ mÁ·wKÆZ bvbv aiGbi wb`kÆb M weGk¼i wKQy DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Rv`yNGii mvG^ ˆmvgcyi wenvGii
msiwÞZ ^vGK| hv ‰KwU ˆ`Gki mvgwMÉK cwiPq ZzGj aiGZ mv`†kÅ mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
mnvqZv KGi| Awf®² gvbemîvi m®¬vGbI mvnvhÅ KGi Rv`yNi|
Avi ‰fvGeB RvZxq Rv`yNi ‰KwU RvwZmîvi cwiPq enb N ‘AvgvG`i HwZnÅ I KÌgweKvGk’i cwiPq ˆcGZ Rv`yNGii
KGi| DcGhvwMZv Acwimxg| DóxcK ‰es ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hvGev’
cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK DwÚwUi h^vhÆZv wePvi KGiv|
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
M Rv`yNGii DcGhvwMZv mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv| cÉk² 5 ˆe` wn±`yG`i gƒj agÆMɯ© nGjI cÉvPxb I gaÅhGy M
N Rv`yNi ‰KwU RvwZi D«e¿ , HwZnÅ ‰es KÌgweKvGki mvG^ ˆKej eËvþYiv Zv cvV KiGZ cviGZb| wK¯¦y AvRGKi w`Gb ˆh
Av`i cwiPq NUvq| ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK DwÚi
ˆhŒwÚKZv wbYÆq KGiv| ˆKD Zv cvV KiGZ cvGi| gƒjZ AvaywbKZvi D«¿e I MYZG¯i¨
dGj ‰ welqwU mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
K. weËGUGbi cÉ^g cvewjK wgDwRqvg MGo IGV ˆKvb
kZGK? 1
4
L. ‘weGk¼i cÉ^g Rv`yNi wQj gyLÅZ `kÆb PPÆvi ˆK±`Ê’@ Avgvi wPiZi‚Y A¯G¦ i aviY Kie ‰es mKj ˆ`Gki wbRÕ¼
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 wkÞvGK Avgvi wbRÕ¼ wkÞvi gGaÅ MÉnY Kie|
M. AvaywbK KvGj mKj wn±`iy ˆe` cvGVi eÅvcviwU K. ‘Archaeology’-‰i cvwifvwlK A^Æ Kx? 1
‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i ˆKvb w`KwUGK wbG`Æk L. A^Æg¯¨x W. ‰g. ‰b. ü`v ˆjLKGK ˆKb WvKGjb? 2
KGi? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGK ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i ˆKvb welqwUi
N. ‘mvaviY gvbyGli ˆe` cvV ev Rv`yNGi cÉGeGki AwaKvi BwãZ iGqGQ? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
wbwøZ nGqGQ AvaywbKZv I MYZ¯¨vqGbi dGj|’@ N. “DóxcKwU ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i fvevG^Æi
DwÚwUi mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 `cÆY|” g¯¦eÅwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv wbi…cY KGiv| 4
cÉk²6 mygb, wkgyj, ˆmvnvM wZb e®¬y RvnvãxibMi cÉk²9 gwbi ‰eQi XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq BwZnvm wefvGM fwZÆ
wek¼we`ÅvjGq cÉðZî½ wefvGM cGo| ZvG`i wZbRGbiB evwo nGqGQ| KÑvk ÷i‚ nGIqvi AvGM ˆm Zvi KGqK Rb e®¬yG`i wbGq
w`bvRcyi ˆRjvq| Zviv wVK Kij w`bvRcyi ˆRjvi bvbv cÉðZî½ ˆmvbviMuvI-‰ AewÕ©ZevsjvG`Gki ˆjvKwk͸ Rv`yNi ˆ`LGZ
wb`kÆb msMÉn KGi ‰KwU Rv`yNi ŠZwi KiGe| AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆMj| Zviv ˆmLvbKvi gaÅhyGMi hy«¬vÕ¨ Zxi-abyK, e±`yK, ˆMvjv,
AçGji wRwbm ˆmLvGb ^vKGe bv| Rv`yNGii bvg nGe ‘w`bvRcyi kxZj cvwU, Rvg`vwb, ZuvGZi kvwo, bvbv iKg bKkv Kiv KvGVi
Rv`yNi’| cyZzj, euvGki euvwk, cvGUi I KvGVi ŠZwi ŠZRmcò ˆ`GL gy™¬
K. eGi±`Ê Rv`yNi ˆKv^vq knGi AewÕ©Z? 1 nq| Zviv ˆjvKwkG͸i msMÉn ˆ`GL evsjvG`Gki I evOvwjiRvZxq
L. weËGUGbi cÉ^g cvewjK wgDwRqg MGo IGV KxfvGe? 2 mg†«¬ BwZnvm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv jvf KGi|
M. DóxcGKi w`bvRcyi wgDwRqGgi mGã AÅvkGgvwjqvb K. ‘fvÕ•h’Æ Kx? 1
wgDwRqGgi Šemv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3 L. weËwUk wgDwRqvGg bvbv ˆ`Gki bvbv wb`kÆb ˆ`GL Awf®²
N. “MVbMZ I Dcv`vbMZ cv^ÆKÅ ^vKGjI ‘w`bvRcyi RvwZmîvi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq@ ˆKb? 2
wgDwRqg I AÅvkGgvwjqvb wgDwRqGgi DrcwîMZ M. DóxcGKi ivZzGji mGã ‘Rv`Ny Gi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i
w`GK wgj iGqGQ|” weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 AvGjvPbvi ˆKvb w`KwUi wgj iGqGQ@ eYÆbv KGiv| 3
cÉk² 7 iwdK Zvi evevi mGã wgicyGii wPwoqvLvbvq N. DóxcGKi gƒjfve cÉeG®¬i mGã KZLvwb msMwZcƒYÆ
ˆeovGZ ˆMj| ˆmLvGb ˆm ‰KwU Rv`yNi ˆ`LGZ ˆcj| ˆm ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
ejj, evev ‰LvGb ˆZv ÷ay c÷cvwLi AwÕ©-Kâvj, ‰GZv cÉk² 10
RvZxq Rv`yNGii gGZv bq| evev ejGjb, Rv`yNi ‰Lb Avi
‰KiKg bq| ‰Lb ‰i KZ ŠewPòÅ|
K. MZ wòk eQGi weËGUGb wgDwRqGgi msLÅv ˆeGoGQ
KZ àY? 1
L. ‘mvgvwRK, ivR‹bwZK ev ivÓ¡Ìxq cwieZÆGbi mƒPbv
nq Rv`yNi ˆ^GK’@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 wPò: (K) òGqv`k kZvwõGZ Zvgvi djGK ˆLvw`Z evsjv eYÆgvjv| (L)
M. Rv`yNi mÁ·GKÆ ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i ˆjLGKi ivRv MGYGki (1415-17) AvgGj gy`Ëvq AwâZ evsjv eYÆgvjv| (M)
mGã DóxcGKi iwdGKi evevi `†wÓ¡fwãi mv`†kÅ myjZvb wMqvmDwób gvüg` kvGni (1533-1538) AvgGji cv^Gi ˆLvw`Z
ˆ`LvI| 3 eYÆgvjv|
N. “wf®² wf®² welqGK ˆK±`Ê KGi Rv`yNi wbgÆvY Kivq K. ‘Rv`y’ kõwU ˆKvb fvlvi? 1
AvR Rv`yNGii ‰Z ŠewPòÅ|”@ DóxcK I L. ‘RvZxq HwZnÅ I ˆPZbvi mvÞx Rv`yNi|’ eÅvLÅv
‘Rv`yNGiˆKb hve’ cÉeG®¬i AvGjvGK g¯e¦ ÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 2
KGiv| 4 M. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ eYÆgvjvi avivevwnK BwZnvm ‘Rv`yNGi
cÉk² 8 BsjÅvG´£i weËwUk wgDwRqGg RvZxq mÁ·` ˆ`GL hv ˆKb hve’ iPbvi ˆKvb w`KwUGK BwãZ KGi? eÅvLÅv
gGb nGqwQj, dÌvG´Öi jyÅfi, ˆòvKvG`Giv cÉf‡wZ RvZxq mÁ·`
ˆ`GL ZvB gGb nGjv| fvejyg, BsjÅv´£-dÌvG´Ö R¯Ã wbGj AvwñK KGiv| 3
myweav AvGQ, evjÅKvj ˆ^GKB wgDwRqvg ˆ`LGZ ˆ`LGZ gvbyl
ne| ˆPvL cvKGe wK¯§ gb cvKGe bv, cÉwZw`b ‰KUz ‰KUz KGi N. DóxcGKi eYÆgvjvi BwZnvGmi gGZv bvbv BwZnvm I
eo ne, wK¯§ eyGov ne bv| Avgvi cÉvPxb ˆ`Gki cwicÛ wkÞvGK
HwZnÅ Rv`yNi ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq| DwÚwU ‘Rv`yNGi ˆKb
hve’ iPbvi AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
ˆiBbGKvU
AvLZvi‚ävgvb Bwjqvm [1943@1997]
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cÉGkv² îi
cÉk²1 “KxGm Kx nBj, cwøg nGZ biNvZGKiv Avwm, 1
mviv MuvI fwi Avàb R¾vjvGq nvwmj Aënvwm| 2
gvi ˆKvj nGZ wk÷Gi Kvwoqv KvwUj ˆm LvbLvb, 3
wcZvi mvgGb ˆgGqGi KvwUqv Kwij iÚÕv² b|” 4
K. ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Ryr’@ K^vwU ˆK eGjwQj?
L. byi‚j ü`vGK cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx ˆKb Zje KGiGQ?
M. DóxcGKi ‰es ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ cvKevwnbxi wbhÆvZGbi Zzjbv KGiv|
N. “DóxcKwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i AvswkK cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi”@ ˆZvgvi hywÚi Õ¼cGÞ Dîi `vI|
1 bÁi¼ cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Ryr’@ K^vwU eGjwQj ‰KRb Kzwj| A
L gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mnGhvMx mG±`Gn cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx byi‚j ü`vGK Zje KGiGQ|
gywÚhy«¬ hLb ˆkGli w`GK ZLb gywÚGhv«¬viv XvKvq ˆMwijv AvKÌgY ÷i‚ KGi| ‰iB avivevwnKZvq ˆMwijviv XvKv KGjGRi mvgGb
ˆMwijv AvKÌgY KGi| ‰iB cwiGcÉwÞGZ cvwKÕv¦ wb ˆmbviv KGjGRi wkÞKG`i Zje KGi| byi‚j ü`vGKI Zviv ‰ KviGY Zje KGi|
gƒjZ gywÚGhv«¬vG`i m®¬vb jvGfi RbÅ byi‚j ü`vGK cvwKÕv¦ wb nvbv`vi evwnbx Zje KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mnGhvMx mG±`Gn cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx byi‚j ü`vGK Zje KGiGQ|
M ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi AbÅvq-AZÅvPvi I AvMÉvmGbi wbgÆg wPò AwâZ nGqGQ|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vi AvñK^Gbi gaÅ w`Gq cvKevwnbxi eügvwòK wbhÆvZGbi cwiPq ˆgGj| cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbx ‰G`Gki
kwn` wgbvi ˆfGOGQ, PvwjGqGQ mvÁ·É`vwqK wbhÆvZb| bvixG`i alÆY Kiv wQj ZvG`i AZÅvPvGii eeÆiZg w`K| ‰Qvov àwj KGi
gvbyl nZÅv, evwoNi-MÉvg-nvUevRvi R¾vwjGq ˆ`Iqv, jyU Kiv BZÅvw` wQj ZvG`i AZÅvPvGii AbÅvbÅ w`K| wK¯§ DóxcGK gƒjZ
cvKevwnbxi Aw™²msGhvM I gvbyl nZÅvi welqwUB cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| A
DóxcGK cvKevwnbxGK biNvZKi…Gc wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B biNvZKiv MÉvGgi ci MÉvGg Avàb R¾vwjGq AënvwmGZ ˆgGZ DGVGQ|
‰gbwK Zviv gvGqi ˆKvj ˆ^GK wk÷GK ˆKGo wbGq nZÅv KGiGQ; wcZvi mvgGb ˆgGqGK ˆKGU iÚaviv eBGq w`GqGQ| A^Ævr AvGjvPÅ
MG͸ cvKevwnbxi wbhÆvZGbi ˆh eügyLx wPò iGqGQ, DóxcGK Zvi `ywU w`K@ Aw™²msGhvM I binZÅvi welqwU DcÕ©vwcZ nGqGQ|
‰w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi KweZvskwU AvGjvPÅ MG͸ DGÍÏwLZ wbhÆvZGbi LívskGK aviY KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ cvKevwnbxi wbhÆvZGbi ˆh eügyLx wPò iGqGQ, DóxcGK Zvi `ywU w`K@ Aw™²msGhvM I binZÅvi welqwU
DcÕ©vwcZ nGqGQ| ‰w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi KweZvskwU AvGjvPÅ MG͸ DGÍÏwLZ wbhÆvZGbi LívskGK aviY KGiGQ|
N AvLZvi‚ävgvb Bwjqvm iwPZ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ AvgvG`i gywÚhyG«¬i eügyLx wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| B
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`v I AbÅvbÅ PwiGòi KG^vcK^Gbi gvaÅGg AvgvG`i gywÚhyG«¬i ‰KwU mvgwMÉK wPò DG¯ÃvPGbi cÉqvm
PvwjGqGQb ˆjLK| ˆjLGKi gƒj jÞÅ wQj gywÚhyG«¬ mvaviY gvbyGli AvñZÅvGMi cwiPq ˆ`Iqv| ‰ MG͸ ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬vi eÅen†Z
ˆiBbGKvU KxfvGe fxi‚, `yeÆjwPî I cjvqbci ‰KRb gvbylGKI gvbwmKfvGe gywÚGhv«¬vq cwiYZ KGi, ˆmwUB ZzGj aGiGQb ˆjLK|
DóxcGK cvwKÕ¦vwb biNvZKG`i Aw™²msGhvM ‰es binZÅvi welqwU ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbx ‰G`Gki MÉvGg MÉvGg
Avàb R¾vwjGq weK‡Z DÍvÏ Gm ˆgGZ DGVwQj| Zviv gvGqi ˆKvj ˆ^GK wk÷GK ˆKGo wbGqwQj| ‰gbwK wcZvi mvgGb ˆgGqGK
ˆKGU iÚaviv eBGq w`GqwQj| ‰w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Aw™²msGhvM ‰es MYnZÅvi welqwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wUi AvswkK
cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi gvò|
2
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wUGZ gywÚhyG«¬i ˆh eügvwòK wPò AvGQ DóxcGK Zv ˆgGj bv| DóxcGK iGqGQ ˆKej cvKevwnbxi Aw™m² sGhvM
I binZÅvi welqwU| ‰Qvov AvGjvPÅ MG͸ DGÍÏwLZ gywÚhy«¬Kvjxb cwiwÕ©wZ, ˆ`kxq kò‚G`i gGbvfve, gywÚGhv«¬vG`i
cÉwZGivGai wPò DóxcKwUGZ DcÕ©vwcZ nqwb| ˆmw`K weGePbvq “DóxcKwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wUi AvswkK cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi;
mÁ·ƒYÆ bq”@ g¯¦eÅwU h^vh^|
DîGii mvieÕ§: AvLZvi‚ävgvb Bwjqvm iwPZ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ AvgvG`i gywÚhyG«¬i evÕ¦ewPò DcÕ©vwcZ nGqGQ| ˆm Zzjbvq
DóxcKwU Zvi LíwPòGKBDcÕ©vcb KGi|
cÉk²2 1969 mvGji MY-AfzÅïvGb mkÕ¨ evwnbxi àwjGZ kwn` nb Avmv`yävgvb| ZuvGK DGókÅ KGi kvgmyi ivngvb iPbv
KGib ‰K Agi KweZv@
‘AvgvG`i `yeÆjZv, fxi‚Zv Kjyl Avi jäv
mgÕ¦ w`GqGQ ˆXGK ‰KLí eÕ¨ gvbweK;
AvmvG`i kvUÆ AvR AvgvG`i cÉvGYi cZvKv|’ [mƒò : AvmvG`i kvUÆ @ kvgmyi ivngvb]
K. ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`v Kvi ˆiBbGKvU cGiwQGjb? A 1
L. ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ ˆmËd DrcvZeGjgGb nGqwQj ˆKb? A 2
M. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆiBbGKvU ‰es DóxcGKi AvmvG`i kvGUÆi cÉfvGei mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| A 3
N. ‘cÉK‡Z ˆhv«¬vi ÕÆwZ, Zuvi eÅen†Z wRwbmI mvaviY gvbylGK msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq DäxweZ KGi|’ DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’
M͸ AejÁ¼Gb DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv wePvi KGiv| A 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`v Zuvi kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU cGiwQGjb| A
L gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbvq DäxweZ nIqvq ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ ˆmdË DrcvZ eGjgGb nGqwQj| A
imvqGbi wkÞK byi‚j ü`v wQGjb fxi‚, msmvix gvbyl| wK¯§ wcÉw´ÖcvGji wbG`ÆGk KGbÆGji mGã ˆ`Lv KiGZ hvIqvi mgq
gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvUwU cGib wZwb| ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬vi eÅen†Z wRwbm Zuvi gGaÅ gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbv RvMÉZ KGi|
ZvB cvKevwnbx hLb ZuvGK PveyK gviGZ ^vGK, ZLb Zuvi gGb nq@ ‰ ˆhb ˆmdË DrcvZ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: byi‚j ü`vi gGaÅ gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbv RvMÉZ nIqvq ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici PveyGKi evwo Zuvi KvGQ ˆmËd DrcvZ gGb
nGqwQj|
M ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ gywÚGhv«¬v wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvUwU ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`vi gGaÅ gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbv RvMiGY eÅvcK f„wgKv cvjb
KGi|
‰KwU RvgvI KLGbv KLGbv cÉZxKx ZvrchÆgwíZ nGq DVGZ cvGi| ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬v wKsev weµÏexi Rvgv MvGq w`Gj ˆh ˆKD
cÉfvweZ nGZ cvGi| ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`v ˆmbvKÅvGÁ· hvIqvi mgq gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU cGib| gywÚGhv«¬vi
eÅen†Z ‰ ˆcvkvKwUB fxi‚, msmvix byi‚j ü`vGK gvbwmK ˆhv«¬vq cwiYZ KGi| wZwb mvnGm DäxweZ nGq ‘wgmwKÌqv´ŸG`i’ mGã
wbGRGK RovGZ ˆcGi MeÆ Abyfe KGib| wbGRi Ici AZÅvPviGK gGb KGib ˆmdË DrcvZ|
DóxcGK ewYÆZ kwn` AvmvG`i kvUÆI ‰KB iKg msMÉvgx ˆPZbvi weKvk NUvq mvaviY gvbyGli gGb| DóxcGK ewYÆZ Avmv`
wQGjb 1969 mvGji MY-AfzÅïvGbi kwn`| Zuvi iÚvÚ kvUÆ ˆmw`b evOvwjGK bZzb msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq AbycÉvwYZ KGiwQj| kwn`
AvmvG`i kvUÆ ˆhb evOvwji mKj `yeÆjZv, fxi‚Zv, KjylZv ayGq-gyGQ ˆdGj| AvmvG`i kvUÆ ZLb cwiYZ nq msMÉvgx gvbyGli
cÉvGYi cZvKvq| eÕ§Z MGÍi¸ ˆiBbGKvU I AvmvG`i kvUÆ DfqB cÉfve ˆdGj h^vKÌGg byi‚j ü`v I msMÉvgx RbZvi gGaÅ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`vi gGaÅ ˆhgb gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbv RvMiGY eÅvcK cÉfve
ˆdGjˆZgwb DóxcGKi AvmvG`i kvUÆI evOvwji msMÉvgx ˆPZbv RvMiGY AMÉYx f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
N ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ wg´Ÿzi ÕÆwZweRwoZ ˆiBbGKvU byi‚j ü`vGK gywÚhy«¬ I msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq DäxweZ KGi| A
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i wg´Ÿz ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬v| wg´Ÿzi ÕÆwZ byi‚j ü`vi ˆPZbvq memgq wQj| ‰ici ‰Kw`b wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU cGi
ˆmbvKÅvGÁ· ˆMGj ˆiBbGKvGUi Õ·kÆ Zuvi ˆPZbvi cwieZÆb NUvq| wZwb cwiYZ nb gvbwmK ˆhv«¬vq| nvbv`vi evwnbxi AZÅvPvGii
gGaÅI gywÚevwnbxi mGã Zuvi mÁ·KÆ AvGQ ˆfGe cyjwKZ nb wZwb|
3
DóxcGK 1969 mvGji MY-AfzÅïvGb wbnZ kwn` AvmvG`i kvUÆ evOvwji msMÉvgx ˆPZbvi cÉZxGK cwiYZ nq| kvgmyi ivngvb
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk eGjb ˆh mvaviY evOvwji mKj `yeÆjZv, fxi‚Zv I KjylZv gyGQ w`GqGQ IB ‰KLí eÕ¨| AvmvG`i ˆmB
iÚvÚ kvUÆ AvR ˆKej ‰KwU kvUÆ bq, ‰i mGã RwoZ ‰KRb cÉK‡Z msMÉvgx gvbyGli ÕÆwZ| dGj AvmvG`i kvUÆ evOvwji
msMÉvgxˆPZbvi cÉZxK| ˆZgwb gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbvi cÉZxK ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU ‰es DóxcGK ewYÆZ 1969 mvGji MY-AfzÅïvGb kwn` AvmvG`i kvGUÆi ZvrchÆ wf®²gvòv ARÆb
KGiGQ| `ywU wRwbmB cÉK‡Z ˆhv«¬vi ÕÆwZ weRwoZ| MG͸i wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU ˆhgb byi‚j ü`vi gGaÅ ˆhv«¬v gGbvfvGei mçvi KGi
ˆZgwb DóxcGKi AvmvG`i kvUÆI evOvwji cÉvGY bZzb D`Åg mw† Ó¡ KGi| NUbv `ywU weGkÏlY KGi ejv hvq, cÉK‡Z ˆhv«¬vi ÕÆwZ, Zvi
eÅen†Z wRwbmI mvaviY gvbylGK msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq DäxweZ KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ wg´Ÿzi ÕÆwZweRwoZ ˆiBbGKvU byi‚j ü`vigGaÅ gywÚhy«¬ I msMÉvgx ˆPZbv RvMÉZ KGi; DóxcGKi
AvmvG`i iÚvÚ kvUÆI mvaviY gvbylGK DäxweZ KGi msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq|
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn ckÉ ² cÉk²4 ‘ŠekvGLi i`‚ Ë Rvgv AvgvGK cwiGq ˆ` gv
cÉk²3 BmjvGgi bvGg Iiv (cvKevwnbx) hv KGiGQ, ZvGZ Avwg ˆZvi DRvo fuvovGi evi‚G`i MG®¬ eyK fGi ˆbe|
ˆLv`vi Avik chƯ¦ ˆKuGc DGVGQ| gmwRG` eGm ˆKvivb Avwg Rvwb Avgvi kvGUÆi iGÚi `M&`GM wPn×
ˆZjvIqvZ KiwQGjb Ûvix mvGne, ZvGK chƯ¦ àwj KGi ˆZvi cZvKvi eyGKi wfZi `vD `vD R¾jGQ
ˆgGiGQ| ˆLv`vi NGi XzGK gvbyl Lyb| Avwg iGÚi cÉwZGkva ˆbe gv-ˆi
[mƒò: ‰KvîGii w`bàwj@ Rvnvbviv Bgvg] iGÚi e`Gj Avwg iÚ ÷Gl Lve|’
K. ˆgvqvwäb mvGne MgMg Mjvq Kx eGj DGVwQGjb?A 1 [mƒò : ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv @ gyÕ¦dv AvGbvqvi]
L. ˆgvqvwäb mvGne w«¼Zxqevi AvÍÏvni gnî½ ˆNvlYv K. byi‚j ü`vi MvGq KxGmi Ig ˆjGMB ^vGK?A 1
Kivi myGhvM cvbwb ˆKb? A 2 L. byi‚j ü`v wgmwKÌqv´ŸG`i wVKvbv Rvbvi K^v eGjb
M. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆgvqvwäb mvGne ‰es DóxcGKi ˆKb? A 2
Ûvix mvGnGei Rxeb cwiYwZi Zzjbv `vI| A 3
N. ‘nvbv`vi evwnbx gyGL BmjvGgi K^v ejGjI evOvwj M. ‘ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv’ ‰es ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i wg´Ÿzi
gymwjg nZÅvq Zviv KvcÆYÅ KGiwb|’ DóxcK I ˆiBbGKvGUi mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| A 3
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ AejÁ¼Gb DwÚwUi mZÅZv hvPvB N. ‘wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU ‰es ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv AvgvG`i
KGiv| A 4 gywÚhyG«¬iˆPZbvi cÉZxK’@ DwÚwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ I
3 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi DóxcK AejÁ¼Gb weGkÏlY KGiv| B 4
K ˆgvqvwäb mvGne MgMg Mjvq ‘AvÍÏvü AvKevi’ eGj 4 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
DGVwQGjb| A
K byi‚j ü`vi MvGq ˆiBbGKvGUi Ig ˆjGMB ^vGK|
L wgwjUvwi àwj Kivq ˆgvqvwäb mvGne w«¼Zxqevi AvÍÏvni
gnî½ ˆNvlYv Kivi mGy hvM cvbwb| A L wgmwKÌqv´ŸG`i wVKvbv Rvbv byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ MGeÆi welq
eGj wZwb ‰ K^v eGjb|A
ivÕ¦vi IcGi gmwRG`i QvG` ˆgvqvwäb mvGne `uvwoGqwQGjb
AvRvb w`GZ| wZwb cÉ^gevi ‘AvÍÏvü AvKevi’ ejvi ciB byi‚j ü`v wQGjb ˆ`kGcÉwgK| wgmwKÌqv´Ÿ A^Ævr gywÚGhv«¬vG`i
wgwjUvwii àwjGZ we«¬ nGq ivÕ¦vi IcGi cGo hvb| ZvB Avi mGã mmy Á·KÆ ^vKvi welqwU Zuvi KvGQ MGeÆi eÅvcvi| ZvB
w«¼Zxqevi AvÍÏvni gnî½ ˆNvlYv Kivi mGy hvM ˆgGjwb Zuvi| wZwb ZuvG`i wVKvbv Rvbvi K^v eGjb|
mcy vi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii mcy vi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
RbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
RbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆgvqvwäb mvGnGei Ki‚Y cwiYwZ ZyGj
aGiv| M ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvGUi eYÆbv `vI|A
N ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ gymjgvbG`i Ici wgwjUvwii N ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ˆiBbGKvGUi cÉZxKx ZvrchÆ ZyGj aGiv|
AZÅvPvGii eYÆbv `vI|
4
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI ckÉ ² K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU ˆjLGKi ˆKvb M͸MÉG¯© msKwjZ
cÉk²5 ivZzj ‰KwU wmGbgvq ˆ`GLGQ, ‰KRb cÉGdmi Zvi nq? 1
cQG±`i wKQy Qvò wbGq ‰KwU `j MVb KGib| ‰G`i KvR
L. cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbx byi‚j ü`vGK ˆMɵ¦vi Kij
nGœQ mgvGRi A®¬Kvi cG^i gvbyl Z^v KvGjvevRvwi, ˆKb? 2
NylGLvi, Pvu`vevR, m¯¨vmxG`i ivGZi A®¬KvGi aGi ‰Gb kvwÕ¦ M. DóxcGKi i‚gx ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb PwiGòi
ˆ`Iqv| cÉkvmb ‰K chÆvGq ‰ eÅvcvGi bGoPGo eGm| Zviv ‰ cÉwZwbwa? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
`Gji wKQy ˆjvKGK ˆMÉdZvi KGi bvbvfvGe wbhÆvZb KGi N. DóxcKwUGZ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i Kvwnwbi ‰KwU
ZvG`i ˆbZvGK LyuGR ˆcGZ| wK¯§ Zviv ˆKvGbvfvGeB ZvG`i
weGkl w`GKi cÉwZdjb NGUGQ gvò| cÉK‡ZcGÞ
wcÉq mÅvGii K^v eGj bv|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆcÉÞvcU AvGiv weÕ¦‡Z g¯¦eÅwU
K. ‘KÌvK-WvDGbi ivZ’@ ‰LvGb ˆKvb ivGZi K^v ejv
gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
nGqGQ? 1
L. ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Ryr’@ K^vwU w`Gq Kx ˆevSvGbv cÉk²8 ˆnvGmb wgqvi gyGL ÷ay cvKevwnbxi mybvg| cÉvqB
2 AwdmviG`ievwoGZ `vIqvZ KGi LvIqvq| AvmGj ˆfZGi ˆfZGi
nGqGQ?
M. DóxcGK ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb w`KwU dzGU ˆm gywÚGhv«¬vG`i BbdgÆvi| ‰Kevi gywÚevwnbxi ˆMvcb Avìv
3 ˆ`LvGbvi bvg KGi ˆKŒkGj meàGjv nvbv`viGK gywÚGmbvG`i
DGVGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N. wKQyUv wgj ^vKGjI DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i nvGZB ZzGj ˆ`q ˆm|
msNwUZ NUbvi ˆcËÞvcU wÆf®²@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. biy ‚j ü`v ˆKvb welGqi wkÞK? 1
cÉk²6 RvgvGji evev XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wkÞK wQGjb| L. PveyGKi evwoi w`GK byi‚j ü`vi gGbvGhvM ˆ`Iqv
cuwPGk gvPÆ KvGjv ivGZ XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq ˆh nZÅvhæ nGqwQj
Zvi RGbÅ wZwb cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`viG`i Þgv KGibwb| cÉKvGkÅB nGq IGV bv ˆKb? 2
wZwb ZvG`i mgvGjvPbv KiGZb| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆhme Qvò M. DóxcGKi ˆnvGmb wgqv ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb
PwiGòi cÉwZi…c? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
gywÚhyG«¬ ˆhvM w`GqGQ wZwb ZvG`i cÉksmv KiGZb| 1971-‰i N. DóxcKwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i fvGei aviK wK?
weGkÏlYmn gZvgZ `vI| 4
14B wWGmÁ¼i ivGZ cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i ‰G`kxq ˆ`vmiiv ZuvGK evmv
ˆ^GK ZzGj wbGq hvq| ciw`b ivGqievRvGi Zuvi ÞZ-weÞZ jvk cÉk²9 AvigvGbi evev wQGjb bvgKiv ˆjLK| AvigvGbiI
cvIqv hvq| AvMÉn evevi gGZv weLÅvZ nIqvi| wK¯§ wbGRi ˆjLvGjwLi
K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆiBbGKvUwU Kvi? 1 cÉwZ Zvi Lye ‰KUv AvÕ©v ˆbB| ‰Kw`b AvigvGbi gv ZvGK
L. ˆiBbGKvU civi ci byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmKZvi Kx Zvi evevi eÅen†Z ‰KwU Kjg w`Gjb| wcZvi ÕÆwZweRwoZ
aiGbi cwieZÆb nGqwQj? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 2 KjgwU AvigvbGK AvG±`vwjZ Kij| nVvr gGb nGjv BGœQ
M. DóxcGKi RvgvGji evev ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb KiGj w`bfi eGm ˆm wjGL ˆhGZ cviGe| wkLbdj-1
PwiGòi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KiGQb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 K. PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici
N. “DóxcKwUGZ eÕw§ bÓ¤Zv ^vKGjI ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i KxGmi gGZv gGb nq? 1
mvG^ mÁ·KÆ ˆZgb wbweo bq|”@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. byi‚j ü`v ˆKvGbv wKQyi cGivqv bv KGi mivmwi
cÉk²7 i‚gx Pvcv Avb±` Avi DGîRbvq wdmwdm KGi ejj, wgwjUvwii gyGLi w`GK ZvKvq ˆKb? 2
‘AvÁÃv Avgiv ‰KUv AÅvKkb KGi ‰jvg| ‰Bgvò mvZ AvUUv M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ KjgwUi mvG^ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i
ˆmbv ˆgGi ‰GmwQ’ Avgvi gyL nuv nGq ˆMj, ewjm wKGi, ˆiBbGKvGUi mv`†kÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
‘AvbG±` WMgM Mjvq KvRx ejj, nuÅv PvwP 18 bÁ¼i ˆivGW
wgwjUvwi wRc wcQy wbGqwQj ZvB ˆ`GL i‚gx Mvwoi ˆcQGbi KuvP N. mv`†kÅ ^vKGjI KjgwU ˆiBbGKvGUi gGZv gvnvñÅ
ˆfGO àwj Pvjvq| wRc DGΟ meàGjv gGiGQ|’
enb KGi bv@ DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1
gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask
ˆiBbGKvU
AvLZvi‚ävgvb Bwjqvm [1943@1997]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 m¯¦vbGK iÞv KiGZ wbGRi eyGK àwj chƯ¦ ˆLGjb wjwc gíj| ‰iciI ˆkl iÞv nGjv bv| Qq eQGii wk÷cyò civM
gíjGK w`b`ycyGi AcniY KGi wbGq ˆMj `ye†Æîiv| wk÷wUi ‰LGbv ˆKvGbv ˆLuvR ˆbB| ‰ aiGbi ‰KwU NUbv ZLbB NGU hLb
AvBbk†›Ljvi Pig AebwZ NGU| AvBbk†›Ljvi AebwZ RbgGb DG«¼M I DrK¥¤vi R¯Ã w`GqGQ|
K. Kvi RbÅ byi‚j ü`vGK ZUÕ© ^vKGZ nq? [e. ˆev. 16]
1
L. byi‚j ü`vi Õ¨x ˆKb evwo cvΟvGbvi RbÅ nGbÅ nGq ˆjGM ˆMGjb? 2
M. DóxcGKi wjwc gíGji mvG^ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb PwiGòi mv`†kÅ AvGQ? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi m¯¦vbnviv wjwc gíj ˆhb ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i byi‚j ü`viB cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi|”@ DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
K kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi RbÅ byi‚j ü`vGK ZUÕ© ^vKGZ nq|
L cvGki dÑÅvGUi ˆMvjMvj gyGLi gwnjv biy ‚j ü`vi Õ¨xGK Zuvi gywÚGhv«¬v fvBGqi K^v wRGæm KiGj wZwb evwo cvΟvGbvi RbÅ
nGbÅ nGq ˆjGM ˆMGjb|
byi‚j ü`vi kÅvjK wg´Ÿz ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬v| AbÅw`GK byi‚j ü`v I Zuvi Õ¨x fxZz cÉK‡wZi mvaviY gvbyl| wg´Ÿzi eÅvcvGi Zuviv
memgqB ZUÕ© ^vGKb| wg´ŸzGK wbGq ˆKD we±`ygvò AvMÉn ˆ`LvGjB Zuviv fq ˆcGq hvb| ZvB cvGki dÑÅvGUi gwnjv hLb byi‚j
ü`vi Õx¨ i KvGQ ˆQvU fvBGqi Lei RvbGZ Pvb ZLb wZwb AvZâMÉÕ¦ nGq cGob| `Ë‚Z wbevm cwieZÆGbi RbÅ AwÕ©i nGq hvb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: cÉwZGekx gwnjv byKzj ü`vi Õ¨xi KvGQ wg´Ÿzi K^v RvbGZ PvIqvq wZwb evwo cvΟvGbvi RbÅ nGbÅ nGq ˆjGM ˆMGjb|
M DóxcGKi wjwc gíGji mGã ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i byi‚j ü`v PwiGòi mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|
DóxcGK wjwc gíj m¯¦vGbi RbÅ wbGRi eyGK àwj ˆLGZ w«¼av KGi wb| hw`I wjwc gíGji cÉvYcY ˆPÓ¡v Zuvi m¯¦vbGK iÞv KiGZ
cvGibwb, ZeyI Zuvi ZÅvM wbtmG±`Gn cÉksmbxq| Zuvi ‰gb ZÅvM ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`v PwiòwUGK ÕÃiY KwiGq ˆ`q|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vI ˆZgwb cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi AgvbywlK wbhÆvZGbi wkKvi nGqGQb| gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mGã Zuvi mÁ·KÆ
iGqGQ ˆfGe Zuvi Ici wbhÆvZb Pvjvq cvKevwnbx| hw`I byi‚j ü`v Õ¼xKvi KGib ˆh, gywÚevwnbxi mGã Zuvi mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ, wK¯§
ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGZB gywÚGhv«¬vG`i NuvwU ˆKv^vq Zv wZwb eGjb bv| KviY gywÚevwnbxi mGã mÁ·KÆ ^vKvi AwfGhvGM hw` byi‚j
ü`vi g†ZzÅI NGU ZGe ZvI Zuvi KvGQ eo eÅvcvi bq, Zuvi KvGQ ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ nGjv gywÚGhv«¬vG`i ˆKvGbv Z^Å ˆhb cvKevwnbx bv
RvGb| Avi ‰gb ZÅvMx gvbwmKZvB byi‚j ü`v I wjwc gíjGK mv`k† ÅcƒYÆ KGi ZzGjGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ZÅvM Õ¼xKvGii gvbwmKZvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi wjwc gíGji mGã ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MGÍi¸ byi‚j ü`v PwiGòi mv`†kÅ
iGqGQ|
N ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`v PwiGòi mGeÆvîg ZÅvGMi Dä¾j gwngv KxwZÆZ nGqGQ|
kò‚Gmbvi ˆWivq gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjGKi ˆiBbGKvU MvGq w`Gq mvaviY fxZz cÉK‡wZi byi‚j ü`vi gGaÅ ˆh DúZv, mvnm I ˆ`kGcÉg
mçvwiZ nq ZviB eÅébvgq cÉKvk NGUGQ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸| nvbv`viG`i AK^Å wbhÆvZGbi gyGLI wZwb mvnm nvivbwb| ˆ`Gki
Õ¼vaxbZvi Zzjbvq wbGRi RxeGbi gƒjÅGK Zuvi KvGQ ZzœQ gGb nGqGQ|
DóxcGKi wjwc gíGji RxebevÕ¦eZv AZů¦ `yweÆln ‰es ˆe`bveüj| m¯¦vGbi Rxeb iÞvi RbÅ wZwb wbGRi cÉvYGKI ZzœQævb
KGiGQb| wZwb wbGRi eyGK àwj ch¯Æ ¦ ˆLGjb, Zey m¯¦vbGK iÞv KiGZ cviGjb bv| w`Gb-`ycyGi civMGK AcniY KGi `yeƆîiv|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸I ‰gb `yweÆln cwiwÕ©wZi gyGLvgywL nGqGQb byi‚j ü`v|
DóxcGK wPwòZ nGqGQ wbR RxebGK msKUvc®² KGi m¯¦vbGK euvPvGbvi ‰Kv¯¦ cÉGPÓ¡v| MG͸ gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mGã ˆhvMvGhvM ^vKvi
AwfGhvGM `Lj`vi evwnbx byi‚j ü`vi Ici cvkweK wbhÆvZb Pvjvq| wbhÆvZGbi cÉv^wgK chÆvGq byi‚j ü`v eGjb ˆh gywÚGhv«¬vG`i
mGã Zuvi mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ, wK¯§ ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGZB wZwb gywÚGhv«¬vG`i NuvwU mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å ˆ`Geb bv| dGj ZuvGK SzwjGq e†wÓ¡i gGZv
PveyGKi AvNvZ Kiv nGjI, AvNvZGK Zuvi KvGQ gGb nGqGQ wbQK DrcvZ| DóxcGKi wjwc gíj m¯¦vGbi Rxeb iÞvG^Æ wbGRi Rxeb
DrmMÆ KGiGQb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg m¯v¦ bermj `vwqZ½civqY gvGqi cÉwZgƒwZÆ nGq DGVGQb| eÕ§Z ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vi ˆh `†p
gvbwmK kwÚi cwiPq D«v¿ wmZ nGqGQ, Zvi cÉwZdjb AvGQ DóxcGKi wjwc gíGji gvGS| ZvB cÉGk² DGÍÏwLZ g¯e¦ ÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ:§ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`v AgvbwmK wbhÆvZb mnÅ KGiI gywÚGhv«¬vG`i cwiPq ˆMvcb KGiGQb| DóxcGKi wjwc gíj
m¯¦vGbi Rxeb iÞvG^Æ wbGRi Rxeb DrmMÆ KGiGQb| wjwc gíGji ‰B ZÅvMx gGbve†wîB ZvGK byi‚j ü`vi cÉwZwbwa KGi ZzGjGQ|
2
cÉk² 2 Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvOj,
wmuw^i wmu`yi gyGQ ˆMj nwi`vmxi|
Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
knGii eyGK RjcvB iGOi UÅvâ ‰Gjv
`vbGei gGZv wPrKvi KiGZ KiGZ|
Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
Qvòvevm, ewÕ¦ DRvo nGjv|
K. KvG`i mvG^ byi‚j ü`vi AuvZvZ AvGQ? A [iv. ˆev. 16]
1
L. ‘Ave»y ˆQvU gvgv nGqGQ’@ ˆQvë ˆgGqi ‰ DwÚGZ cÉGdmi PgGK IGVb ˆKb? A 2
M. DóxcGKi mGã ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU ˆKvb w`K w`Gq mv`†kÅcƒYÆ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| A 3
N. “Õ¼vaxbZvGK cvIqvi RbÅ evOvwj RbmvaviGYi AvñZÅvMB DóxcGKi KweZvsk I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i gƒj cÉwZcv`Å”@
g¯¦eÅwUi h^v^ÆZv cÉwZc®² KGiv| 4
2 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K wgm&wKÌqv´ŸG`i1 mvG^ byi‚j ü`vi AuvZvZ AvGQ| A
L gywÚGhv«¬v wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU civi ci cÉGdmi byi‚j ü`vGK ˆ`LGZ wg´Ÿzi gGZv jvMGQ ÷Gb wZwb PgGK IGVb|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vi kÅvjK wg´Ÿz ‰KRb gywÚGhv«¬v| gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mGã mÁ·KÆ iÞvi AwfGhvGM byi‚j ü`vGK ˆmbvKÅvGÁ·
ˆWGK cvVvGbv nq| e†wÓ¡i gGaÅ evBGi hvGœQb ˆ`GL byi‚j ü`vi Õ¨x ZuvGK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU cwiGq ˆ`q| byi‚j ü`v wec` I SuzwK
‰woGq Pjv ‰KRb mvaviY gvbyl| gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjGKi ˆiBbGKvU MvGq ˆ`Iqvi ci Zuvi gGaÅ ‰gb kâv ŠZwi nq ˆh, ZuvGK
gywÚGhv«¬vG`i gGZv ˆ`LvGœQ| ˆQvë ˆgGqi gyGL ‰B Abiy …c K^v ÷Gb ‰ kâv AviI ˆeGo hvq eGj wZwb PgGK IGVb|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gywÚGhv«¬v wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU civi ci cÉGdmi byij‚ ü`vGK ˆ`LGZ wg´Ÿzi gGZv jvMGQ ÷Gb wZwb PgGK IGVb|
M wbixn evOvwji Ici cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i wbgÆg AZÅvPvGii eYÆbvi w`K ˆ^GK DóxcGKi mvG^ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
gywÚhy«¬Kvjxb XvKvi cwiwÕ©wZ wbGq ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU iwPZ| AvGjvPÅ MG͸ gywÚhyG«¬i mgq evOvwji Ici cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi
wbgÆg AZÅvPvGii eYÆbv cvIqv hvq| MG͸i K^K byi‚j ü`vi eYÆbv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx àwj KGi gvbyl nZÅv
KGi; evwo-Ni, MÉvg, nvU-evRvi R¾vwjGq ˆ`q| ‰gbwK Zviv AvRvbiZ gyqvwäbGKI àwj KGi nZÅv KGi|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi RNbÅ AZÅvPvGii wPò dzGU DGVGQ| Zviv wbweÆPvGi gvbyl nZÅv KGi| bMi-Rbc` R¾vwjGq
QviLvi KGi ˆ`q| ‰fvGe Zviv Õ¼vaxbZvKvgx RbZvGK Õ¦º¬ KGi w`GZ Pvq| ZvG`i eeÆi AvMÉvmGbi wkKvi nGq cÉvY nvivq AmsLÅ
evOvwj| wbiÕ¨ evOvwji Ici AZÅvaywbK gviYvÕ¨ wbGq SuvwcGq cGo Zviv| evwo-Ni, Qvòvevm, ewÕ¦ meÆòB Zviv a»smhæ Pvjvq|
‰KBfvGe, ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸I cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i wbcxob I nZÅvhæ PjvKvjxb XvKv knGii AvZâMÉÕ¦ RbRxeGbi wPò AwâZ
nGqGQ| A^Ævr, DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ DfqGÞGòB cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbxi wbgÆg AZÅvPvGii wPò dzGU DGVGQ| Avi ‰ w`KwUB
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ I AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ ŠZwi KGiGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gywÚhyG«¬i mgq cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbx evOvwjG`i Ici ˆh wbgÆg AZÅvPvi KGiwQj, Zvi ˆjvgnlÆK eYÆbvi w`K w`Gq
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ I AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
N Õ¼vaxbZv ARÆGbi RbÅ mvaviY gvbyGli AvñZÅvGMi i…cvqY NGUGQ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸| B
1971 mvGji 25ˆk gvPÆ ivGZ cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbx Nyg¯¦ evOvwji Ici eÅvcK nZÅvhæ Pvjvq| cieZÆxKvGj evOvwjiv msMwVZ
nGq cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi wei‚G«¬ cÉej cÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvGj| cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi kZ wbhvÆ ZbI evsjvi mƒhÆm¯¦vbG`i `wgGq ivLGZ
cvGiwb| exiweKÌGg Zviv hGy «¬ SuvwcGq cGo ‰es eyGKi ZvRv iÚ w`Gq ˆ`kgvZ‡Kvi Õ¼vaxbZvGK wQwbGq AvGb| evOvwji ‰B
AvZÄZÅvMGK DcRxeÅ KGi MGo DGVGQ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i Aeqe|
ˆ`kGK Õ¼vaxb Kivi RbÅ evOvwji AvñZÅvM AvGjvPÅ DóxcGKi DcRxeÅ welq| ‰LvGb gywÚhyG«¬i mgq mvwKbv wewe, nwi`vmxi
gGZv bvixG`i Õ¼vgx nvivGbvi K^v ewYÆZ nGqGQ| DGV ‰GmGQ cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbx KZƆK evsjvG`Gki AeKvVvGgv a»sGmi K^v|
ZvG`i eeÆi AvMÉvmGbi wkKvi nGq cÉvY nvivq AmsLÅ evOvwj| evOvwjG`i `wgGq ivLGZ Zviv wbiÕ¨ gvbyGli Ici AZÅvaywbK
gviYvÕ¨ wbGq SuvwcGq cGo| evwo-Ni, Qvòvevm, ewÕ¦ meÆòB Zviv a»smhæ Pvjvq| wK¯§ kZ wbhvÆ ZbI Õ¼vaxbZvi Õ¼Gµ² weGfvi
evOvwjG`i `wgGq ivLGZ cvGiwb|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ gywÚhyG«¬i mgq cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi wbcxob I nZÅvhGæi gGaÅ XvKv knGii AvZâMÉÕ¦ RxeGbi wPò AwâZ
nGqGQ| MG͸ mnR-mij ‰KRb KGjR-wkÞK byi‚j ü`v cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i wbgÆg AZÅvPvGii wkKvi nb| gywÚevwnbxi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM
iÞvi AwfGhvGM Zuvi Ici PvjvGbv nq wbgÆg wbhvÆ Zb| Zuvi KvQ ˆ^GK gywÚevwnbxi AeÕ©vb RvbGZ Pvq Zviv| wK¯§ cvwKÕ¦vwb
evwnbxi wbhvÆ ZGbi fGq byi‚j ü`v fxZ nbwb eis wbgÆg AZÅvPvi mGî½I wZwb wbR msKG͸ AUj ˆ^GKGQb| A^Ævr, DóxcK I
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ DfqGÞGòB Õ¼vaxbZvi RbÅ evOvwji AvñZÅvGMi K^vB gyLÅ nGq DGVGQ| cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU ZvB h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ Õ¼vaxbZv ARÆGbi RbÅ mvaviY gvbyGli AvñZÅvGMi K^v ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ‰KBfvGe ˆ`kGK Õ¼vaxb
Kivi RbÅ evOvwj RbmvaviGYi AvñZÅvM DóxcGKiI gƒj DcRxeÅ| ZvB ejv hvq, cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
1. ‘wgmwKÌqv´Ÿ’ kGõi A^Æ@ `yÓ•‡ZKvix| ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ nGqGQ, gywÚGhv«¬vG`i ‘wgmwKÌqv´Ÿ’ eGj DGÍLÏ KiZ cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx|
3
cÉk² 3 Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvOj,
wmuw^i wmu`yi gyGQ ˆMj nwi`vmxi|
Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
knGii eyGK RjcvB iGOi UÅvâ ‰Gjv
`vbGei gGZv wPrKvi KiGZ KiGZ|
Zzwg AvmGe eGj, ˆn Õ¼vaxbZv,
Qvòvevm, ewÕ¦ DRvo nGjv| wiKGqjGjm ivBGdj
Avi ˆgwkbMvb LB ˆdvUvj hòZò|
[P. ˆev. 16]
K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU ˆKvb M͸MGÉ ¯©i A¯¦fzÆÚ? 1
L. ‘‰àGjv nGjv cvwKÕ¦vGbi kixGii KuvUv’@ DwÚwU eywSGq `vI| 2
M. “DóxcGK ewYÆZ weGkl mgGqi fqvenZv ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i mvG^ mv`†kÅhyÚ”@ g¯¦eÅwU eywSGq `vI| 3
N. “ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ wkÞK byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmK cwiYwZi ˆh wPò ewYÆZ nGqGQ, Zvi cÉZxKx eÅébv DóxcGK ˆbB”@
g¯¦eÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
3 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU ‘Rvj Õ¼µ² Õ¼Gµi² Rvj’ M͸MÉG¯©i A¯¦fÆyÚ|
L cÉGkv² Ú g¯¦eÅwUGZ fvlvkwn`G`i ÕÃiGY wbwgÆZ kwn` wgbvi mÁ·GKÆ cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i ˆ`vmi wcÉw´ÖcvGji ˆbwZevPK `†wÓ¡fwã
cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ wcÉw´Öcvj Këi cvwKÕ¦vbcw¯©| wkwÞZ evOvwj nIqv mGî½I wZwb evOvwj RvZxqZvevG`i weGivwaZv KGib|
evOvwji Õ¼vaxbZvi c^ i‚«¬ KiGZ wZwb cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxGK bvbviKg civgkÆ ˆ`b| ‰iB Ask wnGmGe, wZwb cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxGK
ˆ`Gki mKj kwn` wgbvi ˆfGO ˆdjvi civgkÆ ˆ`b| Zuvi gGZ kwn` wgbvi gywÚGhv«¬vG`i cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi wei‚G«¬ h«y ¬ KiGZ
DäxweZ KGi| ZvB ‰àGjv cvwKÕ¦vGbi kixGii KuvUv|
DîGii mvieÕ§: fvlvkwn`G`i ÕÃiGY wbwgÆZ kwn` wgbvi mÁ·GKÆ wcÉw´Öcvj cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU KGiGQb|
M DóxcGKi eeÆiZvi w`KwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYZÆ gywÚh«y ¬Kvjxb nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbhÆvZbGK ÕÃiY KwiGq ˆ`q|
gywÚh«y ¬Kvjxb XvKvi cwiwÕ©wZ wbGq iwPZ nGqGQ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU| AvGjvPÅ MG͸ cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbgÆg AZÅvPvGii
eYÆbv cvIqv hvq| MG͸i K^K byi‚j ü`vi eYÆbv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx àwj KGi gvbyl nZÅv KGi; evwo-Ni,
MÉvg, nvU-evRvi R¾vwjGq ˆ`q| ‰gbwK Zviv AvRvbiZ gyqvwäbGKI àwj KGi nZÅv KGi|
DóxcGKi KweZvsGk cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi RNbÅ AZÅvPvGii wPò dzGU DGVGQ| Zviv wbweÆPvGi gvbyl nZÅv KGi| bMi-Rbc`
R¾vwjGq QviLvi KGi ˆ`q| ‰fvGe Zviv Õ¼vaxbZvKvgx RbZvGK Õ¦º¬ KGi w`GZ Pvq| ZvG`i eeÆi AvMÉvmGbi wkKvi nGq cÉvY
nvivq AmsLÅ evOvwj| wbiÕ¨ evOvwji Ici AZÅvaywbK gviYvÕ¨ wbGq SuvwcGq cGo Zviv| evwo-Ni, Qvòvevm, ewÕ¦ meÆòB Zviv
a»smhæ Pvjvq| A^Ævr, ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i gGZv DóxcKwUI gywÚhyG«¬i mgq cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi wbgÆgZvGK wbG`Æk KGi|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ DfqGÞGòB gywÚhy«¬Kvjxb cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi wbgÆg nZÅv-wbhÆvZGbi wPò DGV ‰GmGQ|
Avi ‰ w`KwUB ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ I DóxcGKi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ ŠZwi KGiGQ|
N gywÚhyG«¬i bvbv Lí wPò ^vKv mGî½I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmK cwiYwZi welqwU DóxcGK AbycwÕ©Z|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ ‰KRb fxZz gvbyGli gvGS gvbwmK `†pZv I ˆ`kvñGeva RvMiGYi M͸| AvGjvPÅ MG͸ fxZz cÉK‡wZi gvbyl byi‚j ü`vi
AvñRvMiGYi Kvwnwb wea†Z nGqGQ| MG͸i ÷i‚GZ byi‚j ü`vGK ‰KRb fxZz gvbyl wnGmGe ˆ`Lv hvq| wK¯§ gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjGKi
ˆiBbGKvU civi ci wZwb KÌgk `†pwPî I mvnmx nGq IGVb|
ˆ`kGK Õ¼vaxb Kivi RbÅ evOvwj RbmvaviGYi AvñZÅvM DóxcGKi DcRxeÅ welq| ‰LvGb gywÚhyG«¬i mgq mvwKbv wewe I
nwi`vmxi gGZv bvixG`i Õ¼vgx nvivGbvi K^v wea†Z nGqGQ| DGV ‰GmGQ evsjvG`Gki AeKvVvGgv a»sGmi K^v| ‰ NUbvàGjv AvgvG`i
mvgGb gywÚhyG«¬i mgq cvwKÕv¦ wb nvbv`viG`i eeÆiZvi wPò ZzGj aGi| wK¯§ ‰me wPGò ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmKZv
cwieZÆGbi cÉZxKx ZvrcGhÆi welqwU ˆbB|
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjGKi ˆiBbGKvU MvGq w`Gq fxZz cÉK‡wZi byi‚j ü`vi gvGS mçvwiZ nq DúZv, mvnm I ˆ`kGcÉg|
gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mGã mÁ·KÆ ^vKvi AwfGhvGM Zuvi Ici ˆbGg AvGm wbhvÆ Zb| ‰B wbhvÆ Zb mGî½I wZwb gywÚGhv«¬vG`i m®¬vb
ˆ`bwb| gywÚhyG«¬i gnvb ˆPZbv wbGRi gGaÅ jvjb Kivq nvbv`viG`i AZÅvPvi Zuvi KvGQ wbQK DrcvZ eGj gGb nq| ‰KBfvGe,
DóxcGKI iGqGQ cvKevwnbxi nZÅv I wbhvÆ ZGbi wPò| wK¯§ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmKZvi ˆh DîiY jÞ Kiv hvq, Zv
DóxcGK AbycwÕ©Z| ˆmw`K ˆ^GK cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ I DóxcK DfqGÞGòB gywÚhyG«¬i wPò iGqGQ| wK¯§ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmKZvi ˆh
DîiY jÞ Kiv hvq, Zv DóxcGK AbycwÕ©Z| ˆmw`K ˆ^GK cÉGk²vÚ g¯¦eÅwU h^v^Æ|
4
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AviI cGÉ k²vîi
cÉk² 4 1971 mvGji 25 gvPÆ gaÅivZ ˆ^GK 16 wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ Uvbv 9 gvm cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx wbixn evOvwjG`i Ici
AZÅvPvi PvwjGqGQ| ZvG`i nvgjvi UvGMÆU wQj ‰G`Gki wkÞK-eyw«¬Rxexmn meÆÕG¦ ii RbMY| Avi ZvG`i nZÅvKvGí mnGhvwMZv
KGiGQ ‰G`GkiB ˆ`vmi ivRvKvi-Avje`iiv|
K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU KGe cÉKvwkZ nq? 1
L. gywÚh«y ¬ ÷i‚ nIqvi ci ˆ^GK BmnvK ˆKb mevi fGqi KviY wQj? 2
M. DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i gƒjfve ‰KB@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i AvGjvGK Õ¼vaxbZvweGivax kwÚi gyGLvk DG¯ÃvPb KGiv| 4
4 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
K ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU 1995 mvGj cÉKvwkZ nq| A
L gywÚh«y ¬ ÷i‚ nIqvi ci cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i cÞ AejÁ¼b Kivq BmnvK mevi fGqi KviY wQj| A
BmnvK cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i ˆ`vmi| ˆm AevGa PjvGdiv KiZ| me mgq D`yÆGZ K^v eGj cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvG`i wek¼vmfvRb nGq
DGVwQj| gywÚGhv«¬vG`i m®¬vGb BmnvK cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i bvbvfvGe mnvqZv KGiwQj| cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i ˆ`vmi nGq KLb KvG`i awiGq
ˆ`q, ‰gb Avkâvq BmnvK mevi fGqi KviY wQj|
DîGii mvieÕ§: gywÚhy«¬ ÷i‚ nIqvi ci cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i cÞ AejÁ¼b Kivq BmnvK mevi fGqi KviY wQj|
M DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i gƒjfve ‰KvîGii Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i ˆcÉÞvcU DG¯ÃvPb| A
1971 mvGj ‰G`Gk gywÚhy«¬ msNwUZ nGqwQj| Õ¼vaxbZvKvgx evOvwj cÉvYcGY jovB ÷i‚ KiGj cvK-nvbv`viiv eeÆi wbhÆvZb Pvjvq|
jvGLv evOvwjGK wbweÆPvGi nZÅv KGi Zviv Õ¼vaxbZvi Õ¼µ²GK àuwoGq w`GZ Pvq| wK¯§ exi evOvwj AKzGZvfq jovB PvwjGq cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i
civwRZ KGi weRq wQwbGq AvGb| ‰gb ˆcÉÞvcU DG¯ÃvPb Kiv nGqGQ DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸|
DóxcGK cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi eeÆiZvi wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| ‰KvîGii 25 gvPÆ gaÅivZ ˆ^GK 16 wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ wbixn
evOvwjG`i Ici AZÅvPvi PvwjGqGQ nvbv`viiv| ‰G`Gki wkÞK-eyw«¬Rxex meÆÕ¦Gii RbMY nvgjvi wkKvi nGqGQ| nvbv`viG`i ‰
nZÅvKvGí mnGhvwMZv KGiGQ ‰G`Gki ˆ`vmi ivRvKvi-Avje`iiv| ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ‰KvîGii gywÚhyG«¬i ˆcÉÞvcU, cvK-
nvbv`viG`i wbhÆvZGbi wPò DGV ‰GmGQ| gywÚhyG«¬i mgqKvi XvKvi hy«¬ cwiwÕ©wZ wbGq M͸wU iwPZ nGqGQ| ‰ mgq XvKv KGjGRi
wkÞK I XvKv knGii wbixn gvbylG`i Ici cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi eeÆi wbcxob I nZÅvhGæi K^v ‰LvGb wee†Z nGqGQ| ZviciI
ˆ`kGcÉwgK exi gywÚGhv«¬viv ˆMwijv AvKÌgGY nvbv`viG`i wbgƒÆj Kivi cÉGPÓ¡v PvwjGq wMGqGQ| mkÕ¨ gywÚhyG«¬i ‰gb ˆcÉÞvcGU
evOvwjG`i Õ¼vaxbZvi ARÆGbi gƒjfve DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ cÉZxKvwqZ nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i gƒjfve ‰KvîGii Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i ˆcÉÞvcU DG¯ÃvPb|
N Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬ Õ¼vaxbZv weGivax kwÚi mwKÌq f„wgKvi K^v DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ myÓ¤zfvGe DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| A
1971 mvGji Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬ cvK-nvbv`viiv eeÆi wbhÆvZb PvwjGq evOvwji Õ¼vaxbZvi Õ¼µ²GK wPiZGi wbwfGq w`GZ ˆPGqwQj| ZvG`i
‰B wbgÆgZvq mnGhvwMZv KGiwQj ‰G`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv weGivax `vjvj ivRvKviPKÌ| ‰G`i evÕe¦ wPò AwâZ nGqGQ AvGjvPÅ DóxcK I
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸|
DóxcGK ‰KvîGii gywÚhyG«¬i ˆcÉÞvcU ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| 25ˆk gvPÆ ˆ^GK 16 wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ Uvbv 9 gvm cvK-nvbv`viiv wbixn
evOvwjG`i Ici AZÅvPvi PvwjGqGQ| ZvG`i nvgjvi wkKvi nGqGQ ‰G`Gki wkÞK-eyw«¬Rxexmn meÆÕ¦Gii RbMY| Avi ‰B
nZÅvKvGíi mnGhvwMZv KGiGQ ‰G`Gki ˆ`vmi ivRvKvi Avje`iiv| ‰ ivRvKvi-Avje`iivB wQj Õ¼vaxbZvweGivax kwÚ| ‰
Õ¼vaxbZvweGivax kwÚi gyGLvk DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸| ‰LvGb BmnvK, XvKv KGjGRi cÉGdmi AvKei mvwR`, wcÉw´Öcvj
AvdvR AvngG`i gGZv cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i `vjvj I ivRvKviG`i f„wgKvi K^v wee†Z nGqGQ| wcÉw´Öcvj me kwn` wgbviGK cvwKÕ¦vGbi
kixGii KuvUv AvLÅv w`Gq ˆmàGjv a»sm KiGZ D«¼y«¬ KGiGQ cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvG`i| gywÚGhv«¬vG`i m®¬vb ˆ`Iqvi eÅvcvGiI ivRvKviiv
mnGhvwMZv KGiGQ|
DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ Õ¼vaxbZvweGivax kwÚi gyGLvk DG¯ÃvPb Kiv nGqGQ myÓ‚¤fvGe| DóxcGK nvbv`viG`i nZÅvKvGí mnGhvMx
wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ ivRvKvi-Avje`iG`i| Avi ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ XvKv KGjGRi wcIb I ‘wcÉw´ÖcvGji f„wgKvGK ivRvKvi-
Avje`iG`i f„wgKvi mGã Zzjbv Kiv nGqGQ| ‰gb HwZnvwmK evÕe¦ Zvq ejv hvq, DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ Õ¼vaxbZvweGivax
kwÚi gyGLvk DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ|
DîGii mvieÕ§: Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬ Õ¼vaxbZv weGivax kwÚi mwKÌq f„wgKvi K^v DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ myÓ¤zfvGe DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ|
5
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² N. ‘cÉK‡Z ˆhv«¬vi ÕÆwZ, Zuvi eÅen†Z wRwbmI mvaviY
cÉk² 5 “KxGm Kx nBj, cwøg nGZ biNvZGKiv Avwm, gvbylGK msMÉvgx ˆPZbvq DäxweZ KGi|’ DóxcK I
mviv MuvI fwi Avàb R¾vjvGq nvwmj Aënvwm|
gvi ˆKvj nGZ wk÷Gi Kvwoqv KvwUj ˆm LvbLvb, ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ AejÁ¼Gb DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv wePvi
wcZvi mvgGb ˆgGqGi KvwUqv Kwij iÚÕv² b|”
KGiv| 4
K. ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Rry ’@ K^vwU ˆK eGjwQj?
L. byi‚j ü`vGK cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx ˆKb Zje 6 bÁ¼i cÉGki² Dîi
KGiGQ? K ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`v Zuvi kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKv1U
M. DóxcGKi ‰es ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸ ewYÆZ cvKevwnbxi
cGiwQGjb| 2
wbhÆvZGbi Zzjbv KGiv|
N. “DóxcKwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i AvswkK cÉwZwbwaZ½ L gywÚhGy «¬i ˆPZbvq DäxweZ nIqvq ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici
KGi”@ ˆZvgvi hwy Úi Õc¼ GÞ Dîi `vI| PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ ˆmËd DrcvZ eGjgGb nGqwQj|3
5 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi imvqGbi wkÞK byi‚j ü`v wQGjb fxi‚, msmvix gvbyl| wK¯§
wcÉw´ÖcvGji wbG`ÆGk KGbÆGji mGã ˆ`Lv KiGZ hvIqvi mg4q
K ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Ryr’@ K^vwU eGjwQj ‰KRb Kzwj| gywÚGhv«¬v kÅvjK wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvUwU cGib wZwb| ‰KRb
gywÚGhv«¬vi eÅen†Z wRwbm Zuvi gGaÅ gywÚhGy «¬i ˆPZbv RvMÉZ
L gywÚGhv«¬vG`i mnGhvMx mG±`Gn cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx KGi| ZvB cvKevwnbx hLb ZuvGK PveyK gviGZ ^vGK, ZLb
byi‚j ü`vGK Zje KGiGQ| Zuvi gGb nq@ ‰ ˆhb ˆmËd DrcvZ|
gywÚhy«¬ hLb ˆkGli w`GK ZLb gywÚGhv«¬viv XvKvq ˆMwijv mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
AvKÌgY ÷i‚ KGi| ‰iB avivevwnKZvq ˆMwijviv XvKv KGjGRi
mvgGb ˆMwijv AvKÌgY KGi| ‰iB cwiGcÉwÞGZ cvwKÕv¦ wb ˆmbviv RbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
KGjGRi wkÞKG`i Zje KGi| byi‚j ü`vGKI Zviv ‰ KviGY
Zje KGi| gƒjZ gywÚGhv«¬vG`i m®¬vb jvGfi RbÅ byi‚j ü`vGK M gywÚhGy «¬ cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKGMvÓ¤xi AcGKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv|
cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx Zje KGiGQ|
N DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i AvGjvGK gywÚGhv«¬vG`i
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii AvñZÅvGMi Õ¼i…c weGkÏlY KGiv|
RbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
M cvKevwnbxi AZÅvPvi wbhvÆ ZGbi Õ¼i…c eÅvLÅv KGiv|
cÉk² 7 ‘ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv AvgvGK cwiGq ˆ` gv
N ‘‰KvîGi evOvwjG`i RxeGb ˆbGg AvGm Pig `yGhÆvM,
cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbhÆvZGb iGÚ jvj nq evsjvi Avwg ˆZvi DRvo fuvovGi evi‚G`i MG®¬ eyK fGi ˆbe|
gvwU| ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ ‰es DóxcGKi AvGjvGK DwÚwU
weGkÏlY KGiv| Avwg Rvwb Avgvi kvGUÆi iGÚi `M&`GM wPn×
ˆZvi cZvKvi eyGKi wfZi `vD `vD R¾jGQ
Avwg iGÚi cwÉ ZGkva ˆbe gv-ˆi
cÉk² 6 1969 mvGji MY-AfzÅïvGb mkÕ¨ evwnbxi àwjGZ iGÚi e`Gj Avwg iÚ ÷Gl Lve|’
kwn` nb Avmv`yävgvb| ZuvGK DGókÅ KGi kvgmiy ivngvb [mƒò : ŠekvGLi i`‚ Ë Rvgv @ gyÕ¦dv AvGbvqvi]
iPbv KGib ‰K Agi KweZv@ K. byi‚j ü`vi MvGq KxGmi Ig ˆjGMB ^vGK? 1
‘AvgvG`i `yeÆjZv, fxi‚Zv Kjyl Avi jäv L. byi‚j ü`v wgmwKqÌ v´ŸG`i wVKvbv Rvbvi K^v eGjb
mgÕ¦ w`GqGQ ˆXGK ‰KLí eÕ¨ gvbweK; ˆKb? 2
AvmvG`i kvUÆ AvR AvgvG`i cÉvGYi cZvKv|’ M. ‘ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv’ ‰es ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i wg´Ÿzi
[mƒò : AvmvG`i kvUÆ @ kvgmyi ivngvb] ˆiBbGKvGUi mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
K. ˆjKPvivi byi‚j ü`v Kvi ˆiBbGKvU cGiwQGjb? 1
L. ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ N. ‘wg´Ÿzi ˆiBbGKvU ‰es ŠekvGLi i‚`Ë Rvgv AvgvG`i
ˆmËd DrcvZ eGj gGb nGqwQj ˆKb? 2 gywÚhyG«¬i ˆPZbvi cÉZxK’@ DwÚwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸
M. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆiBbGKvU ‰es DóxcGKi I DóxcK AejÁ¼Gb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
AvmvG`i kvGUÆi cÉfvGei mv`†kÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
6
cÉk² 8 BmjvGgi bvGg Iiv (cvKevwnbx) hv KGiGQ, ZvGZ cÉk²11 i‚gx Pvcv Avb±` Avi DGîRbvq wdmwdm KGi ejj,
ˆLv`vi Avik chƯ¦ ˆKuGc DGVGQ| gmwRG` eGm ˆKvivb ‘AvÁÃv Avgiv ‰KUv AÅvKkb KGi ‰jvg| ‰Bgvò mvZ AvUUv
ˆZjvIqvZ KiwQGjb Ûvix mvGne, ZvGK chƯ¦ àwj KGi ˆmbv ˆgGi ‰GmwQ’ Avgvi gyL nuv nGq ˆMj, ewjm wKGi,
ˆgGiGQ| ˆLv`vi NGi XzGK gvbyl Lyb| ‘AvbG±` WMgM Mjvq KvRx ejj, nuÅv PvwP 18 bÁ¼i ˆivGW
[mƒò: ‰KvîGii w`bàwj@ Rvnvbviv Bgvg] wgwjUvwi wRc wcQy wbGqwQj ZvB ˆ`GL i‚gx Mvwoi ˆcQGbi KuvP
K. ˆgvqvwäb mvGne MgMg Mjvq Kx eGj DGVwQGjb? 1 ˆfGO àwj Pvjvq| wRc DGΟ meàGjv gGiGQ|’
L. ˆgvqvwäb mvGne w«¼Zxqevi AvÍÏvni gnî½ ˆNvlYv K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸wU ˆjLGKi ˆKvb M͸MÉG¯© msKwjZ
Kivi myGhvM cvbwb ˆKb? 2 nq? 1
M. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆgvqvwäb mvGne ‰es DóxcGKi L. cvwKÕv¦ wb ˆmbvevwnbx byi‚j ü`vGK ˆMɵ¦vi Kij ˆKb? 2
Ûvix mvGnGei Rxeb cwiYwZi Zzjbv `vI| 3
M. DóxcGKi i‚gx ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb PwiGòi
N. ‘nvbv`vi evwnbx gyGL BmjvGgi K^v ejGjI evOvwj
cÉwZwbwa? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
gymwjg nZÅvq Zviv KvcÆYÅ KGiwb|’ DóxcK I
N. DóxcKwUGZ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i Kvwnwbi ‰KwU weGkl
‘ˆiBbGKvU’ M͸ AejÁ¼Gb DwÚwUi mZÅZv hvPvB w`GKi cÉwZdjb NGUGQ gvò| cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’
KGiv| 4 MG͸i ˆcÉÞvcU AvGiv weÕ‡¦Z g¯e¦ ÅwU gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
cÉk² 9 ivZzj ‰KwU wmGbgvq ˆ`GLGQ, ‰KRb cÉGdmi Zvi cÉk² 12 ˆnvGmb wgqvi gyGL ÷ay cvKevwnbxi mybvg| cÉvqB
cQG±`i wKQy Qvò wbGq ‰KwU `j MVb KGib| ‰G`i KvR
nGœQ mgvGRi A®¬Kvi cG^i gvbyl Z^v KvGjvevRvwi, AwdmviG`ievwoGZ `vIqvZ KGi LvIqvq| AvmGj ˆfZGi ˆfZGi
NylGLvi, Pv`u vevR, m¯¨vmxG`i ivGZi A®¬KvGi aGi ‰Gb kvwÕ¦
ˆ`Iqv| cÉkvmb ‰K chÆvGq ‰ eÅvcvGi bGoPGo eGm| Zviv ‰ ˆm gywÚGhv«¬vG`i BbdgÆvi| ‰Kevi gywÚevwnbxi ˆMvcb Avìv
`Gji wKQy ˆjvKGK ˆMÉdZvi KGi bvbvfvGe wbhÆvZb KGi
ZvG`i ˆbZvGK LyuGR ˆcGZ| wK¯§ Zviv ˆKvGbvfvGeB ZvG`i ˆ`LvGbvi bvg KGi ˆKŒkGj meàGjv nvbv`viGK gywÚGmbvG`i
nvGZB ZGz j ˆ`q ˆm|
K. byi‚j ü`v ˆKvb welGqi wkÞK? 1
wcÉq mÅvGii K^v eGj bv| L. PveyGKi evwoi w`GK byi‚j ü`vi gGbvGhvM ˆ`Iqv
K. ‘KÌvK-WvDGbi ivZ’@ ‰LvGb ˆKvb ivGZi K^v ejv nGq IGV bv ˆKb? 2
nGqGQ? 1 M. DóxcGKi ˆnvGmb wgqv ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb
L. ‘elÆvKvGjB ˆZv Ryr’@ K^vwU w`Gq Kx ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ? 2 PwiGòi cÉwZi…c? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGK ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb w`KwU dzGU N. DóxcKwU ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i fvGei aviK wK?
DGVGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 weGkÏlYmn gZvgZ `vI| 4
N. wKQyUv wgj ^vKGjI DóxcK I ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i cÉk² 13 AvigvGbi evev wQGjb bvgKiv ˆjLK| AvigvGbiI
msNwUZ NUbvi ˆcËÞvcU wÆf®²@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 AvMÉn evevi gGZv weLÅvZ nIqvi| wK¯§ wbGRi ˆjLvGjwLi
cÉk²10 RvgvGji evev XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wkÞK wQGjb| cÉwZ Zvi Lye ‰KUv AvÕ©v ˆbB| ‰Kw`b AvigvGbi gv ZvGK
cuwPGk gvPÆ KvGjv ivGZ XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq ˆh nZÅvhæ nGqwQj Zvi evevi eÅen†Z ‰KwU Kjg w`Gjb| wcZvi ÕÆwZweRwoZ
Zvi RGbÅ wZwb cvwKÕ¦vwb nvbv`viG`i Þgv KGibwb| cÉKvGkÅB KjgwU AvigvbGK AvG±`vwjZ Kij| nVvr gGb nGjv BGœQ
wZwb ZvG`i mgvGjvPbv KiGZb| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆhme Qvò
gywÚhyG«¬ ˆhvM w`GqGQ wZwb ZvG`i cÉksmv KiGZb| 1971-‰i KiGj w`bfi eGm ˆm wjGL ˆhGZ cviGe| wkLbdj-1
14B wWGmÁ¼i ivGZ cvwKÕv¦ wbG`i ‰G`kxq ˆ`vmiiv ZuvGK evmv
ˆ^GK ZzGj wbGq hvq| ciw`b ivGqievRvGi Zuvi ÞZ-weÞZ jvk K. PveyGKi evwo byi‚j ü`vi KvGQ ˆiBbGKvGUi Ici
cvIqv hvq|
KxGmi gGZv gGb nq? 1
L. byi‚j ü`v ˆKvGbv wKQyi cGivqv bv KGi mivmwi
K. ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆiBbGKvUwU Kvi? 1 wgwjUvwii gGy Li w`GK ZvKvq ˆKb? 2
L. ˆiBbGKvU civi ci byi‚j ü`vi gvbwmKZvi Kx M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ KjgwUi mvG^ ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i
aiGbi cwieZÆb nGqwQj? AvGjvPbv KGiv| 2 ˆiBbGKvGUi mv`†kÅ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGKi RvgvGji evev ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i ˆKvb N. mv`†kÅ ^vKGjI KjgwU ˆiBbGKvGUi gGZv gvnvñÅ
PwiGòi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KiGQb? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 enb KGi bv@ DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. “DóxcKwUGZ eÕ§wbÓ¤Zv ^vKGjI ‘ˆiBbGKvU’ MG͸i
mvG^ mÁ·KÆ ˆZgb wbweo bq|”@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
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