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I wfwWI msGhvRb Kiv ^vGK, hvi dGj AGbK Qvò-Qvòxiv
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 3
ZvG`i cvVÅ welq Kg mgGq Lye mnGR eySGZ cvGi| ‰ mdUIqÅvi cvIqv hvq| ‰Qvov KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z Õ•Åvbvi
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wbqw¯¨Z hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ Kiv nq| mÁ·ÉwZ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM
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K. ICT Kx? 1 wnGmGe cwiYZ nGqGQ| evsjvG`k cÉwZeQi AvDUGmvwmÆs ˆ^GK
KGqK wgwjqb Wjvi Avq KGi| wkwÞZ ˆeKvi RbGMvÓ¤x ‰Lb
L. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi mgvRRxeGb cÉfve ˆKgb? 2 ‰B wk͸GK KvGR jvwMGq Õ¼vejÁ¼x nGq DGVGQ| AvgvG`i
cvk¼ÆeZÆx ˆ`kàGjv B´ŸviGbU cÉhywÚGK ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆGbi
M. DóxcGK Qvò-Qvòxiv Z^Å cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cÉavb gvaÅg wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGQ| D®²Z ˆ`Gki gGZv
evsjvG`GkI AGbGK ‰B LvGZ wewbGqvM KiGQb| dGj eü
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KviYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Z^v eÅwÚ AeÕ©vi gvb D®²qb Kiv mÁ¿e| myZivs QvòQvòxiv
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi I ZvG`i wkÞvGK KvGR
N. DóxcGK Qvò-Qvòxiv KxfvGe Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ jvwMGq Lye mnGRB AvñwbfÆikxj nGZ cvGi|
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4 bs cÉGki² Dîi KjGm´ŸvGi PvKzix ˆcGq hvq| ˆmLvGb ZvGK cÉ^g 10w`b ‰gb
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wbf„ÆjfvGe ‰GK AcGii wbKU ˆcuŒQvGbv hvq| B-ˆgBj Kivi KwgDwbGKkb, B´ŸviGbU|
RbÅ eÅenviKvixi ‰KwU B-ˆgBj AÅvGWÈm ^vKGZ nq| hvi
cÉ^g AsGk eÅenviKvixi cwiwPwZ, Zvici ˆkl AsGk L ˆKvGbv ˆWUvGK ‰K Õ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K
ˆWvGgBb cwiwPwZ ^vGK| ‰fvGeB Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚGZ KwÁ·DUvi nGZ AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi wKsev ‰K wWfvBm nGZ AbÅ
E-mail eÅenvi KGi Z^Å-Av`vb cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦i wKsev ‰KRGbi ˆWUv AGbÅi wbKU
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii cÉwKÌqvB ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb| KvGRB
N `vIqvZ ˆ`qvi RbÅ DóxcGKi cÉhywÚ Qvov ˆgvevBj, dÅvÝ KwgDwbGKkb ev ˆhvMvGhvM ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv hvi gvaÅGg
mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM ˆbUIqvKÆ : ˆdmeyK, UzBUvi, wjsKW-Bb, ‰K Õ©vb ˆ^GK AbÅ Õ©vGb wbfÆiGhvMÅfvGe ˆWUv ev Dcvî
mygvwR BZÅvw` eÅenvi Kiv hvq| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`kmn weGk¼i Av`vb-cÉ`vb mÁ¿e| ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^
cÉvq cÉwZwU gvbyGli nvGZ iGqGQ ˆgvevBj ˆdvb| ˆgvevBj mswkÓÏ ¡ cÉhywÚGK ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ ev KwgDwbGKkb
eÅenvi KGi `Ë‚Z ‰GK AcGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq| ˆUKGbvjwR ejv nq|
BGœQ KiGj wfwWI Kj KGi mivmwi K^v ejv hvq| ZvQvovI
mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM mvBU ˆdmeyK eÅenvi KGi ‰GK AciGK M KwÁ·DUvGi kõ ‰es PjwPò cÉ`kÆGbi gvaÅGg ˆm ˆhb
Avg¯¨Y RvbvGbv hvq| ˆdmeyK nGjv eZÆgvb c†w^exi meGPGq nvGZ KjGg cÉvq eÅenvwiK gvGbi wkÞv MÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
RbwcÉq mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg| ‰ gvaÅg eÅenvi KGi weævGbi KwVb mgxKiGYi mgvavb ‰es cwimsLÅvb, MvwYwZK
mnGRB e®¬-y ev®¬Gei UÅvM KGi `vIqvZcò, evZÆv cò, weGkÏlGYi KvR ‰es RÅvwgwZK wnmve-wbKvk KiGZ
eÅwÚMZ cò Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| ‰QvovI ‰ gvaÅg KwÁ·DUvi ZvGK mvnvhÅ KiGe| ZvQvov NGi eGm wewf®²
eÅenvi KGi mivmwi Chat ev wfwWI ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq| wkÞGKi KvQ ˆ^GK cvV mnvqZv wbGZ cviGe| wewf®² aiGbi
myZivs, DóxcGKi cÉhywÚ QvovI mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg I RwUj welGqi mgvavb B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg AwZ mnGRB msMÉn
ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi mvgvwRK AbyÓ¤vGbi RbÅ Kiv hvq| ‰gbwK AbjvBGb c†w^exi weLÅvZ weLÅvZ jvBGeËwi
`vIqvZ cò Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| ˆ^GK eB msMÉn KiGZ cviGe|
N Zzwnb ˆ`vKvGb dGUvkc, BjvGÕ¡ÈUi wkGL wewf®² aiGbi
MÉvwdÝ wWRvBGbi KvR KiGZ cvGi| KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg
A͸ mgGq D®²ZgvGbi SKSGK Qov cÉKvkbv ŠZwi KiGZ
cvGi| eZÆgvGb KvMRwenxb KwÁ·DUviwbfÆi ‰K aiGbi
BGjKUÇwbK cÉKvkbv eÅeÕ©vI Pvjy KiGZ cvGi| ˆhGnZz ˆm
dGUvkc I BjvGÕ¡ÈUi RvGb ‰es ‰i mvG^ HTML wkGL
wewf®² aiGbi Õ¡vwUK IGqe ˆcBR ŠZwi KGi Avw^ÆK AeÕ©vi
D®²wZ KiGZ cvGi|
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 7
cÉk² 10 gvbyl ˆhfvGe wP¯¦vfvebv KGi K‡wòg DcvGq ˆiveGUi nvZwU ‰B cwieZÆGbi hveZxq KvR KGi ^vGK|
cwÉ ZwU ˆiveGUi nvGZ KZàGjv AvOzj ^vKGe hv bovPov
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆmfvGe wP¯¦v fvebvi iƒc`vbGK KivGK KGi ˆKvGbv eÕ§ aiGZ cviGe|
AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ eGj| Avi ‰B AvwUÆwdwmqvj KvGR
jvwMGq ‰gb me h¯¨gvbe ŠZwi nGq ^vGK hv AZů¦ `Ë‚Z, N DóxcGK ˆiveU ev h¯¨gvbGei K^v ejv nGqGQ| ˆiveGUi
àiyZ½ wbÁ³iƒc:
KÑvw¯¦nxb I wbLyuZ KgÆÞg| wkLbdj: 6 1. wewf®² wk͸KviLvbvq ˆhme wRwbmcò gvbyGli cGÞ
K. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv mÁ·®² ‰GR´Ÿ Kx? 1 IVvbvgv I Õ©vcGbi RbÅ KwVb ˆmme ˆÞGò ˆiveU
eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
L. DGókÅ I KvhÆvewji wfwîGZ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi 2. KviLvbvi wRwbmcò msGhvRb, cÅvwKs ‰es wRwbmcò
cwienGbi RbÅ ˆiveU eÅenvi djcÉmƒ|
ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒGni fvMàGjv ˆjL| 2 3. hy«¬GÞGò hy«¬hvGb WÈvBfvGii weK͸ wnGmGe ˆiveUGK
eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰B mgÕ¦ ˆiveU `ƒi wbqw¯¨Z nIqvq
M. DóxcGK ˆh gvbGei K^v ejv nGqGQ Zvi wewf®² ˆhGKvGbv gynƒGZÆ wbq¯¨Y Kiv mÁ¿e nq|
4. ˆh me ˆÞGò AwZ mƒÞÄ KvR Kiv `iKvi nq ˆhgb
Askmgƒn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 BGjKUÇwbÝ-‰i AvBwm (IC) àGjv evbvGbvi RbÅ ‰es
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) evbvGbvi RbÅ ˆiveU
N. DÚ gvbGei àiyZ½ gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 eÅen†Z nq|
5. wPwKrmv ˆÞGò mvRvÆwii KvGR ˆiveU mdjfvGe eÅenvi
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
6. weiwÚKi I ‰KGNGq KvGRi ˆÞGò|
K K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv mÁ·®² ‰GR´Ÿ ‰gb ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g hv 7. wecäbK KvGRi ˆÞGò|
Pvicvk cÉZÅÞ KGi mGevÆ œP mvdjÅ cvIqvi RbÅ ˆh wm«¬v¯¦ 8. `yMÆg Õ©vGb KvGRi ˆÞGò|
MÉnY Kiv `iKvi, ˆm AbymvGi Zvi KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv KGi 9. weGbv`b, MGelYv I wkÞv ˆÞGò|
^vGK|
L DGókÅ I KvhÆvewji wfwîGZ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi cÉk² 11 Rvgx mvgxGK ejj, “AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö
ˆcÉvMÉvgmgGƒ ni fvMàGjv wbÁ³iƒc:
1. mƒGòi cÉwZcv`b I mgmÅv mgvavb|
2. ævGbi DcÕ©vcb
3. cwiK͸bv
4. hG¯¨i wkÞvq
5. wÕ·P I cÅvUvbÆ kbvÚKiY BZÅvw`|
M DóxcGK ˆiveU ev h¯¨gvbGei K^v ejv nGqGQ| ‰KwU weævGbi ‰KwU kvLv| AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö eÅenvi KGi
mvaviY ˆiveGU mvaviYZ wbGPi Dcv`vbàGjv ^vGK|
‰Lb ŠZwi nGœQ ˆiveU ev h¯¨gvbe|” ‰evi mvgx cÉk² Kij,
cvIqvi wmGÕ¡g: mvaviYZ ˆjW ‰wmW eÅvUvwi w`Gq
ˆiveGUi cvIqvi ˆ`qv nq| ‰B eÅvUvwi cybivq PvRÆ Kiv “KxfvGe AvwUÆwdwmqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö eÅenvi KGi ˆiveU ev
hvq| A^Ævr hLb ˆiveUwU KvR KiGe bv ZLb PvRÆ ˆ`qv
nGe| h¯¨gvbe ŠZwi nGœQ?” Rvgx mvgxGK my±`ifvGe eywSGq w`Gjb|
mvgx Avevi cÉk² Kij, “DÚ gvbe w`Gq KvR KivGbvi ˆÞGò Kx
AÅvKPGz qUi: ‰KwU ˆiveGUi nvZ cv BZÅvw` bovPov Kx mgmÅv nGZ cvGi?” wkLbdj: 6
Kivi RbÅ KZàGjv Še`yÅwZK ˆgvUGii eÅeÕ©v ^vGK|
‰GK ‰KwU ˆiveGUi nvZ I cvGqi ˆcwk eGj AwfwnZ K. ˆiveU Kx? 1
Kiv hvq|
L. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I gvbe eyw«¬gîvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
ˆjL| 2
AbyfƒwZ: gvbyGli Abyf„wZ ‰KwU weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆZgwb M. Rvgx KxfvGe mvgxi cÉ^g cÉGk²i Dîi w`GqwQj Zv-
ˆiveGUi Abyf„wZ ‰KwU weGkl Dcv`vb| ˆiveGUi nvZ ev
cv ˆKvGbv ‰KwU RvqMvq mÁ·kÆ KiGj ˆmB RvqMv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
mÁ·GKÆ hveZxq Z^Å ˆbqvi ÞgZv ^vKGe| ˆPvGLi bÅvq
KÅvGgiv w`Gq mvgGbi ev ˆcQGbi `†kÅ ˆbqv nq| N. mvgxi w«¼Zxq cÉGk²i DîGi ˆZvgvi gZvgZ DcÕ©vcb
KGiv| 4
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
gÅvwbwcDGjkb ev cwieZÆb Kiv: ‰KwU ˆiveGUi K ˆiveU nGœQ KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z ‰KwU Õ¼qswKÌq eÅeÕ©v; hv
AvkcvGki eÕ¦yàGjvi AeÕ©vb cwieZÆb ev eÕ§wU cwieZÆb gvbyl ˆhfvGe KvR KGi Zv ˆmfvGe KvR KiGZ cvGi A^ev
Kivi c«¬wZGK ejv nq Manipulation | ‰LvGb ‰i KvGRi aib ˆ`GL gGb nGe ‰i K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv AvGQ|
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
L K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv I gvbe eyw«¬gîvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ³iƒc: KvGR jvMvGZ cviv, bZzb AeÕ©vi cwiGcÉwÞGZ `Ë‚Z ‰es
mdjfvGe mvov ˆ`qv, fvlv eySGZ cvivi ÞgZv- ‰ meB
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv gvbe eyw«¬gîv eyw«¬gîvi Ask| Avi ‰ àYàGjvGK ˆKvGbv wmGÕ¡Ggi gvGS
K‡wògfvGe wmgyGjU KGi ŠZwi Kiv nGœQ ˆiveU|
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv wPiÕ©vqx| gvbe eyw«¬gîv wPiÕ©vqx
N mvgxi w«¼Zxq cÉGk²i DîGi Avgvi gZvgZ nGjv-
bq| 1. gvbyl hv wP¯¦v KGi wVK KGi Zvi wecixGZ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv m†wÓ¡gƒjK gvbe eyw«¬gîv m†wÓ¡gƒjK| KvR KiGZ Drmvnx nq| ‰ iKg ‰KwU KvR ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
h¯¨ w`Gq KivGbvi RbÅ mvwKÆU wWRvBb I Zv cwiPvjbvi
bq| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv KwVb KvR eGU| cwiwÕ©wZi Ici
weGePbv KGi gvbyl Zvi MwZGK wbq¯¨Y I Lvc LvBGq wbGZ
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR gvbe eyw«¬gîv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR cvGi; wK¯§ ˆevewUGÝi ˆejvq mewKQzB cƒeÆwbaÆvwiZ I
mxwgZ weK͸ mgvavb c^ ˆ`qv ^vGK|
Lye `Ë‚Z KiGZ cvGi| Lye `Ë‚Z KiGZ cvGi bv| 2. weGk¼i ˆh mKj ˆ`Gki gvbyl ˆiveGUi gGZv w`bivZ 24
N¥Ÿv KvR KiGQ ˆhgb- Pxb, BG±`vGbwkqv, wfGqZbvg
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv ‰KwU gvbe eyw«¬gîv ˆKvGbv BZÅvw`| ZvG`i ˆÞGò ˆivewUÝ weµÏe nGj eü ˆjvK
KgÆnxb nGq coGe| wechÆq AvmGe Av^ÆmvgvwRK AeÕ©vi
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ici wbfÆi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ici wfwî KGi Ici| ‰G`iGK mPj ivLGK cÉGqvRb nGe AwaK
PGj| PGj bv| we`yÅGZi|
3. ˆivewUÝ h¯¨cvwZ KÌq KiGZ cÉGqvRb nGe hG^Ó¡ cwigvY
K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv mnGR gvbe eyw«¬gîv mnGR AG^Æi ‰es ‰G`i iÞYvGeÞGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRb nGe `Þ
AGbÅi KvGQ mieivn Kiv AGbÅi KvGQ mieivn Kiv cÉGKŒkjxi, hv ‰KwU D®²qbkxj ˆ`Gki ˆÞGò cÉavb
hvq| hvq bv| A¯¦ivq|
M gvbyGli wP¯¦v fvebvi A^ev eyw«¬gîvi c«¬wZUvGK K‡wòg
DcvGq cÉhywÚwbfÆi h¯¨ ev KwÁ·DcUvGii gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb
KivUvB nGjv AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö (Artificial
Intelligence) ev K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv| BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ev eyw«¬gîv
kõwU nGjv KZKàGjv weGkl àGYi mgwÓ¡MZ i…c| ˆhgb
ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv KiGZ cviv, wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbqvi
ÞgZv, mgmÅv mgvavGbi mÞgZv, AwfæZv ˆ^GK wkÞv ˆbqv,
ˆhGKvGbv welq mÁ·GKÆ ævb ARÆb KiGZ cviv, AwRÆZ ævbGK
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² L wek¼MÉvg ‰gb ‰KwU cwiGek ˆhLvGb c†w^exi mKj gvbyl
‰KK mgvGR emevm KGi ‰es BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqv I Z^Å
cÉk² 12 ˆckvq wkÞK Avey eØi wmwóK ‰KRb MGelKI cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ‰GK AciGK ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi| Z^Å
I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi weÕ¦‡Z eÅenvi Z^v Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGbi
eGU| wZwb Zvi MGelYvq eÅvcKfvGe KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi RbÅ BbdiGgkb mycvi nvBIGqi mvG^ msGhvM Qvov
wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv AmÁ¿e|
KGib| ‰evi wZwb ‰KwU MGelYvi cyiÕ•vi Õ¼i…c ˆek wKQy
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
UvKv ˆcGqGQb| wZwb wm«¬v¯¦ wbGqGQb ‰B UvKv w`Gq Zvi
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
we`ÅvjGq 20wU KwÁ·DUvi wKGb ˆ`Geb| wkLbdj: 3
K. fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU Kx? 1
L. ‘‘BbdiGgkb ˆUKGbvGjvwR wbfÆi wek¼B ˆ™Ïvevj
wfGjR’’-eÅvLÅv Ki 2 M MGelYvq AvBwmwUi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. Avey eØi wmwóGKi MGelYvq AvBwmwUi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv N wkÞv ˆÞGò KwÁ·DUvi Z^v AvBwmwUi f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv|
KGiv| 3 cÉk² 13 wewkÓ¡ eÅemvqx ˆbnvj mvGne Zvi eÅemvwqK wewf®²
N. Avey eØi wmwóGKi wm«¬v¯¦wUi gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 KvGR KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGib| ZGe wZwb chÆvµ¦ mgGqi
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AfvGe ˆKbvKvUv I WvÚvGii KvGQ wbqwgZ ˆPKAvGci RbÅ
K cÉKZ‡ AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯§ evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`ËKKvix ˆhGZ cvGib bv| Avevi AwdGmi cÉGqvRbxq KvRàGjv evmvq
weævb wbfÆi K͸bvGK fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe evÕ¦eZv
wKsev K͸evզeZv eGj| KiGZ cvGib bv| wkLbdj: 3
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 9
K. AvDUGmvwmÆs Kx? 1 ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ msGhvM nGq wek¼eÅvcx weÕZ‡Z
L. Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi dGj weGklæ wPwKrmGKi ˆhvMvGhvMGK B´ŸviGbU eGj| ‰K K^vq ejv hvq,
KvGQ bv wMGqI D®²Z wPwKrmv cvIqv hvq@ eÅvLÅv ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆbUIqvKÆGK B´ŸviGbU eGj|
KGiv| 2 L eÅwÚ mbvÚKiGY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU nj evGqvGgwUÇÝ|
M. ˆbnvj mvGnGei eÅemvq AvBwmwU Kx f„wgKv ivLGZ evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi ˆKŒkj ev cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg
cvGi? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 gvbyGli kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, àYvàY,
N. Zvi ‰B mKj mgmÅv KxfvGe mgvavb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi eÅwÚZ½ cÉf‡wZ «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅwÚGK wPwn×Z ev kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
eGj Zywg gGb KGiv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ‰B cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ eÅwÚi ˆPnvivi ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK weGkÏlY KGi
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi eÅwÚGK mbvÚ Kiv hvq| `yB ˆPvGLi gaÅeZÆx `ƒiZ½ bvGKi Š`NÆÅ
K AvDUGmvwmÆs nGœQ ˆKvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvQ ˆ^GK KvR wbGq ev eÅvm, ˆPvGLi ˆKŒwYK gÅvc BZÅvw` cwigvGci gvaÅGg
cvwikÉwgGKi wewbgGq ˆmB cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGQ KvRwU KGi Rgv wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅwÚGK mbvÚ Kiv hvq| ZvQvov nvGZi AvOzj, nvGZi
ˆ`Iqv| ˆiLv, ˆiwUbv, AvBwim, wkiv, eÅwÚi AvPiY, nvGZi ˆjLv,
K^vejv ev PjvGdiv Õ¡vBj BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi eÅwÚ mbvÚ
L ˆUwjGgwWwmb cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ‰KG`Gk AeÕ©vb KGi AbÅ Kiv hvq|
ˆ`Gki weGklæ WvÚvGii wPwKrmv ˆmev MÉnY Kiv hvq|
eZÆgvGb ˆUwjGdvb ev wfwWI KwjsGqi gvaÅGg `ƒGii weGklæ mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
WvÚvGii civgkÆ ˆbIqv hvq| WvÚvGii K^vgZ WvqvMbwÓ¡K RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
ˆm´ŸvGi ˆUÕ¡ KGi ˆmB wiGcvUÆ B-ˆgBGj cvwVGq w`Gj WvÚvi
M ˆhvMvGhvGM Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi fƒwgKv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
eÅeÕ©vcò w`Gq ^vGKb| ˆivGMi jÞY ˆRGb WvÚvi h^vh^ N K‡wlGÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi fƒwgKv weGkÏlY KGiv|
civgkÆ w`Gq ^vGKb| cÉk² 15 Avjx Bgvg gv^vq ˆnW gvDG´ŸW wWmGµÏ (Head
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii Mounted Display), nvGZ ‰KwU ˆWUv ˆ™Ïvfm (Data Glove)
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe ev ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ewW myÅBU (Body Suit), ˆPvGL Pkgv cGi
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N wPwKrmv I KgÆGÞGò AvBwmwUi f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| Abyfe Kij ˆm eGbi ˆfZi w`Gq hvGœQ| Zvi bvGKi Dci
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cÉk² 14 MvBev®¬vi K‡lK iwng Avwj 2 weNv RwgGZ avb Pvl
KGib ‰ eQi avGbi kxl hG^Ó¡ bv Avmvq wZwb Zvi avb RbÅ e±`Ky ZvK KGiGQ ‰gb mgq Zvi cvGqi Dci w`Gq
ˆÞGZi wewf®² AsGki Qwe jÅvcUGci gvaÅGg K‡wl mÁ·ËmviY
ˆKG±`Ê civgGkÆi RbÅ cvVvGjb| K‡wl mÁ·ËmviY ˆK±`Ê Qwe ‰KwU mvc myomyo KiGQ| wkLbdj: 6
chGÆ eÞY KGi ˆ`LGjb Pvivàwj ˆcvKv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦| Zviv iwng
K. ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjR kõwUGK mKGji mvgGb cÉ^g ZzGj
aGib ˆK? 1
L. Avjx Bgvg nvGZi mvG^ ˆ™vÏ fm mshyÚ KGiwQj ˆKb? 2
AvwjGK mwVK KxUbvkK chvÆ µ¦ cwigvGY ˆ`Iqvi civgkÆ w`Gjb M. DóxcGK ˆh ˆUKGbvjwRi BwãZ ˆ`qv nGqGQ mgvGR
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KiGZ ejGjb| wkLbdj: 6
N. wPwKrmv ˆÞGò DÚ ˆUKGbvjwR KxfvGe eÅen†Z nGZ
K. B´ŸviGbU wK? 1 cvGi? ˆZvgvi gZvgZ DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
4
L. eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGY ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv nq eÅvLÅv
15bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KGiv| 2
K KvbvWvi UGiG´Ÿv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi BsGiwR wefvGMi AaÅvcK
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K‡wl mÁ·ËmviY ˆK±`GÊ K AeMZ KGib- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ K‡wlmÁ·ËmviY ˆKG±`Êi civgkÆ cÉ`vGbi aGib|
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14bs cÉGk²i Dîi mvG^ mshyÚ ˆ™Ïvfm «¼viv cÉGqvRbxq Kgv´£ ˆ`Iqv nq ‰es ‰wU
K ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ AvGiKwU KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGqvRbxq `†GkÅi AeZviYv A^ev ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvGRi
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10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
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M fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU ˆbwZevPK cÉfve eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N wPwKrmvGÞGò fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU KxfvGe eÅen†Z nGZ N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ NUbv cÉwZnZ Kivi RbÅ Awdm
cvGi weGkÏlY KGiv|
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17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
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1
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16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AvbweK chÆvGq cwieZÆb NwUGq gvBGKÌvwPc D®²Z Kiv wbGq
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ejv nq Z^Å cÉhywÚ|
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L Z^Å cÉhywÚ nGœQ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÓÏ ¡ cÉhywÚ Avi
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L. wek¼MÉvg m†wÓ¡i KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
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AvGQ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
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Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 11
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M. gyÚv Õ¼vejÁx¼ nIqvi ˆcQGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ cÉk² 24 e®¬y mvwgi-‰i civgGkÆ B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg wewf®²
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L. ‘Z^Å cÉhywÚ `ƒiZ½ KwgGqGQ’-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K. ˆ™Ïvevj wfGjGRi aviYv mswkÏÓ¡ Dcv`vbmgƒn ˆjL| 1
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N. Zvgv®²vi cÉGk²i DîGi ˆZvgvi gZvgZ DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
Zvi wei‚c cÉfve weGkÏlY Ki| 4 4
gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ AskZ^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 1
cÉ^g AaÅvq
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ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
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cQ±` KiGZ cviGQ|
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wkLbdj: 5 [w`. ˆev. 2016] dGj NGi eGmB ˆKZÌ vMY Z^ÅcÉhywÚ cÉGqvM KGi eZÆgvGb
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K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ Kx? 1 w`GZ cviGQ|
L. “KÌvGqvmvRÆvwii gvaÅGg iÚcvZnxb AcvGikb mÁ¿e”
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1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
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L KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hvi gvaÅGg ˆPÓ¡v KiGQ|
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dGj KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi wPwKrmv c«¬wZGZ cÉPwjZ kjÅ wPwKrmvi cÉk² 2 AvBwmwU wbfÆi ævb I cÉhywÚ gvbly GK bvbv welGq
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RvbGZ cvij ˆKvGbv cÉKvi AGÕ¨vcPvi Qvov ‰K ŠkjÅ wPwKrmv
M wjRvi ˆKbvKvUvq Z^Å cÉhywÚi ˆh w`KwU cÉwZdwjZ c«¬wZ| ciewZÆGZ nvmvb AvBwmwU wbfÆi Rxe‹ewPòÅ m†wÓ¡i
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cwiwPZ| cÉhywÚ welGq ævb jvf KGi LyeB Avbw±`Z nGjv|
wkLbdj: 6 [Kz. ˆev. 2016]
K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? 1
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2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk² 3 Avgvi e®¬y Wvt ‰bvg dÌvG´Ö ˆMGQ ˆUÇwbs-‰|
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M DóxcGK nvmvb ‰i wPwKrmv c«¬wZ nGœQ KÌvGqvmvRÆvix| wkLbdj: 6 [wm. ˆev. 2016]
KÌvGqvmvRÆvix nGjv ‰gb ‰K aiGbi wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hv
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BZÅvw`i wPwKrmv Kiv hvq| 3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
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ˆKvlàGjvGK a»sm Kiv hvq|
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cÉwKÌqv| eÅenvi Kiv nq|
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bZzb D®²Z cÉRvwZi Dw«¿`, mvi, Lv`Å Kiv nq| ‰i dGj cÉPwjZ IqÅviGjm cÉhywÚ| ‰wU Zviwenxb cvGmÆvbvj ‰wiqi
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c†w^exGZ Lv`Å NvUwZ msKzwPZ Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ ‰es A͸ eZÆgvGb ˆgvevBj ˆdvb, jÅvcUc, UÅve, wcwW‰ ‰es evmvevwoi
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nGœQ| ‰i gvaÅGg K‡wlGZ Genetically modified crops wiGqwjwU|
Drcv`Gbi PviwU jÞgvòv iGqGQ| ZvigGaÅ cwiGeGki wewf®²
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A^Ævr ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i KviGY ˆKÑvb A^Ævr bZzb D®²Z wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe evÕ¦eZv eGj| DóxcGK KgÆPvixMY K‡wòg
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cvGœQ|
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Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ 3
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w^GqUvGii RbÅ eÅen†Z cÉhywÚ nGœQ AvBwim ev ˆiwUbv Õ•Åvb|
evsjvG`Gk wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ cÉhywÚ eüj eÅen†Z nq KviY Z^Å cÉhywÚi D®²wZi dGj evsjvG`Gki bvMwiGKiv ˆgvevBj
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ˆ^GK AGbK mvkÉqx eÅenvi ev®¬e| mvaviYZ ˆKvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
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ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ| KviY wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv wiGqwjwU|
KgÆPvixGK mwVKfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv mÁ¿e| ‰ c«¬wZGZ
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ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK wdΟvi Kiv nq ‰es ‰bwKÌG¶ŸW evGqvGgwUÇK wK evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`KË Kvix ˆhvMvb wbfÆi K͸bvGK fvPÆyqvj
wnGmGe msiÞY Kiv nq| wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe evÕ¦eZv eGj| DóxcGK KgÆPvixMY K‡wòg
cwiGeGk weGkl ˆcvkvK cwiavb KGi evÕ¦Ge bq wògvwòK
wdãvi wcÉG´Ÿi BGgRGK msiÞY bv KGi msLÅvi wmwiRGK MÉvwdÝ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGii c`Ævq Mvwo PvjvGbvi
ˆfwiwdGKkGbi RbÅ msiÞY Kiv nq| wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Ggi AwfæZv ARÆb KGiGQ| dGj KgÆPvixiv ˆKvb cÉKvi kvixwiK
‰ÅvjMwi`g ‰B evBbvwi ˆKvWGK BGgGR cyb:i‚cv¯¦i KiGZ SuywK ev wec` QvovB ivÕ¦vq Mvwo PjvGbvi evÕ¦e AwfæZv
cvGi bv| dGj wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ bKj Kiv AGbKvsGk mÁ¿e bq hv cvGœQ|
‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wbivcîvi RbÅ weGkl ài‚Z½ enb KGi|
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv `†kÅ ˆ`Lv I ˆkvbv hvq|
A^Ævr bvbvwea myweav ^vKvi KviGY evsjvG`Gk wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ nvGZi mvG^ mshyÚ ™Ïvem «¼viv cÉGqvRbxq ˆKvb Kgv´£ ev
cÉhywÚ eüjfvGe eÅen†Z| wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq ‰es mGã cÉGqvRbxq `†GkÅi AeZviYv ‰es
ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvGRi wbG`Æk evÕ¦evqb KGi eÅenviKvixGK
cÉk² 4 wgt “K” ‰KRb eÅeÕ©vcK| wZwb ˆh AwdGm AbyfGei ‰K AbÅ cw† ^exGZ wbGq hvq|
PvKzwi KGib ˆhLvGb KgÆPvixi msLÅv KGqK nvRvi| AwdGmi N DóxcGK ewYÆZ wg: “K” ‰i cÉhywÚwU nGœQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ
‰i A¯¦MÆZ wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ|
KgÆPvixG`i nvwRiv ˆbIqvi RbÅ Z^Å cÉhywÚi mnvqZv wbGjb|
wZwb ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚi mvnvhÅ wbGjb, ˆmLvGb AvãyGji Qvc DÚ cÉwZÓ¤vGb nvRvi nvRvi KgÆPvixi nvwRiv mwVK mgGq wbYÆq
Kivi RbÅ ‰es cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wbivcîvi RbÅ wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ ev
eÅenvi Kiv nq| wZwb chÆvqKÌGg KgÆPvixG`i K‡wòg cwiGeGk AvãyGji Qvc cÉhywÚwU AZů¦ ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ| KviY wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ
cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆhGKvb KgÆPvixGK mwVKfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv
weGkl ˆcvkvK cwiavb KGi Mvwo Pvjbv cÉwkÞGYi eÅeÕ©v mÁ¿e|
wbGqGQb| wkLbdj: 5 I 6 [h. ˆev. 2016]
K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR KvGK eGj? 1
L. “ˆUwjGgwWwmb ‰K aiGbi ˆmev” eywSGq wjL| 2
M. DóxcGK KgÆPvixG`i cÉwkÞGY eÅen†Z cÉhywÚ eÅvLÅv wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ ‰KwU RbwcÉq evGqvGgwUÇK wmGÕ¡g| ‰ c«¬wZGZ
wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ AcwUKÅvj Õ•ÅvbvGii gvaÅGg AvãyGji QvGci
KGiv| 3 BGgR ˆbqv nq| BbcyUK‡Z AvãyGji QvGci weGkl wKQz ‰KK
ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK wdΟvi Kiv nq ‰es ‰bwKÌG¶ŸW evGqvGgwUÇK wK
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ wgt “K” ‰i cÉhywÚ wbivcîvi ˆÞGò wnGmGe msiÞY Kiv nq|
KZUzKz ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGe? ˆZvgvi gZvgGZi
mcGÞ hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi wdãvi wcÉG´Ÿi BGgRGK msiÞY bv KGi msLÅvi wmwiRGK
ˆfwiwdGKkGbi RbÅ msiÞY Kiv nq| wdãviwcÉ´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Ggi
K bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR nGœQ cvigvYweK ev AvYweK ˆÕ•Gj ‰ÅvjMwi`g ‰B evBbvwi ˆKvWGK BGgGR cyb:i‚cv¯¦i KiGZ
AwZÞz`Ë wWfvBm ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ avZe I eÕ§GK mywbcyYfvGe cvGi bv| dGj wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ bKj Kiv AGbKvsGk mÁ¿e bq hv
KvGR jvMvGbvi weævb| ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wbivcîvi RbÅ weGkl ài‚Z½ enb KGi|
L ˆUwjGgwWwmb nGœQ ‰KaiGbi cÉhywÚ hvi mvnvGhÅ gvbyl cÉk² 5 Wvt dvwinv knGii KgÆÕ©Gj AeÕ©vb KGiI cÉZů¦
‰K ˆ`Gk AeÕ©vb KGi AbÅ ˆ`Gki weGklæ WvÚvGii
wPwKrmv ˆmev wbGZ cvGi| AçGji bvMwiKG`i wPwKrmv ˆmev w`Gq ^vGKb| wZwb K‡wòg
A^Ævr ˆUwjGgwWwmb ‰K aiGbi ˆmev hvi mvnvGhÅ D®²Z cwiGeGk AcvGikGbi cÉwkÞY MÉnY KGiGQb|
wPwKrmvi RbÅ weG`Gk bv wMGqI weGklæ WvÚvGii civgkÆ
ˆbIqv mÁ¿e nGœQ| Z^Å cÉhywÚi D®w² Zi dGj evsjvG`Gki MÉvg wkLbdj: 6 [P. ˆev. 2016]
AçGji ˆivMxiv BDwbqb Z^Å I ˆmev ˆKG±`iÊ gvaÅGg wfwWI
K. nÅvwKs Kx? 1
L. “h¯¨ Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe KvR KGi”eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M. Wvt dvwinv KxfvGe wPwKrmv ˆmev w`Gq ^vGKb? eÅvLÅv ZvB cÉvZÅwnK RxeGb fvPzhÆvj wiGqwjwU ‰i cÉfve `Ë‚Z e†w«¬
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‰wU ‰KwU ‰KwòZ mvgwMÉK AeÕ©v hv ˆbUIqvKÆf~Ú mKj
M eZÆgvb mgGq ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewf®² KvGR KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenviKvix «¼viv eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi| wewf®² miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi
eÅenvi ‰KwU AvekÅKxq welq| ‰KB mvG^ mKj KgÆKZÆvi cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i wewf®² kvLv cÉkvLvi AwdGmi mvG^ ‰B c«¬wZGZ
KvGRi mg¯¼Gqi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvimgƒGni gGaÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ Kiv ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
nGq ^vGK| DóxcGK kixd mvGnGei eËvGçi KwÁ·DUviàGjv cÉk² 8
ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvGKÆi (LAN) AvIZvq ciÕ·i mshÚy
AvGQ| ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvGKÆi (LAN) AvIZvq mvaviYZ Stop Data Start Stop Data Start
mGeÆvœP 256 Rb eÅenviKvix ev UvwgÆbvj ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰KwU
wewΣs ‰i ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ˆdÑvGi Õ©vwcZ wewf®² KwÁ·DUvi A^ev Sender Receiver
wewΣs-‰i wewf®² ˆdÑvGii gGaÅ AewÕ©Z KwÁ·DUvimgƒGni gGaÅ
ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi nq ZvGK ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ ev LAN Fig-1
eGj| LAN-‰i eÅvwµ¦ wbKUeZÆx wewΣsmgƒGn AewÕ©Z
KwÁ·DUvimgƒGni gGaÅI nGZ cvGi| Data
ˆbUIqvGKÆi wbq¯¨Y KvVvGgv ‰es mvwfÆm cÉ`vGbi aiGbi Ici
wfwî KGi ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆGK `y’fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| Sender Fig-2 Receiver
h^v: wcqvi Uz wcqvi ˆbUIqvKÆ I KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ| ZGe
kixd mvGnGei eÅvsGK KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ c«¬wZ eÅen†Z wkLbdj: 3
nq| KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUviGK
mvfÆvi wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| mvfÆvGii mvG^ ‰KvwaK K. AvBGmvGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? 1
KwÁ·DUvGii msGhvM ˆ`qv nq| msGhvMK‡Z KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK
KÑvGq´Ÿ ejv nq| KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGii L. wmbGKÌvbvBGRkb Kx eywSGq eGjv| 2
wiGmvmÆ ˆhgb: wcÉ´Ÿvi, wewf®² dvBj, wewf®² AÅvwµÏGKkb
mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw` ˆkqvi KiGZ cvGi| ‰ c«¬wZi ˆbUIqvwKÆs- M. wPò-1 ‰i eÅvLÅv `vI| 3
‰i RbÅ mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGi ˆbUIqvKÆ wfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
cÉGqvRb nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ mvfÆvGii mvnvGhÅ ˆKw±`ÊqfvGe N. wPò-2 ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å, myweav I Amyweav weGkÏlY
wbq¯¨GYi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK ‰es kwÚkvjx wbivcîv cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|
KGiv| UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ˆÞGò wPò-1 I wPò-2 ‰i
N AbjvBb eÅvswKs ‰es ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs eZÆgvb mgGqi
cÉhywÚwbfÆi ‰KwU Š`bw±`b Pvwn`v| gvbyGli Rxeb gvGbi ˆKvbwU AwaK fvGjv@ DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
D®²qGb ‰ aiGbi cÉhywÚi myweavmgƒn w`Gb w`Gb
mgvReÅeÕ©vGK D®²Z KiGQ| AbjvBb eÅvswKsGqi RbÅ kixd 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mvGnGei eÅvsK cyGiv ˆ`Gki gGaÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ˆZvjvi
K AvBGmvGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkbGK wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi D®²Z
fvmÆb ejv nq| ci ci `ywU eÐGKi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖdvGii gaÅeZÆx
mgq cËvq 0 ‰KK ‰ UÇv´Öwgkb Kivi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq|
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
mvaviYZ wiGqj UvBg AÅvwµÏGKkGbi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖdvGi ‰ c«¬wZ wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi myweavmgnƒ :
ˆewk eÅenZ† nq| 1. wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi `ÞZv (Efficiency)
L ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ‰i Zzjbvq AZů¦ ˆewk|
nIqvi mgq AekÅB `yB KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ ‰gb ‰KwU 2. ˆhGnZz UÇv´Öwgkb-‰i KvhÆ AbeiZ PjGZ ^vGK dGj Zvi
mgGSvZv ^vKv `iKvi hvGZ wmMbvj, weGUi ÷i‚ I ˆkl eySGZ
cvGi| weGUi ÷iy I ˆkl eySGZ bv cviGj MÉnxZv KwÁ·DUvi ˆmB UvÇ ´Öwgkb MwZ AZů¦ ˆewk|
wmMbvj ˆ^GK ˆWUv cybiy«¬vi KiGZ cviGe bv| ‰B wmMbvj 3. cÉwZ KÅvGiÙvGii ci UvBg B´ŸviGfj-‰i cÉGqvRb nq bv
cvVvGbvi mgq wewf®² weGUi gGaÅ mg¯¼Gqi RbÅ eÅen†Z c«¬wZGK
ejv nq weU wmbGKÌvbvBGRkb| ‰es cÉwZ KÅvGiÙvGii ÷i‚ ‰es ˆkGl Start ‰es Stop bit
-‰i cËGqvRb nq bv|
M DóxcGKi wPò-1bs ‰ Avgiv AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb 4. mgq ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg jvGM|
c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Qwe ˆ`LGZ cvwœQ| ˆh ˆWUv wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Amyweavmgnƒ :
UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MvÉ nGK KÅvGiÙvi evB 1. ‰GÞGò cvÉ ^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq|
KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| ‰ 2. ‰wU ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe eÅqeüj|
myZivs ‰KUz eÅqeüj nGjI AbÅvbÅ AGbK myweavi KviGY
ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ˆÞGò wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb AwaK fvGjv|
1. ˆhGKvGbv mgq ˆcÉiK ˆWUv cvVvGZ cvGi ‰es MÉvnK /
cÉk² 9 Rvgx AvBwWwe feGb wMGq ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ejj,
cÉvcK Zv MnÉ Y KiGZ cvGi|
2. cÉwZwU KÅvGiÙvi-‰i mvG^ ‰KwU Õ¡vUÆ weU ‰es ‰KwU “Avwg ‰gb ‰KwU nvWÆIqÅvi wKbGZ PvB hv ˆbUIqvGKiÆ RbÅ
Õ¡c weU cvVvGZ nq| eÅenvi Kie wK¯§ ‰wU ˆWUv wjsK ˆjqvGi KvR KiGe?”
3. ‰KwU KGi KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU Kivi gvSLvGbi weiwZ me
ˆ`vKvb`vi ejj, “Avgvi KvGQ ‰wU ˆbB ZGe ˆbUIqvGKÆ KvR
mgq mgvb bvI nGZ cvGi|
4. Kg ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU-‰i ˆÞGò ˆewk DcGhvMx| KiGZ mÞg ‰es weGklZ ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆjqvGi KvR KiGZ mÞg
5. MwZ Kg|
6. `ÞZv Kg| ‰gb nvWÆIqÅvi AvGQ| Avcbvi PjGe wK bv|” wkLbdj: 12
7. ˆcÉiK ˆÕ¡kGb cÉvBgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq
K. ˆbUIqvKÆ myBP Kx? 1
bv|
8. ˆWUv PjvPj e®¬ ^vKGj gvaÅgwU AeÅen†Z AeÕ©vq L. nve I myBGPi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ eywSGq eGjv| 2
^vGK| M. Rvgx ˆh nvWÆIqÅvi ˆPGqwQj Zvi eYÆbv `vI| 3
9. LiP ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg|
N. ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ˆh nvWÆIqÅviwU AvGQ Zvi fƒwgKv
N wPò-2 wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ wbG`Æk KGi|
wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn wbÁ²i…c: weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
1. cÉwZwU eÐGK KgcGÞ 80 ˆ^GK 132wU KÅvGiÙvi ^vGK|
2. cÉwZ `ywU eÐGKi gvSLvGbi mgq weiwZ wbavÆwiZ mgq nGq 9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
^vGK| K `yBGqi AwaK ˆcvUÆhÚy BGG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ wiwcUviGK myBP
3. cÉwZwU eÐK ˆWUvi kyi‚GZ ‰KwU ˆnWvi BbdiGgkb I
eGj| myBP Kwjkb ˆWvGgBbGK mxwgZ KGi ˆ`q; ‰KvwaK
ˆkGl ‰KwU ˆUÇBji BbdiGgkb wmMbvj cvVvGbv nq| ‰
ˆnWvi wmMbvj wiwmfvGii KÑK MwZGK ˆcÉiGKi KÑK ˆmMGgG´Ÿi gvGS weËwRs–‰i KvR KGi; eËWKvÕ¡ ˆWvGgBbGK
MwZi mvG^ wmbGKÌvbvBR KGi ‰es ˆcÉiK I MÉvnGKi
wPwn×ZKiGYi msLÅv enb KGi ^vGK ‰es ˆUÇBji eÐGKi mxwgZ Kivi RbÅ fvPqÆy vj jÅvb eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
ˆkl eySvGbvi Z^Å enb KGi| ZvQvov ˆWUvi gGaÅ ˆKvGbv
fyj AvGQ wKbv Zv hvPvB KiGZ mnvqZv KGi ^vGK| L nve I myBGPi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²iƒc:
4. ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii MwZ ˆewk weavq A͸ mgGq AGbK ˆWUv i. nve cÉwZwU IqvKÆGÕ¡kGb wmMbvj ˆcÉiY KGi wK¯§ myBP
cvVvGbv hvq|
5. ‰GÞGò cvÉ ^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq bv| ÷aygvò ˆbUIqvGKÆi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉvcGKi ˆcvGUÆ ˆciÉ Y KGi|
ii. nve wmMbvj wdΟvi KiGZ cvGi bv wK¯§ myBP wdΟvi
KGi|
iii. nve Kwgkb ˆWvGgBbGK weÕ¦‡Z KGi wK¯§ myBP mxwgZ KGi
ˆ`q|
iv. nvGei wmMbvj axi MwZi wK¯§ myBGPi `Ë‚ZMwZi|
M Rvgx ˆh nvWÆIqÅviwU ˆPGqwQj Zvi bvg ˆbUIqvKÆ weËR|
weËR I‰mAvB gGWGji ˆWUv wjsK ˆjqvGi ‰KvwaK
ˆbUIqvKÆGK ‰KGò mshyÚ Kivi KvR KGi| ˆbUIqvKÆ weËRGK
wZbfvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 7
ˆjvKvj weËR: ‰wU mivmwi LAN ‰i mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK| K. UGcvjwR Kx? 1
wiGgvUÆ weËR: `yBwU ˆfŒGMvwjKfvGe wewœQ®² AeÕ©vGbi `ywU
jÅÅvb ˆmMGg´ŸGK mshyÚ KGi| ‰wU Iqvb-‰i gvaÅGg L. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰ µÏvUdgÆwfwîK ˆmev (paas)
jÅvbmgƒnGK KvGbÙ KGi|
IqvÅviGjm weËR: ‰KvwaK jÅvb hyÚ Kiv A^ev jÅvb-‰i ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
`ƒieZÆx ˆÕ¡kbGK mshyÚ Kivi RbÅ IqÅviGjm weËR eÅen†Z
nGZ cvGi| M. DóxcGK BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å
N ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ˆbUIqvKÆ ivDUvi AvGQ| ivDUvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKÆs wWfvBm, hv wewf®² ˆbUIqvGKiÆ
gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv cÅvGKU Zvi M¯¦GeÅ ˆKvb cG^ hvGe Zv N. DóxcGKi BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwUi
wbaÆviY KGi| ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK ivDwUs eGj| ‰K ˆbUIqvKÆGK
AbÅ ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰i mvG^ hÚy Kiv ‰es ˆWUv cÅvGKU myweavàGjv Kx Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰ ivDU Kivi KvGR eÅen†Z
wWfvBmGK ejv nq ivDUvi| ivDUvi mÁ·ÉPvi AçjGK 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰gbfvGe ˆfGO ˆdGj hvGZ ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ AsGki AaxGb
^vKv mKj wWfvBm IB ˆbUIqvKÆ AsGki RbÅ ˆcËwiZ K UGcvjwR nGjv ‰KwU ˆbUIqvGKÆ eÅen†Z KÅvej, wcwm,
mÁ·ÉPvi coGZ ‰es cÉwKÌqvRvZ KiGZ cvGi|
‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆ^GK ‰KB cÉGUvKjwewkÓ¡ AbÅ ivDUvi BZÅvw` wWfvBmàGjvi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ mshyÚ nIqvi
ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KivGK ivDwUs eGj| ‰RbÅ ˆh
ˆK±`Êxq h¯¨ / nvWÆIqvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK ivDUvi eGj| KvVvGgv|
nve/myBP «¼viv MwVZ KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvGbv ˆbUIqvKÆGK AbÅ ‰K ev
‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvKÆGK hyÚ KivB ivDUvGii KvR| ‰wUGZ ˆWUv L µÏvUdgÆwfwîK ˆmev ev PaaS-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ
Av`vb-cÉ`vGb evavi mÁ¿vebv ˆbB ejGjB PGj| wewf®² aiGbi
ˆbUIqvKÆGK ‰GZ hyÚ Kiv hvq| ‰GZ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGò Platform-as-a-Service.
ˆbUIqvKÆ UÇvwdK nq bv| ‰GZ ˆWUv wdΟvwisI mÁe¿ | ZGe ‰wUv
‰KB cÉGUvKjwewkÓ¡ ˆbUIqvKÆ Qvov ivDUvi hyÚ KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰LvGb mivmwi fvPzÆqvj ˆgwkb fvov bv w`Gq µÏÅvUdgÆ fvov
‰GZ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆbUIqvKÆ KbwdMvGikb ˆek RwUj| ‰GZ ˆ`qv nq, hvi IcGi AÅvwµÏGKkb ŠZwi KiGZ cvGib
AGcÞvK‡Z axGi ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv nq| BDRvGiiv|
eËWKvÕ¡ ˆWvGgBbGK mxwgZ KGi, eËWKvÕ¡ wdΟvi KiGZ ˆhgb: àMGji AÅvc-Bwéb|
cvGi, wf®² AvwKÆGUKPvi I wgwWqvi ˆbUIqvKÆGK hÚy KiGZ
cvGi, jÅvb IqÅvb Dfq cwiGekB eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ivDUvGii M DóxcGKi BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwU nGjv KÑvDW
ˆek wKQy AmyweavI iGqGQ| ˆhgb ‰wUi `vg ˆewk, ivDGUej KwÁ·DwUs|
cÉGUvKGji mvG^ eÅenvi Kiv `iKvi, cÉGmwms I ivDwUs
ˆUwej AvcGWGUi KviGY weËGRi ˆPGq axiMwZi| KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
1. wiGmvmÆ ˆÕ•GjwewjwU: ˆKZÌ v hGZv PvGe, ˆmev`vZv ZGZvB
cÉk² 10 nvwg` mvGne Zvi ˆQvU ‰KwU Awdm cwiPvjbv Kivi
RbÅ ‰KwU mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi Õ©vcb KiGjb| wK¯y¦ Awdm AwaK cwigvGY ˆmev w`GZ cviGe|
PjvKvjxb mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi eÅen†Z nGjI evwK mgq wmGÕ¡gwU 2. Ab-wWgv´£ ˆmev: ˆKÌZv hLb PvGe ZLbB ˆmev w`GZ
Ajm nGq eGm ^vGK| dGj nvwg` mvGne Avw^ÆKfvGe ÞwZi
mÁÃyLxb nGjb| Zvi AwdGmi ‰KRb ˆbUIqvKÆ Bwéwbqvi nvwg` cviGe| ˆKÌZv Zvi BœQvgGZv hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v evovGZ-
mvGneGK ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kivi civgkÆ w`Gjb hvi KgvGZ cviGe|
dGj mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi I ‰i ˆÕ·m evwK mgGq AbÅ 3. ˆc-AÅvR-BD-ˆMv: ˆKZÌ vGK AvGM ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv mvwfÆm
eÅenviKvixi wbKU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AG^Æi wewbgGq fvov w`GZ mÞg| wiPvRÆ KiGZ nGe bv| ˆKZÌ v hv eÅenvi KiGe, Zvi RbÅB
ˆKej cqmv ˆ`Ge|
wkLbdj: 14 I 15
N DóxcGK BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i
myweav wbGP weÕ¦vwiZ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i myweav: KÑvDW eÅenvi KGi bvbv iKGgi
AbjvBb mvwfÆGm AGbK myweav cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb
1. AcvGiwUs LiP KgvGbv: KÑvDW eÅenvi KGi AcvGiwUs
LiP (Operating cost) hG^Ó¡ cwigvY KgvGbv mÁ¿e|
2. cÉvq mxgvnxb ˆÕ¡vGiR myweav: KÑvDGW ˆÕ¡vGiR wbGq ˆKvGbv
wP¯¦v ˆbB| hLb hZ `iKvi myjf gƒGjÅ ZLb ZZ ˆÕ¡vGiR
myweav cvIqv hvGe| ‰LvGb cÉvq mxgvnxb ˆÕ¡vGiR myweav
iGqGQ|
3. Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGWU I iÞYvGeÞY: KÑvDGW
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGWU I iÞYvGeÞY eÅeÕ©v
^vGK weavq mvwfÆm MÉnYKvix MÉvnGKi ‰me welq wbGq
ˆKvGbv wP¯¦v KiGZ nq bv|
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
4. mnGR Z^Å cÉGekvwaKvi: KÑvDGW ˆiwRwÕ¡ÈK‡Z MÉvnKiv 11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Zvi ˆWUvGeGR B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg ˆh ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vb
ˆ^GK, ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ˆWUv ‰GÝm KiGZ cvGi| K ˆbUIqvGKÆ Õ©vwcZ KwÁ·DUvi ev AbÅvbÅ wWfvBm ev
ˆbvUàGjv ciÕ·Gii mvG^ ˆh cÅvUvGbÆ ev aiGb hyÚ ^vGK ZvGK
5. mdUIqÅvi LiP Kg: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰i MÉvnK ejv nq ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR|
mdUIqÅvi mvwfÆmmn mvwfÆm wbGj cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx L wewf®² ˆbUIqvKÆ msGhvGRi mgq ‰KvwaK wWfvBm eÅenvi
mdUIqÅviI myjGf eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe| Kiv nq| ZvG`i gGaÅ ivDUvi, nve, myBP, ˆMUIGq AbÅZg|
6. mnR cÉvcÅZv (Flexibility): KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i MÉvnK ZvG`i gGaÅ ˆMUIGq Qvov evwK wWfvBmàGjv cÉGUvKj
Zvi cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx mvwfÆm wbGZ cvGi| ÷i‚GZ ‰KwU UÇv´ÖGjkGbi myweav ˆ`q bv| wK¯§ ˆMUIGq ‰K cÉGUvKj ˆ^GK
mvfÆvi fvov wbGq cÉGqvRGb ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ‰KkwU Avmv ˆWUv UÇv´ÖGjkGbi gvaÅGg AbÅ cÉGUvKGj ˆcÉiY KGi|
mvfÆviI fvov wbGZ cviGe| eÅenvGii Ici wfwî KGi ZvB ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvGKÆi gGaÅ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb KiGZ ‰wU
wej w`GZ nGe| Kg eÅenvi KiGj Kg wej w`GZ nGe| eÅenvi Kiv nq|
7. wbivcîv: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs mvwfÆm c`É vbKvix
cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjvi KvwiMwi `ÞZv, eÅvKAvc KÅvcvwmwU M DóxcGK Kvievjv ˆivGWi ˆmvbvjx eÅvsGKi ‰KwU kvLvi
AGbK ˆewk| ZvB ˆKvGbv ˆQvU cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Õ©vwcZ wbRÕ¼ K^v ejv nGqGQ hvGZ meàGjv KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU wWfvBGmi
ˆmU AvGci ˆPGq ˆmàGjv ˆewk wbivc`| mvG^ hyÚ| dGj ‰KwU wcÉ´Ÿvi w`Gq AwdmwUi meàGjv
8. ˆQvU I cÉv^wgK DG`ÅvÚvG`i RbÅ AvkxeÆv`Õ¼i…c: ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv mÁ¿e| ‰LvGb wcÉ´ŸviwU Zvi w`Gq
ˆQvU ev gvSvwi gvGbi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ KGqK jvL UvKv ev ZviwenxbfvGe KwÁ·DUviàGjvi mvG^ hyÚ ^vKGe|
w`Gq ‰KwU mvfÆvi ˆKbv, Zv iÞYvGeÞGYi RbÅ fvGjv cÉGZÅKwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆkqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg wcÉ´ŸviwU eÅenvi
ˆeZGb `Þ ˆjvK ivLv, mdUIqÅvi ˆKbv KwVb| KÑvDW KiGZ cviGe| ‰wU AGbKUv Õ¡c UGcvjwRi gGZv| cGÉ ZÅKwU
KwÁ·DwUs-‰ LiP I SvGgjv AGbKvsGk KwgGq ‰Gb ˆm KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU nvGei mvG^ hyÚ hv wc´É ŸviwUi mvG^
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Drcv`bkxjZv evovGZ mvnvhÅ KiGZ cvGi| KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK msGhvM KiGQ| hw` ‰LvGb ‰KvwaK
9. weævb I cÉGKŒkjx/MGelKG`i myweav: AGbK mgq KwÁ·DUvi ‰KB mvG^ wcÉG´Ÿi AvGe`b KGi ZvnGj wcÉ´ŸviwU
weævbxG`i MGelYvi RbÅ mvgwqKfvGe wekvj KwÁ·DwUs cÉ^g ˆ^GK AvGe`bàGjv ˆ^GK wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ÷i‚ KiGe|
myweav cÉGqvRb nq hv cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv AGbK eÅqmvGcÞ|
‰GÞGò KÑvDW myweav wbGq KvR KiGZ cvGi| N DóxcGK Avi ‰b ˆivGW AewÕ©Z `yBwU eÅvsGKi gGaÅ
KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gGaÅ `yBwU UGcvjwRi K^v ejv nGqGQ|
cÉk² 11 hGkvGii Kvievjv ˆivGWi ˆmvbvjx eÅvsGKi kvLvq cÉ^g UGcvjwRGZ ˆhGKvb ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjI evwK
KwÁ·DUviàGjv KvR KiGZ cvGi wK¯§ w«Z¼ xq UGcvjwRGZ
ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½ ZvGii gvaÅGg ‰KwU wcÉ´ŸvGii mvG^ DÚ AwdGmi ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjB evwK àGjv Avi KvR KiGZ cvGi
bv| ZvB ‰LvGb cÉ^g UGcvjwRwU nGœQ Õ¡vi UGcvjwR ‰es
KwÁ·DUviàwj mshyÚ ^vKvq ˆh ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wc´É Ÿ w«¼ZxqwU nGœQ evm UGcvjwR| ˆhGnZz evm UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjB mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆbUIqvKÆ APj nGq hvq ZvB
Kiv mÁ¿e nq| Aciw`GK Avi ‰b ˆivGWi ˆmvbvjx eÅvsGKi ‰wU eÅenvi AmyweavRbK| Avevi Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ ˆK±`Êxq
Ask bÓ¡ nGj ˆbUIqvKÆ APj nGq hvq| Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ evm
cÉavb kvLvq KwÁ·DUviàwj gƒj ˆbvGWi mvG^ ‰gbfvGe mshyÚ UGcvjwRi ˆPGq ˆewk cwigvY KÅvej jvGM| mGeÆvcwi ejv hvq
AwaK ev ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ Õ©vbàGjvGZ Õ¡vi UGcvjwR eÅenvi KivB
ˆh ˆKvb KviGY ‰KwU ˆbvW ev KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjI DÚ ˆewk wbfÆiGhvMÅ|
AwdGm mÁ·ƒYÆ KvR e®¬ ^vGK bv| wK¯§ Avi ‰ ˆivGWi i…cvjx
eÅvsGKi kvLvq KwÁ·DUviàwj ‰gbfvGe mshyÚ ˆhLvGb ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjB AwdGmi KvR mÁ·ƒYÆ e®¬ nGq hvq|
wkLbdj-12
K. ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR ejGZ wK eyS? 1
L. ‘‰K cÉGUvKj ˆ^GK Avmv Z^Å Abyev` KGi AbÅ cÉk² 12 gvng`y ‰KRb eÅemvqx| eÅemvGqi cÉGqvRGb wZwb
cÉGUvKGj cvVvGbv mÁ¿e’-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 AGbGKi mvG^ wewf®² cÉKvi ZG^Åi Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGib| wK¯§
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ Kvievjv kvLvq ˆKvb ˆbUIqvGKÆi wZwb wKQy mgmÅvq fzMGQb, Zvi e®¬z ˆmvjvBgvbGK ejGjv e®¬z
gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv mÁ¿e-eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 Zzwg ˆKvb c«¬wZGZ ˆWUvi Av`vb-c`É vb KGiv? ˆmvjvBgvb
N. Avi ‰b ˆivGW AewÕ©Z `ywU eÅvsGKi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi ejj Zzwg wK wK mgmÅvq fzMGQv? ˆm ejj ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi nvi
ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR ˆewk wbfÆiGhvMÅ eGj Zwz g gGb Lye Kg| ˆmvjvBgvb ejj Zzwg ˆmbGò×vbvm UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ
Ki? -weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4 AbymiY KiGZ cvGiv| wkLbdj: 4
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 9
K. wmbGò×vbvm UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ wK? 1 i. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZGZ ˆcÉiK ˆ^GK
ˆWUv MvÉ nGK KÅvGiÙvi evB KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq|
L. gvng`y ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiY KGi ZvGK Avgiv AbÅw`GK wmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZGZ ˆcÉiK ˆ^GK ˆWUvi
KÅvGiÙvimgnƒ cÅvGKU AvKvGi cvVvGbv nq|
wK ejGZ cvwi? 2
ii. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi `ÞZv Kg Avi wmbGKvÌ bvm
M. gvng`y ˆh c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv ˆcÉiY KGi Zvi UÇv´ÖwgkGbi `ÞZv ˆewk|
Amyweav I ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjL| 3 iii. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvGm cÉv^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq
bv wK¯§ wmbGKÌvbvGm cÉGqvRb nq|
N. gvng`y I ˆmvjvBgvb ‰i ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi c«¬wZ
iv. ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ˆÞGò AÅvwmbGKÌvbvGm gvGSi mgq wf®²
ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Ki| 4 nGq ^vGK Avi wmbGKvÌ bvm mgvb mgq ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU
KGi|
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
v. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvGm ˆWUvGK KÅvGiÙvi AvKvGi cvVvGbv nq
K ˆh UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZGZ ˆcÉiK ˆÕ¡kGbi ˆWUvi KÅvGiÙvi Avi wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv cÅvGKU AvKvGi cvVvq|
mgƒnGK cÅvGKU AvKvGi cvVvGbv nq ZvGK wmbGò×vgvm ˆWUv
UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ eGj| vi. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvGm Start I Stop weGUi cÉGqvRb nq wK¯§
wmbGKÌvbvGm cÉGqvRb nq bv|
L gvng`y ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiY KiGQ ˆm c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv
ˆcÉiGYi nvi AGbK Kg| Avi AÅvwmbGò×vbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb vii. wmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZGZ mgq AGbK Kg jvGM| Aciw`GK
c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi nvi AGbK Kg ^vGK| ZvB ejv hvq AÅvwmbGKÌvbvGm kÉg I mgq ˆewk jvGM|
ˆh, gvngyG`i eÅen†Z c«¬wZwU AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb
c«¬wZ| ‰ c«¬wZGZ kÉg I mgq ˆewk ˆjGM ^vGK Avi viii. KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wcÉ´ŸvGi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU KiGZ
mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wc´É ŸvGi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb ‰ c«¬wZ AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq Avi KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK
eÅen†Z nq| KwÁ·DUvi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgGU wmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq|
M gvng`y ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiY KiGQ Zvi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉk² 13 ivGmj Zvi R¯Ãw`Gb Dcnvi wnGmGe ‰KwU jÅvcUc
Amyweav AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv|
gvngGy `i eÅen†Z c«¬wZwU nGœQ AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆcj| ˆm H w`bB jÅvcUGc B´ŸviGbU msGhvM eÅenvi KiGe
c«¬wZ| ‰ c«¬wZi Amyweav I ŠewkÓ¡Å wbÁ²i…c:
ŠewkÓ¡Å: eGj gb wÕ©i Kij| ‰i RbÅ ˆm Zvi ˆgvevBj ˆdvbGK gGWg
i. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZGZ ˆcÉiK ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ˆWUv
wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi B´ŸviGbU msGhvM Pvjy Kij| ÷ay ZvB
ˆcÉiY KiGZ cvGi ‰es MÉvnK ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ˆWUv MÉnY
KiGZ cvGi| bq; jÅvcUc I ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi gaÅKvi msGhvM mvaGb ˆm
ii. KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU Kivi mgq gvSLvGbi weiwZ mgq wf®²
nGZ cvGi| eÐyUz^ msGhvM eÅenvi Kij| wkLbdj: 7
iii. cÉwZ KÅvGiÙvGii ÷i‚GZ ‰KwU Õ¡vUÆ weU ‰es ˆkGl ‰KwU
Õ¡c weU UÇv´Öwgkb nq| K. ‘IqÅviGjm KwgDwbGKkb’ wmGÕ¡Ggi KZàGjv D`vniY
Amyweav:
i. ‰ c«¬wZGZ Kg cwigvY ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq| `vI| 1
ii. ‰ c«¬wZi `ÞZv wmbGKÌvbvm c«¬wZi Zzjbvq Kg nGq
^vGK| L. mvaviY KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Ggi eÐK wPò Aâb
iii. ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi KvR e®¬ ^vKGj ‰wU
AeÅen†Z AeÕ©vq cGo ^vGK| KGiv| 2
M. DcGivÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÐyUz^ I IqvB-dvB
msGhvGMi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbi…cY KGiv| 3
N. DcGivÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ivGmGji ŠZwi K‡Z eÐyUz^
ˆbUIqvKÆ Kxi…c nGe Zv wPòmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N gvngGy `i ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi c«¬wZwU nGœQ AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm K “IqÅviGj´Ö KwgDwbGKkb” wmGÕ¡Ggi D`vniYàGjv wbGP
c«¬wZ Avi ˆmvjvBgvGbi eÅen†Z c«¬wZwU nGœQ wmbGKÌvbvm ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
c«¬wZ| i. eÐyUz^ (Bluetooth)
ii. IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi)
iii. IqvB-gÅvÝ (Wi-Max)
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
L mvaviY KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Ggi eÐK wPò wbGP ˆ`Iqv N eÐyUz^ nGœQ Zviwenxb cvGmÆvbvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ (PAN)
nGjv@ cÉGUvKj hv ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv
nq| eÐyUzG^ mvaviYZ ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½i `yB ev ZGZvwaK wWRvBGmi
Drm ˆcÉiK gvaÅg gGaÅ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i ˆiwWI IGqf eÅenvi Kiv nq| eÐyUz^
(Source) (Transmitter) (Medium) ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰i eÅv´£DnW^ 1 MbPS ‰es wdÌKzGqw´Ö eÅv´£ 2.4
GHz| eÐyUz^-‰i Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ nGœQ IEEE 802.15| hv ‰KwU
cÉvcK M¯¦eÅ IqÅviGjm ev Zvinxb LAN Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ| eÐyUz^ ‰i gvaÅGg
(Receiver) (Destination) ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb KGi ˆdvb ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv ev dvBj
Õ©vbv¯¦Gi eÅenvi Kiv nq| KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ AbÅvbÅ
wPò: mvaviY KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Ggi eÐK wPò wWfvBGmi msGhvM NUvGbv hvq ‰es Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv
hvq| wcwmi BbcUy I AvDUcyU wWfvBm ‰es wRwc‰m
M DcGivÚ DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÐyUz^ I IqvB-dvB msGhvGMi wiwmfvi ‰ eÐyUz^ ˆbUIqvKÆ wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi Kiv nq| eÐyUz^
ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGb LiP AGbK Kg ‰es ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi
gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv RbÅ meGPGq wmwKDi wmGÕ¡g wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq|
i. eÐ~Uz^ nGœQ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ open wireless eZÆgvGb wewf®² wWfvBmàGjvi gGaÅ jÅvcUc, ˆgvevBj ˆdvb,
wcwW‰, gGWg BZÅvw`i mvG^ ‰B ˆUKGbvjwR weΟ Bb wnGmGe
protocol wK¯§ IqvB-dvB nGœQ ˆcvUÆvej B´ŸviGbU ^vGK| eÐyUz^ wmGÕ¡g mvaviYZ KbwdMvi KiGZ nq bv| ‰
KvGbKkb wWfvBm wmGÕ¡g| mKj eÐyUz^ wWfvBm eÅenvi KGi eÐyUz^ ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv
ii. eÐ~Uz^ ‰i wdÌKzGqw´Ö eÅv´£ 2.4GHz| Aciw`GK Wi-Fi-‰i nq, hvi ‰KwU h^vh^ wPò wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv@
2.4, 3.6, 5GHz.
iii. eÐ~Uz^ ‰i Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ nGœQ IEEE 802.15 ‰es IqvB-dvB ‰i
802.11|
iv. eÐ~Uz^ ‰i eÅv´£DBW^ 1Mbps wK¯§ IqvBdvB 11Mbps ‰i
ˆewk|
v. eÐ~Uz^ ‰i wmwKDwiwU eÅeÕ©v Lye fvj wK¯§ IqvB-dvB ‰i
`ƒeÆj|
vi. eÐ~Uz^ wmGÕ¡Gg LiP LyeB Kg wK¯§ IqvB-dvB ‰ ˆewk|
wPò: eÐyUz^
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² K B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq wKQz ˆ™Ïvevj myweav ˆfvM
cÉk² 14 cÉwZÓ¤vb ‘K’ Wi-Fi cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ ZvG`i mKj Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs|
ˆbvwUk KgÆKZÆv I KgÆPvixG`i RbÅ eËWKvÕ¡ KGi| wkLbdj: 4 IL7 ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MÉvnGK
K. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs Kx? 1 KÅvGiÙvi evB KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm
L. AÅvwmGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi KvhKÆ vwiZv ZzjbvgƒjK UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| cÉwZwU KÅvGiÙvi ‰i mvG^ ‰KwU Õ¡vUÆ weU
Kg-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ‰es ‰KwU Õ¡c weU cvVvGZ nq dGj ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Õ·xW
M. DóxcGK ˆbvwUk eËWKvGÕ¡i RbÅ ˆh cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM I `ÞZv Kg ^vGK| ZvQvov hLb ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii KvR e®¬
nGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ^vGK ZLb UÇv´Öwgkb gvaÅgwU AKviGY AeÅen†Z AeÕ©vq cGo
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆgvW eÅZxZ Avi ˆKvb ˆgvW eÅenvi ^vGK hv gvBGKÌvIGqf ev mÅvGUjvBU gvaÅGgi ˆÞGò AZů¦
Kiv ˆewk KvhÆKi, mvkÉqx ‰es ˆMvcbxq? weGkÏlY eÅqeüj| ‰wU ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb ZZUv `Þ bq eGj ‰
KGiv| 4 UÇv´Öwgkb ˆg^GWi KvhÆKvwiZv ZzjbvgyjK Kg|
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 11
mycvi wUcm:& cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii L. ‘‘wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvwis KivB ˆbUIqvGKÆi gƒj DGókÅ’’-eÅvLÅv
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
KGiv| 2
M Wi-Fi cÉhywÚ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M. AvKvGki ˆgvevBGji cÉRG¯Ãi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY
KGiv| N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ cÉhywÚ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY
cÉk² 15
KGiv| 4
16bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆKvb ˆWUvGK ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK AbÅ cÉvG¯¦ wKsev ‰K
KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi wKsev ‰K wWfvBm ˆ^GK
AbÅ wWfvBGm A^ev ‰K RGbi ˆWUv AbÅ mevi wbKU
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii cÉwKÌqvB nGjv ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb|
wPò-1 wPò-2 L ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g ˆhLvGb mevB wgGj
Z^Å ˆkqvi Kiv hvq ev ‰KmvG^ KvR Kiv hvq| `yB ev
wkLbdj: 13 I 14 ZGZvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi KwÁ·DUvi
ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ cÉavb DGókÅ
K. nvBweËW ˆbUIqvKÆ wK? 1 KwÁ·DUvimgƒGni gGaÅ wewf®² cÉKvi wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi Kiv|
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ A¯¦fÆyÚ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wiGmvmÆ nGœQ AbÅ
L. KÑvBW KwÁ·DwUs ejGZ wK eySvq? 2 KwÁ·DUvGii ‰gb ˆKvb Dcv`vb ev myweav hv Zvi gGaÅ ˆbB|
ˆh ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii Dcv`vbMZ mxgve«¬Zv ^vKGZ cvGi|
M. wPò-2 ˆKvb aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj Zzwg gGb Ki- ZvB ˆbUIqvGKÆi A¯¦fÆyÚ nGq wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvwis KivB
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ gjƒ DGókÅ|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
N. wPò-1 ‰i ˆbUIqvKÆ I wPò-2 ‰i ˆbUIqvKÆ wKfvGe RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M wewf®-² cÉRG¯Ãi ˆgvevBGji eÅvLÅv KGiv|
Avjv`v hwy Úmn DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 4 N PAN I LAN cÉhywÚ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv|
15bs cÉGk²i Dîi AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
cÉk² 17
K wgkÉ ev nvBweËW ˆbUIqvKÆ gƒjZ KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi I wcqvi Uz
wcqvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i mg¯¼q| wPò-1
L B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq wKQz ˆ™Ïvevj myweav ˆfvM
Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs| ‰wU ‰KwU
weGkl cwiGlev| ‰LvGb ‘KÑvDW’ ejGZ `ƒieZÆx ˆKvGbv
kwÚkvjx mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGbv nq| weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv
cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK B´ŸviGbU mshyÚ KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg ‘KÑvDW’ cÉ`î
ˆmevmgnƒ ˆfvM Kiv hvq|
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M wewf®² aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N wewf®² aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRi cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY wPò-2
KGiv| wkLbdj: 7
cÉk² 16 C` DcjGÞ AvKvk ‰KwU ˆgvevBj ˆmU Dcnvi K. ˆeZvi Ziã Kx? 1
wnGmGe ˆcj| KÅvGgivmn mivmwi B´ŸviGbU myweav ‰GZ L. wdÌKzGqw´Ö ˆié wnGmGe gvBGKÌvIGqGfi
iGqGQ| AvGiv `yBwU cÉhywÚ ‰GZ weΟ Bb iGqGQ| ‰i ‰KwU cÉKviGf`àGjv DGÍÏL KGiv| 2
PAN ‰es AbÅwU LAN MVGb eÅen†Z nq| wkLbdj: 14 M. DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰i eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb Kx? 1 N. DóxcGKi wPò-2 ‰i weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
cÉk² 18
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
Direction N. M bs cÉGk²i DîGi Zzwg ˆKvbwU ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò
of data DcGhvMx gGb KGiv ‰es ˆKb? DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ
`vI| 4
Mainframe Monitor
Direction of
cÉk² 19 ˆZŒwn` ˆmjyjvi ˆdvb eÅenvi KGi| ˆm
data at time
Workstation Direction of MÉvgxYGdvb, evsjvwjsK I IqvwiG`i RbÅ Avjv`v Avjv`v KGi
data at time Workstation
wZbwU ˆdvb ˆmU eÅenvi KGi| wkLbdj: 8
Direction of
data all the time
K. ˆmjyjvi ˆdvb Kx? 1
Workstation Workstation L. ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi myweavmgnƒ ˆjL| 2
wkLbdj: 4 M. DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ˆdvGbi cÉR®Â eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb KvGK eGj? 1 N. DGÍÏwLZ ˆmjyjvi wmGÕ¡Ggi gGaÅ Zzwg ˆKvb cÉhywÚGK
L. wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2 ˆeGQ wbGe ‰es ˆKb ˆbGe? KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. DóxcGKi wPòwUi eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ AskKwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 1
w«¼Zxq AaÅvq
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKÆs
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RbÅ
cÉ^Gg nvGe ˆcÉiY KiGZ nq| ‰ici nve ˆWUv MÉnYKvix
wPò-1 wPò-2 KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv cvwVGq ˆ`q| nve ‰i ÞgZv hZ ˆewk nGe
ˆbUIqvGKÆ ZZ ˆewk KwÁ·DUvi ‰i msGhvM ˆ`qv hvGe| ‰
wPò-3 msMVGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj evwK
ˆbUIqvGKÆ Zvi ˆKvGbv cÉfve cGo bv| dGj Lye mnGRB
wkLbdj: 8 I 13 [Xv. ˆev. 2016] mgmÅvq AvKÌv¯¦ KwÁ·DUviwU mwiGq ˆbqv hvq|
N DóxcGK wPò-1 I wPò-3 ‰i gGaÅ evm UGcvjwR A^Ævr
K. ivDUvi Kx? 1 wPò-3 AwaK myweavRbK|
wPò-1 ‰ wis UGcvjwRGZ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mivmwi ciÕ·Gii
L. ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 mvG^ hÚy ^vGK bv weavq ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi AbÅ
ˆh ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGi mivmwi msGKZ cvVvGZ cvGi bv|
M. DóxcGKi 2bs wPGò ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆKvb UGcvjwR ‰RbÅ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi msGKZ cyb:ˆcÉiGYi
ÞgZv nvivGj wKsev Lvivc nGq ˆMGj cyGiv ˆbUIqvKÆwU APj
AbymiY Kiv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 nGq cGo|
wK¯§ evm ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj AbÅ
N. DóxcGKi 1bs I 3bs wPGòi UGcvjwRi gGaÅ KwÁ·DUvGii KvR KiGZ ˆKvGbv Amyweav nq bv| ‰B
ˆbUIqvGKÆ wewf®² h¯¨cvwZ mshyÚ KiGZ meGPGq Kg KÅvej
ˆKvbwU AwaK myweavRbK? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cÉGqvRb nq, dGj ‰GZ LiPI mvkÉq nq ‰es ‰B UGcvjwRi
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ eÅvKeb mnGR mÁ·ËmviY Kiv hvq|
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi A^Ævr evm UGcvjwR ZzjbvgƒjK wis UGcvjwR ˆ^GK AwaK
myweavRbK|
K ivDUvi nGœQ ‰KaiGbi BGjKUÇwbK h¯¨ hv Drm cÉk² 2
KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK M¯¦eÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv cÅvGKU ˆcŒuGQ ˆ`q| P
L ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW nGœQ BDwbKvÕ¡
ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi A¯¦MÆZ dzj-WzGµÏÝ ˆgvW|
‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò Dfq w`K ˆ^GK ‰KB
mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY I MÉnY Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv cÉv¯¦
‰KB mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kivi mgq BGœQ KiGj ˆWUv MÉnYI
KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- ‰KB mgGq wbGPi wPò-K nGZ wPò-L
‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe ‰es wPò-L nGZ wPò-K ‰i A BC
w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe| ˆhgb- ˆUwjGdvb, ˆgvevBj| wkLbdj: 6 I 13 [w`. ˆev. 2016]
K. nUÕ·U Kx? 1
KL L. AcwUKÅvj dvBevi `ZË‚ MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb
wPò: dzj-WzGµÏÝ (Full-Duplex)
KGieywSGq eGjv| 2
M DóxcGK 2 bs wPGò GKw±`Êq wWfvBmwU nGœQ nve ev myBP| M. B wPGò P wPwn×Z wWfvBmwUi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
‰B aiGbi msMVbGK Õ¡vi msMVb eGj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq
nve ‰i mvG^ AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mshyÚ ^vGK| nve ‰i N. A, B, C ˆK eÅenvi KGi bZzb UGcvjwR ŠZwi mÁ¿e
gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·Gii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb
KiGZ cvGi| nve KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gvGS ˆWUv PjvPj wbq¯¨Y wK? ˆZvgvi DîGii mcGÞ hwy Ú `vI| 4
KGi|
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K nUÕ·U nGœQ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ IqÅviGjm ˆbUIqvKÆ mg†«¬
‰jvKv, ˆhLvGb mswkÓÏ ¡ wWfvBGmi mvnvGhÅ Lye mnGRB
B´ŸviGbU ‰GÝm Kiv hvq|
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
L AcwUKÅvj dvBevi nGjv AZů¦ mi‚ ‰K aiGbi KvGPi K. myBP Kx? 1
Z¯¦| dvBevi AcwUK KÅveGj BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbvGji
cwieGZÆ AvGjvK ev jvBU wmMbvj UÇv´ÖwgU KGi ‰es ‰GZ L. AvGjvi MwZi bÅvq ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ eÅen†Z
AvGjvi cƒYÆ Afů¦ixY cÉwZdjb c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv Drm ˆ^GK
M¯¦GeÅ Mgb KGi| KÅvejwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
BGjKwUÇwmwUi gGZv AvGjvK msGKZ evBGi QwoGq cGo bv
eGj ‰GZ ‰GUbGy qkb (AcPq) ˆbB ejGjB PGj| ‰GUbGy qkb M. wPò-1 ˆKvb ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
bv ^vKvq ‰i gvS w`Gq wmMbvj ˆewk `ƒiZ½ chƯ¦ AwZKÌg
KiGZ cvGi| dGj dvBevi AcwUK KÅveGj Gbps ˆié ev N. Kg LiGP jÅvGei RbÅ ŠZwi DóxcGKi ˆKvb
Zvi ˆPGq ˆewk MwZGZ ˆWUv PjvPj KiGZ cvGi|
M DóxcGK B wPGò P wPwn×Z wWfvBmwU nGœQ ˆKw±`Êq nve ev UGcvjwR myweavRbK ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv KGi
myBP| ‰wUGK Avevi KbGmbGUÇUi eGj|
‰B aiGbi msMVbGK Õ¡vi msMVb eGj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq gZvgZ `vI| 4
nve ‰i mvG^ AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mshyÚ ^vGK| nve ‰i
gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÓ·Gii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb 3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KiGZ cvGi| nve KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gvGS ˆWUv PjvPj wbq¯¨Y
KGi| K myBP ‰KwU wWfvBm hv ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆWUvGK wefÚ KGi
‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RbÅ
cÉ^Gg nvGe ˆcÉiY KiGZ nq| ‰ici nve ˆWUv MÉnYKvix ˆbUIqvGKiÆ mKj wmGÕ¡Gg bv cvwVGq wbw`ÆÓ¡ M¯¦GeÅ cvwVGq
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv cvwVGq ˆ`q| nve ‰i ÞgZv hZ ˆewk nGe
ˆbUIqvGKÆ ZZ ˆewk KwÁ·DUvi ‰i msGhvM ˆ`qv hvGe| ‰ ˆ`q|
msMVGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj evwK
ˆbUIqvGKÆ Z^Å ˆcÉiGYi ˆKvGbv cÉfve cGo bv| dGj Lye L AvGjvi MwZi bÅvq ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ eÅen†Z ˆKejwU
mnGRB mgmÅvq AvKÌv¯¦ KwÁ·DUviwU mwiGq ˆbqv hvq| ‰es
bZzb AvGiKwU msGhvM Kiv hvq| nGœQ dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej|
N DóxcGK wPò A, B, C ˆZ eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ h^vKÌGg
evm msMVb, Õ¡vi msMVb ‰es wis msMVb| dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej WvB-BGjKwUÇK A¯¦iK c`v^Æ w`Gq
‰B wZbwU msMVb wgGj bZzb ‰KwU UGcvjwR ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e
hv nvBweËR ev msKi msMVb bvGg cwiwPZ| ŠZwi KvGPi Z¯§i gGaÅ w`Gq AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb
D`vniYÕ¼i…c B´ŸviGbUGK msKi msMVb wnGmGe AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| ˆKbbv B´ŸviGbU nGjv e†nr cwimGii ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ KiGZ cvGi| wecyj cwigvY ˆWUv cwienGb mÞg ‰B ˆKej
ˆhLvGb meaiGbi msMVGbi wgkÉY ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰B msMVGb
cÉGqvRbvbyhvqx ˆbUIqvKÆ e†w«¬ Kivi myGhvM iGqGQ| ˆKvGbv w`Gq cƒYÆ Afů¦ixY AvGjvi cÉwZdjb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv
‰K Ask bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆbUIqvKÆ bÓ¡ bv nGq
AskweGkl bÓ¡ nGq hvq| Av`vb cÉ`vb KGi| ‰Qvov ‰KmvG^ ‰KvwaK Z^Å ˆcÉiY I
evm, Õ¡vi ‰es wis BZÅvw` msMVb wgGj ŠZwiK‡Z msKi
msMVGbi ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgmÅv wbYÆq Kiv mnR| wK¯¦y msKi ivmvqwbK wbwÕ˜qZvi KviGY dvBevi AcwUK KÅvejGK
msMVGb eÅen†Z nve me mgq mPj ivLGZ nq|
cÉk² 3 ‰KwU KGjGRi myGhvMÅ AaÅÞ gGnv`q 25wU bZzb ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i eÅvKGevb ejv nq|
KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq ICT jÅve Õ©vcGbi eÅeÕ©v KiGjb|
jÅvewUi ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi RbÅ wbGPi `yBwU wPò jÞÅ Ki: M DóxcGK wPò-1 nGœQ Õ¡vi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR|
wkLbdj: 8 I 13 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] ‰B aiGbi msMVbGK Õ¡vi msMVb eGj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq
nve ‰i mvG^ AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mshyÚ ^vGK| nve ‰i
gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿvi I Õ•Åvbvi ‰es KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÓ·Gii mvG^
ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb KiGZ cvGi| nve KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gvGS
ˆWUv PjvPj wbq¯¨Y KGi|
‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RbÅ
cÉ^Gg nvGe ˆcÉiY KiGZ nq| ‰ici nve ˆWUv MÉnYKvix
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv cvwVGq ˆ`q| nve ‰i ÞgZv hZ ˆewk nGe
ˆbUIqvGKÆ ZZ ˆewk KwÁ·DUvi ‰i msGhvM ˆ`qv hvGe| ‰
msMVGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj evwK
ˆbUIqvGKÆ Zvi ˆKvGbv cÉfve cGo bv| dGj Lye mnGRB
mgmÅvq AvKvÌ ¯¦ KwÁ·DUviwU mwiGq ˆbqv hvq ‰es cÉGqvRGb
bZzb ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ Kiv hvq|
N Kg LiGP jÅvGei RbÅ DóxcGKi wPò-2 A^Ævr evm
UGcvjwR myweavRbK|
ˆh UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU gƒj KÅveGji mvG^ me KqwU
IqvKÆGÕ¡kb ev KwÁ·DUvi mshyÚ ^vGK ZvGK evm UGcvjwR
eGj|
evm UGcvjwRi gƒj KÅvej ev ZviwUGK ejv nq eÅvKGevb| gƒj
KÅveGji Dfq cÉvG¯¦ UviwgGbUi eÅenvi Kivi cÉGqvRb nq|
‰LvGb ˆKvGbv ˆKw±`Êq KwÁ·DUvi ^vGK bv weavq LiP
ZzjbvgƒjK Kg| evm UGcvjwR ˆQvU AvKvGii ˆbUIqvGKÆ
eÅenvi Lye mnR|
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 3
evm UGcvjwRGZ KwÁ·DUviMGy jv mshyÚ KiGZ Kg ZvGii eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW nGœQ BDwbKvÕ¡ ‰i
cÉGqvRb nq dGj LiPI Kg nq| ‰Qvov evm UGcvjwRi A¯¦MÆZ wmgGµÏÝ|
meGPGq fvGjv w`K nGœQ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ A¯¦fÆyÚ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wmgGµÏÝ I dzj-WzGµÏÝ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi gGaÅ dzj-
KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj mÁ·ƒYÆ wmGÕ¡g APj nGq hvq bv| WzGµÏÝ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW ˆewk myweavRbK| KviY ˆWUv
myZivs Kg LiGPi gGaÅ evm UGcvjwR ZzjbvgƒjK AGbK Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvW nGœQ ˆWUvi ‰KgyLx cÉevn|
myweavRbK|
K gvaÅg (Medium)
cÉk² 4 mvjvg I Kvjvg `yB e®¬y ivÕ¦v w`Gq ˆnGU hvGœQ| wPò: wmgGµÏÝ (simplex) L
ZvG`i cvk w`Gq ‰KRb cywjk ‰KwU wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg K^v
ejGQ ‰es K^v ejv ˆkl nGj Aci cÞGK K^v ejvi wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvGW ˆKejgvò wPò-K ˆ^GK wPò-L ‰i w`GK ˆWUv
ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe| wK¯§ wPò-L ˆ^GK wPò-K ‰i w`GK ˆWUv
wmMbvj w`GœQ| mvjvg mvG^ ^vKv ‰KwU wWfvBm w`Gq Zvi ˆcÉiY mÁ¿e bq| A^Ævr ‰B eÅeÕ©vq ˆWUv MÉnY ‰es ˆcÉiGYi
ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU mÁ¿e| ˆhgb - ˆiwWI, ˆUwjwfkb|
gvi mvG^ ‰KB mgGq K^v ejGQ I ÷bGQ| Kvjvg ejj wK¯§ dzj-WzGµÏÝ c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò Dfq w`K
ˆ^GK ‰KB mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY I MÉnY Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò
“ˆ`vÕ¦ ZvovZvwo evmvq wdiGZ nGe| Avgvi ˆiwWIGZ mKvGj ˆKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ‰KB mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kivi mgq BGœQ KiGj
ˆWUv MÉnYI KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- ‰KB mgGq wbGPi wPò-K
÷GbwQ AvR e†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi|” wkLbdj: 4 I 8 [wm. ˆev. 2016] nGZ wPò-L ‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe ‰es wPò-L nGZ
wPò-K ‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe| ˆhgb - ˆUwjGdvb,
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1 ˆgvevBj|
L. “ˆh KÅvejGK ˆbUIqvGKÆi eÅvKGevb ejv nq”
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. cywjGki eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. mvjvg I KvjvGgi eÅen†Z wWfvBm«¼Gqi gGaÅ
ˆKvbwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW ˆewk myweavRbK
weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4 KL
wPò: dzj-WzGµÏÝ (Full-Duplex)
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi
K ˆh mKj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU hywÚwfwîK msGKZ cÉevn
wbq¯¨Y KGi ˆm mKj mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj| cÉk² 5 wgt 'X' eÅemvi RbÅ ‰KwU eüZj feGb Õ©vwcZ
L dvBevi AcwUK KÅvejGK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ eÅvKGevb ejv AwdGmi KwÁ·DUvimgƒn KÅvej gvaÅGg mshyÚ KGib hvi MwZ
nq| 800 bps| ‰GZ Zvi KvhKÆ Ìg cwiPvjbv Kiv KÓ¡Ki| ZvB
dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej WvB-BGjKwUÇK A¯¦iK c`v^Æ w`Gq mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi Bwéwbqvi e®¬yi civgGkÆ
ŠZwi KvGPi Z¯¦i gGaÅ w`Gq AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb AwaK MwZmÁ·®² KÅvej ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb KiGjb|
KiGZ cvGi| wecyj cwigvY ˆWUv cwienGb mÞg ‰B ˆKej wkLbdj: 4 I 14 [h. ˆev. 2016]
w`Gq AvGjvi cƒYÆ Afů¦ixY cÉwZdjb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv K. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs Kx? 1
Av`vb cÉ`vb KGi| ‰Qvov ‰KmvG^ ‰KvwaK Z^Å ˆcÉiY I L. ˆKvb UÇv´ÖwgkGb ‰KB mGã Dfqw`GK WvUv Av`vb-
ivmvqwbK wbwÕ˜qZvi KviGY dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej cÉ`vb Kiv hvq?eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i eÅvKGevb ejv nq| M. DóxcGK wgt 'X' ˆKvb aiGbi eÅv´£DBW^ eÅenvi
M DóxcGK cywjGki eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb KiGQb?eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆgvW nGœQ BDwbKvÕ¡ ‰i A¯¦MÆZ nvd-WzGµÏÝ ˆgvW| N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆWUv PjvPGji MwZe†w«¬i
‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò Dfq w`K ˆ^GK ˆWUv mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq ZGe ‰KB mgGq Zv mÁ¿e bq| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉv¯¦ ‰KB mgGq ˆKej ˆWUv MÉnY A^ev ˆcÉiY KiGZ cvGi, K KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰gb ‰KwU KwÁ·DwUs cÉhywÚ hv
wK¯§ MÉnY ‰es ˆcÉiY ‰KB mgGq KiGZ cvGi bv| ˆhgb- B´ŸviGbU ‰es ˆKw±`Êq wiGgvU mvfÆvi eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ˆWUv
wbGPi wPò-K nGZ wPò-L ‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe ‰es ‰es AÅvwµÏGKkbmgƒn wbq¯¨Y I iÞYvGeÞY KiGZ mÞg|
wPò-L nGZ wPò-K ‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe wK¯§ ‰KB L KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi mgq
mgGq Zv Kiv hvGe bv| ˆhgb- IqvwKUwK| Dfq w`K ˆ^GK ‰KB mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY I MÉnY Kiv hvq
K L BDwbKvÕ¡ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi A¯¦MÆZ dzj-WzGµÏÝ ˆgvGW|
wPò: nvd-WzGµÏÝ (Half-Duplex)
‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò Dfq w`K ˆ^GK ‰KB
N DóxcGK mvjvGgi eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY I MÉnY Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv cÉv¯¦
ˆgvW nGœQ BDwbKvÕ¡ ‰i A¯¦MÆZ dzj-WzGµÏÝ ‰es KvjvGgi
‰KB mgGq ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kivi mgq BGœQ KiGj ˆWUv MÉnYI
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- ‰KB mgGq wbGPi wPò-K nGZ wPò-L L dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej nGjv AZů¦ mi‚ ‰KaiGbi KvGPi
‰i w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe ‰es wPò-L nGZ wPò-K ‰i
w`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvGe| ˆhgb - ˆUwjGdvb, ˆgvevBj| Z¯§ hv WvB-BGjKwUÇK A¯¦iK c`v^Æ w`Gq ŠZwi KvGPi Z¯¦yi
gGaÅ w`Gq AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb Kiv nq|
KL ˆWUv cwienGb dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej wbivc` KviY
wPò: dzj-WzGµÏÝ (Full-Duplex)
i. BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbvGji cwieGZÆ AvGjvK ev jvBU
M DóxcGK wgt 'X' fGqm eÅv´£ eÅv´£DBW^ eÅenvi KiGQb| wmMbvj UÇv´ÖwgU KGi|
mvaviYZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh eÅv´£DBW^ wZb aiGbi 1. bÅvGiv eÅv´£ ii. ˆWUvi gvGbi AebwZ ev ‰wUwbDGqkb NGU bv|
(45 ˆ^GK 300 bps chƯ¦), 2. fGqm eÅv´£ (9600 bps chƯ¦) iii. cwiGeGki Zvc, Pvc BZÅvw` ˆWUv PjvPGji ˆÞGò evavi
, eËW eÅv´£ (1 Mbps chƯ¦)| myZivs ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh DóxcGK m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi bv|
wgt 'X' fGqm eÅv´£ eÅv´£DBW^ eÅenvi KiGQb| fGqm eÅv´£ iv. we`yÅr ˆPŒÁ¼K cÉfve nGZ gyÚ|
mvaviYZ jÅv´£ ˆUwjGdvGb ˆewk eÅenvi Kiv nq| KwÁ·DUvi v. ˆWUv msiÞGYi wbivcîv I ˆMvcbxqZv ˆewk|
ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wcÉ´ŸvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i M DóxcGK Õ¡vi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRi K^v DGÍÏL Kiv
wKsev KvWÆ wiWvi ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò nGqGQ|
‰B eÅv´£DBW^ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B aiGbi msMVbGK Õ¡vi msMVb eGj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq
N DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh wgt 'X' cÉ^Gg Zvi nve ‰i mvG^ AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mshyÚ ^vGK| nve ‰i
AwdGmi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ˆh KÅveGji gvaÅGg mshyÚ KGib gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿvi I Õ•Åvbvi ‰es KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·Gii
Zvi MwZ 800 bps| ‰GZ KGi Zvi KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬i RbÅ mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb KiGZ cvGi| nve KwÁ·DUviàGjvi
KÅvej cwieZÆGbi K^v fveGjb| ZvB wZwb ciewZÆGZ Zvi gvGS ˆWUv PjvPj wbq¯¨Y KGi|
e®¬yi civgkÆKÌGg AwaK MwZmÁ·ƒYÆ eËWeÅv´£ KÅvej eÅenvi ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RbÅ
÷i‚ KGib| ‰GZ Zvi AwdGm KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬ cvq KviY eËW cÉ^Gg nvGe ˆcÉiY KiGZ nq| ‰ici nve ˆWUv MÉnYKvix
eÅv´£ eÅv´£DBG^i ˆÞGò cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ WvUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv cvwVGq ˆ`q| nve ‰i ÞgZv hZ ˆewk nGe
1 ˆgMv weU WvUv Õ©vbv¯¦i nq| AbÅw`GK bÅvGiv eÅv´£ I ˆbUIqvGKÆ ZZ ˆewk KwÁ·DUvi ‰i msGhvM ˆ`qv hvGe| ‰
fGqm eÅv´£ eÅv´£DBW^-‰i ˆÞGò cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ Kg WvUv msMVGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj evwK
Õ©vbv¯¦i nq| dGj ‰B aiGbi eÅv´£DBWG^i KÅvej eÅenvi ˆbUIqvGKÆ Zvi ˆKvb cÉfve cGo bv| dGj Lye mnGRB
KiGj AwdGm WvUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii MwZ KGg hvGe| ZvB WvUv mgmÅvq AvKÌv¯¦ KwÁ·DUviwU mwiGq ˆbqv hvq|
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii MwZ e†w«¬i RbÅ eËW eÅv´£ eÅv´£DBWG^i KÅvej N DóxcGK ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i A¯¦iMZ Õ¡vi
eÅenvi Kiv nq| UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ |
cÉk² 6 we`Åv wbGKZb KGjGR mvfÆvGii mvG^ ‰KwUgvò nve ‰B aiGbi msMVbGK Õ¡vi msMVb eGj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq
nve ‰i gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿvi I Õ•Åvbvi ‰es KwÁ·DUviàGjv
eÅenvi KGi AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii gvaÅGg KGqKwU ciÕ·Gii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb KiGZ cvGi| nve
KwÁ·DUvGii msGhvM Õ©vcb Kiv nq| cieZÆxGZ cÉwZÓ¤vGb KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gvGS ˆWUv PjvPj wbq¯¨Y KGi|
KwÁ·DUvGii msLÅv e†w«¬ cvIqvq ‰B eÅeÕ©v mÁ·ÉmviGYi dGj `yBwU gvò wcÉ´Ÿvi I ‰KwU Õ•Åvbvi ‰i gvaÅGg mÁ·ƒYÆ
DG`ÅvM MÉnY Kiv nq| ‰Qvov `yBwUgvò wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰es ‰KwU Awdm cwiPvjbv Kiv mÁe¿ | KviY ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenvi KGi
Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi KGiB cÉwZÓ¤vbwU cÉGZÅKwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AwdGmi mKj KwÁ·DUvi wcÉ´ŸviwU ˆkqvi KGi eÅenvi KiGZ
ˆmàGjv eÅenvi KiGZ cviGQ| ‰i dGj nvWÆIqÅviMZ LiP cvGi ‰es ‰i dGj cÉGZÅK KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ Avjv`v wcÉ´Ÿvi
AGbK KGg AvGm| wkLbdj: 6 I 13 [e. ˆev. 2016] cGÉ qvRb nq bv| ‰B ˆkqvwis wmGÕ¡g AwdGmi Õ•ÅvbvGii
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb ˆgvW KvGK eGj? 1 RbÅI cÉGhvRÅ|
L. ˆWUv cwienGb dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej wbivc` A^Ævr A͸ msLÅK nvWÆIqÅvi w`Gq mKj KvR Kiv mÁe¿ nGœQ|
ˆKb? 2 dGj AGbK Kg LiGP Awdm cwiPvjbv Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ hv
M. DóxcGK ˆKvb ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRi DGÍÏL Kiv AwdGmi ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi DGókÅ mdj nGqGQ|
nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 cÉk² 7 KGjR Qvòx mygvBqv MÉvGgi evwm±`v nGq KGjR
N. “DóxcGK ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi DGókÅ h^vh^ cÉvãGY wfwWI ˆdvGb K^v ejvmn B´ŸviGbGUi myweavàGjv
evÕ¦evqb nGqGQ” DwÚwU gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4 ˆfvM KiGZ cviGQ| wK¯§ w`Gbi weGkl weGkl mgq ˆm
6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Pvwn`vgZ myweav cvqbv| e®¬yG`i KvGQI ‰KB mgmÅvi K^v
K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi mgq RvbGZ ˆcGi KGjR KZ‡ÆcGÞi `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KiGj AaÅÞ
ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò ˆh gvaÅgàGjv eÅenvi Kiv nq gGnv`q ICT wkÞKGK `Ë‚Z weK͸ DcvGq mgmÅvwU mgvavGbi
ˆmàGjvGK ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb ˆgvW eGj| wbG`Æk ˆ`b| wkLbdj: 6 I 8 [P. ˆev. 2016]
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 5
K. LAN Kx? 1 CDMA cÉhywÚi ˆÕ·KUÇvg wmMbvj AGbK ˆewk KfvGiR
cÉ`vb KGi weavq DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU mgvavGb ICT wkÞK ‰i
L. “ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb AvGjvK iwkÄ cwievnx Zvi CDMA cÉhywÚ mÁ·®² ivDUvi eÅenvi Kiv DwPZ|
Dîg|” eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. mygvBqv ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi wWfvBm eÅenvi KiGQ? cÉk² 8 ‰Kw`b iwdK mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvGKiÆ
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUviB KvR KiwQj bv| Abym®¬vGb Rvbv hvq ˆh
N. DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU mgvavGb ICT wkÞK Kx aiGbi gvò ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nIqvi KviGY ‰gbwU NGU|
c`GÞc MÉnY KiGZ cvGib? hywÚmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Aciw`GK wgRvb mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvGKÆi `ywU
7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjI AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv mPj wQj|
K ‰KvwaK eÅwÚi KvGRi mg®¼q mvab I MwZ e†w«¬i RbÅ ‰GÞGò KwÁ·DUviàGjv ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq wWfvBGmi mvG^ hÚy
‰KB feGb cvkvcvwk feGb KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gGaÅ msGhvM wQj| wkLbdj: 6 I 13 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
Õ©vcb KivGK ejv nq Local Area Network msGÞGc K. eÅv´£DBW&^ Kx? 1
LAN| L. AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb AvGjvK iwkÄ cixevnx Zvi nGœQ dvBevi M. iwdK mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvGKÆ mvaviYZ
AcwUK KÅvej hvGK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ eÅvKGevb ejv nq| ˆh aiGbi KÅvej eÅen†Z nq Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej WvB-BGjKwUÇK A¯¦iK c`v^Æ w`Gq N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ UGcvjwR«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ˆewk
ŠZwi KvGPi Z¯¦i gGaÅ w`Gq AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb wbfÆiGhvMÅ weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4
KiGZ cvGi| wecyj cwigvY ˆWUv cwienGb mÞg ‰B KÅvej 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
w`Gq cƒYÆ Afů¦ixY cÉwZdjb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv Av`vb K ‰KÕ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K KwÁ·DUvi nGZ AbÅ
cÉ`vb KGi| ‰Qvov ‰KmvG^ ‰KvwaK Z^Å ˆcÉiY I ivmvqwbK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wÕ·W
wbwÕ˜qZvi KviGY dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰i eGj| ‰ UvÇ ´Öwgkb wÕ·WGK Bandwidth ejv nq|
eÅvKGevb ejv nq| L AvGjvi MwZGZ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq dvBevi AcwUK
M DóxcGK mygvBqv PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi wWfvBm eÅenvi KiGQ| KÅveGj| dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej nGjv KuvP ev µÏvwÕ¡K «¼vov
mygvBqvi ˆgvevBj ˆdvGb wfwWI Kj Kivi myweav ^vKvq Zv ŠZwi ‰K aiGbi WvB-BGjKUÇwbK c`v^Æ hv AvGjv wbe®¬KiY
PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi wWfvBm wnGmGe weGewPZ nGe| KviY wfwWI I cwienGb mÞg| AvGjvi cƒYÆ Afů¦ixY cÉwZdjb c«¬wZGZ
Kj myweav mÁ·®² mygvBqvi PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi ˆWUv Drm ˆ^GK M¯¦GeÅ Mgb KGi| ˆhGnZz AvGjvi MwZ
eÅenvi ÷i‚ nq 2009 mvGj| PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi ˆgvevBGji cÉavb BGjKUÇGbi MwZi Zzjbvq ˆewk ZvB dvBevi AcwUK KÅveGji
ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv cÅvGKU myBwPs ev mvwKÆU myBwPs ˆWUv gaÅ w`Gq meGPGq ˆewk ‰es `Ë‚ZMwZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq|
UÇv´ÖwgkGbi cwieGZÆ B´ŸviGbU cÉGUvKj wfwîK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ M DóxcGKi iwdK mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆ
eÅenvi| Bnv 2G I 3G ‰i ˆPGq AwaK D®Z² cÉhywÚ| KÅvej nGœQ- UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅvej (Twisted Pair Cable)|
‰B cÉRG¯Ãi ˆgvevBGji cÉK‡Z ˆWUv UÇv´Ödvi ˆiU nGe mGeÆvœP `ywU cwievnx ZviGK ciÕ·i mylgfvGe ˆcwPGq ŠZwi Kiv nq
cÉvq 20mbps| dGj wfwWI Kwjs Kiv mÁ¿e nq| ‰Qvov ‰B eGj ‰GK UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅvej ejv nq| ˆcuPvGbv Zvi
cÉRG¯Ãi wWfvBGm DœP MwZi wdÌGKvGqw´Ö I wò-gvwòK Qwe `ywUGK c†^K ivLvi RbÅ ‰G`i gvGS Acwievnx c`v^Æ eÅenvi
cÉ`kÆGbi eÅeÕ©v AvGQ| Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi KÅveGji mvaviYZ ˆgvU 4 ˆRvov Zvi
N DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU mgvavGb ICT wkÞK GSM cÉhywÚi eÅen†Z nq| cÉwZGRvov ZvGii gGaÅ ‰KwU mvaviY ev Kgb
e`Gj CDMA cÉhywÚ mÁ·®² ivDUvi eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib | iGOi (mv`v) Zvi ^vGK ‰es Aci ZviàGjv nq wf®² iGOi
KviY GSM-‰ eÅv´£DBW^GK UvBg ÕÐGU wefÚ Kiv nq| ‰B ˆhgb- bxj, ˆMvjvcx, meyR I ev`vgx ˆKvWhÚy Zvi| Kvjvi
cÉhywÚGZ ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ‰KB eÅv´£DBW^GK ˆkqvi ˆKvW Abyhvqx KÅvejGK KvGbÙGii mvG^ mshyÚ KiGZ nq| ‰
KGi ^vGK| ZvB mygvBqvi KGjGR eÅenviKvixi msLÅv ˆewk aiGbi KÅvej eÅenvi KGi mvaviYZ 100 wgUvGii ˆewk
nGj mÁ·ËPvGii ˆÞGò weN³ NGU| `ƒiGZ½ ˆKvb ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq bv| ZvB ˆewki fvM ˆÞGò
ICT wkÞK CDMA cÉhywÚ mÁ·®² ivDUvi eÅenvi KiGZ ‰wU Local Area Network (LAN)- ‰ eÅen†Z nq|
cvGib| KviY CDMA cÉhywÚGZ fGqm ‰es ˆWUv N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ UGcvjwR«¼Gqi gGaÅ Õ¡vi UGcvjwR ˆewk
AÅvwµÏGKkGb AGbK eÅv´£DBW^ cvIqv hvq ‰es ˆbUIqvKÆfzÚ wbfÆiGhvMÅ- weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ ˆ`Iqv nGjv
cÉwZwU eÅenviKvixi RbÅ Avjv`vfvGe ‰KwU BDwbK ˆKvW I Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ ˆbUIqvKÆf„Ú mKj KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KÅvej
eÅv´£DBW^ eivó Kiv nq| ‰KB eÅv´£DBW^ ‰KvwaK ˆei nGq ‰Gm ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq Õ©vGb hÚy nq| ‰B ˆKw±`Êq
eÅenviKvix ˆkqvi KiGZ cvGi bv weavq CDMA cÉhywÚGZ Õ©vGb ‰me KÅvej ‰KwU wWfvBGmi mvG^ hÚy ^vGK hvGK
weGkl mgq Pvwn`v gZ myweav cvIqv hvq| Consentrator (KbGmbGUÇUi) eGj| ‰wU mvaviYZ nve ev
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
myBP nGZ cvGi| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi Kiv AvekÅKxq| ˆcÉvWvwÙwfwU wP¯¦v KiGj Zvi msGhvM
weKj nGq ˆMGj Zv ˆbUIqvGKÆi AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii Dci ˆWUv eÅenviKvixi RbÅ ‰KwU RwUj I SvGgjvhÚy c«¬wZ|
Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi ˆÞGò cÉfve ˆdGj bv| ˆKvGbv ‰KwU cÞv¯¦Gi Kg `ƒiGZ½ `Ë‚Z ˆWUv cvVvGbvi ˆÞGò IqÅviGjm
KwÁ·DUvi mgmÅvhyÚ nGj Zv mnGR ˆei Kiv hvq ‰es `Ë‚Z KwgDwbGKkb ‰KwU SvGgjvgyÚ I `Ë‚Z c«¬wZ hvi eÅenvi
mgvavb Kiv hvq| w`b w`b ˆeGoB PjGQ|
Aciw`GK, wis ˆbUIqvGKiÆ KwÁ·DUviàGjvi ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆbUIqvGKÆ wis UGcvjwRi eÅenvi Kiv
wWfvBGm hyÚ ^vGK bv eGj ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆKvb mgmÅv nGj ò‚wU nGqGQ| mvaviYZ KvQvKvwQ ev ‰KB feGbi wewf®²
ˆei Kiv KwVb nGq `uvovq| wis UGcvjwRi RbÅ RwUj wbq¯¨Y KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGò KÅvej «¼viv msGhvGMi ˆÞGò wis UGcvjwR
mdUIqÅvi eÅen†Z nq hv Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ nq bv| myZivs eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| ‰B UGcvjwRGZ meàGjv KwÁ·DUvi
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv chÆGeÞY KiGj mnGRB ˆevSv hvq ˆh, ‰KGò ‰KwU wis ˆbUIqvGKiÆ m†wÓ¡ KGi ^vGK| ‰es ‰K
Õ¡vi UGcvjwR ˆewk wbfÆiGhvMÅ| KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi Z^Å ‰B wis-‰i gaÅ w`Gq
Av`vb-cÉ`vb nq, wis-UGcvjwRi meGPGq eo Amyweav nGœQ
cÉk² 9 ˆZvgvi gv`ivmv ‰KvGWwgK feGbi wewf®² Zjvi ˆm ‰B UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi AGKGRv nGq ˆMGj
mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆbUIqvKÆ AGKGRv nGq hvq| ‰es ‰G`i ciÕ·Gii
12wU KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU ˆbUIqvGKiÆ AvIZvq Avbv nGjv| gvGS ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb eÅvnZ nq| ‰GZ KGi ˆWUv
KwgDwbGKkGbi ˆÞGò Amyweav m†wÓ¡ nq| myZivs, DóxcGK
wKQyw`b KvR Kivi ci weGkl 1wU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nIqvq DGÍÏwLZ mgmÅv AvGjvPbv KGi eySv hvq ˆh ‰LvGb wis
UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
evwK KwÁ·DUviàGjv ˆ^GK ciÕ·i Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb RwUjZv N RwUjZv ‰ovGZ gv`&ivmvwUi Õ¡vi UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv
DwPZ wQj| mvaviYZ ˆh UGcvjwRGZ meàGjv KwÁ·DUvi
ˆ`Lv w`j| wkLbdj: 7 I 13 [gv`&ivmv ˆev. 2016] ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ hÚy ^vGK ZvGK Õ¡vi
UGcvjwR ejv nq| ‰ UGcvjwRi meGPGq eo myweav nGjv
K. weËR Kx? 1 ‰LvGb ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi AGKGRv ev bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj AbÅ
KwÁ·DUviàGjvi ˆÞGò ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vGb ˆKvGbv Amyweav
L. IqÅviGjm KwgDwbGKkb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 ^vGK bv| ZGe ˆmGÞGò AekÅB ˆKw±`Êq KwÁ·DUviGK me
mgq mPj ^vKGZ nGe| ˆKvGbv KviGY hw` ˆKw±`Êq KwÁ·DUvi
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆKvb UGcvjwR eÅenvi bÓ¡ nGq hvq ZvnGj ‰ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb eÅvnZ
nq| Avevi ‰ UGcvjwRGZ bÓ¡ KwÁ·DUviGK Lye mnGR kbvÚ
Kiv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Kiv hvq ‰es Avjv`v KGi ˆdjv hvq| ZvGZ ˆbUIqvGKÆi
ˆKvGbv mgmÅv m†wÓ¡ nq bv| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGK
N. RwUjZv ‰ovGZ gv`ivmvwUi ˆKvb UGcvjwR eÅenvi DGÍÏwLZ RwUjZv ‰ovGbvi ˆÞGò Õ¡vi UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv
hywÚhÚy wQj|
Kiv DwPr wQj? DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvGKÆ hyÚ KGi ‰KwU e†nr ˆbUIqvKÆ MVGbi
ˆÞGò eÅen†Z weGkl aiGbi wWfvBRGK weËR ejv nq|
L `yB ev ZGZvwaK wWfvBGmi gGaÅ ˆKvGbv wdwRKÅvj
KvGbKkb ev KÅvej msGhvM Qvov ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi
c«¬wZB nGœQ IqÅviGjm KwgDwbGKkb| ˆhme Õ©vGb Zvi ev
KÅvejwfwîK ˆhvMvGhvM mÁ¿e bq ˆmme RvqMvq ˆhvMvGhvGMi
RbÅ IqÅviGjm KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡g Acwinvh|Æ Avevi
cÉhywÚi DrKGlÆi dGj cÉvµ¦ myweavmgnƒ cvIqvi RbÅ weGkl
KGi enbGhvMÅ wWfvBm ‰i ˆÞGò IqÅviGjm gvaÅg eÅenvi
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 10 M. wPò-1 ‰i eÅvLÅv `vI| 3
Stop Data Start Stop Data Start N. wPò-2 ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å, myweav I Amyweav weGkÏlY
KGiv| UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ˆÞGò wPò-1 I wPò-2 ‰i
Sender Receiver ˆKvbwU AwaK fvGjv@ DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
Fig-1 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Data K AvBGmvGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkbGK wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi D®²Z
Fig-2 fvmÆb ejv nq| ci ci `ywU eÐGKi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖdvGii gaÅeZÆx
Sender Receiver mgq cËvq 0 ‰KK ‰ UÇv´Öwgkb Kivi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq|
K. AvBGmvGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? wkLbdj: 3 mvaviYZ wiGqj UvBg AÅvwµÏGKkGbi ˆWUv UÇv´ÖdvGi ‰ c«¬wZ
L. wmbGKÌvbvBGRkb Kx eywSGq eGjv|
1 ˆewk eÅenZ† nq|
2
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 7
L ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb 3. cÉwZ KÅvGiÙvGii ci UvBg B´ŸviGfj-‰i cÉGqvRb nq bv
nIqvi mgq AekÅB `yB KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ ‰gb ‰KwU ‰es cÉwZ KÅvGiÙvGii ÷i‚ ‰es ˆkGl Start ‰es Stop bit
mgGSvZv ^vKv `iKvi hvGZ wmMbvj, weGUi ÷i‚ I ˆkl eySGZ -‰i cËGqvRb nq bv|
cvGi| weGUi ÷iy I ˆkl eySGZ bv cviGj MÉnxZv KwÁ·DUvi
ˆmB wmMbvj ˆ^GK ˆWUv cybiy«¬vi KiGZ cviGe bv| ‰B 4. mgq ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg jvGM|
wmMbvj cvVvGbvi mgq wewf®² weGUi gGaÅ mg¯¼Gqi RbÅ wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Amyweavmgnƒ :
eÅen†Z c«¬wZGK ejv nq weU wmbGKÌvbvBGRkb| 1. ‰GÞGò cvÉ ^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq|
2. ‰wU ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe eÅqeüj|
M DóxcGKi wPò-1bs ‰ Avgiv AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb myZivs ‰KUz eÅqeüj nGjI AbÅvbÅ AGbK myweavi KviGY
c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Qwe ˆ`LGZ cvwœQ| ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ˆÞGò wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb AwaK fvGjv|
UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MÉvnGK KÅvGiÙvi evB
KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| ‰ cÉk² 11 Rvgx AvBwWwe feGb wMGq ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ejj,
ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv “Avwg ‰gb ‰KwU nvWÆIqÅvi wKbGZ PvB hv ˆbUIqvGKiÆ RbÅ
1. ˆhGKvGbv mgq ˆcÉiK ˆWUv cvVvGZ cvGi ‰es MÉvnK /
eÅenvi Kie wK¯§ ‰wU ˆWUv wjsK ˆjqvGi KvR KiGe?”
cÉvcK Zv MnÉ Y KiGZ cvGi|
2. cÉwZwU KÅvGiÙvi-‰i mvG^ ‰KwU Õ¡vUÆ weU ‰es ‰KwU ˆ`vKvb`vi ejj, “Avgvi KvGQ ‰wU ˆbB ZGe ˆbUIqvGKÆ KvR
Õ¡c weU cvVvGZ nq| KiGZ mÞg ‰es weGklZ ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆjqvGi KvR KiGZ mÞg
3. ‰KwU KGi KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU Kivi gvSLvGbi weiwZ me
‰gb nvWÆIqÅvi AvGQ| Avcbvi PjGe wK bv|” wkLbdj: 12
mgq mgvb bvI nGZ cvGi|
4. Kg ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU-‰i ˆÞGò ˆewk DcGhvMx| K. ˆbUIqvKÆ myBP Kx? 1
5. MwZ Kg|
6. `ÞZv Kg| L. nve I myBGPi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ eywSGq eGjv| 2
7. ˆcÉiK ˆÕ¡kGb cÉvBgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq
M. Rvgx ˆh nvWÆIqÅvi ˆPGqwQj Zvi eYÆbv `vI| 3
bv|
8. ˆWUv PjvPj e®¬ ^vKGj gvaÅgwU AeÅen†Z AeÕ©vq N. ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ˆh nvWÆIqÅviwU AvGQ Zvi fƒwgKv
^vGK| weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
9. LiP ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg|
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N wPò-2 wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ wbG`Æk KGi|
wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn wbÁ²i…c: K `yBGqi AwaK ˆcvUÆhÚy BGG´ŸwjGR´Ÿ wiwcUviGK myBP
1. cÉwZwU eÐGK KgcGÞ 80 ˆ^GK 132wU KÅvGiÙvi ^vGK|
2. cÉwZ `ywU eÐGKi gvSLvGbi mgq weiwZ wbavÆwiZ mgq nGq eGj| myBP Kwjkb ˆWvGgBbGK mxwgZ KGi ˆ`q; ‰KvwaK
^vGK| ˆmMGgG´Ÿi gvGS weËwRs–‰i KvR KGi; eËWKvÕ¡ ˆWvGgBbGK
3. cÉwZwU eÐK ˆWUvi kyi‚GZ ‰KwU ˆnWvi BbdiGgkb I
mxwgZ Kivi RbÅ fvPqÆy vj jÅvb eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
ˆkGl ‰KwU ˆUÇBji BbdiGgkb wmMbvj cvVvGbv nq| ‰
ˆnWvi wmMbvj wiwmfvGii KÑK MwZGK ˆcÉiGKi KÑK L nve I myBGPi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²iƒc:
MwZi mvG^ wmbGKÌvbvBR KGi ‰es ˆcÉiK I MÉvnGKi i. nve cÉwZwU IqvKÆGÕ¡kGb wmMbvj ˆcÉiY KGi wK¯§ myBP
wPwn×ZKiGYi msLÅv enb KGi ^vGK ‰es ˆUÇBji eÐGKi
ˆkl eySvGbvi Z^Å enb KGi| ZvQvov ˆWUvi gGaÅ ˆKvGbv ÷aygvò ˆbUIqvGKÆi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉvcGKi ˆcvGUÆ ˆciÉ Y KGi|
fyj AvGQ wKbv Zv hvPvB KiGZ mnvqZv KGi ^vGK| ii. nve wmMbvj wdΟvi KiGZ cvGi bv wK¯§ myBP wdΟvi
4. ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii MwZ ˆewk weavq A͸ mgGq AGbK ˆWUv
cvVvGbv hvq| KGi|
5. ‰GÞGò cvÉ ^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq bv| iii. nve Kwgkb ˆWvGgBbGK weÕ¦‡Z KGi wK¯§ myBP mxwgZ KGi
wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi myweavmgnƒ :
1. wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGbi `ÞZv (Efficiency) AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ˆ`q|
‰i Zzjbvq AZů¦ ˆewk| iv. nvGei wmMbvj axi MwZi wK¯§ myBGPi `Ë‚ZMwZi|
2. ˆhGnZz UÇv´Öwgkb-‰i KvhÆ AbeiZ PjGZ ^vGK dGj Zvi
UÇv´Öwgkb MwZ AZů¦ ˆewk| M Rvgx ˆh nvWÆIqÅviwU ˆPGqwQj Zvi bvg ˆbUIqvKÆ weËR|
weËR I‰mAvB gGWGji ˆWUv wjsK ˆjqvGi ‰KvwaK
ˆbUIqvKÆGK ‰KGò mshyÚ Kivi KvR KGi| ˆbUIqvKÆ weËRGK
wZbfvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
ˆjvKvj weËR: ‰wU mivmwi LAN ‰i mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK|
wiGgvUÆ weËR: `yBwU ˆfŒGMvwjKfvGe wewœQ®² AeÕ©vGbi `ywU
jÅÅvb ˆmMGg´ŸGK mshyÚ KGi| ‰wU Iqvb-‰i gvaÅGg
jÅvbmgƒnGK KvGbÙ KGi|
IqvÅviGjm weËR: ‰KvwaK jÅvb hyÚ Kiv A^ev jÅvb-‰i
`ƒieZÆx ˆÕ¡kbGK mshyÚ Kivi RbÅ IqÅviGjm weËR eÅen†Z
nGZ cvGi|
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
N ˆ`vKvb`vGii KvGQ ˆbUIqvKÆ ivDUvi AvGQ| ivDUvi 12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKÆs wWfvBm, hv wewf®² ˆbUIqvGKiÆ K UGcvjwR nGjv ‰KwU ˆbUIqvGKÆ eÅen†Z KÅvej, wcwm,
gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv cÅvGKU Zvi M¯¦GeÅ ˆKvb cG^ hvGe Zv ivDUvi BZÅvw` wWfvBmàGjvi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ mshyÚ nIqvi
wbaÆviY KGi| ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK ivDwUs eGj| ‰K ˆbUIqvKÆGK KvVvGgv|
AbÅ ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰i mvG^ hÚy Kiv ‰es ˆWUv cÅvGKU
ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰ ivDU Kivi KvGR eÅen†Z L µÏvUdgÆwfwîK ˆmev ev PaaS-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ
wWfvBmGK ejv nq ivDUvi| ivDUvi mÁ·ÉPvi AçjGK
‰gbfvGe ˆfGO ˆdGj hvGZ ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ AsGki AaxGb Platform-as-a-Service.
^vKv mKj wWfvBm IB ˆbUIqvKÆ AsGki RbÅ ˆcËwiZ
mÁ·ÉPvi coGZ ‰es cÉwKÌqvRvZ KiGZ cvGi| ‰LvGb mivmwi fvPzÆqvj ˆgwkb fvov bv w`Gq µÏÅvUdgÆ fvov
‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆ^GK ‰KB cÉGUvKjwewkÓ¡ AbÅ ˆ`qv nq, hvi IcGi AÅvwµÏGKkb ŠZwi KiGZ cvGib
ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KivGK ivDwUs eGj| ‰RbÅ ˆh BDRvGiiv|
ˆK±`Êxq h¯¨ / nvWÆIqvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK ivDUvi eGj| ˆhgb: àMGji AÅvc-Bwéb|
nve/myBP «¼viv MwVZ KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvGbv ˆbUIqvKÆGK AbÅ ‰K
ev ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvKÆGK hÚy KivB ivDUvGii KvR| ‰wUGZ M DóxcGKi BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwU nGjv KÑvDW
ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGb evavi mÁ¿vebv ˆbB ejGjB PGj| wewf®² KwÁ·DwUs|
aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆGK ‰GZ hÚy Kiv hvq| ‰GZ KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆÞGò ˆbUIqvKÆ UÇvwdK nq bv| ‰GZ ˆWUv wdΟvwisI mÁe¿ | KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
ZGe ‰wUv ‰KB cÉGUvKjwewkÓ¡ ˆbUIqvKÆ Qvov ivDUvi hÚy 1. wiGmvmÆ ˆÕ•GjwewjwU: ˆKZÌ v hGZv PvGe, ˆmev`vZv ZGZvB
KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰GZ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆbUIqvKÆ KbwdMvGikb
ˆek RwUj| ‰GZ AGcÞvK‡Z axGi ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv AwaK cwigvGY ˆmev w`GZ cviGe|
nq| 2. Ab-wWgv´£ ˆmev: ˆKÌZv hLb PvGe ZLbB ˆmev w`GZ
eËWKvÕ¡ ˆWvGgBbGK mxwgZ KGi, eËWKvÕ¡ wdΟvi KiGZ
cvGi, wf®² AvwKÆGUKPvi I wgwWqvi ˆbUIqvKÆGK hÚy KiGZ cviGe| ˆKÌZv Zvi BœQvgGZv hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v evovGZ-
cvGi, jÅvb IqÅvb Dfq cwiGekB eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ivDUvGii KgvGZ cviGe|
ˆek wKQy AmyweavI iGqGQ| ˆhgb ‰wUi `vg ˆewk, ivDGUej 3. ˆc-AÅvR-BD-ˆMv: ˆKZÌ vGK AvGM ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv mvwfÆm
cÉGUvKGji mvG^ eÅenvi Kiv `iKvi, cÉGmwms I ivDwUs wiPvRÆ KiGZ nGe bv| ˆKZÌ v hv eÅenvi KiGe, Zvi RbÅB
ˆUwej AvcGWGUi KviGY weËGRi ˆPGq axiMwZi| ˆKej cqmv ˆ`Ge|
cÉk² 12 dinv` mvGne Awdm cwiPvjbv Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU N DóxcGK BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i
myweav wbGP weÕ¦vwiZ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi Õ©vcb KiGjb| wK¯¦y Awdm PjvKvjxb
KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i myweav: KÑvDW eÅenvi KGi bvbv iKGgi
mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi eÅen†Z nGjI evwK mgq wmGÕ¡gwU Ajm
AbjvBb mvwfÆGm AGbK myweav cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb
nGq eGm ^vGK| dGj dinv` mvGne Avw^ÆKfvGe ÞwZi 1. AcvGiwUs LiP KgvGbv: KÑvDW eÅenvi KGi AcvGiwUs
mÁÃyLxb nGjb| Zvi AwdGmi ‰KRb ˆbUIqvKÆ Bwéwbqvi LiP (Operating cost) hG^Ó¡ cwigvY KgvGbv mÁ¿e|
2. cÉvq mxgvnxb ˆÕ¡vGiR myweav: KÑvDGW ˆÕ¡vGiR wbGq ˆKvGbv
dinv` mvGneGK ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kivi civgkÆ
wP¯v¦ ˆbB| hLb hZ `iKvi myjf gƒGjÅ ZLb ZZ ˆÕ¡vGiR
w`Gjb hvi dGj mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvi I ‰i ˆÕ·m evwK mgGq myweav cvIqv hvGe| ‰LvGb cÉvq mxgvnxb ˆÕ¡vGiR myweav
iGqGQ|
AbÅ eÅenviKvixi wbKU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AG^Æi wewbgGq fvov w`GZ 3. Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGWU I iÞYvGeÞY: KÑvDGW
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGWU I iÞYvGeÞY eÅeÕ©v
mÞg| wkLbdj: 14 I 15 ^vGK weavq mvwfÆm MÉnYKvix MÉvnGKi ‰me welq wbGq
ˆKvGbv wP¯¦v KiGZ nq bv|
K. UGcvjwR Kx? 1 4. mnGR Z^Å cÉGekvwaKvi: KÑvDGW ˆiwRwÕ¡ÈK‡Z MÉvnKiv
Zvi ˆWUvGeGR B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg ˆh ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vb
L. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰ µÏvUdgÆwfwîK ˆmev (paas) ˆ^GK, ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ˆWUv ‰GÝm KiGZ cvGi|
5. mdUIqÅvi LiP Kg: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰i MÉvnK
ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 mdUIqÅvi mvwfÆmmn mvwfÆm wbGj cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx
mdUIqÅviI myjGf eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe|
M. DóxcGK BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi BwéwbqvGii civgkÆK‡Z cÉhywÚwUi
myweavàGjv Kx Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKsÆ 9
6. mnR cÉvcÅZv (Flexibility): KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i MÉvnK 8. ˆQvU I cÉv^wgK DG`ÅvÚvG`i RbÅ AvkxeÆv`Õ¼i…c: ‰KwU
Zvi cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx mvwfÆm wbGZ cvGi| ÷i‚GZ ‰KwU ˆQvU ev gvSvwi gvGbi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ KGqK jvL UvKv
w`Gq ‰KwU mvfÆvi ˆKbv, Zv iÞYvGeÞGYi RbÅ fvGjv
mvfÆvi fvov wbGq cÉGqvRGb ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ‰KkwU
ˆeZGb `Þ ˆjvK ivLv, mdUIqÅvi ˆKbv KwVb| KÑvDW
mvfÆviI fvov wbGZ cviGe| eÅenvGii Ici wfwî KGi
KwÁ·DwUs-‰ LiP I SvGgjv AGbKvsGk KwgGq ‰Gb ˆm
7. wej w`GZ nGe| Kg eÅenvi KiGj Kg wej w`GZ nGe| 9. cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Drcv`bkxjZv evovGZ mvnvhÅ KiGZ cvGi|
wbivcîv: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs mvwfÆm cÉ`vbKvix weævb I cÉGKŒkjx/MGelKG`i myweav: AGbK mgq
cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjvi KvwiMwi `ÞZv, eÅvKAvc KÅvcvwmwU weævbxG`i MGelYvi RbÅ mvgwqKfvGe wekvj KwÁ·DwUs
AGbK ˆewk| ZvB ˆKvGbv ˆQvU cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Õ©vwcZ wbRÕ¼ myweav cÉGqvRb nq hv cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv AGbK eÅqmvGcÞ|
ˆmU AvGci ˆPGq ˆmàGjv ˆewk wbivc`| ‰GÞGò KÑvDW myweav wbGq KvR KiGZ cvGi|
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² cÉk² 14 ˆewÝgGKv ˆKvÁ·vwb WiMAX cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ
ZvG`i mKj KgÆKv´£ I ˆbvwUk KgÆKZÆv I KgÆPvixG`i RbÅ
cÉk² 13
eËWKvÕ¡ KGi| wkLbdj: 4 I 7
K. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs Kx? 1
L. AÅvwmGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi KvhKÆ vwiZv ZzjbvgƒjK
Kg-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK ˆbvwUk eËWKvGÕ¡i RbÅ ˆh cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM
nGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
wPò-1 wPò-2 N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆgvW eÅZxZ Avi ˆKvb ˆgvW eÅenvi
Kiv ˆewk KvhÆKi, mvkÉqx ‰es ˆMvcbxq? weGkÏlY
wkLbdj: 13 I 14
1 KGiv| 4
K. nvBweËW ˆbUIqvKÆ wK?
L. KÑvBW KwÁ·DwUs ejGZ wK eySvq? 2 14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. wPò-2 ˆKvb aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj Zzwg gGb Ki- K B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq wKQz ˆ™Ïvevj myweav ˆfvM
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs|
N. wPò-1 ‰i ˆbUIqvKÆ I wPò-2 ‰i ˆbUIqvKÆ wKfvGe L ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MÉvnGK
Avjv`v hwy Úmn DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 4 KÅvGiÙvi evB KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| cÉwZwU KÅvGiÙvi ‰i mvG^ ‰KwU Õ¡vUÆ weU
‰es ‰KwU Õ¡c weU cvVvGZ nq dGj ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi Õ·xW
K wgkÉ ev nvBweËW ˆbUIqvKÆ gƒjZ KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi I wcqvi Uz
wcqvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i mg¯¼q| I `ÞZv Kg ^vGK| ZvQvov hLb ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii KvR e®¬
^vGK ZLb UÇv´Öwgkb gvaÅgwU AKviGY AeÅen†Z AeÕ©vq cGo
L B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq wKQz ˆ™Ïvevj myweav ˆfvM ^vGK hv gvBGKÌvIGqf ev mÅvGUjvBU gvaÅGgi ˆÞGò AZů¦
Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs| ‰wU ‰KwU
weGkl cwiGlev| ‰LvGb ‘KÑvDW’ ejGZ `ƒieZÆx ˆKvGbv
kwÚkvjx mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGbv nq| weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv eÅqeüj| ‰wU ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb ZZUv `Þ bq eGj ‰
cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK B´ŸviGbU mshyÚ KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg ‘KÑvDW’ cÉ`î UÇv´Öwgkb ˆg^GWi KvhÆKvwiZv ZzjbvgyjK Kg|
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
ˆmevmgnƒ ˆfvM Kiv hvq|
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe M WiMAX cÉhywÚ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M wewf®² aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR eÅvLÅv KGiv|
N wewf®² aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRi cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY KGiv| N wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY
KGiv|
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
cÉk² 15 C` DcjGÞ AvKvk ‰KwU ˆgvevBj ˆmU Dcnvi cÉk² 17
wnGmGe ˆcj| KÅvGgivmn mivmwi B´ŸviGbU myweav ‰GZ
iGqGQ| AvGiv `yBwU cÉhywÚ ‰GZ weΟ Bb iGqGQ| ‰i ‰KwU
PAN ‰es AbÅwU LAN MVGb eÅen†Z nq| wkLbdj: 14 wPò-1
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb Kx? 1
L. ‘‘wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvwis KivB ˆbUIqvGKÆi gƒj DGókÅ’’-eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
M. AvKvGki ˆgvevBGji cÉRG¯Ãi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ cÉhywÚ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4 wPò-2
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wkLbdj: 7
K ˆKvb ˆWUvGK ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK AbÅ cÉvG¯¦ wKsev ‰K K. ˆeZvi Ziã Kx? 1
KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi wKsev ‰K wWfvBm ˆ^GK
AbÅ wWfvBGm A^ev ‰K RGbi ˆWUv AbÅ mevi wbKU L. wdÌKzGqw´Ö ˆié wnGmGe gvBGKÌvIGqGfi cÉKviGf`àGjv
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii cÉwKÌqvB nGjv ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb|
DGÍÏL KGiv| 2
L ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g ˆhLvGb mevB wgGj M. DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰i eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
Z^Å ˆkqvi Kiv hvq ev ‰KmvG^ KvR Kiv hvq| `yB ev
ZGZvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi KwÁ·DUvi N. DóxcGKi wPò-2 ‰i weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ cÉavb DGókÅ
KwÁ·DUvimgƒGni gGaÅ wewf®² cÉKvi wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi Kiv| cÉk² 18
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ A¯¦fÆyÚ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wiGmvmÆ nGœQ AbÅ
KwÁ·DUvGii ‰gb ˆKvb Dcv`vb ev myweav hv Zvi gGaÅ ˆbB| Direction
ˆh ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii Dcv`vbMZ mxgve«¬Zv ^vKGZ cvGi| of data
ZvB ˆbUIqvGKÆi A¯¦fÆyÚ nGq wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvwis KivB
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ gjƒ DGókÅ| Mainframe Monitor
Direction of
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
data at time
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
Workstation Direction of
data at time Workstation
Direction of
data all the time
Workstation Workstation
M wewf®-² cÉRG¯Ãi ˆgvevBGji eÅvLÅv KGiv| wkLbdj: 4
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb KvGK eGj? 1
N PAN I LAN cÉhywÚ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv| L. wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2
M. DóxcGKi wPòwUi eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk² N. M bs cÉGk²i DîGi Zzwg ˆKvbwU ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò
cÉk² 16 dRjyj mvGne Zvi AwdGm mGeÆvœP MwZmÁ·®² DcGhvMx gGb KGiv ‰es ˆKb? DîGii mcGÞ hwy Ú
ZvGii mvnvGhÅ wewf®² wefvGMi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK hÚy KGi `vI| 4
ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ˆZvGjb| wZwb wewf®² wefvGMi cÉk² 19 gvnxi ˆmjyjvi ˆdvb eÅenvi KGi| ˆm MÉvgxYGdvb,
KwÁ·DUviàGjvi mvG^ Amgvb weiwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb evsjvwjsK I IqvwiG`i RbÅ Avjv`v Avjv`v KGi wZbwU ˆdvb
KGi ^vGKb| wkLbdj: 4 ˆmU eÅenvi KGi| wkLbdj: 8
K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb Kx? 1 K. ˆmjyjvi ˆdvb Kx? 1
L. TV mÁ·ÉPvGii RbÅ eÅen†Z ˆgvW-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 L. ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi myweavmgnƒ ˆjL| 2
M. dRjyj mvGnGei eÅen†Z ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZ- M. DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ˆdvGbi cÉR®Â eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 N. DGÍÏwLZ ˆmjyjvi wmGÕ¡Ggi gGaÅ Zzwg ˆKvb cÉhywÚGK
N. dRjyj mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z gvaÅg AwaKZi ˆeGQ wbGe ‰es ˆKb ˆbGe? KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
myweavRbK-weGkÏlY Ki| 4
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask 1
Z‡Zxq AaÅvq
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 ˆgvUi wbq¯¨Y Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆgvUi ˆKvÁ·vwbGZ ‰LvGb, y = AB = AB = AB.AB hv AND ˆMBUi mgZzjÅ
AvDUcyU|
kvnGbIqvR mvGne KwÁ·DUvi Bwéwbqvi wnmvGe KgÆiZ
OR ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò,
AvGQb| ‰KwU bZzb ˆgvUi wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ kvnGbIqvR mvGne
AA
ˆgvUGii Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK ‰KwU ewy jqvb ivwkgvjv ˆei A+B
KGiGQb| ‰evi H ˆKvÁ·vwbi BGjKUÇwbÝ Bwéwbqvi gvngy` BB
mvGne ‰B eywjqvb ivwkgvjv eÅenvi KGi mvwKÆU ŠZwi Kivi
KvR KiGeb| kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei eywjqvb ivwkwU nGjv y = ‰LvGb, y = A + B = A.B = A.A.B.B
xyz + (x + –y)z + x– –y| AND, OR, NOT ˆMBU w`Gq
evÕ¦evqb KiGZ nGe| wK¯§ gvng`y mvGnGei KvGQ ‰B M DóxcGKi kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei eywjqvb ivwkwU nGjv :
ˆMBUàGjv bv ^vKvq wZwb ‰K iKg wecG` cGoGQb| y = xyz + (x + y–)z + x– y–
wkLbdj: 13 = xyz + xz + y–z + –x –y
K. meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejGZ Kx eyS? 1
L. ‘+’, ‘’ I ‘.’ ‰B eywjqvb AcvGiUi meÆRbxb ˆMBU = xz (y + 1) + –yz + –x –y
NAND w`Gq wKfvGe evÕ¦evqb KiGe? 2 = (xz + –yz + –x –y)
M. kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei eywjqvb ivwkwU meÆRbxb ˆMBU = xz + y–z + –xy–
NOR w`Gq evÕ¦evqb KGi mvwKÆUwU ŠZwi Ki| 3
N. kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei mvwKÆUwU evÕ¦evqGb ˆgŒwjK = xz. –yz . x––y
‰es meÆRbxb ˆMBGUi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Ki| 4 ‰Lb, NAND ˆMBU w`Gq y ‰i cÉvµ¦ mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb :
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh jwRK ˆMGUi gvaÅGg OR, AND ‰es NOT ‰B wZbwU xy z
xz
ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ZvGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv xz. –yz . x–y–
–y –yz
nq|
–x y– –x–y
L ‘+’, ‘’ I ‘.’ ‰B wZbwU eywjqvb AcvGiUi eywjqvb
AÅvjGReivi ˆgŒwjK aviYv mgƒnGK DcÕ©vcb KGi eGj N kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei mvwKÆUwU evÕ¦evqGb ˆgŒwjK ‰es
meÆRbxb ˆMGUi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv:
‰G`iGK ˆgŒwjK AcvGiUi A^Ævr ‘+’ ˆhvM, ‘.’ (àYb), ‘’ BGjKUÇwbK cÉevGni ˆÞGò ˆMBU nGjv ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK eZÆbx
(cƒiK) aiv nq| Avi ‰B wZbwU ˆgŒwjK AcvGiUGii KvhÆ ev wWwRUvj mvwKÆU| ˆh me wWwRUvj mvwKÆU hywÚgƒjK msGKGZi
mgvavb Kivi RbÅ ˆh mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq Zv ˆgŒwjK cÉevn wbq¯¨Y KGi ^vGK ˆm me mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj| ‰
ˆMBU OR, AND ‰es NOT bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆhGnZz ˆgŒwjK mKj ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg eywjqvb AvjGReivi ˆgŒwjK AcvGikGbi
ˆMBU mgnƒ meÆRbxb ˆMBU w`Gq evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq, ZvB ‘+’ eÅvLÅv I weGkÏlYI Kiv hvq| ‰gbwKQy BGjKUÇwbK eZÆbx AvGQ
ˆhàGjvi BbcyU ‰KwU, BbcyGUi gvb 1 ‰i cwieGZÆ 0 w`Gj
‘’ ‰es ‘.’ eywjqvb AcvGiUi mgƒGn NAND ˆMBU w`Gq AvDUcyU gvb cvIqv hvGe| ˆmB me wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbGÝ
evÕ¦evqb KivI mÁ¿e| A^Ævr ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi cÉGqvRb nq| mvaviY ‰ aiGbi ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU
eÅenvi KGi Awdm Av`vjZ ‰i dÅvb, evwZ ‰es `iRv ˆLvjv
NOT ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò, wbq¯¨Y Kiv nq|
Aciw`GK, ˆh ˆMBU w`Gq ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUàGjv evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq
‰LvGb, y = A– = A.A hv NOT ˆMBUGK evÕ¦evqb KGi ZvGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj| meÆRbxb ˆMBU w`Gq ˆgŒwjK
A
AND ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò,
A AB AB
B
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
ˆMBUGK mnGRB evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq eGjB ‰KwU gvò ˆMBU N DóxcGKi msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj c«¬wZi|
eÅenvi KGi wZbwU ˆMBGUi KvR Kiv hvq eGjB ‰GK meÆRbxb ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvwUGK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦Gii wbqg
ˆMBU eGj| nGjv wbÁ²i…c:
ˆhGnZz kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei eywjqvb ivwkwUi AND, NOT, `kwgK gvb = ........ + kZGKi msLÅv ( (16)2 + `kGKi
OR wZbGMGUi mg®¼Gq MwVZ, ZvB ‰wUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBGUi msLÅv ( (16)1 + ‰KGKi msLÅv ( (16)0 +`kwgGKi cGii
gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb Kiv mnR nGe| myZivs kvnGbIqvR mvGnGei 1g msLÅv ( (16)-1 + `kwgGKi cGii w«¼Zxq msLÅv ((16)-2
ˆMBUwUGK ˆgŒwjK ˆMGUi Zzjbvq meÆRbxb ˆMBGU evÕ¦evqb + .............
Kiv Dîg| ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i : ˆKvGbv
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj
cÉk² 2 mÅvi KÑvGm ‰Gm ˆevGWÆ wjLGjb ABBA ‰es ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvwUi cÉwZwU cÉZxKGK ‰i mgZzjÅ Pvi
weGUi evBbvwi msLÅv w`Gq cÉKvk KiGZ nGe|
wkÞv^ÆxG`i DGóGk eGjb, AvœQv ejGZv Kx wjGLwQ? AGbGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK AKUvGj i…cv¯¦i : cÉ^Gg ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj
eGj DVGjv mÅvi Avcwb Ave»v wjGLGQb| mÅvi ZLb ejGjb, ˆ^GK
evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe Zvici evBbvwi ˆ^GK AKUvj|
bv Avwg Ave»v wjwLwb Avwg ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU
msLÅv wjGLwQ| Zvici mÅvi evBbvwi, AÙvj, ˆWwmgÅvj I
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZ mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZfvGe eywSGq
w`Gjb| wkLbdj: 4 cÉk² 3 KwÁ·DUvi wkÞK ˆkÉwYGZ msLÅv c«¬wZGZ
covwœQGjb| nVvr wZwb ˆkÉwYGZ ‰KRb bZzb QvòGK ˆ`LGjb|
K. ˆKvW Kx?
L. eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv I mvaviY AÅvjGReiv ‰K bq- wZwb Zvi ˆivj bÁ¼i wRævmv KiGjb| QvòwU Dîi w`j 35|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| wkLbdj: 4
M. DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ msLÅvwU AÙvj msLÅv c«¬wZGZ K. msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx? 1
KZ nGe ˆei KGiv| L. AvmwK ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
N. DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ msLÅvwUGK wewf®² cÉKvi msLÅv M. QvGòi ˆivj bÁ¼iwU evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i KGiv| 3
c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i Kivi cÉwKÌqv weGkÏlY KGiv| N. evwlÆK cixÞv ˆkGl H QvòwUi ˆivj bÁ¼i (2A)16
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nGj Zvi djvdGji cwieZÆb gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4
K ˆh cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg ev msGKGZi gvaÅGg eYÆàGjvGK 3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
evBbvwi msLÅvq cÉKvk Kivi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq ZvGK ˆKvW ev K ˆh c«¬wZGZ msLÅv MYbv Kiv nq ZvGK msLÅv c«¬wZ
eGj|
MvwYwZK KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvW ev Z^Å msGKZ ejv nq|
L eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv I mvaviY AÅvjGReiv ‰K bq| L ASCII-AvmwK ‰i cƒYiÆ …c nGjv American Standard
‰G`i gGaÅ wKQy cv^ÆKÅ AvGQ| cv^ÆKÅàwj wbÁ³i…c: Code for Information Interchange| 1965 mvGj ievUÆ
i. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq gvò `ywU Aâ eÅen†Z nq wK¯§ wegvi mvZ weGUi AvmwK ˆKvW D«¿veb KGib| BsGiRx eYÆ ev
mvaviY AÅvjGReivq ˆhGKvGbv Aâ ev wPn× eÅen†Z nq| KÅvGiÙviGK bÁ¼i wnGmGe DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ ‰B AvmwK ˆKvW
ii. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq gvò `ywU AcvGikb wK¯§ mvaviY
eÅen†Z nq| ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv
AÅvjGReivq ˆhGKvGbv MvwYwZK cÉwKÌqv mÁ¿e|
iii. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq ˆKvGbv Zzjbvi KvR nq bv wK¯§ Õ©vbv¯¦i mÁ¿eci Kivi RbÅ ˆewkifvM KwÁ·DUvi eYÆ ev
mvaviY AÅvjGReivq Zzjbvi KvR mÁ¿e| ˆUÝUGK cÉwZwbwaZ½ Kivi RbÅ ˆh ˆKvW eÅenvi KGi ^vGK
iv. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq ˆKvGbv RÅvwgwZK, wòGKvYwgwZK, ZvB AvmwK ˆKvW|
jMvwi`g mƒò eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv wK¯§ mvaviY M DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ QvGòi ˆivj bÁ¼i nGœQ 35 hv ˆWwmgvj
AÅvjGReivq ‰àGjv meB Kiv hvq| msLÅv c«¬wZi ‰KwU msLÅv| ‰B msLÅvwUGK evBbvwiGZ
myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ Avgiv ejGZ cvwi, eywjqvb i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGjv
AÅvjGReiv I mvaviY AÅvjGReiv ‰K bq|
2 35
M DóxcGKi msLÅvwU nGjv - 2 17 –
(ABBA)16 1
= (1010 1011 1011 1010)2 28–1
= (001 010 101 110 111 010)2 24–0
= ( 1 2 5 6 7 2 )8
= (125672)8s 22–0
21–0
0–1
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 3
evBbvwi c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii ci msLÅvwU `uvovq 100011. N DÚ ˆMBUwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU AND Gate ‰es NOT Gate
DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ QvGòi ˆivj bÁ¼i 35 ˆK evBbvwiGZ w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| DÚ ˆMBUwUi jwRK mvwKÆU nGjv-
i…cv¯¦Gii ci Zv nGjv 100011|
A Y=ABC Y=ABC
B
N evwlKÆ cixÞvi ˆkGl ˆ`Lv ˆMGjv ˆh DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ C
Qvò hvi ˆivj bÁ¼i wQj 35 Zv nGq ˆMGjv (2A)16 hv ‰KwU
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj c«¬wZi ‰KwU msLÅv| djvdj gƒjÅvqGbi RbÅ AND Gate ‰i AvDUcyUGK NOT Gate w`Gq cÉevwnZ KiGj
evwlÆK cixÞv ˆkGl cÉvµ¦ ˆivj bÁ¼iGK ˆWwmgvGj i…cv¯¦i Kiv Gh AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ZvGKB NAND Gate ejv nq| AND
Gate ˆh KvR KGi ‰B ˆMBU Zvi wecixZ KvR KGi|
nGjv NAND Gate nGœQ AND Gate I NOT Gate ‰i mgw¯¼Z
‰KwU ˆMBU|
(2A)16 = 2 161 + 10 160 = 32 + 10 1
cÉk² 5 1854 mvGj ‰K aiGbi exRMwYZ AvweÓ•vi nq hv
= 32 + 10 = (42)10
wQj hywÚ wbfÆi| ‰B exRMwYGZ MwYZ ‰es hywÚi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ
djvdGji cÉvµ¦ ˆivj bÁ¼iGK ˆWwmGgGj i…cv¯¦Gii ci Zv
`uvovGjv 42| DGÍÏwLZ QvGòi AvGMi ˆivj wQj 35| myZivs Õ©vcb Kiv nq| DÚ MwYZ wQj LyeB mij| mgmvgwqK
ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, DÚ QvGòi djvdj Lvivc nGqGQ ‰es Zvi
ˆivj bÁ¼i 35 ˆ^GK 7 avc ˆeGo 42 nGqGQ| MwYZwe`iv DÚ exRMwYZ wbGq nvmvnvwm KiZ| DÚ MwYGZi
cÉk² 4
mijZvB wQj nvmÅiGmi KviY| wkLbdj: 10
A
BX K. evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi cÉ^g aviYv ˆK ˆ`b? 1
C
L. (824)10 ˆK BCD ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦i KGiv| 2
wkLbdj: 13
M. DóxcGK BwãZ Kiv MwYGZi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn DGÍÏL
K. ‰wU ˆKvb jwRK ˆMBU?
L. ˆMBUwUi ‰KwU ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv KGiv| KGiv| 3
M. DÚ ˆMBUwUi mZÅK mviwY AvuK|
N. DÚ ˆMBUwU ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq ŠZwi N. DÚ MwYGZi AcvGikbmgƒn hywÚ «¼viv eywSGq `vI| 4
nGqGQ? mvwKUÆ ‰uGK eYÆbv KGiv| 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi
K evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi cÉ^g aviYv ˆ`b MU wdÌR
K ‰wU NAND jwRK ˆMBU|
wjewbR|
L DÚ jwRK ˆMBGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU ‰i gvb 0 nGj L (824)10 ˆK BCD ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦i:
AvDUcyU 1 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv BbcyU 1 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 824
0 nGe|
1000 0010 0100
M DÚ ˆMBUwUi mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²i…c: AvDUcyU
BbcyU (824)10 =(100000100100)BCD
AB C ABC Y = ABC M DóxcGK eywjqvb MwYGZi BwãZ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| eywjqvb
AÅvjGReivi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgn… wbÁ²i…c:
00 00 1
00 1. MwYZ I hywÚi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcGbi gvaÅGg ˆhvM I
01 10 1 àGYi KvR KGi|
0s 0 1 2. ÷ay 1 I 0 wbGq KvR KGi weavq mnR|
3. ˆhGnZz ‰wU AÅvjGReiv ZvB ‰GZ RÅvwgwZ I
01 10 1
wòGKvGYvwgwZi mƒò cÉGqvM Kiv hvq bv|
10 00 1 4. wWwRUvj wWfvBGm eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mƒò cÉgvY
10 10 1 Kiv hvq|
5. 1 I 0 Qvov ˆKvGbv cÉKvi cÉZxK, wPn× ev eYÆ eÅenvi
11 00 1
Kiv hvq bv|
11 11 0 6. BbcyU I AvDUcyGU 0 I 1 ‰i gGaÅ ˆh ˆKvbwUB
wPò: wZb BbcyU wewkÓ¡ bÅv´£ ˆMBGUi mZÅK mviwY cvIqv hvq|
7. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi Aâ 1 I 0 ˆK mgGqi mvG^
cwieZÆGbi KviGY PjK wnGmGe A I B eÅenvi Kiv
nq|
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
N ˆhŒwÚK PjGKi ˆejvq wZb aiGbi wKÌqv ev AcvGikb bU AcvGikb: bU ˆKej ‰KwU gvò PjGKi Dci KvR KGi|
nq| ‰G`iGK hwy ÚgƒjK AcvGikb eGj| hwy ÚgƒjK wg^ÅvGK bU KiGj mZÅ ‰es mZÅGK bU KiGj wg^Åv nq|
AcGikbmgƒn nGjv Ai (OR), AÅv´£ (AND) ‰es bU ˆUwej-‰i mvnvGhÅ bU AcvGikb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv| bU AcvGikb
(NOT)| Ai ‰es AÅv´£ ˆMBU KvR KGi ‰GKi AwaK
PjGKi gGaÅ Avi bU AcvGikb KvR KGi kyay ‰KwU PjK ˆevSvGbvi RGbÅ PjGKi DcGi evi (P–) A^ev PjGKi cvGk
wbGq| AcvGikbmgnƒ ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ ˆh wPn× eÅen†Z nq ZvGK cÉvBg (P) wPn× ˆ`qv nq|
AcvGiUi eGj| cÉk² 6
Ai AcvGikb:
wkLbdj: 13
P Q P+Q
K. jwRK ˆMBU wK? 1
00 0
01 1 L. 7D GKvb aiGbi msLÅv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
10 1
11 1 M. wPò-1 I wPò-2 jwRK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb AÅvWvi
`ywU eywjqvb PjK P I Q ˆK Ai KiGj , Ai K‡Z ivwki gvb ŠZwi Kiv hvq Zv wPòmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
mZÅ nGe hw` I ˆKej hw` P I Q ‰i A¯¦Z ‰KwUi gvb mZÅ
nq| P I Q DfGqi gvb wg^Åv nGj , AiK‡Z ivwki gvb wg^Åv N. wPò-1 ‰i AvDUcyU X GK hw` wPò-2 ‰i BbcyU A
nGe| `yBGqi AwaK PjGKi ˆejvq ,ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU PjK mZÅ
nGj Ai AcvGikb-‰i dj mZÅ nq| djvdj wg^Åv nGZ nGj ‰i cwieZÆb eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvnGj cÉvµ¦ mgxKiGYi
meàGjv PjGKi gvb wg^Åv nGZ nq| `ywU PjGKi RGbÅ wbGP
ˆUwej-‰i gvaÅGg Ai AcvGikb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv| mijxK‡Z gvbGK NAND gate «¼viv evÕ¦evqb KGiv| 4
Ai AcvGikbGK AGbK mgq eywjqvb hwy ÚgƒjK ˆhvM ejv nq
‰es + wPn× w`Gq wbG`Æk Kiv nq| A^Ævr P Ai Q ˆK P + Q 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wjLv nq| ˆhvM wPn× w`Gq cÉKvk KiGjI hywÚgƒjK ˆhvM
cÉPwjZ exRMvwYwZK ˆhvGMi gGZv bq| AiGK wPn× w`GqI K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆhme
cÉKvk Ki nq|
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
P Q P*Q
ˆMBU eGj|
0 00
010 L 7D ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv| 7 AâwU `kwgK I AÙvj ‰
1 00 ^vKGjI D AâwU ˆKej ˆnÝvGWwmGgjB cvIqv hvq|
1 11 ˆnÝvGWwmGgj ‰ ˆh ˆlvjwU Aâ AvGQ D Zvi ‰KwU| AZ‰e
7D GnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv|
AÅv´£ AcvGikb: `ywU eywjqvb PjK P I Q ˆK AÅv´£ KiGj,
AÅv´£ K‡Z ivwki gvb mZÅ nGe hw` I ˆKej hw` P I Q ‰i M wPò-1 I wPò-2 jwRK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ nvd AÅvWvi
DfGqi gvb mZÅ nq| P I Q ‰i ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwUi gvb wg^Åv
nGj , AÅv´£ K‡Z ivwki gvb wg^Åv nGe| `yBGqi AwaK PjGKi evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq|
ˆejvq meàGjv PjK mZÅ nGj AÅv´£ AcvGikb-‰i dj mZÅ
nq| djvdj wg^Åv nGZ nGj ˆh ˆKvGbv ‰KwU PjGKi gvb nvd AÅvWvi ‰i mZÅK mviwY:
wg^Åv nGZ nq| `ywU PjGKi RGbÅ wbGP ˆUwej-‰i gvaÅGg AÅv´£
AcvGikb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv| AÅv´£ AcvGikbGK AGbK mgq Input Output
eywjqvb hwy ÚgƒjK àYK ejv nq ‰es * wPn× w`Gq wbG`Æk Kiv
nq| A^Ævr P AÅv´£ Q ˆK P * Q wjLv nq| msGÞc Kivi RbÅ AB S C
P*Q ˆK PQ wjLv nq| AÅv´£GK wPn× w`GqI cÉKvk Ki nq|
00 0 0
P P–
01 1 0
01
10 1 0
10
11 0 1
`yBwU weU ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z mgw®¼Z mvwKÆUGK nvd ‰Wvi
eGj|
S = A B = A B + AB
C = A.B
wPò: DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰es wPò-2 ‰i mvnvGhÅ nvd AÅvWvi
‰i jwRK mvwKÆU
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 5
N wPò-1 ‰i AvDUcyU X = A B = B + i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj AvDUcyUGK nGZ nGe
A AB A^vÆr
‰Lb, cÉk²gGZ,
Y = (AB + AB).B
= AB.B + AB.B
= AB
oooooo =A
= AB myZivs 3,4,5 bs ˆMBUGK cwieZÆb KGi bi(NOR)ˆMBGUi
Õ©vGb bÅv´£(NAND) ˆMBU cÉwZÕ©vcb KiGZ nGe|
NAND ˆMBU «¼viv jwRK mvwKÆU: cÉk² 8
A oooooo ABC
AB
A AB 001
B 100
wPò: jwRK mvwKÆU| 0 1 0K
101L
cÉk² 7
0 11
AB 1
1 10
3 5r
2 000
4 111
wkLbdj: 12 I 13
K. ˆKvW Kx? 1
L. 988 msLÅvwU ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv c«¬wZi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK AbymvGi F ‰i mijxK‡Z gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 wkLbdj: 5 I 13
N. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwUi mijxK‡Z gvb ˆh ˆMBUGK cÉKvk K. meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejGZ wK eyS? 1
KGi Zvi wecixZ ˆMBU ŠZwii RbÅ 3, 4, 5 bs L. ‘KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU c«¬wZGZB me MvwYwZK KvR KGi
ˆMBGU Kx cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ^vGK- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z ‘K’ ˆ^GK ‘L’ ˆK evBbvwi msLÅv
K ˆKvGbv Z^ÅGK (AÞi, AsK, kõ ‰es AbÅvbÅ wPn×) weGePbvq `yB ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ weGqvM KGiv| 3
mswÞµ¦ ev ˆMvcbxqZvi mvG^ cÉKvGki RbÅ eÅen†Z c«¬wZGK N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z BbcyU «¼viv ˆKvb aiGbi AÅvWvi
ˆKvW eGj| ŠZwi mÁ¿e-weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L 988 msLÅvwUGZ eÅen†Z 8,9 AsK àGjv `kwgK ‰es 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆgŒwjK AsK hv AKUvj ‰es K ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj
evBbvwi c«¬wZGZ bvB| myZivs msLÅvwU `kwgK ev cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦ ˆMBUGK
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv c«¬wZi nGZ cvGi| meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj|
M DóxcGKi AvDUcyU nGe, L ˆKvGbv msLÅvi mvG^ AbÅ ‰KwU msLÅv hZ evi ˆhvM PvB
KiGj ˆh KvR nq ˆmB msLÅvGK ZZevi àY KiGj ‰KB
djvdj cvIqv hvq| myZivs MyGYi KvR ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg Kiv
mÁ¿e|
ˆKvGbv evBbvix msLÅvi 1’‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KGi
ˆh gvb cvIqv hvq ZvGK 2’‰i cwicƒiK eGj| 2’‰i
cwicƒiK nGjv ˆKvGbv msLÅvi FbvðK gvGbi evBbvix gvb|
ˆKvGbv msLÅvGK FYvðK KiGZ cviGj DÚ FbvðK³ msLÅvGK
N DóxcGKi mijxK‡Z gvb ˆh ˆMBUGK cÉKvk KGi ZvnGjv ˆhvM KiGj AvmGj Zv weGqvGMi KvR nq| myZivs 2-‰i
‰Ýbi (XNOR) ˆMBU ‰es ‰i wecixZ ˆMBU nGjv ‰Ý-
Ai (XOR)) ˆMBU| DóxcGKi AvDUcyUGK ‰ÝAi ˆMBUGK cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg weGqvGMi KvR Kiv
hvq| Avevi wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅv nGZ H ‰KB msLÅv evi evi
weGqvM Kiv Avi DÚ msLÅvGK ZZ w`Gq fvM KiGj ‰KB
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
djvdj cvIqv hvGe| A^Ævr ‰KB msLÅv nGZ ‰KB msLÅv evi wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq| wWwRUvj wmMbvGj 0 ˆK
OFF ‰es 1 ˆK ON wnGmGe weGePbv KiGj mnGR ˆevaMgÅ nq
evi weGqvGMi mswÞµ¦ i…c nGœQ fvM Kiv| fvM Kivi KvRwU weavq wWwRUvj wWfvBm ev KwÁ·DUvGi evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ
eÅen†Z nq| ‰ mKj bvbvwea KviGY KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb
weGqvGMi gvaÅGg Kiv hvq| Avevi weGqvGMi KvRwU ˆhvGMi evBbvwi c«¬wZ DcGhvMx nq|
gvaÅGg Kiv KvR| myZivs ejv hvq, ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg wewf®²
MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hvq|
M DóxcGKi ’K’ ˆK hw` cÉ^g evBbvix msLÅv ‰es ’L’ ˆK M Avwbm mvGnGei gvwmK we`yÅr wej nGjv
hw` w«¼Zxq evBbvix msLÅv awi ZvnGj ZvnGj evBbvix msLÅv (1010101011)2
`ywU nGe h^vKÌGg 010 ‰es 101| A^vr AvgvG`iGK (010)2 = 1×29+0×28+1×27+0×26+1×25+0×24+1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20
ˆ^GK (101)2 `y’‰i cwicƒiGK weGqvM KiGZ nGe|
‰Lb, = 512+0+128+0+32+0+8+0+2+1
(010)2 (101)2 = (683)10
(010)2 + (101)2 Avwbm mvGnGei we`yÅr wej `kwgGK (683)10|
ˆhGnZz (101)2 FYvðK myZivs 101‰i 2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| N (4BF)16
101 ev 00000101‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11111010
= 4×162+B×161+F×160
101‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = +1
‰Lb 11111011 = 4×256+11×16+15×1
00000010 = 1024+176+15
+ 11111011
111111100 = (1215)10
myZivs weGqvM dj nGe 111111100 | Avevi,
N DóxcGK eÅen†Z wZbwU weU A,B,C eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ˆh (1345)8
= 1×83+3×82+4×81+5×80
AÅvWvi `ywU weU ˆhvM KGi ˆhvMdj I nvGZ ^vGK msLÅv ev
= 512+256+32+5
= (741)10
‰LvGb ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ‰KwUi iÅvg (1215)10 ‰es AbÅwUi iÅvg
(741)10| myZivs ˆhwUi iÅvg(1215)10, ˆmwUi cÉGmwms Õ·xW
ˆewk| ZvB ˆh jÅvcUcwUi iÅvg (1215)10, ˆmwUi cvidigÅv´Ö
ZzjbvgƒjK fvGjv|
KÅvwi ˆei KiGZ cvGi ZvGK nvd AÅvWvi eGj| ˆh AÅvWvi cÉk² 10 KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi 0 I 1 eÅenvi KGi| wK¯¦y
`yBwU weUmn AbÅ ‰KwU KÅvwiweU A^vÆr ˆgvU wZbwU weU ˆhvM gvbyGli cGÞ ‰B 0 I 1 w`Gq KvhÆ mÁ·v`b Kiv AZů¦
KiGZ cvGi ZvGK dzj AÅvWvi eGj| ˆhGnZz DóxcGK wZbwU KÓ¡mvaÅ| ZvB MYbv Kivi myweavG^Æ AKUvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj
weU AvGQ myZivs DóxcGK eÅen†Z BbcyU «¼viv dzj ‰Wvi ŠZwi msLÅv c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| wkLbdj: 4
Kiv mÁ¿e| K. AKUvj msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem KZ? 1
cÉk² 9 Avwbm mvGnGei gvwmK we`yÅr wej L ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj c«¬wZGZ KxfvGe msLÅv wjLGZ nq? 2
(1010101011)2| Avwbm mvGnGei evmvq `ywU jÅvcUc AvGQ M. (1101001)2 ‰i `kwgK I DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ msLÅv
hvi gGaÅ ‰KwUi iÅvg (4BF)16 GB ‰es AbÅwUi iÅvg c«¬wZ AbymvGi gvb KZ? 3
(1345)8 GB | wkLbdj: 4 N. (247.30)10 ‰i evBbvwi I DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ msLÅv
K. AÅvWvi Kx? 1 c«¬wZ AbymvGi gvb wbYÆq KGiv? 4
L. KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGò wWwRUvj wmMbÅvj DcGhvMx 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆKb? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K AKUvj msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem 8|
M. Avwbm mvGnGei we`yÅr wej `kwgGK cÉKvk Ki| 3 L ˆh msLÅv c«¬wZGZ 0 ˆ^GK 15 chƯ¦ ˆgvU 16 wU Aâ
wbGq AvGjvPbv Kiv nq ZvGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZ
N. Avwbm mvGnGei ˆKvb jÅvcUcwUi cvidigÅv´Ö eGj| ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem nGœQ 16|
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ˆgvU 16wU wPn× nGœQ 0, 1, 2,
ZzjbvgƒjK fvGjv? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F| ‰LvGb meGPGq eo
Aâ F| ‰i ˆPGq ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZGZ eo msLÅv
9bs cÉGk²i Dîi MVb KiGZ nGj `yB ev ZGZvwaK msLÅv wjLGZ nq|
K ˆh mgevq mvwKÆU evBbvwi ˆhvGMi KvR KGi ZvGK AÅvWvi
eGj|
L KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ| M (1101001)2 ‰i `kwgK, AKUvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj gvb
BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ `kwgK msLÅvi `kwU wf®² wbGP ˆei KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
wf®² AeÕ©v cÉKvk Kiv mÁ¿e ZGe Zv Lye KwVb I eÅqeüj|
wK¯§ evBbvwi msGKZ 0, 1 ˆK Lye mnGRB BGjKwUÇKÅvj
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 7
i. (1101001)2 = (?)10 K. evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx? 1
(1101001)2 = (126+125+024+123+0 22+021 +
L. evBbvwi 1011, AÙvj 176, ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj 20
12)
= (26 + 25 + 0 + 23 + 0 + 0 + 2) msLÅv wZbwUi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL| 2
= (26 + 25 + 23 + 2)
M. mygvBqv I wnGgGji gGaÅ ˆK ‰es KZ ˆewk bÁ¼i
= (64 + 32 +8 + 1)
ˆcGqGQ? Zv wbYÆq KGiv| 3
(1101001)2 = (105)10
N. ZvG`i wZbRGbi bÁ¼i ‰KGò evBbvwiGZ KZ?
weGkÏlY KGi ˆ`LvI| 4
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ii. (1101001)2 = (?)8
(1101001)2 = 001 101 001 K ˆh msLÅv c«¬wZGZ Binary Digit 0 I 1 eÅen†Z nq ZvGK
evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj|
151 L 1011 ‰KwU evBbvwi msLÅv| ‰wU ‰KwU 4 Aâ wewkÓ¡
(1101001)2 = (151)8 msLÅv ‰es ‰i wfwî 2|
iii. (1101001)2 = (?)16
176 ‰KwU AÙvj msLÅv| ‰wU ‰KwU 3 Aâ wewkÓ¡ msLÅv
(1101001)2 = 0110 1001 ‰es ‰i wfwî 8|
69 2B ‰KwU ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv| ‰wU 2 Aâ wewkÓ¡ msLÅv
(1101001)2 = (69)16 ‰es ‰i wfwî 16|
N (247.30)10 ‰i evBbvwi, AKUvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj gvb M mygvBqvi bÁ¼i = (1661)8
wbGP ˆei KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@ wnGgGji bÁ¼i = (900)10
‰Lb, (1661)8 = 183+682+681 + 180
i. (247.30)10 = (?)2
= 512 + 384 + 48 + 1=945
2 247 1 LSB (1661)8 = (945)10
2 123 MSB
f™²vsk 2 cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk mygvBqvi ˆWwmgÅvGj bÁ¼i = 945
2 61 1
.30 2 0 .60 ZvnGj mygvBqv wnGgGji ˆ^GK ˆewk ˆcGqGQ = 945 - 900 = 45
2 30 1 .60 2 1 .20
.20 2 0 .40 bÁ¼i|
2 15 0 .40 2 0 .80
.80 2 1 .60
27 1 N wnGgGji bÁ¼i = (900)10
mygvBqvi bÁ¼i = (945)10
23 1 ‰es wiwZi bÁ¼i = (33D)16
‰Lb, (33D)16 = 3162 + 3161 + 13160
21 1
01 = 768 + 48 + 13 = 829
(247.30)10 = (11110111.01001...)2 (33D)16 = (829)10
ii. (247.30)10 = (?)8 f™²vsk 8 cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk wiwZi bÁ¼i = (829)10
ZvG`i wZb RGbi ‰KGò ˆWwmgÅvGj bÁ¼i nGjv = 900 + 945 +
8 247 7 LSB .30 8 2 .40
8 30 3 .20
1 .60
83 6 .40 8 4 .80 829
0 3 MSB .20 8
= 2674
.60 8 ‰Lb 2 2674
2 1337 0
(247.30)10 = (367)8 2 668 1
2 334 0
iii. (224477.30)10 = (?)16 2 167 0
16
LSB f™²vsk 16 cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk 2 83 1
16 15 7 .30 16 4 .80 2 41 1
.80 16 C .8
0 15 (F) MSB .8 16 C .8 2 20 1
2 10 0
25 0
22 1
21 0
(247.30)10 = (F 7.4CC...)16 01
cÉk² 11 gÅvWvg KÑvGk wnGgj, mygvBqv I wiwZGK wRævmv (2674)10 = (101001110010)2
Kij, ˆZvgiv evwlÆK cixÞvq KZ bÁ¼i ˆcGqGQv? ZvG`i Dîi myZivs ZvG`i wZbRGbi evBbvwiGZ ‰KGò bÁ¼i
h^vKÌGg (900)10 , (1661)8, I (33D)16| wkLbdj: 4 = 101001110010
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
cÉk² 12 XY Z
X– Y– Z–
D0 = X– Y– Z–
D0 D1 = X– Y– Z
D2 = X– YZ–
X D1 D3 = X– YZ
D2 D4 = XY– Z–
D5 = XY– Z
Y Decoder D3 D6 = XYZ–
D4
D7 = XYZ
D5
Z D6
D7
wkLbdj: 13
K. wWGKvWvi Kx? 1
L wWGKvWvGi wZbwU BbcyU w`Gq KqwU AvDUcyU jvBb
cvIqv hvGe Zv ˆjL| 2
M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPò nGZ mZÅK mviwY wbYÆq KGiv| cÉk² 13
3 MSB LSB
N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPGòi mZÅK mviwY nGZ jwRK Q2 T2 1
mvwKÆU ŠZwi KGiv| 4 Q1 T1 –1 Q0 T0 1
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wWGKvWvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi hywÚ eZÆbx hvi gvaÅGg ˆKvGWW To the CLK CLK CLK Clock
Next
ˆWUvGK AvbGKvGWW ˆWUvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv nq|
Stage
L wWGKvWvGi n msLÅK BbcyGUi RbÅ 2n msLÅK AvDUcyU wkLbdj: 13
jvBb ^vGK| K. KvD´Ÿvi Kx? 1
wZbwU BbcyGUi ˆÞGò, n = 2n = 23 L KvD´ŸvGii eÅenvi ˆjL| 2
n = 23
M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPGòi MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
n=8 N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPGòi KvhÆKÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
A^Ævr wWGKvGWvGi wZbwU BbcyGUi RbÅ AvUwU AvDUcyU jvBb 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cvIqv hvGe| K KvD´Ÿvi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU wmKGz qw´Öqvj mvwKÆU «¼viv MwVZ
ˆiwRÕ¡vi hv ZvGZ cÉ`vbK‡Z BbcyU cvjGmi msLÅv àYGZ
M DóxcGKi wPGò BbcyU nGjv 3wU ‰es AvDUcyU nGjv cvGi|
8wU| AZ‰e wPò ˆ^GK mZÅK mviwY wbYÆq wbGP Kiv nGjv@
L wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ KvD´ŸvGii eÅvcK eÅenvi AvGQ|
BbcyU AvDUcyU
ˆhgb
X Y Z D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 i. KÑK cvjGmi msLÅv MYbvi KvGR|
ii. wewf®² UvBwgs wmMbÅvj cÉ`vGbi KvGR|
000 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 iii. wWwRUvj NwoGZ|
001 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 iv. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGi|
0100 0 1 0 0 0 00 v. AÅvbvjM wmMbÅvjGK wWwRUvj wmMbÅvGj i…cv¯i¦ Kivi
011 0 0 0 1 0 0 00
1000 0 0 0 1 0 00 KvGR|
101 0 0 0 00 1 00 vi. wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbGÝi wewf®² AcvGikb KG´ŸÈvj KiGZ|
110000000 10
11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 M DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPòwU ‰KwU 3 weU wicj KvD´Ÿvi,
mvaviYZ MVGbi w`K ˆ^GK meGPGq mij KvD´Ÿvi nGjv
N DóxcGKi wPò ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ mZÅK mviwY nGZ jwRK mvwKÆU evBbvwi wicj KvD´Ÿvi| wicj KvD´Ÿvi nGjv AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm
Aâb wbGP Kiv nGjv@ KvD´Ÿvi|
A^Ævr, cÉGZÅKwU wdÑc-dÑc Zvi AvDUcUy «¼viv Zvi cvGki wdÑc-
dÑcGK wUÇMvi KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| n weU evBbvwi wicj
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 9
KvD´Ÿvi n msLÅK wdÑc-dÑc «¼viv MwVZ ˆhLvGb wdÑc-dÑcàGjv ––– – ––
mvwie«¬fvGe AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es ‰KwUi AvDUcyU AbÅwUi = (A + B) . (A + B)
KÑK-cvjm wnGmGe KvR KGi| DóxcGKi wPGò wjÕ¡
wmMwbwdGK´Ÿ weUwU (LSB) cÉwZevi ˆUvMj KiGQ| w«¼Zxq – –
Õ©vGbi AâwU cÉwZ `yBevi cici ˆUvMj KiGQ ‰es Z‡Zxq = (A + B) . (A + B)
Õ©vGbi AâwU cÉwZ Pvievi cici ˆUvMj KiGQ|
– –
N DóxcGKi wPòwU ˆhGnZy ‰KwU 3 weU evBbvwi wicj = (A + B) . (A + B)
KvD´Ÿvi ZvB DÚ wicj KvD´Ÿvi ˆUvMj wdÑc-dÑc «¼viv ŠZwi
Kiv hvq| hv memgq ˆUvMj ˆgvGW KvR KiGe| AB A¯¯+¯B¯¯
T UvBc wdÑc-dÑc ‰KwU ˆUvMj wdÑc-dÑc| A
DóxcGKi wPGò @ A¯¯¯¯+¯¯B¯¯¯¯+¯¯¯A¯¯¯¯+¯¯¯B¯¯
i. FF0 ˆZ wmMbvj w`Gj ˆUvMj KiGe A^Ævr cÉwZevi 0 B B¯
ˆ^GK 1 ev 1 ˆ^GK 0 nGe| X=AB
ii. Q0 ˆK FF1 ‰i KÑK cvjm& wnGmGe w`Gj FF1 KvR
A¯ ¯A¯¯+¯¯B¯
KiGe| hLb Q0 = 1 nq ZLb FF1 ˆUvMj KiGe A^Ævr B
cÉwZ 2 evi ci ˆUvMj KiGe|
iii. Abyi‚c Q1 ˆK FF2 ‰i KÑK cvjm& wnGmGe hyÚ KiGj Q1 = M Exclusive OR ˆMBUGK msGÞGc XOR Gate ejv nq|
1 nGj FF2 ˆUvMj KiGe| myZivs FF2 cÉwZ Pvi evi A¯i¦ BbcyU A ‰es B nGj AvDUcyU X ˆh eywjq wbqgwU ˆgGj PGj
ˆUvMj KiGe|
‰fvGe wicj KvD´Ÿvi KvR KGi| Zv nGjv
cÉk² 14 X =AB
= A¯B + AB¯
‰LvGb wPn× «¼viv XOR wKÌqv eySvGbv nGqGQ|
A X=AB
B
wPò : XOR ‰i jwRK wPò|
`yBwU BbcyU A I B ‰i RbÅ XOR ‰i mZÅK mviwY wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv
nGjv
mZÅK mviwY
A X=AB A B X=AB
B 00 0
01 1
wkLbdj: 12 10 1
K. Ai ˆMBU Kx? 1 11 0
L. NOR ˆMBU w`Gq ‰ÝAi ˆMBU eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 wPò: `y’wU BbcyGUi RbÅ XOR ‰i mZÅK mviwY|
M. DóxcGKi wPGòi eÅvLÅvmn `ywU BbcyGUi RbÅ mZÅK N wWwRUvj wmGÕ¡Gg ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU (OR Gate, AND Gate,
NOT Gate) ‰i gGZvB XOR Gate AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| Ai,
mviwY wbYÆq Ki| 3 AÅv´£ wKsev bU ˆMBU w`Gq XOR Gate ŠZwi Kiv hvq, Avevi
‰wU Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU (IC) AvKvGiI cvIqv hvq| eywjqvb
N. ‘wWwRUvj wmGÕ¡Gg DóxcGKi wPGòi ài‚Z½ AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK
mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B mKj mvwKÆGU nvB ˆfvGΟR (1)
Acwimxg’ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 ‰es ˆjv ˆfvGΟR (0) aiv nq A^Ævr mvwKÆGU we`yÅGZi
DcwÕ©wZGK hw` (1) aiv nq, (0) «¼viv we`yÅGZi AbycwÕ©wZ
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wbG`Æk KGi| myZivs ˆh mKj mvwKÆU hwy ÚwfwîK msGKGZi
cÉevn wbq¯¨Y KGi ˆm mKj mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU ejv nh|
K ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU w`Gq mvwKÆU ev jwRK ˆMBU AvweÓ•vGii dGj cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi i‚g
‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ‰es AvDUcyUwU nq BbcyUàwji RyGo ^vKv wekvj AvKw‡ Zi KwÁ·DUviGK IC mvwKÆGUi mg¯¼Gq
ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi mgvb ZvGK Ai ˆMBU (OR Gate) eGj| ^vÁ¼Uc ev ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvGii AvK‡wZ ˆ`Iqv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
L Avgiv Rvwb, KwÁ·DUvGi eü aiGbi jwRK ˆMBU AvGQ| ‰ mKj ˆMBU
«¼viv KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY I fvM BZÅvw`
X=AB
––
= AB + AB
––
= AB + AB
– –
= (AB) . (AB)
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